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are reporting on. This technique allows writers to maintain the reliability of their work by establishing that their assertions are made to their best knowledge, but could potentially be rebutted. Some examples of metadiscursive hedges are "could," "unlikely," "perhaps," "occasionally," "evidently," "generally," and "many."
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different forms such as hedges, boosters, and attitude markers. Metadiscourse contained within a written work can be any phrase that is included within a clause or sentence that goes beyond the subject itself, often to examine the purpose of the sentence or a response from the author, usually as an introductory
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In some cases, using hedges in science writing can disrupt the way scientific information is processed by the reader by making the statement seem slightly uncertain. This is purposeful and allows science writers to establish their distance from the topic of study, while still reporting the relevant
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In science writing specifically, hedging allows writers to publish scientific information without it coming across as absolute or hypercritical in nature. Therefore, science writers use hedging to communicate knowledge in a way that avoids making non-expert audiences entirely confident in the text.
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Hedges are words and phrases that communicate caution to the claim being made within a sentence. Hedge words are removed from the actual subject and rather function as a marker of metadiscourse. These words and phrases ensure that an audience is aware of the writer's distance from the subject they
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is the discussion about a discussion, as opposed to a simple discussion about a given topic. The study of metadiscourse helps us recognize and understand how we situate our ideas within writing and speech. This subject is especially prevalent in science writing, where it presents itself in many
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In science writing, attitude marking is a valuable technique that is used to bring humanity into a body of text. To a non-expert audience, scientific information can seem dry and difficult to consume, and attitude marking allows readers to gauge the way they might feel inclined to react to the
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Attitude markers appear when writers signal their feelings towards a subject with certain words or phrases. This type of metadiscourse may show up in writing in the use of words like "unfortunately," "admirably," and "agree."
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In writing, a booster is a word or phrase that enhances a point the writer makes. Boosters can be identified by examples such as "certainly," "absolutely," "obviously," "always," and "demonstrate."
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Boosters appear in science writing to strengthen a statement that is being made. These words and phrases allow non-expert readers to grasp the certainty of a claim.
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459:"Stance markers in English medical research articles and newspaper opinion columns: A comparative corpus-based study"
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334:. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien, 2017
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Metadiscourse in
Written Genres: Uncovering Textual and Interactional Aspects of Texts
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Below are some examples of metadiscourse in writing, denoting:
543:"Hedging, Weasel Words, and Truthiness in Scientific Writing"
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that the species will be extinct within the next decade.
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a result of the patient's exposure to cigarette smoke.
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to rely on clinical trials to conduct their research.
59:"first," "second," "finally," "therefore," "however"
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Journal of the
Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
418:"Metadiscourse: What is it and where is it going?"
330:Ciler Hatipoglu, Erdem Akbas, Yasemin Bayyurt:
302:Metadiscourse. Exploring Interaction in Writing
276:, very poor for each of the research patients.
96:Hedging in science writing may look like this:
517:"Hedges: Softening Claims in Academic Writing"
53:"note that," "finally," "therefore," "however"
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213:Early trials of the new gene therapy reveal
115:Inhaling the gas produced by the experiment
521:George Mason University The Writing Center
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241:the accuracy of the original hypothesis.
457:Shen, Qian; Tao, Yating (8 March 2021).
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41:"to sum up," "candidly," "I believe"
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366:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
317:Metadiscourse in L1 and L2 English
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163:Scientists in this area of study
16:Concept in philosophy of language
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253:information they are taking in.
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416:Hyland, Ken (15 March 2017).
484:10.1371/journal.pone.0247981
437:10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.007
225:This chemical reaction will
190:Boosting in science writing
131:to support the hypothesis.
57:the structure of the text:
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304:. Continuum, London 2007,
91:Hedging in science writing
51:directions to the reader:
186:findings of the experts.
45:the writer's confidence:
39:the writer's intentions:
541:Ott, Douglas E. (2018).
559:10.4293/JSLS.2018.00063
362:-related article is a
229:result in combustion.
21:philosophy of language
425:Journal of Pragmatics
475:2021PLoSO..1647981S
272:The prognosis was,
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217:promising results.
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155:remain consistent.
127:The data collected
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553:(4): e2018.00063.
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175:The symptoms were
151:The trial results
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360:philosophy
210:Certainly
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215:certainly
172:Probably
136:Possible
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202:Booster
177:probably
148:Usually
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222:Always
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