1166:
1744:
1667:
247:
1689:
4127:
4121:
45:
4115:
1718:
239:
271:
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1134:, where it starts as tiny particles (~50–80 nm) grouping together inside a natural material. These particles line up in a way that resembles fibers, and they continue to multiply. When there are enough particles, they come together to form early stages of nacre. The growth of nacre is regulated by organic substances that determine how and when the nacre crystals start and develop.
1157:, noting that in each case the initial layers of nacre laid down by the organism contained spiral defects. Defects that spiralled in opposite directions created distortions in the material that drew them towards each other as the layers built up until they merged and cancelled each other out. Later layers of nacre were found to be uniform and ordered in structure.
1259:
1630:, as well as his elder brother Annada Munshi, were among the patrons of his works of art. "Indira Gandhi" was one of his famous mother of pearl works of art. He is credited with portraying Tagore in various creative stances that were skillfully carved into metallic plates. His cousin Pratip Munshi was also a famed mother of pearl artist.
1498:. The result is a lightweight material that offers a seamless installation and there is no limit to the sheet size. Nacre sheets may be used on interior floors, exterior and interior walls, countertops, doors and ceilings. Insertion into architectural elements, such as columns or furniture is easily accomplished.
1114:
The statistical variation of the platelets has a negative effect on the mechanical performance (stiffness, strength, and energy absorption) because statistical variation precipitates localization of deformation. However, the negative effects of statistical variations can be offset by interfaces with
1137:
Each crystal, which can be thought of as a "brick", is thought to rapidly grow to match the full height of the layer of nacre. They continue to grow until they meet the surrounding bricks. This produces the hexagonal close-packing characteristic of nacre. The growth of these bricks can be initiated
1808:
In 2014, researchers used lasers to create an analogue of nacre by engraving networks of wavy 3D "micro-cracks" in glass. When the slides were subjected to an impact, the micro-cracks absorbed and dispersed the energy, keeping the glass from shattering. Altogether, treated glass was reportedly 200
1119:
of nacre increases with moderate statistical variations which creates tough regions where the crack gets pinned. But, higher statistical variations generates very weak regions which allows the crack to propagate without much resistance causing the fracture toughness to decrease. Studies have shown
1095:
of the material because they can transfer stress in the material. Developing synthetic composites that exhibit similar mechanical properties as nacre is of interest to scientists working on developing stronger materials. To achieve these effects, researchers take inspiration from nacre and use
968:
axis points approximately perpendicular to the shell wall, but the direction of the other axes varies between groups. Adjacent tablets have been shown to have dramatically different c-axis orientation, generally randomly oriented within ~20° of vertical. In bivalves and cephalopods, the
997:
and a yield stress of roughly 70 MPa (when dry). Strength and resilience are also likely to be due to adhesion by the "brickwork" arrangement of the platelets, which inhibits transverse crack propagation. This structure, spanning multiple length sizes, greatly increases its
1090:
may break, creating small asperities that roughen the aragonite-protein interface. The additional friction generated by the asperities helps the material withstand shear stresses. In nacre-like composites, the mineral bridges have also been shown to increase the
57:
919:, the tablets are rectangular, with symmetric sectors more or less soluble. Whatever the shape of the tablets, the smallest units they contain are irregular rounded granules. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix (interfaces) composed of
1022:, and other techniques have all been used to probe the mechanical properties of nacre. Theoretical and computational methods have also been developed to explain the experimental observations of nacre's mechanical behavior. Nacre is stronger under
1297:
1141:
What sets nacre apart from fibrous aragonite, a similarly formed but brittle mineral, is the speed at which it grows in a certain direction (roughly perpendicular to the shell). This growth is slow in nacre, but fast in fibrous aragonite.
1485:
base. The tesserae are hand-placed and closely sandwiched together, creating an irregular mosaic or pattern (such as a weave). The laminated material is typically about 2 millimetres (0.079 in) thick. The tesserae are then
1049:
energy and fracture strength are both larger than those values characteristic of the hard material only. Specifically, this structure facilitates crack deflection, since it is easier for the crack to continue into the
1006:. The mineral–organic interface results in enhanced resilience and strength of the organic interlayers. The interlocking of bricks of nacre has large impact on both the deformation mechanism as well as its toughness.
1785:. The company is applying for regulatory approval in Australia and several other countries, and is expecting it to be approved for clinical use around 2024–5. It is intended to build a factory in the
1078:, contributes to this phenomenon. Unlike in traditional synthetic composites, the aragonite in nacre forms bridges between individual tablets, so the structure is not only held together by the strong
1870:
Nudelman, Fabio; Gotliv, Bat Ami; Addadi, Lia; Weiner, Steve (2006). "Mollusk shell formation: Mapping the distribution of organic matrix components underlying a single aragonitic tablet in nacre".
1138:
in various ways such as from randomly scattered elements within the organic layer, well-defined arrangements of proteins, or they may expand from mineral bridges coming from the layer underneath.
2027:
Checa, Antonio G.; Ramírez-Rico, Joaquín; González-Segura, Alicia; Sánchez-Navas, Antonio (2008). "Nacre and false nacre (foliated aragonite) in extant monoplacophorans (=Tryblidiida: Mollusca)".
1103:
When dehydrated, nacre loses much of its strength and acts as a brittle material, like pure aragonite. The hardness of this material is also negatively impacted by dehydration. Water acts as a
3410:
Abid, N.; Mirkhalaf, M.; Barthelat, F. (2018). "Discrete-element modeling of nacre-like materials: Effects of random microstructures on strain localization and mechanical performance".
2671:
Abid, N.; Mirkhalaf, M.; Barthelat, F. (2018). "Discrete-element modeling of nacre-like materials: effects of random microstructures on strain localization and mechanical performance".
2941:
Schäffer, Tilman; Ionescu-Zanetti, Cristian; Proksch, Roger; Fritz, Monika; Walters, Deron; Almquist, Nils; Zaremba, Charlotte; Belcher, Angela; Smith, Bettye; Stucky, Galen (1997).
1666:
1743:
1165:
3084:
2709:
Abid, N.; Pro, J. W.; Barthelat, F. (2019). "Fracture mechanics of nacre-like materials using discrete-element models: Effects of microstructure, interfaces and randomness".
884:
3062:
Fossil nautiloid shell with original iridescent nacre in fossiliferous asphaltic limestone (Buckhorn
Asphalt, Middle Pennsylvanian; Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry, Oklahoma, USA) 1
2755:
Beliaev, N.; Zöllner, D.; Pacureanu, A.; Zaslansky, P.; Zlotnikov, I. (2021). "Dynamics of topological defects and structural synchronization in a forming periodic tissue".
