418:
35:
251:
Analysis of the genomes of
Mollicutes ("mycoplasmas") gives solid support for the hypothesis that Mollicutes have developed from Gram-positive bacteria by a process of reductive evolution. By adopting a parasitic mode of life with use of nutrients from their hosts, many Mollicutes were able to reduce
468:
et al. suggested that the
Mollicutes might have been derived from different branches of bacteria. They concluded, that the Mollicutes are not a phylogenetically coherent group and therefore do not form a distinct higher level taxon. Instead, they cluster within Gram-positive bacteria of the phylum
288:
The classification of the
Mollicutes has always been difficult. The individuals are tiny, and being parasites, they have to be cultivated on special media. Until now, many species could not be isolated at all. In the beginning, whether they were fungi, viruses, or bacteria was not clear. Also, the
277:(formerly also called L-phase bacteria), both lacking cell walls, do not proliferate by binary fission but by a budding mechanism. In 1954, this mode of proliferation has been shown by continual observations of live cells using phase-contrast microscopy.
262:, with 580,000 base pairs, has an especially small genome size. Some phytoplasmas also have a very small genome size. The genera with the smallest genome are considered to be phylogenetically the most "recent" mollicutes.
213:
Mollicutes are parasites of various animals and plants, living on or in the host's cells. Many cause diseases in humans, attaching to cells in the respiratory or urogenital tracts, particularly species of
280:
Previously, Mollicutes were sometimes considered stable L-form bacteria, but phylogenetic analysis has identified them as bacteria that have lost their cell walls in the course of evolution.
5105:
2855:
510:
293:
was confusing. At first, all members of the class
Mollicutes were generally named "mycoplasma" or pleuropneumonia-like organism (PPLO). Mollicutes other than some members of genus
239:"mycoplasma" (plural: "mycoplasmas") has commonly denoted any member of the class Mollicutes, it now in scientific classification refers exclusively to a member of the genus
502:). The change is motivated by "their unique phenotypic properties, in particular the lack of rigid cell walls, and the general low support by alternative markers". In the
3081:
2284:[Studies on morphology and multiplication of pleuropneumonia-like organisms and on bacterial L-phase, I. Light microscopy (now mycoplasmas and L-form bacteria)]
2282:"Untersuchungen über die Morphologie und die Vermehrung der pleuropneumonie-ähnlichen Organismen und der L-Phase der Bakterien. I. Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen"
5079:
265:
To maintain their parasitic mode of life the
Mollicutes have developed rather sophisticated mechanisms to colonize their hosts and resist the host immune system.
314:
In 1956, D.G. Edward and E.A. Freundt made a first proposal for classifying and naming PPLOs. They left undecided, however, whether they belong to the bacteria (
5118:
2881:
514:
4945:
4454:
3885:
3447:
3223:
490:
359:, rather than the use as a trivial name for any Mollicute. As the trivial name has been used in literature for a long time, this is yet not always the case.
2815:
5053:
5092:
3074:
2636:"Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma (Mollicutes) as inferred from phosphoglycerate kinase amino acid sequence data"
2995:
524:
2678:
2877:
2764:
2585:
2771:
5164:
3119:
3067:
3114:
2281:
5097:
417:
4953:
3198:
3188:
3171:
2944:
330:, being the causative organism of bovine pleuropneumonia and referring to the pleuropneumonia-like organisms. Until then,
34:
2719:
252:
their genetic material considerably. On the other hand, they lost the genes for many assimilative processes. Thus,
5123:
2923:
5197:
3603:
3054:
3027:
3000:
2973:
2619:
2186:
1965:
531:
4470:
2806:
338:, but later that name was not recognized as valid. In their publication of 1956, they described 15 species of
4922:
4766:
4562:
3203:
2191:
482:
470:
308:
3834:
4970:
4747:
3954:
3934:
3418:
2826:
2032:
977:
398:
388:
220:
4386:
4287:
4280:
4261:
4088:
4008:
3787:
3166:
425:
For classification and nomenclature of
Mollicutes, there are special rules, which are maintained by the
258:
4848:
4674:
4650:
4621:
4508:
4432:
4316:
4294:
3535:
2582:
Revised minimal standards for description of new species of the class
Mollicutes (division Tenericutes)
1981:
1027:
498:, whereas in the announced 2nd edition, they are moved to a separate phylum Tenericutes (later renamed
427:
International
Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes
4554:
4398:
4020:
3983:
3961:
3870:
3858:
996:
5169:
5133:
5027:
4817:
4754:
4636:
4530:
3846:
3775:
3752:
3369:
3332:
3280:
2469:
1360:
648:
485:(Pgk) amino acid sequences' indicated a monophyletic origin for the Mollicutes within the Bacillota.
431:
International
Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB) Subcommittee on taxonomy of Mycoplasmatales
374:
4420:
4249:
4039:
4001:
1117:
850:
5192:
4929:
4823:
4578:
4371:
4301:
3913:
3757:
1845:
908:
303:
4910:
4836:
4268:
2016:
401:"Firmacutes", with a thicker cell wall and more peptidoglycan (the name was later changed in "Firm
4872:
4662:
4359:
4051:
3901:
3183:
3161:
3149:
3124:
2313:
1918:
1817:
1641:
1606:
1511:
1141:
932:
927:
902:
437:
368:
107:
83:
29:
2458:"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
5141:
4609:
4170:
4076:
3193:
3156:
3144:
3134:
2760:
2657:
2563:
2497:
2428:
2387:
2305:
2245:
2067:
1922:
1668:
1592:
1415:
1067:
943:
920:
698:
478:
449:
195:
91:
87:
3612:
2706:
464:
have been controversial. Some taxonomists place them in
Bacillota, others in Mycoplasmatota.
