593:, to provide several misconceptions about multi-communication. After conducting empirical research, she claims that multi-communicating, contrary to popular belief, may render an individual less accessible, less productive, and potentially more rude in certain professional contexts. She points out that multi-communicating behavior, especially among those with a weak ability to focus, has often increased errors, reduced contribution between ongoing conversations, and increased confusion in the workplace. In doing so, many people multi-communicate as an uncontrolled habit rather than a strategic form of communication, offering more negative implications than positive. Cameron, does not advocate against multi-communication, but rather for people to better understand their multi-communicating behaviors and to practice multi-communicating more intentionally.
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involves individuals participating in more than one simultaneous conversations, which not only requires adequate attention to both tasks, but also coordination between each task. The timing and the pace of communication are also, at least partially, controlled by others and must mediate between different times of exchanges. As such, multi-communication can be considered a complex form of multitasking.
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in tempo and partially compartmentalized) with those such as electronic text (described as high in both flexibility and compartmentalization capabilities). Sometimes presence allocators do not have a choice about one or more of the media they engage with, but specific combinations of communication media may contribute strongly toward the success or, lack thereof, one has with multi-communicating.
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efficient when multi-communication is task-relevant. However, this goal of efficiency has received some mixed results. Despite the notion that completing multiple tasks simultaneously promotes productivity to communication and multiple conversations, many people reveal a breaking point at which they can no longer juggle
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The more similar the themes of the simultaneous conversations are, the easier it is for the presence allocator to process information and engage in conversation-switching. Similarly, the more divergent the topics or themes of conversation, the bigger the cognitive strain on the presence allocator and
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Compartmentalization refers to the ability to perform and ease of cross-conversations. For instance, an online chat allows one to move relatively freely from one conversation to another. Cameron and
Webster mention that "a medium with invisibility does not allow visual cues to be exchanged during the
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Criticisms of multi-communication theory at large are not prevalent, considering that it is a relatively newly defined and studied behavior. However, as multi-communicating has been largely studied for its professional implications, recent critical research suggests that multi-communicating behavior
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Performance deteriorates when these limits are exceeded. Because of these limits, performing two tasks at the same time or rapidly switching between two tasks results in decreased task performance in terms of accuracy and response time. These problems can be partially alleviated (but not eliminated)
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Equivocality refers to the possibility for multiple interpretations of an issue. These multiple interpretations can lead to disagreements regarding an issue. Reinsch and Turner's study suggests that the higher the potential for equivocality in a conversation, the more likely an individual is to pick
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Multi-communicating takes the medium selection concept from media richness theory and suggests that some of the same characteristics that contribute to making medium choices may also contribute to the reasons a person might multi-communicate. For example, if a conversation is not very complicated or
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which entails consuming one-way media while actively performing another activity, such as watching television while doing homework; invisible whispering, where individuals secretively use media to communicate with others during a meeting, such as texting a person within the same conference room; and
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The intensity of communication is one of the key factors in multi-communicating because it helps to predict the amount of attention and importance a specific conversation holds. Typically, conversation intensity increases with more, simultaneous conversations, a faster pace of conversion, a broader
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Flexibility of tempo refers to the amount of time a person has to respond to a certain message. Face-to-face communication often allows for less flexibility of tempo than does a text message. Most typically, users choose to combine media technologies such as the telephone (described as non-flexible
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Most people indicate that they multi-communicate in order to be more efficient. Barber and de Bruin suggest that "electronic multitasking can be considered a citizenship behavior when there are benefits to using technology in the workplace". They further explain that electronic multitasking can be
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can be difficult, as both of the terms concern the participation of people in two or more events at the same time. Multitasking refers to the behavior of performing two or more unrelated tasks concurrently, simply emphasizing task independence and performance concurrency, while multi-communication
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Several scholars hypothesized that increased workload can influence people engaging in multi-communicating. Since a heavy workload gives people a sense of loss of time, this may result in people compensating by multi-communicating. However, perceived communication overload did not predict meeting
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The perception of what others think about multi-communicating is also a significant predictor on this behavior. Due to an underlying perception of rudeness or partiality of conversational investment associated with multi-communicating, people will often hide their multi-communication from their
132:, but in-depth interviews about the practice of multi-communication have often revealed mixed results. Research has also shown that the most common combinations used for multi-communicating are the telephone and email, followed by text-based messaging (text messaging, instant messaging, etc.).