3159:
2258:
Ghosh, Pijush; Katti, Dinesh R.; Katti, Kalpana S. (2007). "Mineral
Proximity Influences Mechanical Response of Proteins in Biological Mineral−Protein Hybrid Systems".
2906:
Addadi, Lia; Joester, Derk; Nudelman, Fabio; Weiner, Steve (2006). "Mollusk Shell
Formation: A Source of New Concepts for Understanding Biomineralization Processes".
1688:
615:
3611:
1985:
Olson, Ian; Kozdon, Reinhard; Valley, John; Gilbert, PUPA (2012). "Mollusk shell nacre ultrastructure correlates with environmental temperature and pressure".
3885:
2293:
Katti, Kalpana S.; Katti, Dinesh R.; Pradhan, Shashindra M.; Bhosle, Arundhati (2005). "Platelet interlocks are the key to toughness and strength in nacre".
4494:
2231:
Mohanty, Bedabibhas; Katti, Kalpana S.; Katti, Dinesh R. (2008). "Experimental investigation of nanomechanics of the mineral-protein interface in nacre".
1439:
3638:
1789:, where pearl shells are plentiful, which would grind the nacre into a product fit for use in biomedical products. Future applications could include
1041:
needed to separate the proteinaceous and the aragonite phases is high, indicating that there are molecular interactions between the components. In
877:
1717:
1598:
was one of the finest mother of pearl artists in the middle of 20th century. As the best example of "Charu and Karu art of Bengal," the former
2200:"Mineral and Protein-Bound Water and Latching Action Control Mechanical Behavior at Protein-Mineral Interfaces in Biological Nanocomposites"
5178:
4170:
4932:
3307:
3512:"Crystallographic texture of Late Triassic gastropod nacre: evidence of long-term stability of the mechanism controlling its formation"
870:
4843:
3094:
1914:
1623:
133:
93:
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Jackson, D. J.; McDougall, C.; Woodcroft, B.; Moase, P.; Rose, R. A.; Kube, M.; Reinhardt, R.; Rokhsar, D. S.; et al. (2009).
2562:
Grossman, Madeleine; Pivovarov, Dmitriy; Bouville, Florian; Dransfeld, Clemens; Masania, Kunal; Studart, André R. (February 2019).
4126:
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31:
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Finnemore, Alexander; Cunha, Pedro; Shean, Tamaryn; Vignolini, Silvia; Guldin, Stefan; Oyen, Michelle; Steiner, Ullrich (2012).
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for the organic matrix, improving its toughness and reducing its shear modulus. Hydrating the protein layer also decreases its
954:
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shells are made of nacre. Other mollusc families that have a nacreous inner shell layer include marine gastropods such as the
4788:
4778:
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This mixture of brittle platelets and the thin layers of elastic biopolymers makes the material strong and resilient, with a
3299:
2611:
Magrini, Tommaso; Moser, Simon; Fellner, Madeleine; Lauria, Alessandro; Bouville, Florian; Studart, André R. (2020-05-20).
1777:
pearling business, is as of 2021 developing a product nacre to create "PearlBone", which could be used on patients needing
3631:
1823:
1764:
1599:
747:
742:
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4155:
188:, not nacreous, and this usually results in a non-iridescent shine, or more rarely in non-nacreous iridescence such as
4884:
3871:
1111:, which is expected to improve the fracture energy and strength of a composite with alternating hard and soft layers.
570:
1030:
ones when the force is applied parallel or perpendicular to the platelets. As an oriented structure, nacre is highly
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creating a durable and glossy surface. Instead of using a marble or tile base, the nacre tesserae can be glued to
246:
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4357:
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At the end of 19th century, Anukul Munsi was the first accomplished artist who successfully carved the shells of
1425:
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38:
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5225:
5047:
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3034:
2800:"Nanoscale assembly processes revealed in the nacroprismatic transition zone of Pinna nobilis mollusc shells"
1582:
to give a shape of human being which led to the invention of new horizon in Indian contemporary art. For the
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of various molluscs. The nacre is continuously deposited onto the inner surface of the shell, the iridescent
5856:
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1805:
In 2012, researchers created calcium-based nacre in the laboratory by mimicking its natural growth process.
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constructively and destructively with different wavelengths of light at different viewing angles, creating
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that this weak structural defects act as dissipative topological defects coupled by an elastic distortion.
4783:
1828:
1782:
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769:
594:
2460:"Why is nacre strong? Elastic theory and fracture mechanics for biocomposites with stratified structures"
5756:
4661:
4540:
4459:
4362:
3089:
1942:; Gilbert, PUPA (2007). "Architecture of columnar nacre, and implications for its formation mechanism".
1938:
Metzler, Rebecca; Abrecht, Mike; Olabisi, Ronke; Ariosa, Daniel; Johnson, Christopher; Frazer, Bradley;
1212:
attached to the interior of the shell, or a free pearl within the mantle tissues. The process is called
958:
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and compliant organic matrix than going straight into another aragonite platelet. This results in the
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Hovden, Robert; Wolf, Stephan; Marin, Frédéric; Holtz, Meganc; Muller, David; Estroff, Lara (2015).
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structures with hard and soft layers, a model system that can be applied to understand nacre, the
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543:
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296:
146:
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Objects with mother-of-pearl in the Staten Island
Historical Society Online Collections Database
3012:
1181:, which makes it by far the oldest deposit in the world with aragonitic nacreous shelly fossils.
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990:
2942:
1066:, it is hypothesized that the compliant matrix needs to have a larger fracture energy than the
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2002:
1967:
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Widely used for pearl buttons especially during the 1900s, were the shells of the great green
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and damaging debris by entombing them in successive layers of nacre, forming either a blister
1092:
902:
824:
734:
403:
337:
262:
238:
3441:"Nanoscale morphology and indentation of individual nacre tablets from the gastropod mollusc
3440:
2943:"Does abalone nacre form by heteroepitaxial nucleation or by growth through mineral bridges?"
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3300:"Kimberley mother-of-pearl could become synthetic bone in world-first medical collaboration"
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2078:
Jackson, A. P.; Vincent, J. F. V; Turner, R. M. (1988). "The mechanical design of nacre".
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1955:
1204:. The layers of nacre smooth the shell surface and help defend the soft tissues against
1037:
A variety of toughening mechanisms are responsible for nacre's mechanical behavior. The
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because the thickness of the aragonite platelets is close to the wavelength of visible
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1649:
It is sometimes used in the decorative grips of firearms, and in other gun furniture.
