385:
402:
136:
81:
103:
187:
92:
637:
is about 90 kilometers away. Makuyuni
Airstrip, located inside the District, permits light aircraft. The district is serviced by telephone lines and radio calls, and it has subpost offices and telephone offices at Monduli Headquarters, Mto wa Mbu, and Makuyuni. The district is also served by cellular
626:
The district has a total road network of 617kms. Tarmac road been 8.1 km, 138 km gravel and 470.9 km is earth surfaced road. Trunk roads (96 km) and
Regional roads (156 km). District roads, feeder roads and village access roads are mostly earth surfaced - they are passable
548:
Monduli is one of
Tanzania's driest districts. It features a warm climate at low elevations and a chilly climate at high elevations. Temperatures range from 20°C to 35°C, while rainfall ranges from less than 500mm in the lowlands to 900mm in the highlands. The district is divided into three climate
569:
and agriculture. The
District is expected to contain 105,547.5 hectares of potential arable land, but only 87,632.5 hectares, or 13.65%, are under cultivation. Although large-scale farming is performed in the District's southern region (Lolkisale), subsistence farming is the predominant mode of
552:
Because of the mountains, which absorb more rain at higher altitudes, the
Monduli highlands zone has a mild and sub-humid climate. The average temperature is 20 degrees Celsius, and the annual rainfall is 1000 millimeters. Temperatures in the semi-arid zone range from 20°C to 30°C, with annual
597:
199,630/=. (2002). The regional per capita income was predicted to be TZS. 350,952 per year (2004). The national per capita income in 2004 was predicted to be Tshs. 320,044 and TZS 399,594 in 2006. In 2008, the district per capita income was estimated to be TZS 500,010.
817:.There are also primary schools in the town of Monduli such as Mazoezi, Mlimani, Sinoni and Ngarash primary schools. Nearly every village has a primary school and nearly each ward has a secondary school for ordinary level except for the newly established in 2015.
504:) in the 1880s. They brought forced labour and land alienation but also Christianity and European education, teaching science, math, engineering, and even German. Tanganyika gained its independence on December 9, 1961, under the leadership of Prime Minister
536:(Monduli, Lepurko, Loosimingori, and Lengai) and broad rolling plains characterize the land landscape. The heights range from 600m in the low elevations to 2900m in the high elevations. The District's vegetation includes a combination of forest,
467:
is the administrative seat of the district. According to the 2002 Tanzania
National Census, the population of the Monduli District was 185,237. By 2012, the population of the district was 158,929. By 2022, the population had grown to 227,585.
796:
Monduli town, located in
Monduli district, is an educational center for surrounding regions. Irkisongo, Moringe Sokoine, Engutoto and Orkeeswa. Secondary Schools are located there, as is the Monduli Teachers' College and the
829:. The majority of diseases are mosquito-borne and difficult to avoid. However, due to the higher altitude of the area, mosquitoes are not as common. Monduli has one hospital, one health centre, and 22 dispensaries.
906:
520:
The
District has a total area of 6,419 square kilometers, of which 6290.62 square kilometers are land and 128.38 square kilometers are water. Grazing land covers 3,983.855 square kilometers,
540:, woodland grassland, and meadows. The District has both perennial and seasonal rivers. Simba, Kirurumo, Mto wa Mbu, Selela (Kabambe), and Engaruka are the primary perennial streams.
553:
rainfall ranging from 400mm to 600mm. The desert zone of the
Monduli Rift Valley has a warm climate. Temperatures range from 23°C to 35°C, and annual rainfall is less than 500mm.
1667:
665:
The district's population was 158,929 in 2012 (males 75,615 and females 83,314), with an annual growth rate of 2.77. The population is predicted to be 177,346 in 2016.
678:
For parliamentary elections, Arusha Region is divided into constituencies. As of the 2010 elections
Monduli District had one constituency, Monduli Constituency.
149:
1082:
1660:
1349:
1027:
885:
650:
are the most populous ethnic group, accounting for over 40% of the total population. Their main source of income is livestock raising. The
384:
1758:
1653:
492:
ancestor with the name of Monduli, who lived in the area during the times of German colonization. The Germans colonized the area (later
135:
634:
293:
1695:
1387:
1041:
1032:
1075:
654:
are the second largest ethnic group, accounting for around 20% of the total population. Also the first communities were the
1045:
1732:
1700:
1412:
1382:
1575:
1282:
401:
1753:
1342:
1115:
1068:
814:
695:
1717:
1397:
638:
phones that cover practically the entire area.Forest Reserves cover 23,022 of the district's 641,900 Hectares.
