769:(1861–1865) most infantry were equipped with the rifled musket. These were far more accurate than smoothbore muskets and had a far longer range, while preserving the musket's comparatively faster reloading rate. Their use led to a decline in the use of massed attacking formations, as these formations were too vulnerable to the accurate, long-range fire a rifle could produce. In particular, attacking troops were within range of the defenders for a longer period of time, and the defenders could also fire at them more quickly than before. As a result, while 18th-century attackers would only be within range of the defenders' weapons for the time it would take to fire a few shots, late-19th-century attackers might suffer dozens of volleys before they drew close to the defenders, with correspondingly high casualty rates. However, the use of massed attacks on fortified positions were not immediately replaced with new tactics, and as a result, major wars of the late 19th century and early 20th century tended to produce very high casualty figures.
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practice of rifling, putting grooves in the barrel of a weapon, causing the projectile to spin on the same axis as the line of flight, prevented this veering off from the aiming point. Rifles already existed in Europe by the late 15th century, but they were primarily used as sporting weapons and had little presence in warfare. The problem with rifles was the tendency for powder fouling to accumulate in the rifling, making the piece more difficult to load with each shot. Eventually, the weapon could not be loaded until the bore was wiped clean. For this reason, smoothbore muskets remained the primary firearm of most armies until the mid-19th century. It was not until 1611 that rifles started seeing some limited usage in warfare by
Denmark. Around 1750, rifles began to be used by skirmishers of
973:, dating to 1586: "Start with three files of five soldiers each, separated one from the other by fifteen paces, and they should comport themselves not with fury but with calm skillfulness such that when the first file has finished shooting they make space for the next (which is coming up to shoot) without turning face, countermarching to the left but showing the enemy only the side of their bodies, which is the narrowest of the body, and about one to three steps behind, with five or six pellets in their mouths, and two lighted matchlock fuses ... and they load promptly ... and return to shoot when it's their turn again." Most historians, including
282:, which came into widespread use in the mid-19th century. The Minié ball was small enough in diameter that it could be loaded as quickly as a round ball, even with a barrel that had been fouled with black powder residue after firing many shots, and the expanding skirt of the Minié ball meant that it would still form a tight fit with the barrel and impart a good spin into the round when fired. This gave the rifled musket an effective range of several hundred yards, which was a significant improvement over the smooth bore musket. For example, combat ranges of 300 yd (270 m) were achievable using the rifled muskets during the
923:
people. Thus, whenever the enemy gets to within a hundred paces' distance, they are to wait until they hear a blast on the bamboo flute, at which they deploy themselves in front of the troops, with each platoon (哨) putting in front one team (隊). They wait until they hear their own leader fire a shot, and only then are they allowed to give fire. Each time the trumpet gives a blast, they fire one time, spread out in battle array according to the drilling patterns. If the trumpet keeps blasting without stopping, then they are allowed to fire all together until their fire is exhausted, and it's not necessary to divide into layers.
619:. Of the volley fire, the manual says that "every musketeer squad should either divide into two musketeers per layer or one and deliver fire in five volleys or in ten." Another Korean manual produced in 1649 describes a similar process: "When the enemy approaches to within a hundred paces, a signal gun is fired and a conch is blown, at which the soldiers stand. Then a gong is sounded, the conch stops blowing, and the heavenly swan is sounded, at which the musketeers fire in concert, either all at once or in five volleys (齊放一次盡擧或分五擧)." This training method proved to be quite formidable in the 1619
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1033:, or attack column, consisting of one regiment up to two brigades of infantry. Instead of advancing slowly all across the battlefield in line formations, the French infantry were brought forward in such columns, preceded by masses of skirmishers to cover and mask their advance. The column would then normally deploy into line right before engaging the enemy with either fire or bayonet. This allowed the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic infantry a much greater degree of mobility compared to their
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their understanding of muskets. Early missionaries—one of whom was a trained gunsmith—refused to help Māori repair muskets. Later, common practice was to enlarge the percussion hole and to hold progressively smaller lead balls between the fingers so that muskets could fire several shots without having to remove fouling. Likewise, Māori resorted to thumping the butt of the musket on the ground to settle the ball instead of using a ramrod. Māori favoured the use of the double-barrel shot gun (
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paper (usually with his teeth), pour some of the powder into the pan and the rest into the barrel, follow it with the ammunition (and the paper as wadding if not using a Minié ball), then use the ramrod as normal to push it all into the barrel. While not as fast as loading a modern cartridge, this method did significantly speed up the loading process since the pre-measured charges meant that the musketeer did not have to carefully measure out the black powder with every shot.
476:, manufactured hundreds of Lankan muskets, with a unique bifurcated stock, longer barrel and smaller calibre, which made it more efficient in directing and using the energy of the gunpowder. These were mastered by the Sri Lankan soldiers to the point where, according to the Portuguese chronicler, Queirós, they could "fire at night to put out a match" and "by day at 60 paces would sever a knife with four or five bullets" and "send as many on the same spot in the target."
900:—by the Ottomans, the Chinese, the Japanese, and the Dutch—made muskets more feasible for widespread adoption by the military. The volley fire technique transformed soldiers carrying firearms into organized firing squads with each row of soldiers firing in turn and reloading in a systematic fashion. Volley fire was implemented with cannons as early as 1388 by Ming artillerists, but volley fire with matchlocks was not implemented until 1526 when the Ottoman
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corkscrew is used to remove a wine cork. Another attachment was called a worm, which was used to clear debris from the barrel, such as paper wadding that had not been expelled. Some worm designs were sturdy enough that they could be used to remove stuck ammunition. The worm could also be used with a small piece of cloth for cleaning. A variation on the worm called the "screw and wiper" combined the typical design of a worm with a ball puller's screw.
803:
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China they did not have muskets; they first learned about them from the Wokou pirates in
Zhejiang Province. Qi Jiguang trained troops in their use for several years until they became one of the skills of the Chinese, who subsequently used them to defeat the Japanese." By 1607 Korean musketeers had been trained in the fashion which Qi Jiguang prescribed, and a drill manual had been produced based on the Chinese leader's
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dirty from soot from previously fired rounds, the musket ball from the next shot could still be easily rammed. To keep the ball in place once the weapon was loaded, it would be partially wrapped in a small piece of cloth. However, the smaller ball could move within the barrel as the musket was fired, decreasing the accuracy of musket fire (it was complained that it took a man's weight in lead musket balls to kill him).
1052:, have postulated that it was the standard French tactic to charge enemy lines of infantry head on with their columns, relying on the morale effect of the huge column, and hence were often beaten off by the devastating firepower of the redcoats, more current research into the subject has revealed that such occasions were far from the norm, and that the French normally tried deploying into lines before combat as well.
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as much energy to penetrate as did armour that was only 1 mm (0.039 in) thick. During the siege of Parma in 1521, many
Spanish soldiers reportedly used an "arquebus with rest", a weapon much larger and more powerful than the regular arquebus. However, at this point, long-barrelled, musket-calibre weapons had been in use as wall-defence weapons in Europe for almost a century.