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383:
354:
181:
3597:
3164:
Urban
History Documentation Archive, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta
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The process of how nacre is formed is not completely clear. It has been observed in
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Bruet, B.; Qi, H.J.; Boyce, M.C.; Panas, R.; Tai, K.; Frick, L.; Ortiz, C. (2005).
3372:
3274:
2131:"Nanoscale deformation mechanics reveal resilience in nacre of Pinna nobilis shell"
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purposes. The natural nacre may be artificially tinted to almost any color. Nacre
1278:, popular for their sturdiness and beauty in the latter half of the 19th century.
56:
3560:
Mayer, G. (2005). "Rigid biological systems as models for synthetic composites".
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1567:
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family) typically feature nacre decorations, as does the related Middle
Eastern
1324:
1247:
1115:
large strain at failure accompanied by strain hardening. On the other hand, the
1104:
1059:
946:
923:
779:
764:
707:
621:
388:
320:
162:
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3496:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3431:
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2637:
2431:
2165:
1298:
Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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2048:
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1471:
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protein phase deforming such that the crack changes directions and avoids the
1031:
359:
349:
344:
216:
208:
177:
3539:
Lin, A.; Meyers, M.A. (2005-01-15). "Growth and structure in abalone shell".
3530:
3511:
3492:"The Key Role of the Surface Membrane in Why Gastropod Nacre Grows in Towers"
2646:
2589:
2545:
2491:
2439:
2392:
1924:
1769:
The biotech company Marine
Biomedical, formed by a collaboration between the
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1511:
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and as such, its mechanical properties are also dependent on the direction.
999:
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898:
702:
695:
589:
393:
212:
185:
173:
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2892:
2851:
2628:
2580:
2563:
2279:
2184:
2099:
2056:
2006:
1971:
1891:
1173:
shell with original iridescent nacre in fossiliferous asphaltic limestone,
3471:
2483:
2314:
2216:
2199:
1847:
1558:
often have mother of pearl inlay at the frog. It is traditionally used on
1467:
1258:
5887:
5861:
5850:
5787:
5714:
5653:
5643:
5638:
5598:
5538:
5528:
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4702:
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4288:
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3724:
3647:
1818:
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1727:
1660:(i.e. caviar servers) so as to not spoil the taste with metallic spoons.
1563:
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1527:
1523:
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1231:
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1174:
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154:
49:
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17:
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5052:
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4899:
4206:
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3356:
3116:"Anukul Charan Munshi, the Maverick of Indian Mother-of-Pearl Artistry"
2383:
2358:
1642:
are used in clothing either for functional or decorative purposes. The
1487:
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1275:
1027:
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939:
685:
610:
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420:
306:
169:
150:
3240:
Santanu Ghosh. "Munshianay
Chollis Purush" Publisher: Dey's Publishing
3085:"Contraband Chic: Mother-of-Pearl Items Sell With Export Restrictions"
2958:
2518:
Feng, Q. L.; Cui, F. Z.; Pu, G.; Wang, R. Z.; Li, H. D. (2000-06-30).
2271:
1998:
1082:
of the ceramic phase to the organic one, but also by these connecting
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5335:
5286:
5276:
4992:
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4712:
4697:
4671:
4331:
3863:
3765:
2613:"Transparent Nacre‐like Composites Toughened through Mineral Bridges"
2359:"Hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of nacre: a review"
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1519:
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in the form of Indian advertising. Anukul Charan Munshi's third son
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5007:
4717:
4666:
3770:
3616:
1723:
1653:
1555:
1257:
1250:, they are pseudohexagonal monocrystals, which are often twinned.
1209:
1164:
950:
906:
245:
237:
193:
158:
55:
43:
2520:"Crystal orientation, toughening mechanisms and a mimic of nacre"
1522:
have fingerboard or headstock inlays made of nacre (or imitation
913:. Depending on the species, the shape of the tablets differs; in
5633:
5608:
5603:
5553:
5315:
2408:"Mechanical properties of nanostructure of biological materials"
1535:
1478:
1296:. The international trade in mother of pearl is governed by the
935:
548:
487:
4914:
4476:
3867:
3620:
1100:" structure, mineral bridges, and other hierarchical features.
3197:"Artist Manu Munshi, Renowned Mother of Pearl Artist of India"
1865:
1863:
1539:
85:
27:
Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs
3490:, Marc-Georg Willinger and Steven M. Stanley (Jan. 6, 2009),
1606:, sent Manu's artwork, "Gandhiji's Noakhali Abhiyan", to the
1266:
The main commercial sources of mother of pearl have been the
973:
axis points in the direction of shell growth, whereas in the
909:
wide and 0.5 μm thick arranged in a continuous parallel
4910:
2976:; Willinger, Marc-Georg (2011). "Mineral bridges in nacre".
2867:"Parallel Evolution of Nacre Building Gene Sets in Molluscs"
2198:
Ghosh, Pijush; Katti, Dinesh R.; Katti, Kalpana S. (2008).
199:
The outer layer of cultured pearls and the inside layer of
125:
79:
1510:
and other decorative motifs on musical instruments. Many
250:
Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre
116:
3330:"Biomimetic layer-by-layer assembly of artificial nacre"
2080:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1062:
ceramic phase. Based on experiments done on nacre-like
168:
Nacre is found in some of the most ancient lineages of
242:
Schematic of the microscopic structure of nacre layers
30:"Mother of pearl" redirects here. For other uses, see
134:
119:
113:
94:
82:
76:
1570:(darbuka) is commonly decorated by mother of pearl.
1234:, the nacre layer is formed of single crystals in a
180:. However, the inner layer in the great majority of
122:
5832:
5775:
5697:
5468:
5405:
5344:
5306:
5299:
5259:
5161:
5115:
5108:
4948:
4862:
4756:
4680:
4644:
4511:
4406:
4381:
4345:
4309:
4259:
4248:
4184:
4148:
4134:
4059:
4003:
3996:
3951:
3918:
3911:
3902:
3825:
3784:
3758:
3655:
110:
73:
2564:"Hierarchical Toughening of Nacre‐Like Composites"
1586:in 1924, he received a gold medal. His eldest son
1300:, an agreement signed by more than 170 countries.
1518:bodies are completely covered in nacre, and some
1230:The form of nacre varies from group to group. In
3199:. Calcutta, India: Wixsite.com. February 5, 2005
3118:. Calcutta, India: Wixsite.com. February 5, 2005
1566:and other brass instruments. The Middle Eastern
1216:and it continues as long as the mollusc lives.
