312:(mtDNA). Scientists had previously dated the arrival of Western Eurasian-related ancestry in eastern Africa, which is now pervasive in the region, to around 3000 BP on average. The new genetic data suggest that the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic were responsible for spreading ancient Levant-related ancestry in the lacustrine region, where they had established new settlements. The Luxmanda individual's population also likely introduced herding to southern Africa, since a 1,200 year old pastoralist individual from the
38:
31:
642:
70:
303:
ca. 4,500 BP (under a two-population admixture scenario, with inferred ancestry proportions of 62.2–62.8% for the hunter-gather component and 37.2-37.8% for the Pre-Pottery
Neolithic B component). When using a three-population admixture scenario, the African part also showed contributions from a
261:
The people of
Luxmanda were highly specialized pastoralists, relying on cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys for subsistence. Their linguistic affiliation is unknown, but some historical linguists have speculated that the peoples of the SPN spoke
630:
259:
258:
eggshell assemblages in addition to livestock and human bones have been recovered from the
Luxmanda site. Large grinding stones have also been found, though their function remains uncertain.
403:
Langley, Michelle C., Mary E. Prendergast, and
Katherine M. Grillo (2017). "Organic technology in the Pastoral Neolithic: osseous and eggshell artefacts from Luxmanda, Tanzania".
278:
Admixture clustering analysis of a 3,100 year old female infant skeleton exhumed at
Luxmanda found that the individual carried approximately 38±1% of her ancestry related to the
294:
several millennia before. All the males tested for Y chromosomal DNA clustered with E1b1b subclades, with two yielding ambivalent A1b subclades due to insufficient collagen.
493:
438:
308:(with then an inferred ancestry proportion of 39% ± 1% for Levantine-related ancestry). Furthermore, haplogroup analysis indicated that the Luxmanda specimen bore the
1188:
616:
608:
1183:
362:
1178:
646:
182:
623:
290:
farmers from the Levant, or common descent from a non-African (Western
Eurasian) ancestral population that inhabited Africa or the
246:, human collagen, and organic matter in ceramic artifacts indicate that Luxmanda was occupied between 3,200 to 2,900 years ago.
226:. It was discovered in 2012. Excavations in the area have identified it as the largest and southernmost settlement site of the
961:
95:
286:. New genetic data from Luxmanda suggest that this affinity is likely due to either migration into Africa of descendants of
30:
299:
The
African ancestry of Luxmanda was fitted as being most closely related to a hunter-gatherer population that inhabited
227:
287:
454:"Subsistence mosaics, forager-farmer interactions, and the transition to food production in eastern Africa"
979:
774:
746:
723:
487:
432:
309:
279:
600:
697:
465:
1063:
1027:
873:
728:
1129:
1086:
1045:
938:
827:
677:
420:
385:
263:
239:
235:
1104:
1152:
1119:
1109:
817:
590:
541:
835:
580:
572:
531:
523:
473:
412:
377:
333:
267:
219:
57:
469:
943:
883:
853:
705:
585:
560:
536:
511:
62:
295:
1172:
1094:
997:
971:
901:
868:
804:
766:
738:
715:
662:
654:
424:
389:
1142:
1017:
1002:
989:
953:
920:
845:
601:
Table S5. Details of
Ancestry Proportions Inferred Using qpAdm, Related to Figure 2
313:
305:
381:
478:
453:
1137:
1076:
1071:
863:
794:
231:
576:
527:
1053:
756:
682:
452:
Alison
Crowther, Mary E. Prendergast, Dorian Q. Fuller, Nicole Boivin (2017).
416:
110:
97:
909:
784:
291:
594:
545:
1157:
1147:
928:
789:
779:
672:
641:
300:
251:
243:
223:
75:
1035:
1007:
858:
751:
667:
266:. The Pastoral Neolithic was followed by the Pastoral Iron Age and the
255:
247:
1114:
687:
283:
234:
culture centered in eastern Africa during a time period known as the
1099:
1012:
933:
812:
172:
Antiquities
Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
612:
361:
Grillo, Katherine; Prendergast, Mary; et al. (2018).