5156:
5146:
4828:
4586:
4541:
4494:
4332:
3498:
3108:
2768:
2686:
2675:
2647:
2600:
2553:
2543:
2487:
2477:
2418:
2377:
2367:
2297:
2226:
1914:
1830:
1435:
1156:
867:
677:
607:
381:
99:
5084:
5008:
4879:
4783:
4596:
4591:
4345:
4147:
4125:
3940:
3653:
3624:
3574:
3409:
3304:
3272:
2810:
2775:
2682:
2589:
2141:
1875:
1405:
1048:
808:
343:
290:
274:
95:
2621:
Molecular phylogeny of bacteria based on comparative sequence analysis of conserved genes
2580:
2473:
2215:"Proposal for Mollicutes as name of the class established for the order Mycoplasmatales"
4859:
4798:
4789:
4686:
4642:
4450:
4413:
4327:
4219:
4160:
3663:
3640:
3343:
3256:
3243:
3238:
3139:
3059:
2558:
2531:
829:
792:
499:
56:
3050:
2593:
2438:
2382:
5186:
4865:
4519:
4238:
4178:
4155:
4094:
3881:
3764:
3742:
3711:
3685:
3586:
3400:
3291:
3267:
3248:
3219:
2492:
2457:
474:
461:
448:. However, most modern classifications are based on DNA or RNA sequences, especially
392:
373:
Traditionally, the taxonomy of bacteria was based on similarities and differences in
194:
that make the cell membrane somewhat more rigid. Many are able to move about through
2515:
2317:
506:(TOBA Release 7.7), March 2007, the Mollicutes are a class in the phylum Bacillota.
4725:
4715:
4439:
4231:
4203:
4112:
4032:
3968:
3823:
3798:
3721:
3317:
3299:
2743:
Wolfgang Ludwig, Karl-Heinz Schleifer and William B. Whitman (In press, release in
2453:
2372:
2277:
1422:
802:
705:
323:
236:
346:, was proposed by the Subcommittee on Taxonomy of the Mycoplasmata. Now, the name
273:
Mollicutes (formerly also called pleuropneumonia-like organisms, PPLO) as well as
2690:
2676:
Taxonomic Outline of the Prokaryotes. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
2257:
5066:
5002:
4697:
4601:
4208:
4135:
2336:
1897:
1091:
1062:
1010:
225:
200:
187:
2462:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2407:"The classification and nomenclature of organisms of the pleuropneumonia group"
2352:
384:) Bacteria into three divisions (= phyla) on the basis of the cell wall types:
4810:
4702:
4481:
4213:
4140:
3477:
3443:
3323:
3090:
2851:
2685:
Garrity, Bell & Lilburn; Second Edition, Release 5.0 (2004); pp. 140–204.
2449:
2423:
2406:
2231:
2214:
1442:
684:
465:
348:
315:
206:
179:
165:
4993:
3022:
2548:
421:
Phylogenetic position of Mollicutes among bacteria, using 16S rRNA sequences.
5040:
4193:
3459:
2786:
2482:
495:
445:
326:(name-giving species) of the PPLOs/mycoplasmas, Edward and Freundt proposed
319:
204:
are helical and move by twisting. The best-known genus in the Mollicutes is
183:
173:
159:
2661:
2567:
2432:
2391:
2309:
5019:
2902:
2652:
2635:
2604:
2501:
2247:"Mollicutes", from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 15 Oct. 2011.
4987:
3178:
3094:
2968:
2634:
Wolf, Matthias; Müller, T; Dandekar, T; Pollack, JD; et al. (2004).
441:
155:
46:
5110:
3465:
2301:
1275:
558:
5071:
191:
178:(meaning "skin"). Individuals are very small, typically only 0.2–0.3
4964:
2341:
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 77, No. 1, pp. 494–498, January 1980
5058:
5045:
2801:
2788:
Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations ...
2595:; Daniel R. Brown, Robert F. Whitcomb and Janet M. Bradbury (2007)
416:
256:
possibly became the smallest self-replicating organism in nature.
473:
have been partly dependent on the chosen molecular marker, like
4968:
3063:
2759:, 2nd ed., vol. 3 (The Firmicutes). Springer-Verlag, New York.
5032:
380:
In 1962, R.G.E. Murray proposed to divide the "kingdom" (now
2856:
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
511:
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
342:. In 1967 the class Mollicutes, containing the order
2520:
Int J Syst Bacteriol Vol. 28 (1) Jan. 1978, pp. 1–6.
232:
are plant pathogens associated with insect vectors.
210:. Colonies show the typical "fried-egg" appearance.
4977:
4902:
4776:
4577:
4462:
4449:
4192:
4124:
4066:
3993:
3893:
3880:
3816:
3735:
3704:
3697:
3602:
3442:
3390:
3231:
3218:
2624:Microbial phylogeny and evolution, 2005, p. 70–98.
2532:"Genomic and evolutionary aspects of phytoplasmas"
2259:Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas
162:. The word "Mollicutes" is derived from the Latin
2791:Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.; July 1984, pp. 355–357
2747:). "Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes".
2517:Proposals Concerning the Higher Taxa of Bacteria
509:The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the
481:or another protein. Phylogenetic trees based on
391:Gracilicutes, with a thin cell wall and little
297:were still unidentified. The first species of
2296:(2). (Article in English available): 178–201.