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of conversations, topics discussed, and the intensity of interactions contribute to a person's choice to engage in multi-communication, as well as their ultimate success with the practice. Many people engage in multiple conversations as a direct response to the requests of others. Employees
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theory centers on the principles that there is a strong connection between media, technology and communication, and how media and communication processes influence human perception, feeling, understanding and value; usually all three are used when engaged in multiple conversations in a
605:. Paskewitz and Beck conducted research about texting during workplace meetings, and determined that women perceive individuals who practice multi-communicating more negatively than men. At the same time, the gender of the multi-communicator did not play a role in these perceptions.
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Turner & Foss developed their "attentional social presence theory," which suggests that there are four types of presences when one engages in multiple conversations, each involving the control of one's audience and technology, the choices they make, and how they interact:
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Gibson, C. B., J. L. Gibbs, T. L. Stanko, P. Tesluk, and S. G. Cohen. 2011. "Including the 'I' in
Virtuality and Modern Job Design: Extending the Job Characteristics Model to Include the Moderating Effect of Individual Experiences of Electronic Dependence and Copresence."
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interaction, and using two media with invisibility makes it easier to compartmentalize the conversation while multi-communicating". In this case, the ability to hide conversations from multiple communication partners is also important factor of compartmentalization.
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The perception of what others think of the use of ICTs for multitasking, explain why individuals use or do not use CTs to communicate electronically in meetings. Cardon and Dai (2014) examine the nature of mobile phone use in meetings among
Chinese professionals.
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In organizational settings, research suggests that the decision by individuals to use informational technologies is influenced by what they observe other members in the organization doing, which is positively correlated to their multi-communicational behaviors.
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for both highly adaptable and centralized team communication practices. A recent study shows that team-communication platforms enable affordances for multi-communication and attention allocation, including flexible scaling of media modality and synchronicity.
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shape the frequency and usage of multi-communication within an organization. In this sense, the practice of multi-communicating is a type of multimedia practice, as people often use more than one media when engaging in multiple conversations.
366:. Social roles are based on the position an individual holds in a conversation, such as a supervisor communicating with a subordinate. Overly high intensity has sometimes been reported as a factor for unsuccessful multi-communicating.
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Turner, J. W., & Reinsch, L. (2005). Polychronic
Communication in the Workplace: The Temporal Structure of "Connected Time". Paper Presented at the National Communication Association Conference, Boston, MA, November,
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Research suggests that presence allocators have the most successful experiences with multi-communicating episodes when engaged in multiple conversations with contextually appropriate media around similar topics.
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Likewise, depending on the organizational culture, multi-communicating can become crucial and bear negative effects in a professional or office setting. Conversely, research suggests that employees who follow
408:, but only able to switch between tasks. This means that those who are most skilled at apparent multitasking, or multi-communicating, are essentially very quick at juggling their attention between messages.
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simultaneously. The term was coined by
Reinsch, Turner, and Tinsley, who proposed that simultaneous conversations can be conducted using an array of media, including face-to-face, phone, and email tools for
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Invitational presence occurs when someone decide to focus on one's audience and someone is making a concrete effort to be in the moment (only one conversation), someone is focused only on that interaction.
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communication orientation, awareness, and media fit. In their research, a multi-communicator's secrecy in regards to what they are and who they are conversing with led to higher perceptions of incivility.
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conversational partners. However, when people perceive multi-communicating as acceptable within their organizations, they are less likely to feel embarrassed and will engage in such behaviors more often.
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Carmeno and
Webster examined the relational outcomes of multi-communicating from the following aspects: conversation leveraging, multi-communicating performance, focal individual accessibility, partner's
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messages. Significant numbers of research subjects also indicate that they prefer to stay away from multi-communicating altogether when it comes to important conversations that require strong attention.
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Research suggests that there are two characteristics that help to determine a person's choice of communication media when engaging in multi-communicating: compartmentalization and flexibility of tempo.
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Stephens and Davis discuss the social influences on electronic multitasking in organizational meetings. ICTs have infiltrated meetings and allowed for a new range of communicative behaviors to emerge
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in mediated environments. They argue that such environments allow researchers to predict and measure differences among interfaces and guide the design of new social environments and interfaces.
