78:
2188:
2177:
640:
The subdivisions of the
Mesoproterozoic are arbitrary divisions based on time. They are not geostratigraphic or biostratigraphic units. The decision to base the Precambrian time scale on radiometric dating reflects the sparse nature of the fossil record, and Precambrian subdivisions of geologic time
1122:
Li, Z. X.; Bogdanova, S. V.; Collins, A. S.; Davidson, A.; De Waele, B.; Ernst, R. E.; Fitzsimons, I. C. W.; Fuck, R. A.; Gladkochub, D. P.; Jacobs, J.; Karlstrom, K. E.; Lul, S.; Natapov, L. M.; Pease, V.; Pisarevsky, S. A.; Thrane, K.; Vernikovsky, V. (2008).
571:. The supercontinent of Columbia broke up between 1500 and 1350 million years ago, and the fragments reassembled into the supercontinent of Rodinia around 1100 to 900 million years ago, on the time boundary between the Mesoproterozoic and the subsequent
1279:
Andesson, Jenny; Bingen, Bernard; Cornell, David; Johansson, Leif; Möller, Charlotte (2008). "The
Sveconorwegian orogen of southern Scandinavia: setting, petrology and geochronology of polymetamorphic high-grade terranes".
77:
614:. Though the biota of the era was once thought to be exclusively microbial, recent finds have shown multicellular life did exist during the Mesoproterozoic. This era was also the high point of the
541:), but little is known about them. The continental masses of the Mesoproterozoic were more or less the same ones that exist today, although their arrangement on the Earth's surface was different.
1557:
641:
roughly reflect major tectonic cycles. It is possible that future revisions to the time scale will reflect more "natural" boundaries based on correlative geologic events.
537:. The Mesoproterozoic was the first era of Earth's history for which a fairly definitive geological record survives. Continents existed during the preceding era (the
656:(1200 to 1000 Mya). The Calymmian and Ectasian were characterized by stabilization and expansion of cratonic covers and the Stenian by formation of orogenic belts.
1076:"Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes"
671:, is described in the geological timescale review 2012 edited by Gradstein et al., but as of February 2017, this has not yet been officially adopted by the
610:
The era saw the development of sexual reproduction, which greatly increased the complexity of life to come and signified the start of development of true
672:
1550:
437:
1511:
1263:
1543:
1223:
978:
1075:
796:
1243:
1172:
Tack, L.; Wingate, M.T.D.; De Waele, B.; Meert, J.; Belousova, E.; Griffin, B.; Tahon, A.; Fernandez-Alonso, M. (2008).
1566:
426:
1174:"The 1375 Ma "Kibaran Event" in Central Africa: prominent emplacement of bimodal magmatism under extensional regime"
1215:
550:
1093:
2216:
2211:
1380:
1839:
1834:
611:
1080:
596:
745:
1426:
1247:
1181:
1139:
1036:
87:
2170:
561:
1097:
588:
2187:
1968:
1932:
1507:
1454:
1361:
1259:
1255:
1219:
604:
580:
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1937:
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1703:
1484:
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1190:
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802:
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538:
273:
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1865:
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1729:
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1124:
775:
725:
708:
631:
600:
592:
584:
568:
770:
1475:
Ogg, James (June 2004). "Status of
Divisions of the International Geologic Time Scale".
1430:
1143:
1040:
2181:
2000:
1870:
1765:
1734:
1449:
1414:
1356:
1329:
684:
619:
572:
557:
323:
2205:
1901:
1891:
1860:
1823:
1755:
1724:
1239:
1024:
750:
615:
527:
461:
1194:
1151:
1101:
1048:
2192:
2176:
2123:
1973:
1896:
660:
1530:
1173:
2118:
1987:
1963:
1808:
1603:
1330:"The concept of the sexual reproduction cycle and its evolutionary significance"
664:
242:
50:
43:
2113:
2073:
2016:
1916:
1813:
1687:
1587:
1535:
1488:
1413:
Allwood, Abigail; Grotzinger; Knoll; Burch; Anderson; Coleman; Kanik (2009).
2128:
2078:
2052:
2011:
1958:
1803:
1779:
1660:
1650:
1639:
1439:
1346:
645:
576:
332:
1458:
1365:
532:
2088:
2083:
2047:
1947:
1880:
1849:
1744:
1713:
1674:
1624:
1598:
1574:
649:
339:
20:
1250:; Calner, Mikael; Sivhed, Ulf (2011). "Sydvästskandinaviska provinsen".