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instinct, but the soldiers greatly improved the mode they were taught in, as to expedition. For as soon as they had primed their pieces and put the cartridge into the barrel, instead of ramming it down with their rods, they struck the butt end of the piece upon the ground, and bringing it to the present, fired it off". This practice was known as 'tap-loading'.
307:
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651:, Joseon organized their army under firearm troops (artillery and musketeers), archers, and pikemen or swordsmen. The percentage of firearms in the Joseon army rose dramatically as a result of the shorter training period for firearms. In addition, the sulphur mines discovered in Jinsan reduced the expense of producing gunpowder. Under the reign of
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and natives. At the beginning of the 19th century, the number of light infantry increased dramatically. In the French army, light infantry accounted for 25% of the infantry. In the
Russian Army, 50 light infantry regiments and one company in each battalion were formed, which accounted for about 40% of light infantry in the entire infantry.
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antedates
Maurice's first letter on the subject by two years. Regardless, it is clear that the concept of volley fire had existed in Europe for quite some time during the 16th century, but it was in the Netherlands during the 1590s that the musketry volley really took off. The key to this development
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underwent a devastating war with the newly unified Japan that lasted from 1592 to 1598. The shock of this encounter spurred the court to undergo a process of military strengthening. One of the core elements of military strengthening was to adopt the musket. According to reformers, "In recent times in
467:
points out that the
Sinhalese term for gun, 'bondikula', matches the Arabic term for gun, 'bunduk'. Also, certain technical aspects of the early Sri Lankan matchlock were similar to the matchlocks used in the Middle East, thus forming the generally accepted theory that the musket was not entirely new
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or Minié ball all wrapped up in paper. Cartridges would then be placed in a cartridge box, which would typically be worn on the musketeer's belt during a battle. Unlike a modern cartridge, this paper cartridge was not simply loaded into the weapon and fired. Instead, the musketeer would tear open the
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began to emerge. In contrast to the front-line infantry, they fought in the loose formation, used natural shelters and terrain folds. In addition, they were better prepared to target single targets. This type of troops was designed to fight against irregular enemy troops, such as militia, guerrillas
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I have discovered ... a method of getting the musketeers and soldiers armed with arquebuses not only to keep firing very well but to do it effectively in battle order ... in the following manner: as soon as the first rank has fired together, then by the drill they will march to the back. The second
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grooves that would have spun the bullet in such a way as to increase its accuracy. The last contact with the musket barrel gives the ball a spin around an axis at right angles to the direction of flight. The aerodynamics result in the ball veering off in a random direction from the aiming point. The
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As muskets became the default weapon of armies, the slow reloading time became an increasing problem. The difficulty of reloading—and thus the time needed to do it—was diminished by making the musket ball much smaller than the internal diameter of the barrel, so as the interior of the barrel became
539:
In the 1592 invasion, everything was swept away. Within a fortnight or a month the cities and fortresses were lost, and everything in the eight directions had crumbled. Although it was due to there having been a century of peace and the people not being familiar with warfare that this happened, it
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known as the musket appeared in Europe by 1521. In response to firearms, thicker armour was produced, from 15 kg (33 lb 1 oz) in the 15th century to 25 kg (55 lb 2 oz) in the late 16th century. Armour that was 2 mm (0.079 in) thick required nearly three times
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capable of penetrating heavy armour. This version of the musket fell out of use after the mid-16th century with the decline of heavy armour; however, the term itself stuck around as a general descriptor for "shoulder arms" fire weapons into the 19th century. The differences between the arquebus and
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suggested that musketeers should, "after the old Romane manner make three or four several fronts, with convenient spaces for the first to retire and unite himselfe with the second, and both these if occasion so require, with the third; the shot having their convenient lanes continually during the
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tribes—often using trade muskets in addition to traditional Māori weapons. The muskets were initially cheap
Birmingham muskets designed for the use of coarse grain black powder. Maori favoured the shorter barrel versions. Some tribes took advantage of runaway sailors and escaped convicts to expand
496:
They used for arms, swords, lances, arquebuses, which all the soldiers carry and use; their arms are also superior and better tempered than those of any other nation. The barrels of the arquebuses are generally six spans long and carry a ball little less than three ounces in weight. They use them
370:
Muskets of the 16th to 19th centuries were accurate enough to hit a target of 50 cm (20 in) in diameter at a distance of 100 m (330 ft). At the same distance, musket bullets could penetrate a steel bib about 4 mm (0.16 in) thick, or a wooden shield about 130 mm
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All the musketeers, when they get near the enemy are not allowed to fire early, and they're not allowed to just fire everything off in one go, whenever the enemy then approaches close, there won't be enough time to load the guns (銃裝不及), and frequently this mismanagement costs the lives of many
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Many soldiers preferred to reduce the standard musket reloading procedures to increase the speed of fire. This statement is from Thomas
Anburey who served as a lieutenant in Burgoyne's army: "Here I cannot help observing to you, whether it proceeded from an idea of self-preservation, or natural
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musketeers with detailed illustrations of their muskets, alongside
European musketeers with detailed illustrations of their muskets. There was also illustration and description of how the Chinese had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position in firing while using European-made muskets, though Zhao
314:
Some ramrods were equipped with threaded ends, allowing different attachments to be used. One of the more common attachments was a ball screw or ball puller, which was a screw that could be screwed into the lead ball to remove it if it had become jammed in the barrel, similar to the way that a
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was invented in Europe, in 1550. The snaphance was followed by the "true" flintlock in the late 17th century. While the heavy variant of the arquebus died out due to the decline of heavy armour, the term "musket" itself stuck around as a general term for 'shoulder arms' fireweapons, replacing
190:
musket post-16th century are therefore not entirely clear, and the two have been used interchangeably on several occasions. According to historian David A. Parrot, the concept of the musket as a legitimate innovation is uncertain and may consist of nothing more than a name change.
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with such facility that it does not hinder them drawing their bows nor handling their swords, keeping the latter hung at their saddle bows till occasion requires them. The arquebus is then put away behind the back so that one weapon does not impede the use of the other.
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to take advantage of their ranged weapons. In
England, the musket barrel was cut down from 4 ft (1.2 m) to 3 ft (0.91 m) around 1630. The number of musketeers relative to pikemen increased partly because they were now more mobile than pikemen.
395:"arquebus," and remained until the 1800s. The differences between the arquebus and musket post-16th century are therefore not entirely clear, and the two have been used interchangeably on several occasions. Flintlocks are not usually associated with arquebuses.
564:(1368–1644) at an uncertain point, but the Ming only began fielding matchlocks in 1548. The Chinese used the term "bird-gun" to refer to arquebuses and Turkish arquebuses may have reached China before Portuguese ones. In Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598 AD, the
371:(5.1 in) thick. The maximum range of the bullet was 1,100 m (1,200 yd). The speed of the bullets was between 305 and 540 m/s (1,000 and 1,770 ft/s), and the kinetic energy was 1,600–4,000 J (1,200–3,000 ft⋅lbf).
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opponents, and also allowed much closer cooperation of infantry with cavalry and artillery, which were free to move in between the infantry columns of the former rather than being trapped in between the linear formation of the latter. The
402:, a standardized "calibre" (spelled "caliber" in the US), appeared in Europe around 1567–9. According to Jacob de Gheyn, the caliver was a smaller musket that did not require a fork rest. Benerson Little described it as a "light musket".