561:"Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure"
512:"Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure"
316:
was found to bear affinities with the Luxmanda sample.
218:
is an archaeological site located in the north-central
363:"Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania"
1128:
1085:
1062:
1044:
1026:
988:
970:
952:
919:
900:
882:
844:
826:
803:
765:
737:
714:
696:
653:
197:
189:
180:
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168:
160:
152:
147:
139:
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126:
89:
81:
53:
624:
8:
559:Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017).
510:Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017).
492:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
437:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
19:
405:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
631:
617:
609:
18:
584:
535:
477:
254:type), lithics, worked bone, ivory, and
325:
1189:Archaeological sites of Eastern Africa
485:
430:
230:(SPN), an archaeologically-recognized
196:
188:
179:
7:
505:
503:
356:
354:
352:
350:
647:National Historic Sites of Tanzania
183:National Historic Sites of Tanzania
16:National Historic Site of Tanzania
14:
1184:Archaeological sites in Tanzania
640:
68:
37:
36:
29:
1179:2012 archaeological discoveries
962:Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site
1:
382:10.1080/00934690.2018.1431476
479:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.01.014
370:Journal of Field Archaeology
1205:
577:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049
528:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049
304:population related to the
228:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic
417:10.1007/s12520-017-0528-z
209:
205:
193:Luxmanda Prehistoric Site
45:Site location in Tanzania
24:
458:Quaternary International
288:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
747:Isimila Stone Age Site
334:"Antiquities Division"
1064:Zanzibar South Region
1028:Zanzibar North Region
280:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
156:Critically Endangered
698:Dar es Salaam Region
274:Ancient DNA analysis
238:(ca. 5000–1200 BP).
164:Tanzanian Government
111:4.25667°S 35.31056°E
980:Livingstone's Tembe
874:Lindi Historic Town
729:Bahi Rock-Art Sites
470:2018QuInt.489..101C
107: /
21:
1130:Pemba South Region
1087:Pemba North Region
939:Chole Island Ruins
828:Kilimanjaro Region
678:Nasera Rockshelter
264:Cushitic languages
240:Radiocarbon dating
236:Pastoral Neolithic
116:-4.25667; 35.31056
1166:
1165:
1153:Ras Mkumbuu Ruins
1120:Kichokochwe Ruins
818:Uvinza Salt Works
775:KM2 and KM3 sites
213:
212:
1196:
836:Marangu Defences
645:
644:
633:
626:
619:
610:
603:
598:
588:
556:
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539:
507:
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74:
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40:
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33:
22:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1124:
1105:Mkia wa Ng'ombe
1081:
1058:
1040:
1022:
984:
966:
948:
915:
896:
878:
840:
822:
799:
761:
733:
710:
692:
649:
639:
637:
607:
606:
558:
557:
553:
509:
508:
501:
484:
451:
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429:
402:
401:
397:
365:
360:
359:
348:
338:
336:
332:
331:
327:
322:
310:haplogroup L2a1
282:culture of the
276:
268:Bantu Expansion
220:Babati District
185:
115:
113:
109:
106:
101:
98:
96:
94:
93:
69:
67:
66:
61:
58:Babati District
49:
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46:
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41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1186:
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1164:
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1155:
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1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
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992:
986:
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982:
976:
974:
968:
967:
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964:
958:
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950:
949:
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946:
944:Kisimani Mafia
941:
936:
931:
925:
923:
917:
916:
914:
913:
906:
904:
898:
897:
895:
894:
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886:
884:Manyara Region
880:
879:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
854:Kilwa Kisiwani
850:
848:
842:
841:
839:
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832:
830:
824:
823:
821:
820:
815:
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763:
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749:
743:
741:
735:
734:
732:
731:
726:
720:
718:
712:
711:
709:
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706:Kunduchi Ruins
702:
700:
694:
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638:
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628:
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499:
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395:
376:(2): 102–120.
