Nanobiotechnology - Knowledge

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agriculture practices. Based on a thorough literature survey, it was understood that there is only limited authentic information available to explain the biological consequence of engineered nanoparticles on treated plants. Certain reports underline the phytotoxicity of various origin of engineered nanoparticles to the plant caused by the subject of concentrations and sizes . At the same time, however, an equal number of studies were reported with a positive outcome of nanoparticles, which facilitate growth promoting nature to treat plant. In particular, compared to other nanoparticles, silver and gold nanoparticles based applications elicited beneficial results on various plant species with less and/or no toxicity. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) treated leaves of Asparagus showed the increased content of ascorbate and chlorophyll. Similarly, AgNPs-treated common bean and corn has increased shoot and root length, leaf surface area, chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein contents reported earlier. The gold nanoparticle has been used to induce growth and seed yield in Brassica juncea.

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The metal-based nanoparticles used for biomedical prospectives are extremely enticing in various applications due to their distinctive physicochemical characteristics, allowing them to influence cellular processes at the biological level. The fact that metal-based nanoparticles have high surface-to-volume ratios makes them reactive or catalytic. Due to their small size, they are more likely to be able to penetrate biological barriers such as cell membranes and cause cellular dysfunction in living organisms. Indeed, the high toxicity of some transition metals can make it challenging to use mixed oxide NPs in biomedical uses. It triggers adverse effects on organisms, causing oxidative stress, stimulating the formation of ROS, mitochondrial perturbation, and the modulation of cellular functions, with fatal results in some cases.

592:, which constitute a very useful tool to develop this area of knowledge. In the past years, researchers have made many improvements in the different devices and systems required to develop functional nanorobots – such as motion and magnetic guidance. This supposes a new way of treating and dealing with diseases such as cancer; thanks to nanorobots, side effects of chemotherapy could get controlled, reduced and even eliminated, so some years from now, cancer patients could be offered an alternative to treat such diseases instead of chemotherapy, which causes secondary effects such as hair loss, fatigue or nausea killing not only cancerous cells but also the healthy ones. Nanobots could be used for various therapies, surgery, diagnosis, and medical imaging – such as via targeted drug-delivery to the brain (similar to 4565: 5328: 292: 917:

organisms). It makes use of natural or biomimetic systems or elements for unique nanoscale structures and various applications that may not be directionally associated with biology rather than mostly biological applications. In contrast, nanobiotechnology uses biotechnology miniaturized to nanometer size or incorporates nanomolecules into biological systems. In some future applications, both fields could be merged.

5827: 5228: 304: 5216: 5248: 5839: 5238: 385:, and nanoscale phenomena that occurs within the discipline of nanotechnology. This technical approach to biology allows scientists to imagine and create systems that can be used for biological research. Biologically inspired nanotechnology uses biological systems as the inspirations for technologies not yet created. However, as with nanotechnology and 1149:

As of 2009, the risks of nanobiotechnologies are poorly understood and in the U.S. there is no solid national consensus on what kind of regulatory policy principles should be followed. For example, nanobiotechnologies may have hard to control effects on the environment or ecosystems and human health.

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farming. These are only a few examples from numerous research works which might open up exciting opportunities for nanobiotechnology application in agriculture. Also, application of this kind of engineered nanoparticles to plants should be considered the level of amicability before it is employed in

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is another major area of research in bionanotechnology, where physico-chemical properties of lipids such as their antifouling and self-assembly is exploited to build nanodevices with applications in medicine and engineering. Lipid nanotechnology approaches can also be used to develop next-generation

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At a clinical level, cancer treatment with nanomedicine would consist of the supply of nanorobots to the patient through an injection that will search for cancerous cells while leaving the healthy ones untouched. Patients that are treated through nanomedicine would thereby not notice the presence of

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Flores, Alyssa M.; Hosseini-Nassab, Niloufar; Jarr, Kai-Uwe; Ye, Jianqin; Zhu, Xingjun; Wirka, Robert; Koh, Ai Leen; Tsantilas, Pavlos; Wang, Ying; Nanda, Vivek; Kojima, Yoko; Zeng, Yitian; Lotfi, Mozhgan; Sinclair, Robert; Weissman, Irving L.; Ingelsson, Erik; Smith, Bryan Ronain; Leeper, Nicholas

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Previously nanocapsules containing herbicides have been reported to effectively penetrate through cuticles and tissues, allowing the slow and constant release of the active substances. Likewise, other literature describes that nano-encapsulated slow release of fertilizers has also become a trend to