1712:
1570:
1392:
615:
611:
1335:
1155:
1028:
https://archive.today/20090727195833/http://legacy.lclark.edu/~peck/EAf-Orient/Tanzania/T-independence.htm
739:
493:
214:
1722:
1676:
1596:
1407:
448:
432:
390:
268:
237:
61:
1601:
1580:
1551:
935:"Tanzania: Administrative Division (Regions and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map"
456:
199:
850:
1494:
1050:
802:
594:
889:
798:
484:
peoples before they migrated south towards Karatu. The word Monduli was originated in the ward
80:
1611:
1150:
1120:
734:
700:
1140:
1091:
871:
720:
444:
428:
337:
49:
1616:
460:
102:
480:
historical site located in northwest of the district and was originally inhabited by the
1046:
http://www.trazzler.com/trips/the-maasai-red-market-at-monduli-juu-in-arusha-tanzania-tz
524:
land covers 1,055.475 square kilometers, and woodland covers 374.965 square kilometers.
1645:
1448:
1036:
844:
838:
630:
505:
452:
303:
872:"Tanzania: Northern Zone(Districts and Wards) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map"
1747:
1680:
1606:
1479:
1463:
1428:
1358:
1206:
1201:
1165:
1101:
749:
651:
647:
489:
436:
313:
204:
65:
463:. The District covers an area of 6,993 km (2,700 sq mi). The town of
1621:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1249:
1211:
934:
659:
655:
481:
321:
317:
117:
Coffee plantation in Monduli, Monduli Mountains Forest path and rice plantation in
990:
853:, a scholar and free thinker who fight war against substance abuse and prevention.
512:, a former British protectorate, united to form Tanzania under President Nyerere.
1634:
1520:
1160:
825:
Disease in this area is a problem. People suffer from various diseases, such as
744:
565:
production, and wildlife conservation. More than 90% of the population works in
562:
521:
485:
1499:
1175:
759:
587:
407:
118:
164:
151:
1135:
957:
Sheridan, Michael J. Africa Today, vol. 52, no. 2, 2005, pp. 100–02. JSTOR,
715:
582:
are major food and cash crops that are staple food crops. On a small basis,
566:
328:
91:
1684:
1489:
1316:
1227:
1170:
1145:
1125:
806:
754:
725:
705:
607:
537:
533:
509:
477:
440:
192:
801:. Land has been set aside for a proposed branch of the Lutheran founded
686:
As of 2012, Monduli District is administratively divided into 15 wards:
549:
zones: the Highlands, the Flat and Rolling Plains, and the Rift Valley.
1546:
1484:
1130:
826:
710:
501:
464:
283:
17:
958:
1705:
1541:
1536:
1504:
1433:
1368:
1185:
1180:
810:
769:
764:
583:
561:
Monduli District's main economic activities are livestock husbandry,
497:
333:
1060:
1629:
571:
593:
The annual per capita income in the district was estimated to be
1327:
579:
575:
1649:
1331:
1064:
1051:
http://www.infojep.com/culturaltours/monduli_juu_brochure.html
813:. Also in the district is the Tanzania People's Defence Force
886:"2002 Population and Housing General Report: Arusha: Monduli"
606:
Monduli is known to be home to the national historic site of
41:
689:
400:
383:
633:(Kisongo) is around 35 kilometers from Monduli Town, while
359:
1055:
1037:
http://www.parks.it/world/TZ/parchi.arusha/Epar.html
1589:
1560:
1529:
1513:
1472:
1421:
1375:
1303:
1275:
1258:
1236:
1220:
1194:
1108:
396:
379:
354:
344:
327:
309:
299:
292:
282:
274:
264:
256:
251:
243:
233:
225:
220:
210:
198:
180:
35:
610:and also being the gateway to national parks like
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
1661:
1343:
1076:
901:
899:
30:District of Arusha in Arusha Region, Tanzania
8:
1010:In English, the Swahili "Mto wa Mbu" means
476:The oldest site in Monduli district is the
1668:
1654:
1646:
1350:
1336:
1328:
1083:
1069:
1061:
32:
863:
799:MaaSae Girls' Lutheran Secondary School
374:
353:
343:
326:
291:
281:
250:
242:
219:
209:
179:
144:
132:
124:
71:
833:Notable persons from Monduli District
627:with difficult during rainy seasons.
395:
378:
308:
298:
273:
263:
255:
232:
229:6,993 km (2,700 sq mi)
224:
197:
7:
907:"2012 Population and Housing Census"
959:http://www.jstor.org/stable/4187715
914:Development Partners Group Tanzania
27:District of Arusha Region, Tanzania
1276:National Parks and Forest Reserves
25:
635:Kilimanjaro International Airport
443:. It is bordered to the north by
1296:Monduli Mountains Forest Reserve
185:
134:
101:
90:
79:
1388:Arusha District Council, Arusha
508:. In April 1964 Tanganyika and
847:, 8th Tanzanian Prime Minister
841:, 2nd Tanzanian Prime Minister
1:
247:2,660 m (8,730 ft)
1561:National Parks and Reserves
1383:Arusha City Council, Arusha
669:Administrative subdivisions
371:Symbols of Tanzania
1775:
1759:Districts of Arusha Region
1576:Lake Manyara National Park
1283:Lake Manyara National Park
140:Monduli District in Arusha
1691:
1365:
1098:
815:Tanzania Military Academy
413:
375:
370:
366:
145:
133:
125:
72:
59:
1310:Lolkisale Forest Reserve
1290:Lolkisale Forest Reserve
961:. Accessed 12 Feb. 2023.