3412:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
2750:
2748:
2711:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
2673:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
2412:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
1096:synthetic ceramics and polymers to mimic the "
60:Nacreous shell worked into a decorative object
4926:
4488:
3879:
3632:
3020:Origin of Hard Parts — Early Skeletal Fossils
1433:
1086:features. As plastic deformation starts, the
878:
8:
3183:Anandabazar Patrika. "Munshiana" Publisher:
3140:. Calcutta, India: Arthive. February 5, 2005
3035:"How Mollusks Make Tough, Shimmering Shells"
2458:Okumura, K.; de Gennes, P.-G. (2001-01-01).
1562:keytouches, as well as the valve buttons of
897:Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of
3510:Frýda, J.; Bandel, K.; Frýdová, B. (2009).
3387:"Super-tough glass based on mollusk shells"
2704:
2702:
2666:
2664:
2129:Gim, J; Schnitzer, N; Otter, Laura (2019).
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
161:are composed. It is strong, resilient, and
5303:
5112:
4933:
4919:
4911:
4495:
4481:
4473:
4256:
4145:
4000:
3915:
3908:
3886:
3872:
3864:
3639:
3625:
3617:
1905:Cuif J.P. Dauphin Y., Sorauf J.E. (2011).
1652:Mother of pearl is sometimes used to make
1440:
1426:
1307:
885:
871:
253:
3529:
3160:"Poster by Annada Munshi for ITMEB, 1947"
2882:
2841:
2815:
2636:
2579:
2535:
2382:
2357:Sun, Jiyu; Bhushan, Bharat (2012-08-14).
2215:
2174:
2164:
2146:
2086:(1277) (published 22 Sep 1988): 415–440.
1909:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1534:(Greek plucked string instruments of the
1987:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1610:. Numerous illustrious figures, such as
1462:Both black and white nacre are used for
157:layer. It is also the material of which
2406:Ji, Baohua; Gao, Huajian (2004-09-01).
1839:
1662:
1390:
1364:
1331:
1315:
261:
3033:Meyers, Catherine (January 11, 2021).
2352:
2557:
2555:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
7:
4166:Flotation devices ("secondary fins")
3298:Fowler, Courtney (28 October 2021).
2524:Materials Science and Engineering: C
1907:Biominerals and fossils through time
1809:times tougher than untreated glass.
1682:, with extensive use of carved nacre
1550:of stringed instruments such as the
1546:and on the back of the instrument).
1506:Nacre inlay is often used for music
1274:mussels, and to a lesser extent the
3541:Materials Science and Engineering A
3308:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4458:) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult •
3083:Jessica Hodin (October 19, 2010).
1646:are an elaborate example of this.
25:
4844:Reproductive system of gastropods
3011:Bruce Runnegar & S Bengtson.
2233:Mechanics Research Communications
981:-axis that is this way inclined.
4849:Respiratory system of gastropods
4764:Circulatory system of gastropods
4202:Hepatopancreas (digestive gland)
4125:
4119:
4113:
2245:10.1016/j.mechrescom.2007.09.006
1742:
1716:
1687:
1665:
1618:, Barrister Subodh Chandra Roy,
1323:
1074:, which occurs in other ceramic
1002:, making it almost as strong as
852:
851:
269:
106:
69:
32:Mother of pearl (disambiguation)
4171:Funnel–mantle locking apparatus
2871:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2464:The European Physical Journal E
1771:University of Western Australia
1070:at fracture of the hard phase.
616:microbial calcite precipitation
4789:Excretory system of gastropods
4779:Digestive system of gastropods
4358:Nuchal folds (occipital folds)
4353:Nuchal crest (occipital crest)
1226:Mollusc shell § Evolution
48:The iridescent nacre inside a
1:
3389:. Gizmag.com. 30 January 2014
3220:"Binodane Paikpara Belgachia"
3059:John, James St (2007-07-31).
2978:Journal of Structural Biology
2617:Advanced Functional Materials
2568:Advanced Functional Materials
2537:10.1016/S0928-4931(00)00138-7
2295:Journal of Materials Research
1964:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.268102
1872:Journal of Structural Biology
1824:Pearling in Western Australia
1765:Pearling in Western Australia
1699:
1676:
1600:Chief Minister of West Bengal
576:marine biogenic calcification
37:For the cloud formation, see
4854:Sensory organs of gastropods
4819:Nervous system of gastropods
4464:Protoconch (embryonic shell)
4885:Circumesophageal nerve ring
1470:may be cut into shapes and
1220:In different mollusc groups
805:Biomineralising polychaetes
571:amorphous calcium carbonate
257:Part of a series related to
5950:
3553:10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072
3432:10.1016/j.jmps.2017.11.003
2777:10.1038/s41567-020-01069-z
2731:10.1016/j.jmps.2018.10.012
2693:10.1016/j.jmps.2017.11.003
2432:10.1016/j.jmps.2004.03.006
2166:10.1038/s41467-019-12743-z
1762:
1574:Indian mother of pearl art
1223:
837:Burgess Shale preservation
231:
145:, is an organic–inorganic
36:
29:
5870:
4442:
4111:
3251:"Ceto the Shrimp - Plate"
3173:– via Researchgate.