352:should exclusively be used for members of the
3075:
2882:National Center for Biotechnology Information
2803:The Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea
2614:
2612:
2262:. Micr. and Molec. Biology Reviews, December
515:National Center for Biotechnology Information
8:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2256:Shmuel Razin, David Yogev and Yehudith Naot
318:, in 1956 called "Schizomycetes") or to the
2816:"Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea"
4965:
4459:
3890:
3701:
3228:
3082:
3068:
3060:
2757:Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
491:Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
20:
3053:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2823:Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea
2651:
2557:
2547:
2491:
2481:
2422:
2381:
2371:
2230:
504:Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea
2530:Oshima, K; Maejima, K; Namba, S (2013).
2351:Hayflick L. & Chanock, R.M. (1965).
2338:Phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas
2335:C.R. Woese, J. Maniloff and L.B. Zablen
2213:Edward, D.G.; F.A. Freundt (July 1967).
2208:
2206:
519:
301:/Mollicutes, that could be isolated was
247:Origin and development to parasitic life
190:. They vary in form, although most have
2405:Edward DG, Freundt EA (February 1956).
2202:
494:placed class Mollicutes within phylum
408:the "Mollicutes", without a cell wall.
7:
5134:6c828b31-8343-4611-aaf2-c70a456639e4
124:Ludwig, Schleifer & Whitman 2010
2005:
1954:
1947:
1889:
1882:
1823:
1769:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1704:
1697:
1621:
1599:
1553:
1545:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1411:
1401:
1394:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1308:
1301:
1281:
1271:
1134:
1108:
1083:
1054:
1002:
992:
970:
962:
898:
891:
842:
835:
798:
788:
673:
639:
632:
598:
591:
584:
564:
554:
547:
540:
170:(meaning "soft" or "pliable"), and
158:distinguished by the absence of a
14:
2514:N.E. Gibbons & R.G.E. Murray
2813:(TOBA Release 7.7); March 2007.
2702:K. Johansson and B. Pettersson,
186:) in size and have a very small
33:
2924:"LTP_all tree in newick format"
2618:Ludwig, W. and Schleifer, K.H.
2266:, pp. 1094–1156, Vol. 62, No. 4
471:molecular phylogenetic analyses
363:Three divisions of the Bacteria
2373:10.1128/MMBR.29.2.185-221.1965
1:
284:History of the classification
2691:10.1007/bergeysoutline200405
311:by Nocard and Roux in 1898.
136:(sic) Skennerton et al. 2016
2945:"LTP_08_2023 Release Notes"
2456:; Wheelis, Mark L. (1990).
2353:"Mycoplasma Species of Man"
198:, but members of the genus
130:corrig. Cavalier-Smith 2020
5214:
2666:DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.02868-0
2177:♦ Paraphyletic Mollicutes
530:120 marker proteins based
469:Bacillota. The results of
460:The results of Mollicutes
446:phenotypic characteristics
436:Traditionally, Mollicutes
366:
4939:
4476:"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
3102:
2640:Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
2597:Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
2536:Frontiers in Microbiology
2424:10.1099/00221287-14-1-197
2232:10.1099/00207713-17-3-267
2139:
2030:
2019:" {"Hepatoplasmataceae"}
2010:
2003:
1979:
1966:Spiroplasma holothuricola
1959:
1952:
1945:
1912:
1901:species-group 3 {VBWQ01}
1894:
1887:
1880:
1843:
1828:
1821:
1787:
1774:
1767:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1710:
1702:
1695:
1639:
1626:
1619:
1604:
1597:
1571:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1439:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1392:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1286:
1279:
1154:
1139:
1132:
1113:
1106:
1088:
1081:
1059:
1052:
1025:
1007:
1000:
990:
975:
968:
960:
924:
906:
896:
889:
865:
847:
840:
833:
806:
796:
786:
746:
702:
681:
671:
645:
637:
630:
604:
596:
589:
582:
569:
562:
552:
545:
529:
522:
456:The phylum for Mollicutes
113:
106:
81:
76:
30:Scientific classification
28:
23:
4733:"Thermodesulfovibrionia"
4471:Acidulodesulfobacteriota
3486:"Thermosediminibacteria"
3424:"Marinamargulisbacteria"
3055:Medical Subject Headings
3028:Genome Taxonomy Database
3001:Genome Taxonomy Database
2974:Genome Taxonomy Database
2884:(NCBI) taxonomy database
2549:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00230
2290:Archiv für Mikrobiologie
2187:List of bacterial orders
452:sequences (see Figure).
4767:Thermodesulfobacteriota
4568:"Thermosulfidibacteria"
3427:"Riflemargulisbacteria"
2969:"GTDB release 08-RS214"
2483:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
2360:Bacteriological Reviews
2192:List of bacteria genera
483:phosphoglycerate kinase
71:Edward and Freundt 1967
4923:Salinosulfoleibacteria
4741:"Lambdaproteobacteria"
4563:Thermosulfidibacterota
3840:"Macinerneyibacteriia"
3483:"Thermoanaerobacteria"
3410:Vampirovibrionophyceae
2996:"bac120_r214.sp_label"
2704:Taxonomy of Mollicutes
602:"Lottiidibacillaceae"
422:
172:
164:
3835:Macinerneyibacteriota
2653:10.1099/ijs.0.02868-0
2605:10.1099/ijs.0.64722-0
1560:"Hujiaoplasmataceae"
1355:Culicoidibacteraceae
1332:"Erysipelotrichidae"
643:Culicoidibacteraceae
462:phylogenetic analyses
420:
377:(Linnaean taxonomy).