199:
698:(fortified village or hillfort). They often resorted to using nails, stones or anything convenient as "shot". From the 1850s, Māori were able to obtain superior military style muskets with greater range. One of the authors was a
540:
was really because the Japanese had the use of muskets that could reach beyond several hundred paces, that always pierced what they struck, that came like the wind and the hail, and with which bows and arrows could not compare.
526:
in 1543 and by the 1560s were being mass-produced locally. By the end of the 16th century, the production of firearms in Japan reached enormous proportions, which allowed for a successful military operation in Korea during the
758:, were significantly more accurate, with the ability to hit a man-sized target at a distance of 500 yards (460 m) or more. The smoothbore musket generally allowed no more than 300 yards (270 m) with any accuracy.
278:, which despite its name was actually bullet-shaped and not ball-shaped, was developed in the 1840s. The Minié ball had an expanding skirt which was intended to be used with rifled barrels, leading to what was called the
995:
rank, either marching forward or standing still, fire together then march to the back. After that, the third and following ranks will do the same. Thus before the last ranks have fired, the first will have reloaded.
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and were defeated by Joseon musketeers. In 1658, five hundred Russians engaged a 1,400-strong Qing-Joseon force and were defeated again by Joseon musketeers. Under the Three Branch System, similar to the Spanish
663:, Yoon Pil-Un, Commander of the Sua-chung, improved on firearms with the Chunbochong (천보총), which had a greater range of fire than the existing ones. Its usage is thought to have been similar to the Afghan
789:
showing a part of the steps required to load and fire an earlier musket. The need to complete this difficult and potentially dangerous process as quickly as possible led to the creation of the
229:. In some parts of the world, such as China and Japan, the flintlock mechanism never caught on and they continued using matchlocks until the 19th century when percussion locks were introduced.
1463:
E.g. in 1644, in the English Civil War the King escaping two Parliamentary armies left all his pikemen behind in his fortress of Oxford because of the need for speed. C.H.Firth 1972 4th ed.
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who wrote: "The Koreans are incapable on horseback but do not transgress the principles of the military arts. They excel at infantry fighting, especially in musketeer tactics."
463:
may have introduced muskets to Sri Lanka during their conquest of the coastline and lowlands in 1505, as they regularly used short barrelled matchlocks during combat. However,
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rapidly acquired the art of making and using handguns. A Venetian envoy, Vincenzo di Alessandri, in a report presented to the Council of Ten on 24 September 1572, observed:
623:, in which 10,000 Korean musketeers managed to kill many Manchus before their allies surrendered. While Korea went on to lose both wars against the Manchu invasions of
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fight to discharge their peces." The Spanish too displayed some awareness of the volley technique. Martín de Eguiluz described it in the military manual,
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continued as the generic term for smoothbore long guns until the mid-19th century. In turn, this style of musket was retired in the 19th century when
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in 1860 also led to their demise. By the time that repeating rifles became common, they were known as simply "rifles", ending the era of the musket.
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suggesting that the Spanish arquebusiers kneeled to reload, when in fact Oman never made such a claim. This is contested by Idan Sherer, who quotes
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in combining bullet and powder charge. A musket cartridge consisted of a pre-measured amount of black powder and ammunition such as a round ball,
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Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes
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appeared in Europe in the year 1499. Evidence of the musket as a type of firearm does not appear until 1521 when it was used to describe a heavy
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Perera, C. Gaston. "Chapter V: Weapons Used, Firearms." Kandy Fights the Portuguese. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications, 2007. 83 to 102. Print.
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saying that the arquebusiers kneeled to reload so that the second line of arquebusiers could fire without endangering those in front of them.
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requested Joseon to aid in their border conflict with Russia. In 1654, 370 Russians engaged a 1,000-man Qing-Joseon force at the mouth of the
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1916:"View of The Rifle-Musket vs. The Smoothbore Musket, a Comparison of the Effectiveness of the Two Types of Weapons Primarily at Short Ranges"
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were the first infantry to give up armour entirely. Musketeers began to take cover behind walls or in sunken lanes and sometimes acted as
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According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, firearms were often named after animals, and the word musket derived from the French word
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1396:"Civil War Weapons and Equipment" By Russ A. Pritchard, Jr., Russ A. Pritchard Jr., William Davis, Published by Globe Pequot, 2003
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Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols",
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1405:"Images of the recent past: readings in historical archaeology" By Charles E. Orser, Published by Rowman Altamira, 1996
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due to the defenders' use of cannon and small arms that were described as muskets, although these were probably early
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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century
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1948:"With Zeal and With Bayonets Only: The British Army on Campaign in North America, 1775–1783" by Matthew H. Spring
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765:(1853–1856) saw the first widespread use of the rifled musket for the common infantryman and by the time of the
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to the island by the time the Portuguese came. In any case, soon native Sri Lankan kingdoms, most notably the
89:. By the mid-16th century, this type of musket gradually disappeared as the use of heavy armour declined, but
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Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
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Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
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European gunners might have implemented countermarch to some extent since at least 1579 when the Englishman
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1521:"Colonial Era Firearm Bullet Performance: A Live-Fire Experimental Study for Archaeological Interpretation"
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Scott, Douglass; Bohy, Joel; Boor, Nathan; Haecker, Charles; Rose, William; Severts, Patrick (April 2017).
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War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500
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and in late-16th-century Japan. Qi Jiguang elaborates on his countermarch volley fire technique in the
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1335:"Dictionary of phrase and fable" By Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, Published by Cassell and Company LTD, 1900
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Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World
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1904:"Arms and Equipment of the Civil War" By Jack Coggins, Published by Courier Dover Publications, 2004
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unit of game-keepers and foresters, but the rifle's slow rate of fire still restricted their usage.
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was introduced in 1770 to reduce friction and increase sparks. In 1780, waterproof pans were added.
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mechanism, which was not known to have been used in any European or Chinese firearms at the time.
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In the latter half of the 18th century, several improvements were added to the musket. In 1750, a
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Warriors for a Living: The Experience of the Spanish Infantry During the Italian Wars, 1494–1559
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period in New Zealand, between 1805 and 1843, at least 500 conflicts took place between various
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908:. The matchlock volley fire technique was next seen in mid-16th-century China as pioneered by
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were attached to muskets in several parts of the world from the late 16th to 17th centuries.
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692:– two barrel) during fighting often using women to reload the weapons when fighting from a
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The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
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Musketeers often used paper cartridges, which served a purpose similar to that of modern
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The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
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The Road to Rocori: Class, Culture and Command of the Spanish Army in Flanders 1567–1659
1372:"How far is "musket-shot"? Farther than you think. – Journal of the American Revolution"
631:, their musketeers were well respected by Manchu leaders. It was the first Qing emperor
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Breefe Discourse Concerning the Force and Effect of all Manuall of Weapons of Fire...
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fluently, had a Māori wife and took part in many intertribal conflicts as a warrior.
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Shizhen described the Turkish muskets as being superior to the European muskets. The
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A history of the metallurgy of armour in the middle ages and the early modern period
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Breefe Discourse Concerning the Force and Effect of all Manuall of Weapons of Fire..