2990:10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.011
2049:10.1007/s00114-008-0461-1
1884:10.1016/j.jsb.2005.09.009
1853:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1590:is credited with drawing
1584:British Empire Exhibition
1290:and the large top snail,
1185:Nacre is secreted by the
1179:late Middle Pennsylvanian
1014:, and compression tests,
799:Cupriavidus metallidurans
39:polar stratospheric cloud
3531:10.3140/bull.geosci.1169
2204:Journal of Nanomaterials
1749:Engraved nacre pendant,
520:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
228:Structure and appearance
223:Physical characteristics
5435:Nickel silver (alpacca)
3582:10.1126/science.1116994
3517:Bulletin of Geosciences
3504:10.1073/pnas.0808796106
3488:Julyan H. E. Cartwright
1944:Physical Review Letters
1644:Pearly Kings and Queens
1592:Indian Swadesi Movement
1236:hexagonal close packing
581:calcareous nannofossils
377:Choanoflagellate lorica
205:freshwater pearl mussel
3138:"Anukul Charan Munshi"
2947:Chemistry of Materials
2920:10.1002/chin.200616269
2629:10.1002/adfm.202002149
2581:10.1002/adfm.201806800
2100:10.1098/rspb.1988.0056
1783:reconstructive surgery
1542:(typically around the
1263:
1182:
770:Magnetotactic bacteria
595:oolitic aragonite sand
453:scaly-foot snail shell
251:
243:
61:
53:
5776:Other natural objects
4445:Developmental stages:
4337:Spadix and antispadix
4221:Nephridia ("kidneys")
3472:10.1557/JMR.2005.0273
3337:Nature Communications
3090:The New York Observer
2884:10.1093/molbev/msp278
2804:Nature Communications
2484:10.1007/s101890170150
2315:10.1557/JMR.2005.0171
2135:Nature Communications
1773:Medical School and a
1763:Further information:
1526:plastic inlays). The
1261:
1224:Further information:
1168:
985:Mechanical properties
964:The crystallographic
249:
241:
234:Structural coloration
232:Further information:
59:
47:
5251:Wire wrapped jewelry
5231:Repoussé and chasing
3275:"Crab Caviar Server"
1365:About mollusc shells
1200:, commonly known as
1151:examined nacre from
5793:Ebonite (vulcanite)
4809:Hypobranchial gland
4757:Internal soft parts
4681:External soft parts
4432:Squid giant synapse
3574:2005Sci...310.1144M
3568:(5751): 1144–1147.
3498:, Vol. 106, No. 1.
3486:Checa, Antonio G.;
3464:2005JMatR..20.2400B
3424:2018JMPSo.112..385A
3349:2012NatCo...3..966F
3185:Anandabazar Patrika
3072:– via Flickr.
2834:10.1038/ncomms10097
2826:2015NatCo...610097H
2769:2021NatPh..17..410B
2723:2019JMPSo.124..350A
2685:2018JMPSo.112..385A
2638:20.500.11850/417234
2476:2001EPJE....4..121O
2424:2004JMPSo..52.1963J
2375:2012RSCAd...2.7617S
2307:2005JMatR..20.1097K
2217:10.1155/2008/582973
2157:2019NatCo..10.4822G
2092:1988RSPSB.234..415J
2041:2009NW.....96..111C
2029:Naturwissenschaften
1956:2007PhRvL..98z8102M
1656:-like utensils for
1502:Musical instruments
1311:Part of a series on
1076:composite materials
1064:synthetic materials
953:. These structures
497:Vertebrate skeleton
287:Mineralized tissues
5138:Jewellery designer
4363:Occipital membrane
4236:Pericardial glands
3931:Argonautid eggcase
3357:10.1038/ncomms1970
3222:. Dey's Publishing
2974:Cartwright, Julyan
2384:10.1039/C2RA20218B
1940:Coppersmith, Susan
1801:Manufactured nacre
1616:Bidhan Chandra Roy
1604:Bidhan Chandra Roy
1264:
1254:Commercial sources
1183:
1117:fracture toughness
959:structural colours
661:diatomaceous earth
627:Great Calcite Belt
544:Scale microfossils
537:otolithic membrane
448:small shelly fauna
421:echinoderm stereom
297:Biocrystallization
252:
244:
147:composite material
62:
54:
5911:
5910:
5828:
5827:
5698:Organic gemstones
5295:
5294:
4908:
4907:
4834:Oesophageal pouch
4693:Caudal mucous pit
4470:
4469:
4402:
4401:
4301:Suckers and hooks
4244:
4243:
4226:Nidamental glands
4156:Dermal structures
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
3992:
3991:
3861:
3860:
3443:Trochus niloticus
2959:10.1021/cm960429i
2369:(20): 7617–7632.
2272:10.1021/bm060942h
2260:Biomacromolecules
1999:10.1021/ja210808s
1993:(17): 7351–7358.
1705:, mostly made of
1450:
1449:
1404:Crustacean shells
1399:Brachiopod shells
1093:flexural strength
903:calcium carbonate
895:
894:
825:permineralization
810:Mineral nutrients
735:Mineral evolution
404:foraminifera test
263:Biomineralization
149:produced by some
141:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
5941:
5924:Mollusc products
5355:Britannia silver
5304:
5113:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4912:
4824:Nidamental gland
4748:Suprapedal gland
4645:Other hard parts
4497:
4490:
4483:
4474:
4456:Doratopsis stage
4427:Squid giant axon
4346:Occipital region
4257:
4197:Ctenidia (gills)
4192:Branchial hearts
4185:Internal anatomy
4149:External anatomy
4146:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4001:
3916:
3909:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3865:
3792:Adductor muscles
3759:Other hard parts
3641:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3601:
3556:
3535:
3533:
3483:
3449:
3435:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3334:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3093:. Archived from
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2972:Checa, Antonio;
2969:
2963:
2962:
2953:(8): 1731–1740.
2938:
2932:
2931:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2819:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2640:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2583:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2455:
2444:
2443:
2418:(9): 1963–1990.
2403:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2354:
2327:
2326:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2150:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2024:
2011:
2010:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1787:Kimberley region
1746:
1720:
1708:Turbo marmoratus
1704:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1678:
1669:
1638:Mother of pearl
1442:
1435:
1428:
1414:Sea urchin tests
1327:
1308:
1293:Tectus niloticus
1287:Turbo marmoratus
1272:freshwater pearl
1145:A 2021 paper in
1098:brick-and-mortar
887:
880:
873:
860:
855:
854:
775:Magnetoreception
755:Ballast minerals
350:Cephalopod shell
345:Brachiopod shell
292:Remineralisation
273:
254:
137:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
105:
97:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
21:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5934:Mollusc anatomy
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5866:
5824:
5813:Spondylus shell
5771:
5693:
5464:
5450:Stainless steel
5401:
5385:Sterling silver
5345:Precious metal
5340:
5308:Precious metals
5291:
5255:
5157:
5104:
4944:
4939:
4909:
4904:
4858:
4799:Hancock's organ
4752:
4676:
4640:
4611:Stromboid notch
4507:
4501:
4471:
4466:
4438:
4423:Nervous system
4398:
4377:
4368:Olfactory organ
4341:
4305:
4250:
4240:
4180:
4139:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4101:
4055:
3988:
3959:Belemnoid guard
3947:
3936:Nautiloid shell
3898:
3892:
3862:
3857:
3821:
3780:
3754:
3651:
3645:
3608:
3559:
3538:
3509:
3447:
3438:
3409:
3406:
3404:Further reading
3401:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3218:Santanu Ghosh.
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2623:(27): 2002149.