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studies provide a third important avenue of research, but one that has been largely inhibited by our inability to predict protein folding with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy. Given the myriad uses that biological systems have for proteins, though, research into understanding protein folding

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Another example of current nanobiotechnological research involves nanospheres coated with fluorescent polymers. Researchers are seeking to design polymers whose fluorescence is quenched when they encounter specific molecules. Different polymers would detect different metabolites. The polymer-coated

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Applications of bionanotechnology are extremely widespread. Insofar as the distinction holds, nanobiotechnology is much more commonplace in that it simply provides more tools for the study of biology. Bionanotechnology, on the other hand, promises to recreate biological mechanisms and pathways in a

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The definitions enumerated above will be utilized whenever a distinction between nanobio and bionano is made in this article. However, given the overlapping usage of the terms in modern parlance, individual technologies may need to be evaluated to determine which term is more fitting. As such, they

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The terms are often used interchangeably. When a distinction is intended, though, it is based on whether the focus is on applying biological ideas or on studying biology with nanotechnology. Bionanotechnology generally refers to the study of how the goals of nanotechnology can be guided by studying

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Broadly, bionanotechnology can be distinguished from nanobiotechnology in that it refers to nanotechnology that makes use of biological materials/components – it could in principle or does alternatively use abiotic components. It plays a smaller role in medicine (which is concerned with biological

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of metals. These microbial processes have opened up new opportunities for us to explore novel applications, for example, the biosynthesis of metal nanomaterials. In contrast to chemical and physical methods, microbial processes for synthesizing nanomaterials can be achieved in aqueous phase under

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Technically, gene therapy can also be considered to be a form of nanobiotechnology or to move towards it. An example of an area of genome editing related developments that is more clearly nanobiotechnology than more conventional gene therapies, is synthetic fabrication of functional materials in

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Most of the scientific concepts in bionanotechnology are derived from other fields. Biochemical principles that are used to understand the material properties of biological systems are central in bionanotechnology because those same principles are to be used to create new technologies. Material

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Guo, Jimin; Agola, Jacob Ongudi; Serda, Rita; Franco, Stefan; Lei, Qi; Wang, Lu; Minster, Joshua; Croissant, Jonas G.; Butler, Kimberly S.; Zhu, Wei; Brinker, C. Jeffrey (11 May 2020). "Biomimetic Rebuilding of Multifunctional Red Blood Cells: Modular Design Using Functional Components".

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Nanobiotechnology takes most of its fundamentals from nanotechnology. Most of the devices designed for nano-biotechnological use are directly based on other existing nanotechnologies. Nanobiotechnology is often used to describe the overlapping multidisciplinary activities associated with

532:) and agriculture (target delivery of pesticides, hormones and fertilizers. The impact of bionanoscience, achieved through structural and mechanistic analyses of biological processes at nanoscale, is their translation into synthetic and technological applications through nanotechnology. 2519:

Liu, Jia; Kim, Yoon Seok; Richardson, Claire E.; Tom, Ariane; Ramakrishnan, Charu; Birey, Fikri; Katsumata, Toru; Chen, Shucheng; Wang, Cheng; Wang, Xiao; Joubert, Lydia-Marie; Jiang, Yuanwen; Wang, Huiliang; Fenno, Lief E.; Tok, Jeffrey B.-H.; Pașca, Sergiu P.; Shen, Kang;

875:. Natural evolution has optimized the "natural" form of nanobiology over millions of years. In the 21st century, humans have developed the technology to artificially tap into nanobiology. This process is best described as "organic merging with synthetic". Colonies of live 454:

how biological "machines" work and adapting these biological motifs into improving existing nanotechnologies or creating new ones. Nanobiotechnology, on the other hand, refers to the ways that nanotechnology is used to create devices to study biological systems.

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and molecular machines that are similar to nature. Controlling and mimicking the devices and processes that are constructed from molecules is a tremendous challenge to face for the converging disciplines of nanobiotechnology. All living things, including

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Ng, CK; Sivakumar K; Liu X; Madhaiyan M; Ji L; Yang L; Tang C; Song H; Kjelleberg S; Cao B. (4 Feb 2013). "Influence of outer membrane c-type cytochromes on particle size and activity of extracellular nanoparticles produced by Shewanella oneidensis".

1087:, and differentiation in the production of plant material, which must be qualitatively uniform and genetically homogeneous. The use of nanoparticles of zinc (ZnO NPs) and silver (Ag NPs) compounds gives very good results in the micropropagation of 482: 1697:

Mair, Lamar O.; Adam, Georges; Chowdhury, Sagar; Davis, Aaron; Arifin, Dian R.; Vassoler, Fair M.; Engelhard, Herbert H.; Li, Jinxing; Tang, Xinyao; Weinberg, Irving N.; Evans, Benjamin A.; Bulte, Jeff W.M.; Cappelleri, David J. (2021).