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who believes this is an over interpretation as well as mis-citation of a passage by
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Frederick Lewis Taylor claims that a kneeling volley fire may have been employed by
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From Hunyadi to Rakocki: War and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Hungary
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Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture
2247:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
522:
of Japan, arquebuses were introduced by Portuguese merchantmen from the region of
379:
243:
The phrase "lock, stock, and barrel" refers to the three main parts of a musket.
4094:
4086:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3742:
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3422:
3036:
942:
901:
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762:
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noted the clear superiority of the Japanese musketeers over the Korean archers:
306:
410:
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3835:
3822:
3812:
3772:
3752:
3635:
3572:
3522:
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3442:
3300:
3076:
The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850)
1979:
909:
723:
668:
632:
363:
218:
78:
3287:
Gunsmoke and Saddle Leather: Firearms in the nineteenth-century American West
2311:
Hunyadi to Rákóczi: War and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Hungary
4104:
4076:
4061:
4046:
4041:
4007:
3830:
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3767:
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3681:
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2776:
Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
2616:
1479:"Material Culture and Military History: Test-Firing Early Modern Small Arms"
1071:
1061:
603:
441:
416:
391:
388:
359:
268:
251:
46:
814: with: the standard drill method of loading a musket. You can help by
4066:
3899:
3737:
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3665:
3507:
3502:
3407:
3399:
523:
448:
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351:
324:
186:
156:
82:
74:
2812:
How History's Greatest Pirates Pillaged, Plundered, and Got Away With It
2398:
198:
37:"Muskets" redirects here. For the rock band from Brighton, England, see
17:
4036:
3992:
3969:
3930:
3918:
3782:
3727:
3559:
3540:
3359:
2857:
1025:
In the 19th century, a new tactic was devised by the French during the
727:
660:
429:
399:
211:
81:
weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the
55:
51:
236:
was added to prevent the sear from catching in the half-cock notch. A
3975:
3817:
3717:
3620:
3615:
3555:
3517:
664:
648:
611:
233:
143:. An alternative theory is that derives from the 16th-century French
3016:
Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries
2849:
1044:
was henceforth adopted by all European armies during and after the
850:
842:
776:
713:
593:
505:
437:
409:
378:
336:
258:
250:
45:
2946:
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane
2583:
Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the
2194:
British Light Infantry & Rifle Tactics of the Napoleonic Wars
2836:
Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard",
489:
3332:
2265:
High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics
990:
who in 1594 described the technique in a letter to his cousin:
310:
Display of tompion, ball puller, and worm as musket accessories
2383:"Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History"
796:
3251:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud
387:
The heavy musket went out of favour around the same time the
3038:
Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879
2956:, vol. 1, A–K, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
217:
Locks came in many different varieties. Early matchlock and
197:
2205:"A Reappraisal of Column Versus Line in the Peninsular War"
30:
This article is about the long gun. For the racehorse, see
2820:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
2331:(2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications.
2076:
2074:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1095:
1093:
1091:
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rifles. Rifled muskets of the mid-19th century, like the
3187:
Fighting Ships Far East (2): Japan and Korea AD 612–1639
1278:
1276:
1236:
1234:
949:(1522). However, this has been called into question by
855:
Illustration of a Ming musketry volley formation. From
815:
428:
by 1516, and in Southeast Asia by 1540. According to a
97:(simply called rifles in modern terminology) using the
3306:
Infantry Tactics During the Napoleonic wars – Musketry
2874:
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
1251:
1249:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
271:
which held their pre-measured charges and lead balls.
1110:
1108:
3278:
Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact
2778:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng,
2483:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
4085:
4022:
3916:
3854:
3679:
3554:
3398:
2564:
The Military Revolution in Sixteenth-Century Europe
1654:
Firearms: A Global History to 1700 by Kenneth Chase
582:(1621) later described Turkish muskets that used a
3035:
1181:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
424:Matchlock firearms were used in India by 1500, in
3215:The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas
2907:, vol. 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press,
2714:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India
847:Diagram of a 1594 Dutch musketry volley formation
179:The first recorded usage of the term "musket" or
3636:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
3671:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
3085:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500
2613:"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources"
2328:A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery
1477:Krenn, Peter; Kalaus, Paul; Hall, Bert (1995).
992:
920:
537:
494:
2741:Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact
2645:Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe
3344:
3058:Arms and Armor in Colonial America: 1526–1783
2999:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
2502:Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective
1183:, T. F. Hoed, Oxford University Press, 1888 (
1048:. While some British historians, such as Sir
655:(1700s), 76.4% of the local standing army in
180:
166:
160:
150:
8:
2794:Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan
2351:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1920:Iu South Bend Undergraduate Research Journal
267:Sixteenth- and 17th-century musketeers used
144:
134:
2635:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation
2572:Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare
598:Large Korean Jochong (Matchlock Musket) in
436:would not dare attack the besieged town of
105:in 1849) became common. The development of
3351:
3337:
3329:
3235:, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
2618:History of Science and Technology in Islam
2545:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
2168:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3233:The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
3207:, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press
2749:The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords
2593:Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe
1143:
1131:
988:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
659:were musketeers. Under the reign of King
3026:Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology
2036:Indianapolis: The Bowen-Merrill Company
1426:
1414:
1213:
702:(European) who lived among Māori, spoke
432:source from the late 15th century, King
305:
3066:The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition)
2723:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
2182:
2141:
2129:
2105:
2080:
2065:
2053:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1663:
1620:
1552:
1540:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1240:
1087:
414:Early matchlocks as illustrated in the
398:A variation of the musket known as the
3758:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
3695:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
3528:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
3311:The Arquebus and Matchlock Musket Page
3205:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
3189:, New Vanguard 63, Osprey Publishing,
2759:, New Vanguard 62, Osprey Publishing,
2344:
2161:
2117:
2018:Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
1936:
1892:
1564:
1282:
1267:
1225:
1099:
746:in 1849 solved both major problems of
3763:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
2996:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
2987:, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons
2985:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
2601:Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830
2581:"Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys."
2363:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives
1675:
1255:
7:
2972:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600
2040:"Saturday Review of Books and Art",
1881:Oxford Companion to Military History
1603:
1591:
1489:(1) – via journals.lib.unb.ca.
1438:
1114:
754:which dealt heavy casualties at the
3598:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
2923:Science & Civilisation in China
2905:Science & Civilisation in China
2154:de Leon, Fernando Gonzalez (2009).
1528:American Society of Arms Collectors
2474:Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder
2425:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
2393:(3), Aldershot: Ashgate: 785–786,
2325:Benton, James G., Captain (1862).