567:
This era is marked by the further development of continental plates and
2102:
2042:
1792:
1629:
1613:
1313:
1296:
1125:"Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: A synthesis"
653:
635:
554:
524:
471:
346:
57:
1415:"Controls on development and diversity of Early Archean stromatolites"
1025:"A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup"
659:
The time period from 1780 Ma to 850 Ma, an unofficial period based on
2138:
2021:
1655:
83:
64:
2162:
2158:
2154:
37:
1539:
1007:-s-, -PROT-, -ər-oh-, -trə-, -troh-
943:
913:
898:
835:
102:
1297:"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America"
1094:
10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2
970:
958:
946:
883:
871:
865:
847:
838:
829:
817:
811:
934:
850:
361:
1379:
Troppenz, Uwe-Michael; Littkowski, Sven (3 May 2019).
979:
925:
919:
907:
901:
892:
886:
877:
868:
859:
853:
844:
820:
814:
805:
575:. These tectonic events were accompanied by numerous
967:
964:
955:
952:
937:
931:
928:
832:
826:
823:
549:
The major events of this era are the breakup of the
2137:
2101:
2061:
2030:
1999:
1986:
1946:
1915:
1879:
1848:
1822:
1791:
1778:
1743:
1712:
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1673:
1638:
1612:
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910:
895:
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841:
808:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
467:
457:
452:
444:
432:
422:
417:
409:
404:
389:
374:
95:
28:
644:The Mesoproterozoic is presently divided into the
1023:Zhao, G.; Sun, M.; Wilde, S. A.; Li, S. (2004).
1419:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1295:Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007).
1218:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–32.
1018:
1016:
1551:
8:
1502:Gradstein, F.M.; et al., eds. (2012).
1381:"The Mesoproterozoic – no "boring billion""
916:
702:
700:
1996:
1788:
1683:
1583:
1558:
1544:
1536:
1531:Mesoproterozoic (chronostratigraphy scale)
1470:
1468:
673:International Union of Geological Sciences
1448:
1438:
1355:
1345:
1312:
1069:
1067:
1065:
724:
1252:Sveriges Geologi: Från urtid till nutid
696:
1506:. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 361.
789:There are several ways of pronouncing
25:
7:
1282:33 IGC excursion No 51, August 2 – 5
1254:(in Swedish) (3rd ed.). Spain:
2157:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
2161:= megaannum (millions years ago);
363:Axis scale: millions of years ago.
14:
2165:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1388:Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences
1328:Bai, Shu-Nong (23 January 2015).
1074:Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2000).
16:Second era of the Proterozoic Eon
2186:
2175:
801:
545:Major events and characteristics
76:
1195:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.02.022
1152:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.021
1049:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003
726:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i2/005
776:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1:
1604:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
707:Plumb, K. A. (June 1, 1991).
599:orogenies in Europe; and the
1504:The Geologic Time Scale 2012
709:"New Precambrian time scale"
652:(1400 to 1200 Mya), and the
618:before they declined in the
607:orogenies in North America.
394:Rodinian Period, 1780–850 Ma
1567:Geological history of Earth
648:(1600 to 1400 Mya) and the
2233:
1840:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1835:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1599:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1334:Frontiers in Plant Science
1216:"Antarctic Marine Geology"
1214:Anderson, John B. (1999).
629:
18:
2152:
2124:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
1974:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1489:10.1080/00241160410006492
502:Upper boundary definition
486:Lower boundary definition
359:
100:
75:
33:
2119:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1964:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1809:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1661:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1651:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
533:1,600 to 1,000
505:Defined Chronometrically
489:Defined Chronometrically
375:Proposed redefinition(s)
228:−1000 —
218:−1050 —
208:−1100 —
198:−1150 —
188:−1200 —
178:−1250 —
168:−1300 —
158:−1350 —
148:−1400 —
138:−1450 —
128:−1500 —
118:−1550 —
108:−1600 —
19:Not to be confused with
2114:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2079:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2074:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2017:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1907:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1814:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1625:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1440:10.1073/pnas.0903323106
1347:10.3389/fpls.2015.00011
612:multicellular organisms
560:, and the evolution of
553:, the formation of the
551:Columbia supercontinent
2084:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2053:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2012:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1959:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1804:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1630:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
398:Gradstein et al., 2012
383:Gradstein et al., 2012
2089:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2048:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1969:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1656:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1029:Earth-Science Reviews
746:CollinsDictionary.com
390:Proposed subdivisions
2129:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2022:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1902:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1892:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1182:Precambrian Research
1132:Precambrian Research
583:) that included the
82:Banded fine-grained
2184: •
2173: •
2171:Geologic time scale
1933:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1897:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1866:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1761:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1730:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1431:2009PNAS..106.9548A
1144:2008PreR..160..179L
1041:2004ESRv...67...91Z
591:in Antarctica; the
562:sexual reproduction
530:that occurred from
521:Mesoproterozoic Era
510:Upper GSSA ratified
494:Lower GSSA ratified
478:Time span formality
2182:Geology portal
2043:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1938:Early (470–485 Ma)
1871:Early (393–419 Ma)
1766:Early (247–252 Ma)
1735:Early (174–201 Ma)
1704:Early (100–145 Ma)
1699:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1314:10.1130/GES00055.1
1248:Lindström, Maurits
779:. Merriam-Webster.