336:Asterococcus mycoides
307:. This bacterium was
259:Mycoplasma genitalium
235:Whereas formerly the
128:"Erysipelotrichidae"
4818:Polarisedimenticolia
4806:"Guanabaribacteriia"
4748:Schekmaniibacteriota
4489:"Desulfurobacteriia"
4404:"Handelsmanbacteria"
4392:"Krumholzibacteriia"
3955:Firestoneibacteriota
3935:Desantisiibacteriota
3753:Coprothermobacterota
3633:"Absconditabacteria"
3550:"Desulfitobacteriia"
3419:Margulisiibacteriota
2876:Sayers; et al.
2219:Int J Syst Bacteriol
2033:Metamycoplasmataceae
1573:"Izemoplasmataceae"
1347:Culicoidibacterales
978:Metamycoplasmataceae
488:An early edition of
4952:Alternative views:
4824:Thermoanaerobaculia
4627:"Anaeroferrophilia"
4579:Deltaproteobacteria
4551:Desulfobacterota G
4414:Neomarinimicrobiota
4387:Krumholzibacteriota
4288:Edwardsiibacteriota
4014:"Hinthialibacteria"
3793:"Thermodesulfobiia"
3758:Coprothermobacteria
3570:"Halanaerobiaeota"
3518:"Thermaerobacteria"
3405:"Sericytochromatia"
2474:1990PNAS...87.4576W
2276:Kandler, Gertraud;
1846:Erysipelotrichaceae
1789:"Enteromonadaceae"
1776:"Enterosomataceae"
1549:"Izemoplasmatales"
1503:"Bathyoplasmaceae"
1315:"Staphylococcales"
909:Erysipelotrichaceae
332:Mycoplasma mycoides
328:Mycoplasma mycoides
304:Mycoplasma mycoides
118:Neupane et al. 2020
4680:"Methylomirabilia"
4630:"Deferrimicrobiia"
4514:"Calescibacteriia"
4340:"Raymondbacteriia"
4322:"Fermentibacteria"
4281:Delongiibacteriota
4262:Coatesiibacteriota
4089:Lindowiibacteriota
4009:Hinthialibacterota
3788:Thermodesulfobiota
3636:"Andersenbacteria"
3562:"Syntrophomonadia"
3553:"Desulfotomaculia"
3544:"Carboxydothermia"
3375:"Eudoremicrobiia"
3360:"Heboniibacteriia"
2878:"Erysipelotrichia"
2852:"Erysipelotrichia"
2809:2013-05-02 at the
2774:2010-09-21 at the
2681:2009-12-29 at the
2588:2010-07-10 at the
2302:10.1007/BF01816378
1919:Entomoplasmataceae
1818:Erysipelotrichales
1756:"Caccosomataceae"
1712:"Aphodocolaceae"
1642:Acholeplasmataceae
1607:Anaeroplasmataceae
1495:"Bathyoplasmales"
1142:Entomoplasmataceae
966:Mollicutes ♦
933:Anaeroplasmataceae
928:Acholeplasmataceae
903:Erysipelotrichales
440:has been based on
423:
369:Bacterial taxonomy
116:Culicoidibacteria
5180:
5179:
5142:Open Tree of Life
4971:Taxon identifiers
4962:
4961:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4849:Leptospirillaeota
4803:"Fischerbacteria"
4675:Methylomirabilota
4651:Desulfuromonadota
4622:Deferrimicrobiota
4546:"Deferribacteria"
4509:Calescibacteriota
4499:"Campylobacteria"
4433:Tianyaibacteriota
4407:"Latescibacteria"
4317:Fermentibacterota
4295:Eiseniibacteriota
4197:(Sphingobacteria)
4171:Verrucomicrobiota
4129:(Planctobacteria)
4026:"Hydrogenedentia"
3928:"Tritonobacteria"
3812:
3811:
3678:"Saccharimonadia"
3659:"Howlettbacteria"
3598:
3597:
3582:"Selenobacteria"
3547:"Dehalobacteriia"
3541:"Carboxydocellia"
3536:Desulfotomaculota
3526:"Hydrogenisporia"
3515:"Symbiobacteriia"
3504:"Proteinivoracia"
3348:"Abditibacteriia"
3261:"Geothermincolia"
2646:(Pt 3): 871–875.
2411:J. Gen. Microbiol
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2068:Entomoplasmatales
2061:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2042:
1992:
1991:
1982:Mycoplasmoidaceae
1934:
1933:
1923:Spiroplasmataceae
1865:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1721:
1720:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1669:Anaeroplasmatales
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1593:Acholeplasmatales
1582:
1581:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1416:Turicibacteraceae
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1068:Spiroplasmataceae
1038:
1037:
1028:Mycoplasmoidaceae
949:
948:
944:Anaeroplasmatales
921:Acholeplasmatales
878:
877:
819:
818:
775:
774:
766:
765:
757:
756:
735:
734:
726:
725:
717:
716:
699:Turicibacteraceae
660:
659:
619:
618:
479:elongation factor
149:
148:
143:
137:
131:
125:
122:Erysipelotrichia
119:
92:Entomoplasmatales
88:Anaeroplasmatales
84:Acholeplasmatales
72:
16:Class of bacteria
5205:
5198:Bacteria classes
5173:
5172:
5160:
5159:
5150:
5149:
5137:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5114:
5113:
5101:
5100:
5088:
5087:
5075:
5074:
5062:
5061:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5035:
5023:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5011:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4966:
4854:"Leptospirillia"
4829:Vicinamibacteria
4760:"Entotheonellia"
4656:Desulfuromonadia
4587:Bdellovibrionota
4555:Syntrophorhabdia
4542:Deferribacterota
4495:Campylobacterota
4460:
4399:Latescibacterota
4333:Chitinivibrionia
4310:"Tariuqbacteria"
4183:Verrucomicrobiia
4021:Hydrogenedentota
3984:Ratteibacteriota
3977:"Velamenicoccia"
3962:Goldiibacteriota
3925:"Erginobacteria"
3919:"Ancaeobacteria"
3891:
3871:Walliibacteriota
3859:Rifleibacteriota
3852:"Muiribacteriia"
3781:"Lithacetigenia"
3702:
3672:"Microgenomatia"
3649:"Doudnabacteria"
3494:"Dethiobacteria"
3453:
3433:"Termititenacia"
3397:Cyanobacteriota
3381:"Eremiobacteria"
3312:"Limnocylindria"
3286:"Bipolaricaulia"
3229:
3131:
3111:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3061:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2825:. Archived from
2820:
2800:Garrity, et al.