2094:The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529
981:, although the publication of the
341:Heavy muskets, image produced 1664
221:mechanisms were replaced by later
25:
2381:Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006),
1980:"Brown Bess At 35 Yards Tap Load"
983:Milicia, Discurso y Regla Militar
971:Milicia, Discurso y Regla Militar
123:Winchester Repeating Arms Company
3127:Medieval Naval Warfare 1000–1500
3074:Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016),
2974:, Marlborough: The Crowood Press
2796:, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies,
2757:Renaissance War Galley 1470–1590
801:
560:Arquebuses were imported by the
531:. Korean chief state councillor
484:Despite initial reluctance, the
117:in 1835) and the first reliable
27:Muzzle-loaded long gun (firearm)
3213:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008),
3176:, University of Wisconsin Press
2872:McNeill, William Hardy (1992),
4123:Category:Early modern firearms
3631:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
3602:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
3119:The Military Revolution Debate
2929:, Cambridge University Press,
2822:, Cambridge University Press,
2661:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2548:, Cambridge University Press,
2485:, Cambridge University Press,
2427:, Cambridge University Press,
2276:, Princeton University Press,
2249:, Cambridge University Press,
568:, there were illustrations of
109:firearms using self-contained
1:
3588:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
3568:Belton M1777 repeating musket
3174:Viêt Nam Borderless Histories
3018:, Utah State University Press
3014:Patrick, John Merton (1961),
2876:, University of Chicago Press
2725:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.,
2585:Geological Society of America
2448:, Swindon: English Heritage,
2263:Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010),
1012:In the 18th century, regular
880:
857:The Illustrated Guide of Arms
333:Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
3714:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
3319:(archived 26 September 2008)
3276:Willbanks, James H. (2004),
3136:Warfare in Pre-British India
3117:Rogers, Clifford J. (1995),
3056:Peterson, Harold L. (1965),
3028:, Greenwood Publishing Group
2637:, Cambridge University Press
1001:Letter from Louis to Maurice
3855:Medieval large calibre guns
3503:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
3473:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
3301:History of numerous Muskets
3285:Worman, Charles G. (2005),
3253:, Harper Perennial (2006),
3042:, Boston: David R. Godine,
2993:Partington, J. R. (1999) ,
2721:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008),
2712:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004),
2542:Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999),
2034:Civil War Times. 1861–1865.
1161:Online Etymology Dictionary
735:, recruited in 1744 from a
529:Japanese invasions of Korea
4225:
3593:M1696 French common musket
3313:(archived 27 October 2009)
3203:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967),
3172:Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006),
2481:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002),
2317:Barwick, Humphrey (1594),
2044:, 24 January 1903, p. BR3.
322:
36:
29:
4118:
3936:Byzantine rocket launcher
3710:Breech-loading swivel gun
3523:Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
3370:
3317:Musket, Bayonet and Sword
3111:New Principles of Gunnery
3109:Robins, Benjamin (1742),
3064:Petzal, David E. (2014),
2952:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006),
2882:Morillo, Stephen (2008),
2810:Little, Benerson (2010),
2716:, Oxford University Press
2651:Johnson, Norman Gardner.
2599:Harding, Richard (1999),
2476:, Oxford University Press
1577:Barwick, Humfrey (1594).
1027:French Revolutionary Wars
876:
864:
208:began appearing in 1575.
85:, capable of penetrating
3546:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
3493:Meriam kecil hand cannon
3458:Heilongjiang hand cannon
3418:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
3231:Wagner, John A. (2006),
2921:Needham, Joseph (1986),
2818:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
2747:Nagayama, Kōkan (1997),
2700:Journal of Asian History
2633:Hobson, John M. (2004),
2003:17 February 2009 at the
1914:Stanage, Justin (2000).
710:Replacement by the rifle
155:, meaning the bolt of a
4204:Renaissance-era weapons
4128:Category:Early firearms
3945:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
3325:(archived 10 June 2009)
3267:Williams, Alan (2003),
3009:– via archive.org
2944:Nicolle, David (1990),
2792:Lidin, Olaf G. (2002),
2774:Liang, Jieming (2006),
2755:Konstam, Angus (2002),
2657:Encyclopædia Britannica
2462:Cowley, Robert (1993),
2442:Cocroft, Wayne (2000),
2423:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
2291:Arnold, Thomas (2001),
2272:Andrade, Tonio (2016),
2245:Ágoston, Gábor (2008),
2237:Adle, Chahryar (2003),
1483:Material Culture Review
1450:C.H.Firth 1972 4th ed.
3532:Shou Chong hand cannon
3390:History of the firearm
3249:Watson, Peter (2006),
3217:, Brill Academic Pub,
3159:(3): 213–237 (226–228)
3149:(2): 153–173 (153–157)
3083:Purton, Peter (2010),
2838:Technology and Culture
2591:Hall, Bert S. (1997),
2579:Hadden, R. Lee. 2005.
2533:Easton, S. C. (1952),
2500:Curtis, W. S. (2014),
2472:Cressy, David (2013),
2387:Technology and Culture
2293:The Renaissance at War
2158:. Lieden. p. 129.
2007:; accessed 2008.12.09.
1996:The Fairfax Battalia,
1871:. Caper 1974 (reprint)
1502:"Britain's Brown Bess"
1005:
935:
884:
848:
794:
752:Springfield Model 1861
719:
607:
553:
515:
499:
421:
384:
342:
311:
264:
263:17th-century bandolier
256:
202:
181:
167:
161:
151:
145:
135:
63:
4194:Victorian-era weapons
3978:rocket arrow launcher
3972:rocket arrow launcher
3956:Fire crow rocket bomb
3583:Che Dian Chong musket
3468:Huo Chong hand cannon
3163:Sherer, Idan (2017),
3134:Roy, Kaushik (2015),
3034:Perrin, Noel (1979),
3024:Pauly, Roger (2004),
2970:Norris, John (2003),
2739:Kinard, Jeff (2007),
2668:Keegan, John (1993),
2562:Eltis, David (1998),
2366:, Sutton Publishing,
2360:Brown, G. I. (1998),
854:
846:
780:
742:The invention of the
717:
597:
509:
465:P. E. P. Deraniyagala
413:
382:
340:
309:
262:
254:
201:
49:
4169:19th-century weapons
4164:18th-century weapons
4159:17th-century weapons
4154:16th-century weapons
3965:Hale rocket launcher
3656:Spanish M1752 musket
3536:Tanegashima arquebus
3438:English horse pistol
3380:History of gunpowder
3125:Rose, Susan (2002),
2677:Kelly, Jack (2004),
2670:A History of Warfare
2643:Janin, Hunt (2013),
2570:Grant, R.G. (2011),
2510:Earl, Brian (1978),
2295:, Cassell & Co,
2032:, Daniel Wait Howe,
1869:New Zealand Volume 2
1854:Manning, Frederick.
1834:Sillok.history.go.kr
1808:Sillok.history.go.kr
1782:Sillok.history.go.kr
1376:Allthingsliberty.com
756:Battle of Four Lakes
329:History of gunpowder
223:flintlock mechanisms
103:Claude-Étienne Minié
3984:(Chinese petroleum)
3875:Dardanelles bombard
3846:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
3798:Obusier de vaisseau
2609:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
2603:, UCL Press Limited
2399:10.1353/tech.0.0051
2309:Bak, J. M. (1982),
2209:Napoleon-series.org
2092:Taylor, Frederick.
1702:, pp. 449–452.
1690:, pp. 447–454.
1506:rifleshootermag.com
904:used it during the
896:The development of
733:Frederick the Great
726:firearm and lacked
602:with Korean cannon
470:Kingdom of Sitawaka
383:Flintlock mechanism
291:metallic cartridges
165:is a diminutive of
149:, from the Italian
77:that appeared as a
4209:Turkish inventions
4014:Thunder crash bomb
3661:Springfield musket
3578:Charleville musket
3478:Istinggar arquebus
3101:Razso, G. (1982),
2927:The Gunpowder Epic
2516:Trevithick Society
2512:Cornish Explosives
2042:The New York Times
1986:. 29 January 2011.