589:Late Ruker orogeny
468:Stratigraphic unit
458:Chronological unit
445:Time scale(s) used
2199:
2198:
2097:
2096:
2063:Paleoproterozoic
1982:
1981:
1928:Late (444–458 Ma)
1861:Late (359–383 Ma)
1774:
1773:
1756:Late (201–237 Ma)
1725:Late (145–164 Ma)
1669:
1668:
1590:(present–2.58 Ma)
1578:(present–66.0 Ma)
1513:978-0-44-459390-0
1425:(24): 9548–9555.
1265:978-91-44-05847-4
1256:Studentlitteratur
1244:Lundqvist, Thomas
581:mountain building
535:million years ago
517:
516:
418:Usage information
369:
368:
2224:
2193:World portal
2191:
2190:
2180:
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2032:Mesoproterozoic
2004:
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1138:(1–2): 179–210.
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2217:Geological eras
2212:Mesoproterozoic
2202:
2201:
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2140:
2133:
2104:
2093:
2064:
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2002:
2001:Neoproterozoic
1991:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
1990:
1989:
1988:Proterozoic Eon
1978:
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1911:
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791:Mesoproterozoic
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753:
739:
738:
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706:
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632:Riphean (stage)
628:
587:in Africa; the
585:Kibaran orogeny
569:plate tectonics
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29:Mesoproterozoic
24:
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11:
5:
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2203:
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1824:Carboniferous
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1645:
1642:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
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1616:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
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1525:External links
1523:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1483:(2): 183–199.
1464:
1405:
1371:
1320:
1287:
1271:
1264:
1240:Lundqvist, Jan
1231:
1224:
1206:
1189:(1–2): 63–84.
1164:
1114:
1061:
1012:
782:
762:
732:
719:(2): 139–140.
695:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
685:Boring Billion
680:
677:
627:
624:
620:Neoproterozoic
597:Sveconorwegian
573:Neoproterozoic
558:supercontinent
546:
543:
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448:ICS Time Scale
446:
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433:Regional usage
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424:
423:Celestial body
420:
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410:Name formality
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367:
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331:
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324:Neoproterozoic
320:
319:
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270:
269:
239:
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236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
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206:
201:
196:
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176:
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156:
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146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
98:
97:
93:
92:
88:Urquhart Shale
81:
73:
72:
63:
56:
49:
42:
41:
36:1600 – 1000
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2229:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2100:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1998:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
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1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1869:
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1864:
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1859:
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1833:
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1828:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1780:Paleozoic Era
1777:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:(66.0–145 Ma)
1685:
1682:
1680:
1678:(66.0–252 Ma)
1672:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1628:
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1605:
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1600:
1597:
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1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
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1446:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1225:9780521593175
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
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1168:
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1126:
1118:
1115:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:(1): 91–123.