2798:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2724:Taxonomy Browser
2716:
2710:
2707:books.google.com
2700:
2694:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2631:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2527:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2322:
2321:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2254:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2210:
2006:
1955:
1948:
1915:Mycoplasmataceae
1890:
1883:
1831:Coprobacillaceae
1824:
1770:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1708:"Aphodocolales"
1705:
1698:
1622:
1600:
1554:
1546:
1500:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1436:Haloplasmataceae
1412:
1402:
1395:
1352:
1344:
1337:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1282:
1272:
1157:Mycoplasmataceae
1135:
1109:
1095:species-group 2
1084:
1055:
1014:species-group 3
1003:
997:Mycoplasmoidales
993:
971:
963:
899:
892:
868:Coprobacillaceae
843:
836:
799:
789:
678:Haloplasmataceae
674:
640:
633:
608:Lottiidibacillus
599:
592:
585:
565:
555:
548:
541:
520:
141:
135:
129:
123:
117:
70:
38:
37:
21:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5168:
5163:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5140:
5132:
5130:
5122:
5117:
5109:
5104:
5096:
5091:
5083:
5078:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5052:
5044:
5039:
5031:
5026:
5018:
5016:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4973:
4963:
4958:
4946:Bergey's Manual
4935:
4890:
4885:"Pseudomonadia"
4795:"Aminicenantia"
4784:Acidobacteriota
4772:
4755:Tectimicrobiota
4637:Deferrisomatota
4597:Bdellovibrionia
4592:Bacteriovoracia
4573:
4531:Dadaibacteriota
4453:
4445:
4440:Zixiibacteriota
4426:"Marinisomatia"
4380:"Stahlbacteria"
4353:"Glassbacteria"
4346:Gemmatimonadota
4255:"Cloacimonadia"
4220:Ignavibacteriia
4196:
4188:
4175:Kiritimatiellia
4165:"Uabimicrobiia"
4148:Planctomycetota
4128:
4120:
4069:bacteriobiontes
4068:
4062:
4045:"Saltatorellae"
3989:
3941:Elusimicrobiota
3884:
3876:
3864:"Ozemibacteria"
3847:Muiribacteriota
3808:
3776:Lithacetigenota
3765:Dictyoglomerota
3731:
3693:
3681:"Torokbacteria"
3675:"Paceibacteria"
3669:"Kazanbacteria"
3654:Gracilibacteria
3646:"Dojkabacteria"
3625:Patescibacteria
3618:"Elulimicrobia"
3594:
3512:"Sulfobacillia"
3451:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3430:"Saganbacteria"
3391:Cyanoprokaryota
3386:
3370:Eremiobacterota
3338:"Dormibacteria"
3333:Dormiibacterota
3309:Ktedonobacteria
3305:Dehalococcoidia
3281:Bipolaricaulota
3273:Thermoleophilia
3264:"Humimicrobiia"
3222:
3214:
3213:
3129:
3107:
3098:
3088:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3023:"Taxon History"
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2818:
2814:
2811:Wayback Machine
2799:
2795:
2785:
2781:
2776:Wayback Machine
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2701:
2697:
2683:Wayback Machine
2674:
2670:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2617:
2610:
2590:Wayback Machine
2579:
2575:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2513:
2509:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2334:
2325:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2183:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2142:Lactobacillales
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2062:
2053:
2044:
1993:
1935:
1876:Mycoplasmatales
1866:
1857:
1808:
1799:
1722:
1685:
1676:
1662:
1653:
1583:
1533:
1524:
1465:
1456:
1406:Haloplasmatales
1382:
1373:
1361:Culicoidibacter
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1049:Mycoplasmatales
1039:
950:
936:
930:
879:
820:
809:Fusobacteriales
776:
767:
758:
736:
727:
718:
661:
649:Culicoidibacter
620:
523:16S rRNA based
458:
415:
371:
365:
344:Mycoplasmatales
289:resemblance to
286:
275:L-form bacteria
271:
249:
100:Mycoplasmatales
98:
96:Haloplasmatales
94:
90:
86:
69:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5211:
5209:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5161:
5151:
5138:
5128:
5115:
5102:
5089:
5076:
5063:
5050:
5037:
5024:
5014:
4999:
4983:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4950:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4860:Pseudomonadota
4857:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4799:Blastocatellia
4796:
4793:
4790:Acidobacteriia
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:"Bradymonadia"
4705:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:"Moduliflexia"
4683:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4643:Deferrisomatia
4633:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4536:"Dadabacteria"
4527:
4526:
4525:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4466:
4464:
4457:
4451:Proteobacteria
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4421:Marinisomatota
4417:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:"Hydrothermia"
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:Gemmatimonadia
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4328:Fibrobacterota
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:"Electryoneia"
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4274:"Cosmopolitia"
4265:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4250:Cloacimonadota
4246:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4225:"Kapabacteria"
4223:
4216:
4211:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4161:Planctomycetia
4158:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:"Brachyspirae"
4100:
4099:"Brevinematia"
4092:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4040:Saltatorellota
4036:
4033:Poribacteriota
4029:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4005:
4002:Abyssubacteria
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:Elusimicrobiia
3938:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3922:"Auribacteria"
3920:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3897:
3895:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:Fusobacteriota
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3769:Dictyoglomeria
3762:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3708:
3706:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:Katanobacteria
3660:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:Berkelbacteria
3637:
3634:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:"Thermincolia"
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3499:Natranaerobiia
3495:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3456:
3454:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:Fimbriimonadia
3355:
3354:Chthonomonadia
3352:
3349:
3344:Armatimonadota
3341:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:Coriobacteriia
3254:
3253:"Aquicultoria"
3251:
3246:
3244:Acidimicrobiia
3239:Actinomycetota
3235:
3233:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:Mesomycetozoea
3201:
3196:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3140:Diaphoretickes
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:classification
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3047:
3046:External links
3044:
3042:
3041:
3014:
2987:
2960:
2936:
2915:
2894:
2868:
2842:
2793:
2779:
2736:
2711:
2695:
2668:
2626:
2608:
2599:57 2703–2719;
2573:
2522:
2507:
2468:(12): 4576–9.