2610:
2609:
2605:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2517:
2516:
2507:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2356:
2355:
2330:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2026:
2025:
2014:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1815:
1803:
1791:dental fillings
1767:
1761:
1754:
1751:Solomon Islands
1747:
1738:
1721:
1712:
1702:
1696:gunpowder flask
1692:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1636:
1576:
1504:
1460:
1455:
1446:
1409:Horseshoe crabs
1391:Other seashells
1306:
1256:
1242:, crystals are
1228:
1222:
1202:mother of pearl
1177:. Dated to the
1163:
1126:
1109:Young's modulus
1088:mineral bridges
1020:nanoindentation
991:Young's modulus
987:
891:
850:
843:
842:
841:
729:
721:
720:
719:
675:
667:
666:
665:
651:biogenic silica
645:
635:
634:
633:
618:
606:
585:
565:
555:
554:
553:
521:
513:
512:
511:
491:
476:
475:
474:
441:gastropod shell
409:testate amoebae
399:diatom frustule
324:
313:
312:
311:
281:
236:
230:
225:
192:as is found in
190:flame structure
143:mother of pearl
135:
109:
103:
102:
95:
72:
68:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5947:
5945:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5916:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5874:Related topics
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5246:Wire sculpture
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:Hepatopancreas
4801:
4796:
4794:Gastric shield
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4738:Semper's organ
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4688:Caryophyllidia
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4601:Siphonal notch
4598:
4596:Siphonal canal
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4414:Chromatophores
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4263:
4261:
4260:Brachial crown
4254:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4132:
4131:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3926:Ammonoid shell
3922:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Gastric shield
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3606:External links
3604:
3603:
3602:
3557:
3547:(1–2): 27–41.
3536:
3524:(4): 745–754.
3507:
3484:
3436:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3378:
3320:
3290:
3266:
3242:
3233:
3210:
3188:
3176:
3151:
3129:
3107:
3075:
3051:
3039:Inside Science
3025:
3003:
2984:(3): 330–339.
2964:
2933:
2898:
2877:(3): 591–608.
2857:
2790:
2763:(3): 350–365.
2757:Nature Physics
2744:
2698:
2660:
2603:
2574:(9): 1806800.
2551:
2505:
2470:(1): 121–127.
2445:
2398:
2328:
2285:
2250:
2223:
2190:
2121:
2070:
2012:
1977:
1950:(26): 268102.
1930:
1915:
1897:
1859:
1856:(Online). n.d.
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1802:
1799:
1795:spinal surgery
1760:
1759:Biomedical use
1757:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1732:Topkapı Palace
1722:
1715:
1713:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1671:
1664:
1635:
1632:
1628:Jehangir Kabir
1575:
1572:
1503:
1500:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1333:Mollusc shells
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1262:Nacre bracelet
1255:
1252:
1221:
1218:
1198:nacreous layer
1162:
1159:
1148:Nature Physics
1125:
1122:
1072:Fiber pull-out
1068:elastic energy
1039:adhesive force
986:
983:
975:monoplacophora
945:Nacre appears
893:
892:
890:
889:
882:
875:
867:
864:
863:
862:
861:
845:
844:
840:
839:
834:
833:
832:
827:
817:
812:
807:
802:
795:
790:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
751:
750:
748:immobilization
745:
743:mineralization
737:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
712:
711:
710:
700:
699:
698:
693:
683:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:
658:
656:siliceous ooze
653:
647:
646:
643:Silicification
641:
640:
637:
636:
632:
631:
630:
629:
624:
619:
607:
605:
604:
603:
602:
597:
586:
584:
583:
578:
573:
567:
566:
561:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
546:
541:
540:
539:
529:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
510:
509:
504:
499:
493:
492:
482:
481:
478:
477:
473:
472:
467:
465:Sponge spicule
462:
461:
460:
458:estuary shells
455:
450:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
423:
413:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
381:
380:
379:
369:
368:
367:
362:
357:
347:
342:
341:
340:
335:
326:
325:
319:
318:
315:
314:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
266:
265:
259:
258:
229:
226:
224:
221:
182:mollusc shells
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5946:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5878:Body piercing
5876:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5767:Tortoiseshell
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Bench jeweler
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4924:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4895:Tyrian purple
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:Buccal region
4308:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Needham's sac
4214:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Spirula shell
3977:
3975:
3974:Gladius (pen)
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Cirrate shell
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:Prodissoconch
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Pallial sinus
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3452:J. Mater. Res
3446:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3321:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3097:on 2010-10-24
3096:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:(16): 980–7.
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:(1): 111–22.
2034:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:9780521874731
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:(2): 176–87.
1877:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:bone grafting
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:Humayun Kabir
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:United States
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:Annada Munshi
1585:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:architectural
1457:
1452:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Chiton shells
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:mantle tissue
1191:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1154:Unio pictorum
1150:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1131:Pinna nobilis
1123:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
917:
912:
908:
905:) 10–20
904:
900:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
866:
865:
859:
849:
848:
847:
846:
838:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:Fossilization
818:
816:
815:Microbial mat
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:
796:
794:
791:
789:
787:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Magnetofossil
758:
756:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
738:
736:
733:
732:
725:
724:
716:
713:
709:
706:
705:
704:
701:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
671:
670:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
639:
638:
628:
625:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:
608:
601:
600:aragonite sea
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
587:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
563:Calcification
559:
558:
550:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
517:
516:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
489:
485:
484:Endoskeletons
480:
479:
471:
468:
466:
463:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:mollusc shell
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:Protist shell
382:
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:cirrate shell
353:
352:
351:
348:
346:
343:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
328:
327:
322:
317:
316:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
277:
276:
272:
268:
267:
264:
260:
256:
255:
248:
240:
235:
227:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
186:porcellaneous
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:
130:
100:
99:
90:
66:
58:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
5903:Wearable art
5898:Phaleristics
5893:Metalworking
5798:Gutta-percha
5751:
5574:Lapis lazuli
5360:Colored gold
5241:Stonesetting
4561:Periostracum
4555:
4444:
4373:Nuchal organ
4272:Hectocotylus
4161:Fins (wings)
4076:
4067:Body chamber
4031:Periostracum
3710:Periostracum
3700:Pallial line
3694:
3565:
3561:
3544:
3540:
3521:
3515:
3495:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3415:
3411:
3391:. Retrieved
3381:
3340:
3336:
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3303:
3293:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:
3269:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:
3245:
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3191:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3163:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3132:
3120:. Retrieved
3110:
3099:. Retrieved
3095:the original
3088:
3078:
3067:. Retrieved
3061:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3038:
3028:
3019:
3006:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2760:
2756:
2714:
2710:
2676:
2672:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2571:
2567:
2530:(1): 19–25.