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
975:
798:
792:
786:
783:
778:
777:
772:
771:"Proterozoic"
766:
763:
752:
751:HarperCollins
748:
747:
742:
736:
733:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
701:
697:
690:
686:
683:
682:
678:
676:
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670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
637:
633:
625:
623:
621:
617:
616:stromatolites
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
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586:
582:
579:(episodes of
578:
574:
570:
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563:
559:
556:
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544:
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540:
534:
529:
526:
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512:
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460:
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451:
447:
443:
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435:
431:
428:
425:
421:
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412:
408:
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395:
392:
388:
380:
377:
373:
358:
348:
341:
334:
326:
325:
315:
314:
276:
275:
265:
264:
237:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
86:found in the
85:
79:
74:
68:
61:
54:
47:
39:
32:
27:
22:
2167:
2103:Archean Eon
2065:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2031:
1950:(485–539 Ma)
1919:(444–485 Ma)
1883:(419–444 Ma)
1852:(359–419 Ma)
1826:(299–359 Ma)
1795:(252–299 Ma)
1783:(252–539 Ma)
1747:(201–252 Ma)
1716:(145–201 Ma)
1675:Mesozoic Era
1575:Cenozoic Era
1503:
1497:
1480:
1476:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1394:(4): 239–243
1391:
1387:
1374:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1251:
1234:
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1186:
1180:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1135:
1131:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1085:
1081:Paleobiology
1079:
1052:. Retrieved
1032:
1028:
793:, including
790:
785:
774:
765:
754:. Retrieved
744:
735:
716:
712:
668:
667:, named the
663:rather than
661:stratigraphy
658:
643:
639:
626:Subdivisions
609:
566:
548:
520:
518:
393:
378:
322:
284:
283:
272:
241:
2139:Hadean Eon
1917:Ordovician
1688:Cretaceous
1588:Quaternary
1398:25 November
1054:14 February
665:chronometry
379:1780–850 Ma
90:, Australia
52:Proterozoic
2206:Categories
2141:(4–4.6 Ga)
2105:(2.5–4 Ga)
2034:(1–1.6 Ga)
1640:Paleogene
1307:(4): 220.
1200:2012-06-11
1157:6 February
1088:(3): 386.
756:2023-08-30
691:References
630:See also:
453:Definition
96:Chronology
2168:See also:
1948:Cambrian
1881:Silurian
1850:Devonian
1745:Triassic
1714:Jurassic
1301:Geosphere
646:Calymmian
605:Grenville
577:orogenies
405:Etymology
333:Calymmian
1793:Permian
1614:Neogene
1459:19515817
1366:25667590
1107:12 April
1102:36648568
713:Episodes
679:See also
675:(IUGS).
669:Rodinian
650:Ectasian
525:geologic
436:Global (
340:Ectasian
21:Mesozoic
1477:Lethaia
1450:2700989
1427:Bibcode
1357:4304253
1140:Bibcode
1037:Bibcode
987:-tər-ə-
654:Stenian
636:Jotnian
601:Picuris
593:Gothian
555:Rodinia
472:Erathem
347:Stenian
233:–
223:–
213:–
203:–
193:–
183:–
173:–
163:–
153:–
143:–
133:–
123:–
113:–
59:Archean
2147:
1510:
1457:
1447:
1364:
1354:
1340:: 11.
1262:
1222:
1100:
995:-oh-,
741:"Meso"
481:Formal
413:Formal
353:
84:pyrite
1384:(PDF)
1177:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
1098:S2CID
1003:-z-,
991:-ik,
523:is a
427:Earth
1508:ISBN
1455:PMID
1400:2022
1362:PMID
1260:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1159:2016
1109:2021
1056:2016
997:MESS
985:PROH
634:and
603:and
595:and
519:The
513:1991
497:1991
66:Had.
45:Pha.
1485:doi
1445:PMC
1435:doi
1423:106
1352:PMC
1342:doi
1309:doi
1191:doi
1187:180
1148:doi
1136:160
1090:doi
1045:doi
1005:MEE
1001:MEE
999:-,
993:MEZ
989:ZOH
983:-ə-
981:MEZ
962:-,-
950:-,-
941:-,-
923:-,-
797:IPA
721:doi
528:era
462:Era
438:ICS
2208::
2163:Ga
2159:Ma
2155:ka
1481:37
1479:.
1467:^
1453:.
1443:.
1433:.
1421:.
1417:.
1392:11
1390:.
1386:.
1360:.
1350:.
1336:.
1332:.
1303:.
1299:.
1258:.
1246:;
1242:;
1185:.
1179:.
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1134:.
1130:.
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1086:26
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1078:.
1064:^
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1033:67
1031:.
1027:.
1015:^
974:-/
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947:oʊ
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717:14
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711:.
699:^
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261:i
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243:P
38:Ma
1559:e
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1461:.
1437::
1429::
1402:.
1368:.
1344::
1338:6
1317:.
1311::
1305:3
1284:.
1268:.
1228:.
1203:.
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1161:.
1150::
1142::
1111:.
1092::
1058:.
1047::
1039::
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908:ˌ
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884:ɛ
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313:c
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