662:people in the district.
165:3.3029000°S 36.4453000°E
1696:Arusha District Council
1571:Tarangire National Park
1473:National Historic Sites
1287:Tarangire National Park
1221:National Historic Sites
1530:Major Cities and Towns
1259:Major Cities and Towns
488:. There was a wealthy
451:, to the south by the
405:
388:
244:Highest elevation
170:-3.3029000; 36.4453000
42:
939:www.citypopulation.de
532:A number of isolated
449:Arusha Rural District
404:
391:Double-banded courser
387:
278:33/km (84/sq mi)
1581:Arusha National Park
1293:Burko Forest Reserve
1056:http://www.ieftz.org
787:Education and Health
300: • Settler
275: • Density
1701:Arusha City Council
1413:Ngorongoro District
1012:river of mosquitoes
457:Ngorongoro District
455:and to the west by
310: • Native
161: /
114:From top to bottom:
1590:National Landmarks
1495:Nasera Rockshelter
803:Tumaini University
431:) is one of seven
406:
389:
345:Tanzanian Postcode
257: • Total
226: • Total
1741:
1740:
1643:
1642:
1612:Ngorongoro Crater
1602:Monduli Mountains
1567:Mount Meru Forest
1325:
1324:
1304:Monduli Landmarks
1151:Meserani, Monduli
1121:Engutoto, Monduli
991:"Karatu District"
892:on 18 March 2004.
780:
779:
735:Meserani, Monduli
701:Engutoto, Monduli
447:, to the east by
425:Wilaya ya Monduli
417:
416:
265: • Rank
234: • Rank
43:Wilaya ya Monduli
16:(Redirected from
1766:
1754:Monduli District
1670:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1617:Ngurudoto Crater
1514:Rivers and Lakes
1403:Monduli District
1398:Longido District
1352:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1246:Mto wa Mbu River
1237:Rivers and Lakes
1141:Majengo, Monduli
1092:Monduli District
1085:
1078:
1071:
1062:
1015:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
987:
962:
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
911:
903:
894:
893:
888:. Archived from
882:
876:
875:
868:
721:Majengo, Monduli
690:
445:Longido District
421:Monduli District
362:
360:Official website
191:
189:
188:
176:
175:
173:
172:
171:
166:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
138:
105:
94:
83:
54:
53:
45:
37:Monduli District
33:
21:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1687:
1674:
1644:
1639:
1626:Ol Donyo Lengai
1585:
1556:
1525:
1509:
1468:
1417:
1393:Karatu District
1371:
1361:
1356:
1326:
1321:
1299:
1271:
1254:
1232:
1216:
1190:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
989:
988:
965:
956:
952:
943:
941:
933:
932:
928:
918:
916:
909:
905:
904:
897:
884:
883:
879:
870:
869:
865:
860:
835:
823:
794:
789:
783:
781:
684:
676:
671:
644:
624:
604:
559:
546:
530:
518:
474:
461:Karatu District
358:
350:
186:
184:
169:
167:
163:
160:
155:
152:
150:
148:
147:
141:
129:
128:Heart of Arusha
126:Nickname:
121:
116:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
97:
96:
95:
86:
85:
84:
68:
55:
47:
40:
38:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1422:Native Peoples
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1195:Native Peoples
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1003:
963:
950:
926:
895:
877:
862:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
848:
845:Edward Lowassa
842:
839:Edward Sokoine
834:
831:
822:
819:
793:
790:
788:
785:
778:
777:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
730:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
688:
683:
680:
675:
674:Constituencies
672:
670:
667:
643:
640:
631:Arusha Airport
623:
622:Infrastructure
620:
603:
600:
558:
555:
545:
542:
529:
526:
517:
514:
506:Julius Nyerere
473:
470:
453:Manyara Region
415:
414:
411:
410:
398:
394:
393:
381:
377:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
356:
352:
351:
348:
346:
342:
341:
331:
325:
324:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
290:
289:
286:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
182:
178:
177:
143:
142:
139:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
112:
100:
99:
98:
89:
88:
87:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
60:
57:
56:
39:
36:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:Arusha Region
1678:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Olduvai Gorge