528:, that include multiple social media channels (social networking platforms and instant messaging). The media capabilities of these platforms, including integration for diverse ICTs, enable
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norms receive higher performance ratings than those who do not. Therefore, if multi-communicating were considered an organizational norm, its practice could also bring positive feedback.
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Woerner, S., W. Orlikowski, and J. Yates. 2005. "Scaffolding
Conversations: Engaging Multiple Media in Organizational Communication." Paper presented at 21st EGOS Colloquium. Berlin.
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Currently, most academic research focuses on its professional implications, outlining several key factors that shape the act of multi-communicating; the flexibility of communication
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In their study on the relationship between managerial communication and media selection, Daft and Lengel encourage communication media that emphasizes face-to-face interaction.
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Competitive presence occurs when someone tries to persuade other people or group of people to pay attention to them, and one has to compete with their communication technology.
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equivocal, a person might be more likely to engage in multiple conversations. A conversation that is more complicated might make it hard for multi-communication to take place.
524:. In order to be more effective in their workplace, teams use different platforms for their communication practices. There are a number of communication platforms, such as
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within their daily lives. The model outlines: types of connection cues; factors that moderate sensitivity to connection norms; and activation paths for connection habits.
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Turner, Jeanine (2018). "Multicommunicator
Aspirational Stress, Suggestions for Teaching and Research, and Other Insights After 10 Years of Multicommunication Research".
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Daft, Richard L.; Lengel, Robert H.; Trevino, Linda Klebe (1987). "Message
Equivocality, Media Selection, and Manager Performance: Implications for Information Systems".
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Turner, Jeanine (2018). "Multicommunicator
Aspirational Stress, Suggestions for Teaching and Research, and Other Insights After 10 Years of Multicommunication Research".
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Turner, Jeanine Warisse, and Sonja K. Foss (2018). "Options for the Construction of Attentional Social Presence in a Digitally Enhanced Multicommunicative Environment".
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O'Leary, M. B., M. Mortensen, and A. Woolley. 2011. "Multiple Team Membership: A Theoretical Model of Productivity and Learning Effects for Individuals and Teams."
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Turner, Jeanine W., and N. Lamar Reinsch, Jr. 2011. "Multicommunicating and Episodic Presence: Developing New Constructs for Studying New Phenomena." Pp. 181–93 in
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Relating to this point, Belanger and Watson made a study exploring how virtual team members structure their use of multiple media to attain strategic goals.
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Biocca, Frank; Harms, Chad; Burgoon, Judee K. (October 2003). "Toward a More Robust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria".
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Stephens, K. K., J. K. Cho, and D. I. Ballard. 2012. "Simultaneity, Sequentiality, and Speed: Organizational Messages About Multiple-Task Completion."
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perspectives are presented in presence allocators, which typically show how people are able to think faster than they are able to speak or type. Most
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Cameron, Ann-Frances; Webster, Jane (2010). "Relational Outcomes of Multicommunicating: Integrating Incivility and Social Exchange Perspectives".
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social multitasking, which involves tasks that are primarily social-interactive, such as switching between face-to-face conversation and texting.
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thrive. With the emergence of portable devices like laptops, people can use multi-communication tools during meetings and non-meeting activities.
1284:"Multicommunicator Aspirational Stress, Suggestions for Teaching and Research, and Other Insights After 10 Years of Multicommunication Research"
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Turner, J. W.; Reinsch, N. L. (2007). "The Business Communicator as Presence Allocator: Multicommunicating, Equivocality, and Status at Work".
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Bélanger, France; Watson-Manheim, Mary Beth (July 2006). "Virtual Teams and Multiple Media: Structuring Media Use to Attain Strategic Goals".
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Benbunan-Fich, Raquel; Adler, Rachel F.; Mavlanova, Tamilla (2011-07-01). "Measuring Multitasking Behavior with Activity-based Metrics".
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Several factors may help to determine the outcomes of an episode of multi-communicating, including intensity, the topic of conversation,
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Budgeted presence occurs when someone engages in multiple conversations at once, such as talking to one's friend while sending an email.
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Cameron, A-F; Webster, J (2011). "Relational outcomes of multicommunicating: integrating incivility and social exchange perspectives".
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Suh, Kil Soo (1999). "Impact of communication medium on task performance and satisfaction: An examination of media-richness theory".