2450:Woese, Carl R.
2441:
2417:(1): 197–207.
2397:
2366:(2): 185–221.
2343:
2323:
2268:
2249:
2238:
2225:(3): 267–268.
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1118:Edwardiiplasma
1112:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1001:
999:
991:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
974:
969:
967:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
947:
946:
939:
938:
923:
917:
916:
913:
912:
905:
897:
895:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
876:
875:
872:
871:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
851:Asteroleplasma
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
830:Mycoplasmatota
826:
825:
822:
821:
817:
816:
813:
812:
805:
797:
795:
793:Fusobacteriota
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
769:
768:
764:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
750:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
733:
732:
729:
728:
724:
723:
720:
719:
715:
714:
711:
710:
701:
695:
694:
691:
690:
680:
672:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
644:
638:
636:
631:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
617:
616:
613:
612:
603:
597:
595:
590:
588:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
568:
563:
561:
553:
551:
546:
544:
539:
536:
535:
528:
500:Mycoplasmatota
457:
454:
429:(formerly the
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
396:
367:Main article:
364:
361:
285:
282:
270:
267:
248:
245:
154:is a class of
147:
146:
145:
144:
140:"Paramycetes"
138:
134:"Izemaplasma"
132:
126:
120:
111:
110:
104:
103:
79:
78:
74:
73:
64:
60:
59:
57:Mycoplasmatota
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5210:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4931:
4930:Teskebacteria
4927:
4924:
4920:
4916:"Qinglongiia"
4915:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4884:
4881:
4880:Magnetococcia
4877:
4874:
4873:Mariprofundia
4870:
4867:
4866:Caulobacteria
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4842:"Canglongiia"
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:Moduliflexota
4684:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4520:Chrysiogenota
4518:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4502:Desulfurellia
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:Hydrothermota
4369:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4337:Fibrobacteria
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:Electryoneota
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:Calditrichota
4237:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4182:
4180:
4179:Lentisphaeria
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Phycisphaeria
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4108:"Leptospiria"
4107:
4105:"Exilispiria"
4104:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4095:Spirochaetota
4093:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3974:"Omnitrophia"
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:Endomicrobiia
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:Auribacterota
3911:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:Hydrobacteria
3879:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:Fusobacteriia
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:Fusobacterida
3815:
3803:"Thermotogia"
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:Caldisericota
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:Atribacterota
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:Synergistetes
3703:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3686:Wirthbacteria
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3588:
3587:Selenomonadia
3584:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3575:Halanaerobiia
3572:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3559:"Peptococcia"
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Cyanobacteria
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3351:Armatimonadia
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:"Caldilineia"
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:Chloroflexota
3290:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:Rubrobacteria
3266:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Actinomycetia
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:BV1, BV3, BV5
3221:
3220:Terrabacteria
3217:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Stramenopiles
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:(major groups
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2850:J.P. Euzéby.
2846:
2843:
2832:on 2011-10-07
2828:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:0-387-95041-9
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2725:
2721:
2720:"Tenericutes"
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:Kandler, Otto
2451:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:(in German).