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Olduvai Gorge
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Meru District
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1359:Arusha Region
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Monduli Mjini
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1004:
992:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
954:
951:
940:
936:
930:
927:
915:
908:
902:
900:
896:
891:
887:
881:
878:
873:
867:
864:
857:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
828:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
791:
786:
784:
776:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Monduli Mjini
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
691:
687:
681:
679:
673:
668:
666:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
639:
636:
632:
628:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
601:
599:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
564:
556:
554:
550:
543:
541:
539:
535:
527:
525:
523:
515:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
471:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Arusha Region
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
409:
403:
399:
392:
386:
382:
369:
365:
361:
357:
347:
339:
335:
332:
330:
323:
319:
315:
312:
305:
302:
295:
294:Ethnic groups
287:
285:
277:
270:
269:6th in Arusha
267:
259:
246:
239:
238:5th in Arusha
236:
228:
216:
215:Monduli Mjini
213:
206:
205:Arusha Region
203:
201:
194:
183:
174:
156:36°26′43.08″E
153:03°18′10.44″S
146:Coordinates:
137:
120:
115:
104:
93:
82:
67:
63:
58:
51:
44:
34:
19:
1727:
1622:Mungu Crater
1439:Chaga people
1402:
1250:Lake Manyara
1102:Monduli Town
1011:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
953:
942:. Retrieved
938:
929:
917:. Retrieved
913:
890:the original
880:
866:
851:David Eliace
824:
795:
782:
774:
685:
677:
664:
645:
642:Demographics
629:
625:
605:
592:
570:production.
560:
551:
547:
531:
519:
475:
424:
420:
418:
113:
1635:Lake Natron
1521:Lake Duluti
1243:Simba River
1161:Monduli Juu
996:12 February
745:Monduli Juu
590:are grown.
563:agriculture
486:Monduli Juu
168: /
1748:Categories
1733:Ngorongoro
1597:Mount Meru
1500:Mumba Cave
1313:Losimingor
1268:Mto wa Mbu
1176:Mto wa Mbu
1022:References
944:2024-02-10
821:Healthcare
760:Mto wa Mbu
588:sunflowers
528:Topography
494:Tanganyika
408:Beisa oryx
252:Population
119:Mto wa Mbu
1677:Districts
1552:Usa River
1376:Districts
1367:Capital:
1136:Lolkisale
1100:Capital:
792:Education
716:Lolkisale
616:Serengeti
612:Tarangire
567:livestock
534:mountains
516:Geography
433:districts
329:Time zone
288:Mondulian
1685:Tanzania
1490:Engaruka
1429:Waarusha
1317:Kerimasi
1228:Engaruka
1171:Mswakini
1146:Makuyuni
1126:Esilalei
1116:Engaruka
919:7 August
807:Makumira
755:Mswakini
726:Makuyuni
706:Esilalei
696:Engaruka
652:Waarusha
608:Engaruka
538:bushland
510:Zanzibar
478:Engaruka
441:Tanzania
193:Tanzania
62:District
1728:Monduli
1718:Longido
1547:Namanga
1485:Laetoli
1449:Datooga
1444:Hadzabe
1265:Monduli
1131:Lepurko
827:malaria
711:Lepurko
602:Tourism
557:Economy
544:Climate
502:Burundi
472:History
465:Monduli
435:of the
429:Swahili
355:Website
304:Swahili
284:Demonym
260:227,585
211:Capital
181:Country
50:Swahili
18:Monduli
1713:Karatu
1542:Karatu
1537:Arusha
1505:Peninj
1464:Maasai
1369:Arusha
1207:Maasai
1202:Arusha
1186:Sepeko
1181:Selela
811:Arusha
775:
770:Sepeko
765:Selela
648:maasai
646:The Wa
584:coffee
578:, and
522:arable
498:Rwanda
490:Maasai
397:Mammal
320:&
314:Maasai
200:Region
190:
66:Arusha
46:
1630:Gelai
1459:Iraqw
1454:Sonjo
1212:Iraqw
1156:Moita
1109:Wards
910:(PDF)
858:Notes
809:near
740:Moita
682:Wards
660:Sonjo
656:Iraqw
576:beans
572:Maize
482:Iraqw
427:, in
349:234xx
334:UTC+3
322:Sonjo
318:Iraqw
1723:Meru
1706:City
1434:Meru
998:2023
921:2019
658:and
614:and
586:and
580:rice
500:and
459:and
380:Bird
221:Area
1679:of
805:at
595:TZS
439:of
338:EAT
64:of
1750::
1683:,
966:^
937:.
912:.
898:^
618:.
574:,
496:,
316:,
1669:e
1662:t
1655:v
1351:e
1344:t
1337:v
1084:e
1077:t
1070:v
1014:.
1000:.
947:.
923:.
874:.
423:(
419:'
340:)
336:(
52:)
48:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