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Reinsch, N. Lamar, Jeanine Warisse Turner, and Catherine H. Tinsley (2008). "Multicommunicating: A practice whose time has come?".
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In attempts to determine whether social presence can be measured, Biocca, Harms & Burgoon emphasize the need for understanding
800:"Is Electronic Multitasking Always Viewed as a Counterproductive Meeting Behavior? Understanding the Nature of the Secondary Task"
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Stephens, Keri K.; Davis, Jennifer (2009-06-08). "The Social Influences on Electronic Multitasking in Organizational Meetings".
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Juggling multiple conversations with communication technology: towards a theory of multi-communicating impacts in the workplace
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Stephens, Keri K.; Davis, Jennifer (2009). "The Social Influences on Electronic Multitasking in Organizational Meetings".
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Cameron, Ann-Frances; Webster, Jane (2012-11-08). "Multicommunicating: Juggling Multiple Conversations in the Workplace".
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Staying connected has become a norm and a habit pervasive at the societal level, especially with the development of new
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Paskewitz, Emily A; Beck, Stephenson J (2019). "Exploring Perceptions of Multicommunicator Texting During Meetings".
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There are limits to an individual's working memory that restricts cognitive information processing capabilities.
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Baron, N. S. 2008. "Adjusting the volume: Technology and multitasking in discourse control." Pp. 177–93 in
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Entitled presence occurs when someone can take an individual takes another's technology away or vice versa.
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Cameron, A-F; Webster, J (2013). "Multicommunicating: juggling multiple conversations in the workplace".
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Anders, Abram (2016-01-19). "Team Communication Platforms and Emergent Social Collaboration Practices".
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Marulanda-Carter, L; Jackson, TW (2012). "Effects of e-mail addiction and interruptions on employees".
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may have adverse effects on individual productivity, workplace relationships, and stress management.
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Multi-communication can change the ways in which teams work and interact within the organization.
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Stephens, K. 2007. "The Successive Use of Information and Communication Technologies at Work."
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Ann-Frances, Cameron; et al. (2016). "Four Common Multicommunicating Misconceptions".
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Scott, Craig R., Laurie K. Lewis, James R. Barker, Joann Keyton, and Timothy Kuhn (2017).
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In addition to multi-communication, multitasking also includes electronic multitasking,
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a medium of communication that is rich in contextual cues or has high media-richness.
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Studies on multi-communicating began when instant messaging became common practice.
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Presence allocators will divide their presence among multiple interactions. The
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The practical implications of multi-communicating have drawn criticism in
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Cameron (2016) draws from several disciplines, including management and
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Another concept in multi-communication is Daft and Lengel's research on
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in one of their first presentations to the wider academic community.
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studies imply that people are not truly cognitively capable of
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The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication
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Multi-communicating has evolved with the rapid development of
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104:(ICT), where behavior within digital media applications like
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frequently believe that multi-communication increases their
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Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application
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West, Richard L., and Lynn H. Turner (17 September 2013).
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Bayer, Joseph B.; Campbell, Scott W.; Ling, Rich (2015).
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Reinsch, N. Lamar; Turner, Jeanine Warisse (2018-12-09).
1601:"Multiple Conversations During Organizational Meetings"
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Bayer, Campbell, & Ling described how individuals
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Dennis, A. R.; Rennecker, J. A.; Hansen, S. (2010).
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De Bruin, Rushika; Barber, Larissa K. (2020-11-17).
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
144:. Differentiating between multi-communication and
744:Stephens, Keri K.; Davis, Jennifer (2009-06-08).
1558:Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
1395:, edited by K. B. Wright, L. M. Webb. New York:
1648:International Journal of Business Communication
1411:Journal of Business and Technical Communication
1288:Journal of Business and Technical Communication
925:Journal of Business and Technical Communication
2718:Manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions
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1876:Journal of Systems and Information Technology
1055:, edited by J. E. Katz. Cambridge: MIT Press.
520:Multi-communicating is especially present in
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164:Multi-communication primarily builds off
102:information and communications technology
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1053:Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies
204:Turner and Reinsch, who coined the term
1911:European Journal of Information Systems
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216:Media richness theory (Daft and Lengel)
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375:the higher the chance for confusion.