2291:
2283:
2279:
2278:Kandler, Otto
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1004:
998:
995:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
973:
972:
965:
964:
958:
957:
954:
953:
945:
941:
940:
937:
934:
929:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
904:
901:
900:
894:
893:
887:
886:
883:
882:
874:
873:
870:
869:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
853:
852:
845:
844:
838:
837:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
815:
814:
811:
810:
804:
803:Fusobacteriia
801:
800:
794:
791:
790:
784:
783:
780:
779:
771:
770:
762:
761:
753:
752:
749:
744:
743:
740:
739:
731:
730:
722:
721:
713:
712:
709:
708:
707:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
687:
686:
679:
676:
675:
669:
668:
665:
664:
656:
655:
652:
651:
650:
642:
641:
635:
634:
628:
627:
624:
623:
615:
614:
611:
610:
609:
601:
600:
594:
593:
587:
586:
580:
579:
576:
575:
572:
567:
566:
560:
557:
556:
550:
549:
543:
542:
538:
537:
533:
526:
521:
518:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
463:
455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
419:
412:
407:
404:
400:
399:Gram-positive
397:
394:
393:peptidoglycan
390:
389:Gram-negative
387:
386:
385:
383:
378:
376:
370:
362:
360:
358:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
337:
334:was known as
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
283:
281:
278:
276:
269:Proliferation
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:
255:
246:
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:
217:
211:
209:
208:
203:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:
175:
169:
168:
167:
161:
157:
153:
139:
133:
127:
121:
115:
114:
112:
109:
105:
102:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
75:
68:
65:
62:
61:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
4978:
4944:
4911:Qinglongiota
4837:Canglongiota
4726:Nitrospirota
4716:Nitrospinota
4668:"Lernaellia"
4524:Chrysiogenia
4365:"Heilongiia"
4269:Cosmopoliota
4243:Calditrichia
4232:Rhodothermia
4228:"Kryptoniia"
4204:Bacteroidota
4113:Spirochaetia
4057:"Sumerlaeia"
3969:Omnitrophota
3907:"Aerophobia"
3799:Thermotogota
3747:Caldisericia
3722:Synergistota
3716:Atribacteria
3698:Thermotogida
3529:Limnochordia
3523:Bacillota G
3509:Bacillota E
3491:Bacillota D
3473:Bacillota A
3363:"Zipacnadia"
3318:Deinococcota
3300:Chloroflexia
3189:Opisthokonta
3049:
3032:. Retrieved
3026:
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
2999:
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2897:
2886:. Retrieved
2871:
2860:. Retrieved
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2827:the original
2822:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2782:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2723:
2714:
2703:
2698:
2671:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2620:
2596:
2581:
2576:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2465:
2461:
2444:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2363:
2359:
2346:
2337:
2293:
2289:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2241:
2222:
2218:
2176:
2140:
2031:
2017:Hepatoplasma
2013:
2011:
1980:
1962:
1960:
1913:
1896:
1895:
1844:
1829:
1788:
1775:
1755:
1711:
1640:
1627:
1605:
1572:
1559:
1508:
1506:
1441:
1440:
1423:Turicibacter
1421:
1420:
1359:
1358:
1314:
1287:
1155:
1140:
1116:
1114:
1090:
1089:
1061:
1060:
1026:
1009:
1008:
976:
925:
907:
866:
849:
848:
807:
747:
706:Turicibacter
704:
703:
683:
682:
647:
646:
606:
605:
570:
508:
503:
489:
487:
459:
435:
430:
426:
424:
405:cutes"), and
402:
379:
372:
356:
353:
347:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:type species
313:
302:
298:
294:
287:
279:
272:
264:
257:
253:
250:
240:
237:trivial name
234:
229:
219:
215:
212:
205:
199:
171:
163:
151:
150:
82:
66:
18:
5067:iNaturalist
5003:Wikispecies
4954:Wikispecies
4949:(2001–2012)
4730:Nitrospiria
4720:Nitrospinia
4698:Myxococcota
4663:Lernaellota
4602:Oligoflexia
4360:Heilongiota
4209:Bacteroidia
4152:"Brocadiia"
4136:Chlamydiota
4067:Spirochaeto
4052:Sumerlaeota
3902:Aerophobota
3736:Thermocalda
3726:Synergistia
3556:"Moorellia"
3478:Clostridiia
3324:Deinococcia
3091:Prokaryotes
2953:20 November
2929:20 November
2908:20 November
1898:Spiroplasma
1512:Bathoplasma
1092:Spiroplasma
1063:Spiroplasma
1011:Spiroplasma
513:(LPSN) and
316:prokaryotes
230:Spiroplasma
226:Phytoplasma
201:Spiroplasma
188:genome size
24:Mollicutes
5193:Mollicutes
5187:Categories
5111:mollicutes
5009:Mollicutes
4979:Mollicutes
4811:Holophagia
4710:Polyangiia
4703:Myxococcia
4482:Aquificota
4463:Aquificida
4214:Chlorobiia
4141:Chlamydiia
4082:"Babeliae"
3444:Firmicutes
3378:"Xenobiia"
3051:Mollicutes
2888:2013-03-20
2862:2016-10-21
2836:2009-08-13
2751:P. De Vos
2730:2008-09-11
2198:References
1443:Haloplasma
685:Haloplasma
375:morphology
357:Mycoplasma
349:Mycoplasma
340:Mycoplasma
320:eukaryotes
309:cultivated
299:Mycoplasma
295:Mycoplasma
254:Mycoplasma
241:Mycoplasma
221:Ureaplasma
216:Mycoplasma
207:Mycoplasma
152:Mollicutes
142:Sabin 1941
67:Mollicutes
4615:"Binatia"
4486:Aquificia
4194:FCB group
4126:PVC group
3604:CPR group
3460:Bacillota
3184:Amoebozoa
3162:Alveolata
3150:Cryptista
3125:Eukaryota
2903:"The LTP"
1968:" {MT37}
1276:Bacilliia
559:Bacilliia
534:08-RS214
527:_08_2023
496:Bacillota
413:Phylogeny
182:(200–300
160:cell wall
5017:BioLib:
4988:Wikidata
4943:Source:
4610:Binatota
4077:Babelota
3886:BV2, BV4
3466:Bacillia
3179:Amorphea
3157:Rhizaria
3145:Hacrobia
3135:Excavata
3120:Bacteria
3095:Bacteria
2807:Archived
2772:Archived
2679:Archived
2662:15143038
2586:Archived
2568:23966988
2433:13306904
2392:14304038
2318:21257985
2310:14350641
2280:(1954).