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Ge, Peng; Scholl, Dean; Prokhorov, Nikolai S.; Avaylon, Jaycob; Shneider, Mikhail M.; Browning, Christopher; Buth, Sergey A.; Plattner, Michel; Chakraborty, Urmi; Ding, Ke; Leiman, Petr G.; Miller, Jeff F.; Zhou, Z. Hong (April 2020).

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Bonin notes that "Nanotechnology is not a specific determinate homogenous entity, but a collection of diverse capabilities and applications" and that nanobiotechnology research and development is – as one of many fields – affected by

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Rosenfeld, Dekel; Senko, Alexander W.; Moon, Junsang; Yick, Isabel; Varnavides, Georgios; Gregureć, Danijela; Koehler, Florian; Chiang, Po-Han; Christiansen, Michael G.; Maeng, Lisa Y.; Widge, Alik S.; Anikeeva, Polina (April 2020).

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While nanobiology is in its infancy, there are a lot of promising methods that may rely on nanobiology in the future. Biological systems are inherently nano in scale; nanoscience must merge with biology in order to deliver

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Raja; Chandrasekar, S.; Dharanivasan, G.; Nallusamy, D.; Rajendran, N.; Kathiravan, K. (2015). "Bioactive bile salt capped silver nanoparticle activity against destructive plant pathogenic fungi through in vitro system".

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in its brain cells. They enabled modulation of membrane properties in specific neuron populations and manipulation of behavior in the living animals which might be useful in the study and treatments for diseases such as

417:, for medical and biological purposes is another primary objective in nanotechnology. New nanotools are often made by refining the applications of the nanotools that are already being used. The imaging of native 703:

in specific and demonstrates the viability of such synthetic in vivo fabrication. Moreover, such genetically modified neurons may enable connecting external components – such as prosthetic limbs – to nerves.

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Min, Y.; Suminda, G.G.D.; Heo, Y.; Kim, M.; Ghosh, M.; Son, Y.-O. Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Their Relevant Consequences on Cytotoxicity Cascade and Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 703.

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Fu, Tianda; Liu, Xiaomeng; Gao, Hongyan; Ward, Joy E.; Liu, Xiaorong; Yin, Bing; Wang, Zhongrui; Zhuo, Ye; Walker, David J. F.; Joshua Yang, J.; Chen, Jianhan; Lovley, Derek R.; Yao, Jun (20 April 2020).

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Zhang, Hongyue; Li, Zesheng; Gao, Changyong; Fan, Xinjian; Pang, Yuxin; Li, Tianlong; Wu, Zhiguang; Xie, Hui; He, Qiang (24 March 2021). "Dual-responsive biohybrid neutrobots for active target delivery".

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The most important objectives that are frequently found in nanobiology involve applying nanotools to relevant medical/biological problems and refining these applications. Developing new tools, such as

794:. Another example, from a different perspective, would be evaluation and therapy at the nanoscopic level, i.e. the treatment of nanobacteria (25-200 nm sized) as is done by NanoBiotech Pharma. 596:) and other sites. Programmability for combinations of features such as "tissue penetration, site-targeting, stimuli responsiveness, and cargo-loading" makes such nanobots promising candidates for " 5812: 1063:

In the agriculture industry, engineered nanoparticles have been serving as nano carriers, containing herbicides, chemicals, or genes, which target particular plant parts to release their content.

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Arora, Sandeep; Sharma, Priyadarshini; Kumar, Sumit; Nayan, Rajeev; Khanna, P. K.; Zaidi, M. G. N. (2012). "Gold nanoparticles induced enhancement in growth and seed yield of Brassica juncea".

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are already widely used in medicine. Its applications overlap with those of nanobots and in some cases it may be difficult to distinguish between them. They can be used to for diagnosis and

2426: 3452:"Nanobiotechnological approach using plant rooting hormones synthesized silver nanoparticle as a "nanobullets" for the dynamic applications in horticulture -An in vitro and ex vitro study" 3383:"Nanobiotechnological approach using plant rooting hormones synthesized silver nanoparticle as a nanobullets for the dynamic applications in horticulture -An in vitro and ex vitro study" 5863: 1501:"Nanobiotechnology approach using plant rooting hormone synthesized silver nanoparticle as "nanobullets" for the dynamic applications in horticulture – an in vitro and ex vitro study" 1532:

Wavhale, Ravindra D.; Dhobale, Kshama D.; Rahane, Chinmay S.; Chate, Govind P.; Tawade, Bhausaheb V.; Patil, Yuvraj N.; Gawade, Sandesh S.; Banerjee, Shashwat S. (18 November 2021).