55:make it understandable to non-experts
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362:range of topics, and a wider mix of
319:adding citations to reliable sources
136:Multi-communicating and multitasking
1691:Management Communication Quarterly
1605:Management Communication Quarterly
947:Management Communication Quarterly
750:Management Communication Quarterly
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1151:Journal of Business Communication
184:and Robert H. Lengel's theory of
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2026:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01420.x
2009:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00308.x
1599:Stephens, Keri K. (2012-01-18).
1039:10.1111/j.1540-5915.2010.00290.x
855:ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact
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88:is the act of managing multiple
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2117:Computer-mediated communication
306:needs additional citations for
251:technology-enriched workplace.
2743:Two-step flow of communication
1779:Group Decision and Negotiation
353:, and the presence allocator.
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1127:10.1016/S0378-7206(98)00097-4
994:Journal of Consumer Behaviour
2692:Social aspects of television
2239:Text and conversation theory
2017:Human Communication Research
1983:Academy of Management Review
1822:Information Systems Research
1115:Information & Management
702:Academy of Management Review
656:Information Systems Research
547:organizational communication
1433:Computers in Human Behavior
255:Characteristics and factors
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1959:. Accessed 10 August 2020.
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625:Simultaneous communication
357:Intensity of communication
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1791:10.1007/s10726-006-9044-8
1445:10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.032
714:10.5465/amr.2008.31193450
210:polychronic communication
2836:Structural functionalism
2197:Nonviolent communication
2127:History of communication
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1660:10.1177/2329488415627273
1617:10.1177/0893318911431802
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816:10.1177/0033294120973946
762:10.1177/0893318909335417
445:multitasking behaviors.
194:channel expansion theory
2659:Influence of mass media
2192:Nonverbal communication
2182:Models of communication
877:10.1145/1970378.1970381
1975:10.1287/orsc.1100.0586
1861:10.1287/orsc.1100.0540
1834:10.1287/isre.1120.0446
1377:10.1287/orsc.1100.0602
1350:10.1287/orsc.1100.0540
668:10.1287/isre.1120.0446
2344:Mediated cross-border
2066:Communication studies
909:25.5 (2016): 465-71.
804:Psychological Reports
620:Impression management
370:Topic of conversation
222:media richness theory
200:Polychronicity (Hall)
160:Foundational theories
2279:Communication theory
2274:Communication design
2000:Communication Theory
1966:Organization Science
1849:Organization Science
1509:Communication Theory
1472:Communication Theory
1365:Organization Science
1338:Organization Science
615:Attention management
485:social connectedness
468:Personal interaction
449:Perceived incivility
315:improve this article
278:Flexibility of tempo
269:Compartmentalization
235:Media ecology theory
178:presentation of self
121:compartmentalization
1947:Cameron, A. 2007. "
1923:10.1057/ejis.2016.8
522:team collaborations
206:multi-communicating
86:Multi-communicating
2815:Television studies
2738:Semiotic democracy
2733:Opinion leadership
2664:Mass communication
2309:Discourse analysis
2234:Telecommunications
2177:Meta-communication
1951:" (dissertation).
1485:10.1111/comt.12090
516:Group interactions
388:Presence allocator
146:media multitasking
18:Multicommunicating
2844:
2843:
2777:Notable academics
2611:
2610:
1957:978-0-494-26605-2
1521:10.1093/ct/qty002
1027:Decision Sciences
591:social psychology
347:
346:
339:
83:
82:
75:
16:(Redirected from
2864:
2831:Media psychology
2799:Bernard Berelson
2794:Robert K. Merton
2760:The Lonely Crowd
2708:Culture industry
2701:Notable theories
2652:General concepts
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2601:
2600:
2256:
2207:Public relations
2102:Biocommunication
2059:
2052:
2045:
2036:
1935:
1934:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1406:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1254:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
985:
979:
978:
942:
933:
932:
920:
914:
903:
897:
896:
870:
850:
844:
843:
795:
782:
781:
741:
732:
731:
725:
717:
697:
680:
679:
651:
342:
335:
331:
328:
322:
299:
291:
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2819:
2803:
2784:Paul Lazarsfeld
2772:
2767:The Power Elite
2747:
2723:Media democracy
2696:
2647:
2642:
2612:
2607:
2589:
2378:
2257:
2248:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2068:
2063:
2003:17(4):486–507.
1969:22(6):1481–99.