2181:See also
1878: ♦
1628:UBA5453
1595: ♦
450:16S rRNA
442:serology
438:taxonomy
156:bacteria
108:Synonyms
53:Phylum:
47:Bacteria
43:Domain:
4994:Q131796
4738:SAR324
3994:Clade 2
3894:Clade 1
3613:Elulota
3194:Animals
3115:Archaea
3057:(MeSH)
2755:(eds.)
2559:3743221
2542:: 230.
2502:2112744
2470:Bibcode
1917:(incl.
931:(incl.
517:(NCBI)
291:L-forms
196:gliding
192:sterols
77:Orders
63:Class:
5170:567360
5157:229961
5154:uBio:
5147:174601
5131:NZOR:
5098:956162
5072:151986
5046:1MOLLC
5020:480769
4903:others
4777:others
3452:Low GC
3232:others
3172:Plants
3109:Domain
3034:10 May
3007:10 May
2980:10 May
2858:(LPSN)
2763:
2753:et al.
2726:. NCBI
2709:(2002)
2660:
2566:
2556:
2500:
2490:
2431:
2390:
2383:441270
2380:
2316:
2308:
1921:&
1745:RFN20
1288:other
748:other
571:other
382:domain
166:mollis
5165:WoRMS
5124:31969
5080:IRMNG
3199:Fungi
2948:(PDF)
2830:(PDF)
2819:(PDF)
2493:54159
2356:(PDF)
2314:S2CID
2286:(PDF)
466:Woese
354:genus
322:. As
174:cutis
5119:NCBI
5106:LPSN
5093:ITIS
5085:1196
5054:GBIF
5041:EPPO
5033:7740
3630:ABY1
3036:2023
3009:2023
2982:2023
2955:2023
2931:2023
2910:2023
2761:ISBN
2745:2009
2658:PMID
2592:PDF
2564:PMID
2498:PMID
2437:pdf
2429:PMID
2388:PMID
2306:PMID
2264:1998
532:GTDB
475:rRNA
444:and
228:and
218:and
5059:172
5028:EoL
4455:BV2
3448:BV3
2769:PDF
2687:doi
2648:doi
2601:doi
2554:PMC
2544:doi
2488:PMC
2478:doi
2419:doi
2378:PMC
2368:doi
2298:doi
2227:doi
2014:Ca.
1963:Ca.
1514:"
1509:Ca.
525:LTP
433:).
224:.
5189::
5167::
5144::
5121::
5108::
5095::
5082::
5069::
5056::
5043::
5030::
5005::
4990::
4913:"
4851:"
4839:"
4757:"
4689:"
4677:"
4665:"
4653:"
4639:"
4624:"
4612:"
4565:"
4533:"
4511:"
4473:"
4423:"
4401:"
4389:"
4374:"
4362:"
4319:"
4304:"
4271:"
4252:"
4079:"
4054:"
4042:"
4023:"
4011:"
3971:"
3916:"
3904:"
3861:"
3849:"
3837:"
3790:"
3778:"
3627:"
3615:"
3538:"
3421:"
3335:"
3283:"
3093::
3025:.
2998:.
2971:.
2880:.
2854:.
2821:.
2767:;
2749:In
2722:.
2656:.
2644:54
2642:.
2638:.
2611:^
2562:.
2552:.
2538:.
2534:.
2496:.
2486:.
2476:.
2466:87
2464:.
2460:.
2452:;
2427:.
2415:14
2413:.
2409:.
2386:.
2376:.
2364:29
2362:.
2358:.
2326:^
2312:.
2304:.
2294:21
2288:.
2223:17
2221:.
2217:.
2205:^
2070:)
1925:)
1671:)
1446:♦
1121:"
1070:}
926:♦
854:♦
688:♦
477:,
243:.
184:nm
180:μm
4932:"
4928:"
4925:"
4921:"
4909:"
4882:"
4878:"
4875:"
4871:"
4868:"
4864:"
4847:"
4835:"
4820:"
4816:"
4813:"
4809:"
4792:"
4788:"
4769:"
4765:"
4753:"
4750:"
4746:"
4685:"
4673:"
4661:"
4649:"
4635:"
4620:"
4608:"
4561:"
4529:"
4507:"
4469:"
4442:"
4438:"
4435:"
4431:"
4419:"
4416:"
4412:"
4397:"
4385:"
4370:"
4358:"
4315:"
4300:"
4297:"
4293:"
4290:"
4286:"
4283:"
4279:"
4267:"
4264:"
4260:"
4248:"
4222:"
4218:"
4115:"
4111:"
4091:"
4087:"
4075:"
4050:"
4038:"
4035:"
4031:"
4019:"
4007:"
4004:"
4000:"
3986:"
3982:"
3967:"
3964:"
3960:"
3957:"
3953:"
3937:"
3933:"
3912:"
3900:"
3873:"
3869:"
3857:"
3845:"
3833:"
3786:"
3774:"
3688:"
3684:"
3666:"
3662:"
3656:"
3652:"
3643:"
3639:"
3623:"
3611:"
3589:"
3585:"
3577:"
3573:"
3534:"
3501:"
3497:"
3480:"
3476:"
3468:"
3464:"
3417:"
3412:"
3408:"
3372:"
3368:"
3331:"
3326:"
3322:"
3279:"
3206:)
3083:e
3076:t
3069:v
3038:.
3011:.
2984:.
2957:.
2933:.
2912:.
2891:.
2865:.
2839:.
2733:.
2693:.
2689::
2664:.
2650::
2603::
2570:.
2546::
2540:4
2504:.
2480::
2472::
2435:.
2421::
2394:.
2370::
2320:.
2300::
2235:.
2229::
2012:"
1961:"
1667:/
1507:"
1115:"
1066:{
942:/
935:)
403:i
395:;
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