1767:, p. 193-194.
1543:, p. 428-429.
1031:colonne d'attaque'
885:
849:
795:
767:American Civil War
720:
608:
516:
422:
385:
343:
312:
284:American Civil War
265:
257:
203:
139:, which is a male
115:Casimir Lefaucheux
64:
4174:Caseless firearms
4136:
4135:
4024:Firing mechanisms
4003:Petroleum naphtha
3908:Pumhart von Steyr
3871:Byzantine bombard
3773:Hu Dun Pao cannon
3573:Brown Bess musket
3224:978-90-04-16821-3
3183:Turnbull, Stephen
3154:Technikgeschichte
3144:Technikgeschichte
3094:978-1-84383-449-6
3087:, Boydell Press,
2981:Partington, J. R.
2925:, vol. V:7:
2893:978-0-07-052584-9
2829:978-0-521-60954-8
2732:978-0-8108-5503-8
2587:on 25 March 2004.
2537:, Basil Blackwell
2464:Experience of War
2283:978-0-691-13597-7
2256:978-0-521-60391-1
1960:by Thomas Anburey
1958:Anburey's Travels
1632:Howard Ricketts,
1146:, p. 15, 17.
1042:colonne d'attaque
979:Maurice of Nassau
947:Battle of Bicocca
871:) by Bi Maokang (
832:
831:
783:English Civil War
722:The musket was a
653:Sukjong of Joseon
194:Parts of a musket
16:(Redirected from
4216:
4199:European weapons
4184:Heraldic charges
3808:Pierrier a boite
3541:Toradar arquebus
3488:Jiaozhi arquebus
3413:Bajozutsu pistol
3353:
3346:
3339:
3330:
3290:
3281:
3280:, ABC-CLIO, Inc.
3272:
3263:
3245:
3227:
3208:
3199:
3177:
3168:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3079:
3069:
3060:
3052:
3041:
3029:
3019:
3010:
2988:
2975:
2966:
2948:
2939:
2917:
2896:
2877:
2868:
2832:
2814:
2806:
2788:
2769:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2717:
2707:
2693:
2673:
2664:
2647:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2604:
2595:
2575:
2566:
2558:
2538:
2528:
2514:, Cornwall: The
2505:
2495:
2477:
2467:
2458:
2437:
2419:
2376:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2286:
2268:
2259:
2241:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2211:. Archived from
2201:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2027:
2021:
2016:Presentation at
2014:
2008:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1378:. 26 August 2013
1368:
1362:
1361:
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1357:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1271:
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1238:
1229:
1228:, p. 75–78.
1223:
1217:
1211:
1192:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1102:, p. 75-78.
1097:
1029:. This was the '
1003:
945:as early as the
939:Prospero Colonna
933:
906:Battle of Mohács
882:
878:
866:
827:
824:
805:
797:
638:Afterwards, the
551:
510:Various antique
474:Kingdom of Kandy
375:Flintlock musket
227:percussion locks
184:
170:
164:
154:
152:moschetti, -etta
148:
138:
119:repeating rifles
21:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4114:
4081:
4018:
3988:Mysorean rocket
3940:Congreve rocket
3912:
3850:
3675:
3550:
3428:Combination gun
3394:
3366:
3364:thermal weapons
3357:
3297:
3284:
3275:
3266:
3261:
3248:
3243:
3230:
3225:
3212:
3202:
3197:
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3033:
3023:
3013:
3007:
2992:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2951:
2943:
2937:
2920:
2915:
2901:Needham, Joseph
2899:
2894:
2886:, McGraw-Hill,
2881:
2871:
2850:10.2307/3105275
2835:
2830:
2817:
2809:
2804:
2791:
2786:
2773:
2767:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2720:
2711:
2697:
2691:
2683:, Basic Books,
2676:
2672:, Vintage Books
2667:
2650:
2642:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2607:
2598:
2590:
2574:, DK Publishing
2569:
2561:
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2541:
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2257:
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2236:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2215:on 8 April 2023
2203:
2202:
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2153:
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2104:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2005:Wayback Machine
1995:
1991:
1978:
1975:Wayback Machine
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1856:Old New Zealand
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
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1801:
1797:
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1517:
1513:
1508:. RifleShooter.
1499:
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1475:
1471:
1465:Cromwell's Army
1462:
1458:
1452:Cromwell's Army
1449:
1445:
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1421:
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1106:
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1085:
1058:
1046:Napoleonic Wars
1023:
1010:
1004:
999:
975:Geoffrey Parker
934:
927:
890:
841:
828:
822:
819:
812:needs expansion
806:
775:
712:
677:
675:Outside Eurasia
621:Battle of Sarhu
592:
584:rack and pinion
558:
552:
544:
533:Ryu Seong-ryong
504:
482:
457:
408:
377:
348:
335:
321:
304:
255:Iron ball mould
249:
196:
177:
146:mousquet, -ette
131:
113:(introduced by
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4179:Early firearms
4176:
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4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4119:
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4112:
4110:Wujing Zongyao
4107:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4072:Snap matchlock
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
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4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3953:(rocket arrow)
3948:
3947:(flamethrower)
3942:
3937:
3934:
3927:
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3914:
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3911:
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3692:
3686:
3684:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:Potzdam musket
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Jazayer musket
3608:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
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3562:
3552:
3551:
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3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3385:Historiography
3382:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3360:Early firearms
3358:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3295:External links
3293:
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3200:
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3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3080:
3078:, Notion Press
3071:
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2918:
2913:
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2892:
2879:
2869:
2844:(3): 594–605,
2833:
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2744:
2736:
2731:
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2196:
2187:
2185:, p. 145.
2175:
2146:
2144:, p. 146.
2134:
2132:, p. 147.
2122:
2120:, p. 190.
2110:
2108:, p. 350.
2098:
2096:(1921). p. 52.
2085:
2083:, p. 173.
2070:
2068:, p. 149.
2058:
2056:, p. 157.
2046:
2022:
2009:
1989:
1962:
1950:
1941:
1939:, p. 284.
1929:
1906:
1897:
1885:
1883:, entry, Jäger
1873:
1860:
1847:
1821:
1795:
1769:
1757:
1755:, p. 193.
1745:
1743:, p. 186.
1733:
1731:, p. 183.
1716:
1714:, p. 446.
1704:
1692:
1680:
1678:, p. 144.
1668:
1666:, p. 171.
1656:
1647:
1638:
1625:
1623:, p. 169.
1608:
1606:, p. 107.
1596:
1594:, p. 131.
1584:
1569:
1557:
1555:, p. 429.
1545:
1533:
1511:
1500:James, Garry.
1492:
1469:
1456:
1443:
1431:
1429:, p. 936.
1419:
1417:, p. 916.
1407:
1398:
1389:
1363:
1352:. 7 April 2011
1350:HistoryNet.com
1337:
1328:
1326:, p. 467.
1316:
1314:, p. 456.
1304:
1302:, p. 444.