2527:
2523:
2467:
2463:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2366:
2363:RSC Advances
2362:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2266:(3): 851–6.
2263:
2259:
2253:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2032:
2028:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1906:
1900:
1875:
1871:
1851:
1842:
1807:
1804:
1768:
1706:
1651:
1648:
1637:
1620:Subho Tagore
1612:Satyajit Ray
1591:
1577:
1505:
1461:
1458:Architecture
1377:
1352:Snail shells
1291:
1285:
1283:turban snail
1280:
1268:pearl oyster
1265:
1229:
1213:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1113:
1102:
1052:viscoelastic
1036:
988:
978:
970:
965:
963:
944:
914:
896:
830:petrifaction
797:
785:
780:Microfossils
527:Limpet teeth
507:Ossification
502:Bone mineral
436:chiton shell
430:
321:Exoskeletons
302:Biointerface
201:pearl oyster
198:
189:
167:
153:as an inner
142:
64:
63:
5840:Art jewelry
5664:Tiger's eye
5569:Labradorite
5519:Chrysocolla
5514:Chrysoberyl
5430:Mokume-gane
5407:Base metals
5179:centrifugal
5148:Silversmith
5023:Ferronnière
4973:Belt buckle
4968:Belly chain
4890:Trochophore
4875:Pseudofeces
4829:Odontophore
4784:Diverticula
4728:Pneumostome
4571:Planispiral
4460:Egg fossils
4419:Photophores
4382:Other parts
4327:Odontophore
4249:Head &
4082:Phragmocone
3848:Trochophore
3843:Pseudofeces
3675:Hinge teeth
3458:(9): 2400.
3418:: 385–402.
3313:29 December
3226:24 December
3169:24 December
2717:: 350–365.
2679:: 385–402.
2301:(5): 1097.
2239:(1–2): 17.
2141:(1): 4822.
1726:with nacre
1703: 1750
1680: 1520
1596:Manu Munshi
1568:goblet drum
1544:sound holes
1357:Tusk shells
1342:Clam shells
1248:cephalopods
1214:encystation
1105:plasticizer
1032:anisotropic
1026:loads than
1024:compressive
993:of 70
924:biopolymers
901:(a form of
765:Magnetosome
708:phosphorite
674:Other forms
622:calcite sea
389:coccosphere
333:exoskeleton
178:cephalopods
5918:Categories
5674:Tourmaline
5619:Prasiolite
5494:Aventurine
5365:Crown gold
5267:Draw plate
5216:Metal clay
5153:Watchmaker
5143:Lapidarist
5128:Clockmaker
5003:Collar pin
4998:Chatelaine
4839:Osphradium
4814:Nephridium
4733:Rhinophore
4723:Parapodium
4652:Clausilium
4591:Selenizone
4581:Protoconch
4531:Body whorl
4394:Statocysts
4231:Osphradium
3969:Cuttlebone
3895:Cephalopod
3838:Glochidium
3812:Nephridium
3785:Soft parts
3670:Hinge line
3393:2014-02-13
3284:2021-07-14
3279:Objet Luxe
3260:2021-07-14
3255:Objet Luxe
3101:2023-01-09
3069:2023-01-09
2908:ChemInform
2817:1512.02879
2148:1910.11264
1835:References
1673:Altarpiece
1516:concertina
1496:fiberglass
1453:Decorative
1373:Conchology
1240:gastropods
1187:epithelial
1018:analysis,
977:it is the
947:iridescent
360:cuttlebone
329:Arthropod
217:Turbinidae
209:Haliotidae
174:gastropods
163:iridescent
5820:Toadstone
5757:Operculum
5684:Variscite
5679:Turquoise
5659:Tanzanite
5594:Moonstone
5589:Marcasite
5584:Malachite
5509:Carnelian
5484:Amazonite
5471:gemstones
5445:Pinchbeck
5390:Argentium
5380:Shibuichi
5321:Palladium
5300:Materials
5236:Soldering
5226:Polishing
5201:Engraving
5196:Enameling
5162:Processes
5133:Goldsmith
5068:Tie chain
5043:Neck ring
5033:Lapel pin
4942:Jewellery
4870:Epiphragm
4774:Ctenidium
4662:Operculum
4657:Love dart
4621:Umbilicus
4586:Sculpture
4566:Peristome
4541:Columella
4504:Gastropod
4452:Paralarva
4279:Tentacles
4092:Siphuncle
4051:Umbilicus
4036:Sculpture
3941:Orthocone
3797:Ctenidium
3730:Sculpture
3720:Resilifer
2810:: 10097.
2785:230508602
2739:139839008
2655:219464365
2647:1616-301X
2598:139307131
2590:1616-301X
2546:0928-4931
2492:1292-8941
2440:0022-5096
2393:2046-2069
2323:135681723
2116:135544277
1925:664839176
1560:saxophone
1512:accordion
1488:lacquered
1472:laminated
1317:Seashells
1246:, and in
1206:parasites
1171:nautiloid
1124:Formation
1084:nanoscale
1043:laminated
1000:toughness
955:interfere
926:(such as
899:aragonite
786:engrailed
703:Phosphate
696:oil shale
590:Aragonite
394:coccolith
213:Trochidae
5888:Gemology
5862:Fineness
5853:(purity)
5788:Bog-wood
5735:Precious
5715:Ammolite
5654:Sunstone
5644:Sodalite
5639:Sapphire
5599:Obsidian
5539:Fluorite
5529:Diopside
5489:Amethyst
5469:Mineral
5460:Tungsten
5455:Titanium
5370:Electrum
5326:Platinum
5211:Kazaziye
5206:Filigree
5184:lost-wax
5083:Toe ring
5073:Tie clip
5048:Pectoral
5038:Necklace
5013:Cufflink
4988:Bracelet
4983:Bolo tie
4963:Barrette
4703:Cnidosac
4521:Aperture
4317:Aptychus
4289:Dactylus
4060:Internal
4011:Aperture
4004:External
3997:Features
3952:Internal
3919:External
3833:Abductin
3776:Sea silk
3725:Resilium
3680:Ligament
3598:19079526
3590:16293751
3365:22828626
3304:ABC News
2998:21982842
2928:16315200
2893:19915030
2852:26631940
2500:55616061
2280:17315945
2185:31645557
2065:10214928
2057:18843476
2007:22313180
1972:17678131
1892:16413789
1819:Ammolite
1813:See also
1736:Istanbul
1728:tesserae
1564:trumpets
1532:baglamas
1528:bouzouki
1524:pearloid
1492:polished
1468:tesserae
1232:bivalves
1175:Oklahoma
1161:Function
1080:adhesion
1047:fracture
940:proteins
858:Category
739:In soil
691:alginite
681:Bone bed
416:Seashell
323:(shells)
215:and the
196:pearls.