1944:
1942:Further reading
1939:
1938:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1754:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1533:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1388:
1384:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1255:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1208:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1148:
1147:
1134:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1020:
1019:
1015:
987:
986:
982:
944:
943:
936:
922:
921:
917:
904:
900:
868:10.1.1.657.3098
861:(2): 7:1–7:22.
852:
851:
847:
797:
796:
785:
743:
742:
735:
718:
699:
698:
683:
653:
652:
643:
638:
630:Time management
611:
599:
583:
574:
555:
518:
510:social behavior
470:
465:
451:
433:
425:
402:neuroscientific
390:
381:
372:
359:
343:
332:
326:
323:
312:
300:
289:
287:Outcome factors
280:
271:
262:
260:Characteristics
257:
239:Organizational
237:
218:
202:
182:Richard L. Daft
162:
138:
79:
68:
62:
59:
51:help improve it
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2808:Subdisciplines
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2687:Public opinion
2684:
2683:New literacies
2681:
2679:Media literacy
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2349:Organizational
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:Cross-cultural
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:Intrapersonal
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2012:
1995:
1986:36(3):461–78.
1978:
1960:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1917:(5): 465–471.
1901:
1866:
1855:(3): 754–771.
1839:
1828:(2): 352–371.
1812:
1785:(4): 299–321.
1769:
1724:
1681:
1654:(2): 224–261.
1638:
1611:(2): 195–223.
1591:
1564:(5): 456–480.
1548:
1499:
1458:
1420:
1401:
1382:
1355:
1344:(3): 754–771.
1321:
1294:(2): 141–171.
1274:
1241:
1223:
1194:
1176:
1132:
1121:(5): 295–312.
1105:
1092:10.2307/248682
1086:(3): 355–366.
1067:
1057:
1044:
1033:(4): 845–886.
1013:
1007:10.1002/cb.320
980:
934:
915:
898:
845:
810:(1): 422–447.
783:
733:
708:(2): 391–403.
681:
662:(2): 352–371.
640:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
610:
607:
603:gender studies
598:
595:
582:
579:
573:
570:
554:
551:
517:
514:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
469:
466:
464:
463:Practical uses
461:
450:
447:
432:
429:
424:
421:
389:
386:
380:
377:
371:
368:
358:
355:
345:
344:
303:
301:
294:
288:
285:
279:
276:
270:
267:
261:
258:
256:
253:
236:
233:
217:
214:
201:
198:
186:media richness
174:Erving Goffman
170:polychronicity
166:Edward T. Hall
161:
158:
137:
134:
81:
80:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2869:
2858:
2857:Communication
2855:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:Notable works
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Mediatization
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Media ecology
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:Media studies
2639:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Media studies
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:International
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Environmental
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Developmental
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Communicology
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Media ecology
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Interpersonal
2140:
2138:
2137:Intercultural
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Communication
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1478:(2): 128–49.
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:9780073534282
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1195:9781118955604
1191:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:MIS Quarterly
1074:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1003:
1000:(4): 316–32.
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
939:
935:
931:(2): 141–171.
930:
926:
919:
916:
912:
908:
902:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
849:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
738:
734:
729:
723:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
648:
646:
642:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
604:
596:
594:
592:
588:
580:
578:
571:
569:
566:
563:
558:
552:
550:
548:
542:
538:
534:
531:
527:
523:
515:
513:
511:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
492:
488:
486:
482:
477:
475:
467:
462:
460:
457:
448:
446:
442:
439:
430:
428:
422:
420:
416:
415:by practice.
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:physiological
387:
385:
378:
376:
369:
367:
365:
356:
354:
352:
341:
338:
330:
320:
316:
310:
309:
304:This section
302:
298:
293:
292:
286:
284:
277:
275:
268:
266:
259:
254:
252:
249:
248:Media ecology
245:
242:
234:
232:
228:
225:
223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
199:
197:
195:
191:
190:media ecology
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
159:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
135:
133:
131:
127:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
95:communication
91:
90:conversations
87:
77:
74:
66:
56:
52:
46:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2765:
2758:
2713:Echo chamber
2669:Mass society
2122:Conversation
2107:Broadcasting
2015:
1998:
1981:
1964:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1882:(1): 82–94.
1879:
1875:
1869:
1852:
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2152:Journalism
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