1287:
1285:, p. 247.
1272:
1260:
1245:
1243:, p. 428.
1230:
1218:
1193:
1191:) p. 305.
1173:
1148:
1144:Willbanks 2004
1136:
1132:Willbanks 2004
1119:
1117:, p. 475.
1104:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1022:
1019:
1014:light infantry
1009:
1008:Light infantry
1006:
997:
925:
889:
886:
840:
837:
830:
829:
809:
807:
800:
791:military drill
787:New Model Army
785:manual of the
774:
771:
748:muzzle-loading
711:
708:
676:
673:
612:Joseon dynasty
610:In Korea, the
600:Unhyeon Palace
591:
588:
557:
554:
542:
520:Sengoku period
503:
500:
486:Safavid Empire
481:
478:
456:
453:
420:(16th century)
407:
404:
376:
373:
347:
346:Heavy arquebus
344:
320:
317:
303:
300:
248:
245:
238:roller bearing
206:Trigger guards
195:
192:
176:
173:
159:. The Italian
130:
127:
107:breech-loading
95:rifled muskets
39:Muskets (band)
32:Musket (horse)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4221:
4210:
4207:
4205:
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4197:
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4192:
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4189:Muzzleloaders
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4175:
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4129:
4126:
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4120:
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4101:
4100:Jixiao Xinshu
4098:
4096:
4093:
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4090:
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4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
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4055:
4053:
4052:Miquelet lock
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
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3904:Orban bombard
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3898:
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3781:
3779:
3778:Korean cannon
3776:
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3629:
3627:
3626:Kabyle musket
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Jezail musket
3614:
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3496:
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3484:
3483:Java arquebus
3481:
3479:
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3474:
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3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:Howdah pistol
3461:
3459:
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3324:
3323:ACCOUTERMENTS
3321:
3318:
3315:
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3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3260:0-06-093564-2
3256:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3242:0-313-32736-X
3238:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3196:1-84176-478-7
3192:
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3049:0-87923-773-2
3045:
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3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3006:0-8018-5954-9
3002:
2998:
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2963:0-313-33733-0
2959:
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2947:
2942:
2938:
2936:0-521-30358-3
2932:
2928:
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2914:0-521-08573-X
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2785:981-05-5380-3
2781:
2777:
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2766:9781841764436
2762:
2758:
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2745:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
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2701:
2696:
2692:
2690:0-465-03718-6
2686:
2682:
2681:
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2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2636:
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2602:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2578:
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2565:
2560:
2557:
2555:0-521-43519-6
2551:
2547:
2546:
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2536:
2531:
2527:
2525:0-904040-13-5
2521:
2517:
2513:
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2492:0-521-79158-8
2488:
2484:
2479:
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2457:
2455:1-85074-718-0
2451:
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2440:
2436:
2434:0-521-82274-2
2430:
2426:
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2418:
2414:
2410:
2408:0-7546-5259-9
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
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2373:0-7509-1878-0
2369:
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2348:
2340:
2338:1-57747-079-6
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2302:0-304-35270-5
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1567:, p. 56.
1566:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:Williams 2003
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:Williams 2003
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:, p. 39.
1269:
1264:
1261:
1258:, p. 61.
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:Phillips 2016
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:0-19-283098-8
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:, p. 12.
1133:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1077:Pike and shot
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:Line infantry
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:Ancien Régime
1032:
1028:
1021:Attack column
1020:
1018:
1015:
1007:
1002:
996:
991:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
966:Thomas Digges
962:
960:
956:
952:
951:Tonio Andrade
948:
944:
940:
932:
931:
930:Jixiao Xinshu
924:
919:
917:
916:
915:Jixiao Xinshu
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
887:
874:
870:
862:
858:
853:
845:
838:
836:
826:
817:
813:
810:This section
808:
804:
799:
798:
792:
788:
784:
779:
772:
770:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
729:
725:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
686:
682:
674:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
644:Songhua River
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:Jixiao Xinshu
613:
605:
601:
596:
589:
587:
585:
581:
580:
574:
571:
567:
563:
555:
550:
549:
548:Yu Song-nyong
541:
536:
534:
530:
525:
521:
513:
508:
501:
498:
493:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
466:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
418:
412:
405:
403:
401:
396:
393:
390:
381:
374:
372:
368:
365:
361:
356:
353:
345:
339:
334:
330:
326:
318:
316:
308:
301:
299:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
280:rifled musket
277:
272:
270:
261:
253:
246:
244:
241:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
207:
200:
193:
191:
188:
183:
174:
172:
169:
163:
158:
153:
147:
142:
137:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:(invented by
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
72:muzzle-loaded
69:
62:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4057:Muzzleloader
4032:Breechloader
4010:rocket arrow
3982:Meng Huo You
3933:rocket arrow
3923:incendiaries
3895:Grose Bochse
3841:Wankou Chong
3640:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3250:
3232:
3214:
3204:
3186:
3173:
3164:
3156:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3135:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3084:
3075:
3068:, WeldonOwen
3065:
3057:
3037:
3025:
3015:
2995:
2984:
2971:
2953:
2945:
2926:
2922:
2904:
2883:
2873:
2841:
2837:
2819:
2811:
2793:
2775:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2722:
2713:
2703:
2699:
2679:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2644:
2634:
2622:, retrieved
2617:
2600:
2592:
2571:
2563:
2544:
2534:
2511:
2504:, WeldenOwen
2501:
2482:
2473:
2463:
2444:
2424:
2390:
2386:
2362:
2327:
2318:
2310:
2292:
2273:
2264:
2246:
2238:
2231:Bibliography
2217:. Retrieved
2213:the original
2208:
2199:
2190:
2183:Andrade 2016
2178:
2155:
2149:
2142:Andrade 2016
2137:
2130:Andrade 2016
2125:
2113:
2106:Andrade 2016
2101:
2093:
2088:
2081:Andrade 2016
2066:Andrade 2016
2061:
2054:Andrade 2016
2049:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2012:
1992:
1983:
1971:Ghostarchive
1969:Archived at
1965:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1900:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1765:Andrade 2016
1760:
1753:Andrade 2016
1748:
1741:Andrade 2016
1736:
1729:Andrade 2016
1712:Needham 1986
1707:
1700:Needham 1986
1695:
1688:Needham 1986
1683:
1671:
1664:Andrade 2016
1659:
1650:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1621:Andrade 2016
1599:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1560:
1553:Needham 1986
1548:
1541:Needham 1986
1536:
1527:
1514:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1346:"Minie Ball"
1340:
1331:
1324:Needham 1986
1319:
1312:Needham 1986
1307:
1300:Needham 1986
1263:
1241:Needham 1986
1221:
1180:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:
1151:
1139:
1050:Charles Oman
1041:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1011:
1000:
993:
982:
970:
963:
959:Paolo Giovio
955:Charles Oman
943:arquebusiers
936:
928:
921:
913:
895:
891:
888:Countermarch
869:Junqi Tushuo
868:
856:
833:
820:
816:adding to it
811:
760:
741:
721:
704:the language
699:
694:
689:
678:
667:or American
640:Qing dynasty
637:
616:
609:
577:
565:
562:Ming dynasty
559:
546:Letter from
545:
538:
517:
495:
483:
458:
434:Minkhaung II
423:
415:
397:
386:
369:
357:
349:
313:
295:Nessler ball
288:
273:
266:
242:
231:
225:and finally
216:
210:
204:
178:
132:
121:produced by
90:
87:plate armour
67:
65:
58:
50:Muskets and
43:
4095:Huolongjing
4087:Literatures
3890:Faule Mette
3885:Faule Grete
3880:Dulle Griet
3743:Ekor lotong
3705:Baton a feu
3606:Jäger rifle
3498:Muff pistol
3453:Hand mortar
3448:Hand cannon
3423:Blunderbuss
3289:, UNM Press
3138:, Routledge
3129:, Routledge
2653:"explosive"
2267:, Wiley-VCH
2219:4 September
2118:Sherer 2017
2038:reviewed in
1937:Keegan 1993
1893:Worman 2005
1867:Polack, J.