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91:
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85:Eastern Africa
83:
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63:Manyara Region
55:
51:
50:
44:
35:
34:
28:
27:
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25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1046:Zanzibar West
1043:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Tongoni Ruins
996:
995:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
977:
975:
973:
972:Tabora Region
969:
963:
960:
959:
957:
955:
951:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
924:
922:
918:
912:Historic Town
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:
902:Mtwara Region
899:
893:
890:
889:
887:
885:
881:
875:
872:
870:
869:Sanje ya Kati
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
849:
847:
843:
837:
834:
833:
831:
829:
825:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
808:
806:
805:Kigoma Region
802:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
770:
768:
767:Kagera Region
764:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
742:
740:
739:Iringa Region
736:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
717:
716:Dodoma Region
713:
707:
704:
703:
701:
699:
695:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
663:Olduvai Gorge
661:
660:
658:
656:
655:Arusha Region
652:
648:
643:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
614:
611:
602:
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592:
587:
582:
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192:
190:Official name
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125:
120:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
64:
59:
56:
52:
32:
23:
1143:Pujini Ruins
1018:Yambe Island
1003:Toten Island
990:Tanga Region
954:Rukwa Region
921:Pwani Region
891:
846:Lindi Region
571:(1): 59–71.
568:
564:
554:
522:(1): 59–71.
519:
515:
488:cite journal
461:
457:
447:
433:cite journal
408:
404:
398:
373:
369:
337:. Retrieved
328:
314:Western Cape
298:
277:
215:
214:
1138:Mkama Ndume
1110:Msuka Mjini
1077:Kuumbi Cave
1072:Unguja Ukuu
934:Kaole Ruins
864:Songo Mnara
795:Bweranyange
232:pastoralist
114: /
90:Coordinates
1173:Categories
757:Mlambalasi
683:Mumba Cave
320:References
169:Management
148:Site notes
130:Settlement
102:35°18′38″E
1054:Stonetown
910:Mikindani
785:Nyabusora
425:134057537
390:135287460
292:Near East
161:Ownership
153:Condition
143:Neolithic
99:4°15′24″S
1158:Shamiani
1148:Chambani
929:Bagamoyo
892:Luxmanda
790:Katuruka
780:Katuruka
673:Engaruka
595:28938123
546:28938123
411:: 1–14.
301:Ethiopia
252:Narosura
250:(of the
248:Ceramics
244:charcoal
224:Tanzania
216:Luxmanda
201:Cultural
76:Tanzania
54:Location
20:Luxmanda
1036:Tumbatu
1008:Pangani
859:Kivinje
752:Kalenga
668:Laetoli
586:5679310
537:5679310
466:Bibcode
256:ostrich
140:Periods
135:History
1115:Mduuni
1095:Chwaka
724:Kondoa
688:Peninj
593:
583:
544:
534:
423:
388:
339:21 Jul
284:Levant
82:Region
73:
1100:Tumbe
1013:Vugha
813:Ujiji
464:: 5.
421:S2CID
386:S2CID
366:(PDF)
306:Dinka
591:PMID
565:Cell
542:PMID
516:Cell
494:link
439:link
341:2022
198:Type
127:Type
581:PMC
573:doi
569:171
532:PMC
524:doi
520:171
474:doi
462:xxx
413:doi
378:doi
242:of
222:of
1175::
599:-
589:.
579:.
567:.
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540:.
530:.
518:.
514:.
502:^
490:}}
486:{{
472:.
460:.
456:.
435:}}
431:{{
419:.
409:11
407:.
384:.
374:43
372:.
368:.
349:^
270:.
632:e
625:t
618:v
597:.
575::
548:.
526::
496:)
482:.
476::
468::
441:)
427:.
415::
392:.
380::
343:.
65:,
60:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