170:bivalves
151:molluscs
50:nautilus
18:Nacreous
5883:Fashion
5857:Finding
5705:Abalone
5614:Peridot
5579:Larimar
5564:Kyanite
5549:Howlite
5534:Emerald
5524:Diamond
5397:Tumbaga
5375:Shakudō
5331:Rhodium
5282:Mandrel
5221:Plating
5174:Casting
5169:Carving
5078:Tie pin
5053:Pendant
5028:Genital
5018:Earring
4900:Veliger
4880:Torsion
4506:anatomy
4407:General
4207:Ink sac
4072:Camerae
4046:Sutures
3897:anatomy
3853:Veliger
3650:anatomy
3648:Bivalve
3570:Bibcode
3562:Science
3460:Bibcode
3420:Bibcode
3373:9004843
3345:Bibcode
3343:: 966.
3203:Sep 22,
3144:Sep 22,
3122:Sep 22,
3065:(photo)
3044:June 9,
2843:4686775
2822:Bibcode
2765:Bibcode
2719:Bibcode
2681:Bibcode
2472:Bibcode
2420:Bibcode
2371:Bibcode
2303:Bibcode
2176:6811596
2153:Bibcode
2088:Bibcode
2037:Bibcode
1952:Bibcode
1848:"nacre"
1640:buttons
1580:oysters
1520:guitars
1476:ceramic
1276:abalone
1244:twinned
1192:of the
1169:Fossil
1060:brittle
1056:ductile
1028:tensile
1016:Weibull
1008:Tensile
1004:silicon
932:lustrin
921:elastic
728:Related
686:Kerogen
611:Calcite
532:Otolith
365:gladius
338:cuticle
307:Biofilm
280:General
5929:Pearls
5847:(mass)
5783:Bezoar
5689:Zircon
5649:Spinel
5624:Quartz
5559:Jasper
5544:Garnet
5440:Pewter
5425:Copper
5420:Bronze
5347:alloys
5336:Silver
5287:Pliers
5277:Hammer
5189:vacuum
5116:People
5109:Making
5093:pocket
4993:Brooch
4958:Anklet
4743:Siphon
4713:Mentum
4708:Mantle
4698:Cerata
4672:Radula
4616:Suture
4536:Callus
4332:Radula
4284:Carpus
4141:funnel
4138:&
4136:Mantle
4097:Whorls
4021:Callus
3984:Stylet
3817:Siphon
3807:Mantle
3766:Byssus
3750:Annuli
3690:Lunule
3665:Callus
3596:
3588:
3480:564507
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2173:
2114:
2106:
2063:
2055:
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1970:
1923:
1913:
1890:
1775:Broome
1694:Nacre
1658:caviar
1602:, Dr.
1552:violin
1483:marble
1238:. In
938:-like
928:chitin
911:lamina
856:
715:Pyrena
372:Lorica
211:, the
176:, and
159:pearls
5851:Carat
5845:Carat
5833:Terms
5808:Shell
5762:Pearl
5752:Nacre
5742:Ivory
5730:Black
5725:Coral
5720:Copal
5710:Amber
5669:Topaz
5628:smoky
5499:Beryl
5479:Agate
5415:Brass
5260:Tools
5098:strap
5088:Watch
5063:Tiara
5008:Crown
4978:Bindi
4950:Forms
4863:Other
4718:Notum
4667:Pearl
4636:Whorl
4631:Varix
4626:Valve
4606:Spire
4576:Plait
4556:Nacre
4513:Shell
4448:Spawn
4294:Manus
4252:limbs
4087:Septa
4077:Nacre
4041:Spire
4026:Lirae
3912:Types
3904:Shell
3826:Other
3771:Pearl
3740:Valve
3735:Umbo
3695:Nacre
3657:Shell
3594:S2CID
3476:S2CID
3448:(PDF)
3369:S2CID
3333:(PDF)
3016:(PDF)
3013:"1.4"
2812:arXiv
2781:S2CID
2735:S2CID
2651:S2CID
2594:S2CID
2496:S2CID
2319:S2CID
2210:: 1.
2143:arXiv
2112:S2CID
2108:36211
2104:JSTOR
2061:S2CID
1829:Raden
1724:Inlay
1711:shell
1654:spoon
1634:Other
1556:cello
1474:to a
1383:Valve
1378:Nacre
1210:pearl
1190:cells
1012:shear
951:light
916:Pinna
793:Druse
488:bones
431:nacre
194:conch
155:shell
104:also
65:Nacre
52:shell
5803:Hair
5634:Ruby
5609:Opal
5604:Onyx
5554:Jade
5316:Gold
5272:File
5058:Ring
4769:Crop
4551:Lira
4526:Apex
4389:Eyes
4322:Beak
4267:Arms
4209:and
4176:Tail
4016:Apex
3745:Beak
3685:Lira
3586:PMID
3361:PMID
3315:2021
3228:2023
3205:2022
3171:2023
3146:2022
3124:2022
3046:2021
2994:PMID
2924:PMID
2889:PMID
2848:PMID
2643:ISSN
2586:ISSN
2542:ISSN
2488:ISSN
2436:ISSN
2389:ISSN
2276:PMID
2208:2008
2181:PMID
2053:PMID
2003:PMID
1968:PMID
1921:OCLC
1911:ISBN
1888:PMID
1793:and
1781:and
1753:1838
1554:and
1548:Bows
1536:lute
1530:and
1514:and
1508:keys
1490:and
1479:tile
1304:Uses
936:silk
934:and
788:gene
549:Tusk
470:Test
203:and
98:-kər
5747:Jet
5503:red
4546:Lip
4211:ink
3578:doi
3566:310
3549:doi
3545:390
3526:doi
3500:doi
3468:doi
3428:doi
3416:112
3353:doi
2986:doi
2982:176
2955:doi
2916:doi
2879:doi
2838:PMC
2830:doi
2773:doi
2761:124
2727:doi
2715:124
2689:doi
2677:112
2633:hdl
2625:doi
2576:doi
2532:doi
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2311:doi
2268:doi
2241:doi
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2171:PMC
2161:doi
2096:doi
2084:234
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1995:doi
1991:134
1960:doi
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