1840:4 September
1836:(in Korean)
1814:4 September
1810:(in Korean)
1788:4 September
1784:(in Korean)
1565:Little 2010
1382:4 September
1356:4 September
1283:Rogers 1995
1268:Little 2010
1226:Arnold 2001
1166:4 September
1100:Arnold 2001
902:Janissaries
898:volley fire
763:Crimean War
718:Minié balls
681:Musket Wars
679:During the
657:Chungcheong
579:Wu Pei Chih
518:During the
512:Tanegashima
480:Middle East
364:skirmishers
302:Accessories
175:Terminology
141:sparrowhawk
54:aboard the
4143:Categories
3998:Pen Huo Qi
3960:Greek fire
3951:Fire arrow
3836:Xanadu Gun
3823:Swivel gun
3813:Pot de fer
3753:Fauconneau
3443:Fire lance
2803:8791114128
2663:. Chicago.
1676:Chase 2003
1256:Chase 2003
1083:References
910:Qi Jiguang
744:Minié ball
724:smoothbore
669:long rifle
633:Hong Taiji
606:(Culverin)
461:Portuguese
455:South Asia
445:arquebuses
360:musketeers
350:The heavy
323:See also:
276:Minié ball
269:bandoliers
247:Ammunition
219:wheel lock
136:mousquette
111:cartridges
99:Minié ball
79:smoothbore
60:Grand Turk
4105:Wubei Zhi
4077:Wheellock
4062:Snaphance
4047:Matchlock
4042:Flintlock
4008:Singijeon
3831:Veuglaire
3827:Tarasnice
3803:Organ gun
3768:Hongyipao
3733:Chongtong
3723:Carronade
3682:artillery
3646:Musketoon
3513:Pepperbox
2866:112733319
2417:111173101
2347:cite book
2164:cite book
1604:Tran 2006
1592:Khan 2004
1581:. London.
1439:Hall 1997
1115:Adle 2003
1072:Musketoon
1062:Grenadier
823:July 2023
773:Operation
604:Hongyipao
449:wall guns
442:matchlock
417:Baburnama
392:flintlock
389:snaphance
182:moschetti
171:, a fly.
162:moschetti
129:Etymology
4067:Snaplock
3900:Mons Meg
3748:Falconet
3738:Culverin
3700:Basilisk
3666:Wall gun
3508:Petronel
3408:Arquebus
3400:Firearms
3375:Timeline
3185:(2003),
2983:(1960),
2903:(1980),
2611:(2001),
2466:, Laurel
2001:Archived
1973:and the
1926:: 84–89.
1830:"조선왕조실록"
1804:"조선왕조실록"
1778:"조선왕조실록"
1634:Firearms
1157:"musket"
1056:See also
998:—
926:—
566:Shenqipu
543:—
524:Alentejo
472:and the
426:Đại Việt
352:arquebus
325:Arquebus
212:Bayonets
187:arquebus
157:crossbow
83:arquebus
75:long gun
52:bayonets
18:Musketry
4149:Muskets
4037:Doglock
3993:Naphtha
3970:Huo Che
3931:Bo-hiya
3919:rockets
3867:Basilic
3862:Bombard
3783:Lantaka
3728:Cetbang
3560:muskets
3271:, Brill
3167:, Brill
2858:3105275
2624:23 July
1984:YouTube
873:Chinese
861:Chinese
839:Tactics
728:rifling
690:Tuparra
661:Yeongjo
573:Turkish
570:Ottoman
430:Burmese
400:caliver
319:History
56:frigate
3976:Hwacha
3917:Early
3818:Prangi
3793:Mortar
3718:Cannon
3680:Early
3641:Musket
3621:Jingal
3556:Rifles
3518:Pistol
3433:Dragon
3257:
3239:
3221:
3193:
3091:
3046:
3003:
2960:
2933:
2911:
2890:
2864:
2856:
2826:
2800:
2782:
2763:
2729:
2706:: 41–5
2687:
2552:
2522:
2489:
2452:
2431:
2415:
2405:
2370:
2335:
2299:
2280:
2253:
1998:Musket
1636:(1962)
1187:
875::
863::
700:Pakeha
665:jezail
649:Tercio
490:Persia
331:, and
234:detent
91:musket
68:musket
2862:S2CID
2854:JSTOR
2413:S2CID
1524:(PDF)
1454:p. 80
737:Jäger
685:Māori
590:Korea
556:China
502:Japan
438:Prome
168:mosca
70:is a
3921:and
3788:Lela
3690:Abus
3558:and
3362:and
3255:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3219:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3089:ISBN
3044:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2626:2007
2550:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2353:link
2333:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2221:2016
2170:link
2030:E.g.
1842:2016
1816:2016
1790:2016
1384:2016
1358:2016
1185:ISBN
1168:2016
986:was
883:1639
865:軍器圖說
761:The
629:1636
627:and
625:1627
459:The
406:Asia
358:The
274:The
2846:doi
2395:doi
1467:p78
941:'s
879:),
877:畢懋康
818:.
781:An
488:of
447:or
4145::
3157:44
3147:44
2860:,
2852:,
2842:29
2840:,
2704:30
2702:,
2659:.
2655:.
2615:,
2518:,
2411:,
2401:,
2391:49
2389:,
2385:,
2349:}}
2345:{{
2207:.
2166:}}
2162:{{
2073:^
1982:.
1977::
1922:.
1918:.
1832:.
1806:.
1780:.
1719:^
1611:^
1526:.
1504:.
1487:42
1485:.
1481:.
1374:.
1348:.
1290:^
1275:^
1248:^
1233:^
1196:^
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1122:^
1107:^
1090:^
918::
881:c.
867:,
695:Pā
671:.
451:.
327:,
286:.
66:A
3352:e
3345:t
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3209:.
3178:.
3070:.
3030:.
3020:.
2989:.
2976:.
2940:.
2878:.
2848::
2770:.
2708:.
2694:.
2639:.
2629:.
2576:.
2529:.
2506:.
2496:.
2468:.
2438:.
2397::
2377:.
2355:)
2341:.
2287:.
2223:.
2172:)
2020:.
1924:3
1895:.
1858:.
1844:.
1818:.
1792:.
1530:.
1441:.
1386:.
1360:.
1216:.
1170:.
859:(
825:)
821:(
793:.
514:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