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properties and applications studied in bionanoscience include mechanical properties (e.g. deformation, adhesion, failure), electrical/electronic (e.g. electromechanical stimulation,

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or cellular engineering would be classified as bionanotechnology because they involve working with biomolecules on the nanoscale. Conversely, many new medical technologies involving

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Chen, Xiaolong; Lawrence, Joshua M.; Wey, Laura T.; Schertel, Lukas; Jing, Qingshen; Vignolini, Silvia; Howe, Christopher J.; Kar-Narayan, Sohini; Zhang, Jenny Z. (7 March 2022).

520:), thermal (e.g. thermomutability, thermal management), biological (e.g. how cells interact with nanomaterials, molecular flaws/defects, biosensing, biological mechanisms such as 604:

these nanomachines inside them; the only thing that would be noticeable is the progressive improvement of their health. Nanobiotechnology may be useful for medicine formulation.

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and are in clinical trials in the United States. There is also funding for research into allowing people to have new limbs without having to resort to prosthesis. Artificial

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which function at substantially lower voltages than previously described ones may allow the construction of artificial neurons which function at voltages of biological

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gentle and environmentally benign conditions. This approach has become an attractive focus in current green bionanotechnology research towards sustainable development.

366:. Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies. 817:. This could be used for further nanobiotechnology such as various types of nanomachines, to develop new drugs, for bioresearch and for new avenues in biochemistry. 3265: 977:

to generate functional materials could be used as a novel approach for the large-scale production of programmable nanomaterials. One example is the development of

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spheres could become part of new biological assays, and the technology might someday lead to particles which could be introduced into the human body to track down

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On example advanced application under development are "Trojan horse" designer-nanoparticles that makes blood cells eat away – from the inside out – portions of

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Thangavelu, Raja Muthuramalingam; Gunasekaran, Dharanivasan; Jesse, Michael Immanuel; s.u, Mohammed Riyaz; Sundarajan, Deepan; Krishnan, Kathiravan (2018).

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as delivery systems or as sensors would be examples of nanobiotechnology since they involve using nanotechnology to advance the goals of biology.

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Hediat Salama, M. H. (2012). "Effects of silver nanoparticles in some crop plants, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and corn (Zea mays L.)".

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for all living things) can be used as a structural proteomic system – a logical component for molecular computing. Ned Seeman – a researcher at

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This discipline helps to indicate the merger of biological research with various fields of nanotechnology. Concepts that are enhanced through

3625:"= Zinc oxide and silver effects on the growth, pigment content and genetic stability of chrysanthemums propagated by the node culture method" 2657:

Harroun, Scott G.; Lauzon, Dominic; Ebert, Maximilian C. C. J. C.; Desrosiers, Arnaud; Wang, Xiaomeng; Vallée-Bélisle, Alexis (January 2022).

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with the help of doctors who use nanobiology techniques in their practice. Also, it has been demonstrated in animal studies that a

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emulsion methods to maximize both absorption of fat-soluble nutrients and the ability to incorporate them into popular beverages.

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Tymoszuk, Alicja; Szałaj, Urszula; Wojnarowicz, Jacek; Kowalska, Jolanta; Kulus Dariusz, Jantkowiak Małgorzata (February 2024).

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based on e.g. nanotubes, nanowires, cantilevers, or atomic force microscopy could be applied to diagnostic devices/sensors

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Ehud Gazit, Plenty of room for biology at the bottom: An introduction to bionanotechnology. Imperial College Press, 2007,

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at the level of individual atoms and molecules allows for the stimulation of various stages of development, initiation of

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This field relies on a variety of research methods, including experimental tools (e.g. imaging, characterization via

1027:. The nanowires have a range of advantages over silicon nanowires and the memristors may be used to directly process 887:. Self-assembling nanotubes have the ability to be used as a structural system. They would be composed together with 680:

Nanofibers that mimic the matrix around cells and contain molecules that were engineered to wiggle was shown to be a

5498: 4637: 623: 5312: 4672: 4632: 4597: 4209: 3788: 3765: 3733: 1534:"Water-powered self-propelled magnetic nanobot for rapid and highly efficient capture of circulating tumor cells" 884: 850: 66: 61: 51: 6057: 5843: 5668: 5347: 5307: 3952: 3761: 1040: 1019: 943: 390: 254: 154: 75: 2195: 2122:"Pro-efferocytic nanoparticles are specifically taken up by lesional macrophages and prevent atherosclerosis" 718:

Nanobiotechnology (sometimes referred to as nanobiology) in medicine may be best described as helping modern

6217: 5564: 5342: 4724: 3858: 2719: 2328: 1100: 974: 958: 320: 225: 159: 145: 34: 6222: 5966: 5831: 5736: 5721: 5549: 5443: 5423: 5270: 4801: 4483: 4425: 4068: 3296: 1032: 997: 891:; which would facilitate the optical computing process and help with the storage of biological materials. 627: 6186: 6158: 5933: 5910: 4886: 4861: 4841: 4181: 3922: 3852: 3832: 2632: 1120: 1068: 951: 814: 278: 2530:"Genetically targeted chemical assembly of functional materials in living cells, tissues, and animals" 863: 6120: 5761: 5624: 5488: 5438: 5106: 4916: 4866: 4677: 4647: 4518: 4478: 4440: 4088: 3726: 3532: 3493: 3335: 3162: 2817:"3D-printed hierarchical pillar array electrodes for high-performance semi-artificial photosynthesis" 2541: 2477: 2363: 2219: 2133: 2027: 1923: 1455: 806: 754: 525: 187: 98: 3416:"Effect Of Deoxycholate Capped Silver nanoparticles In Seed Dormancy Breaking Of Withania Somnifera" 3253:

using-nanotechnology-to-create-beverages-infused-with-cbd-and-omega-3-fatty-acids, axiomm.com - 2020

5976: 5923: 5646: 5629: 5609: 5589: 5241: 5194: 5184: 5021: 4891: 4602: 4592: 4513: 4455: 3629: 1700:"Soft Capsule Magnetic Millirobots for Region-Specific Drug Delivery in the Central Nervous System" 1185: 1155: 1014: 900: 422: 263: 235: 2443: 2352:"Bioactive scaffolds with enhanced supramolecular motion promote recovery from spinal cord injury" 2093: 903:– along with other researchers are currently researching concepts that are similar to each other. 6097: 6092: 6047: 5855: 5656: 5402: 5136: 5116: 5101: 4926: 4921: 4719: 4667: 4550: 4545: 4460: 4415: 4342: 4264: 4214: 3776: 3771: 3648: 3602: 3102: 2918: 2852: 2696: 2575: 2501: 2397: 2278: 2177: 1957: 1866: 1783: 1622: 1581: 1301: 925: 846: 826: 700: 597: 493: 462: 440:

to synthesize functional nanoparticles has been of great interest. Microorganisms can change the

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Otto, Kevin J.; Schmidt, Christine E. (20 March 2020). "Neuron-targeted electrical modulation".

1395:"Controllable Activation of Nanoscale Dynamics in a Disordered Protein Alters Binding Kinetics" 660:' known broad natural properties and abilities could be used to load functional cargos such as 6191: 6130: 5953: 5776: 5731: 5554: 5428: 5121: 5001: 4856: 4523: 4249: 3937: 3927: 3886: 3548: 3363: 3235: 3199: 3180: 3094: 3076: 3055:

Jung, Jaeyoung K.; Archuleta, Chloé M.; Alam, Khalid K.; Lucks, Julius B. (17 February 2022).

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Nolting B, “Biophysical Nanotechnology”. In: “Methods in Modern Biophysics”, Springer, 2005,

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is one important example of bionanotechnology. The utilization of the inherent properties of

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Callaway DJ, Matsui T, Weiss T, Stingaciu LR, Stanley CB, Heller WT, Bu ZM (7 April 2017).

524:), nanoscience of disease (e.g. genetic disease, cancer, organ/tissue failure), as well as 6140: 6011: 5544: 5539: 5529: 5131: 5096: 4445: 4387: 4229: 4166: 4008: 3882: 3120: 2525: 1116: 1051: 834: 738: 653: 638: 441: 192: 173: 131: 4564: 3536: 3497: 3339: 3166: 2545: 2481: 2367: 2137: 2031: 1927: 1459: 1444:"Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering: From Discovery to Applications" 1107:

based tools, synthesis via self-assembly, characterization of self-assembly (using e.g.

552:, and engineering converge. Measurement in biology using wave guide techniques, such as 6168: 6148: 6107: 6039: 6024: 5938: 5716: 5693: 5599: 5594: 5534: 5519: 5483: 5368: 5220: 4986: 4796: 4627: 4622: 4612: 4607: 4508: 4450: 4382: 4377: 4239: 4234: 4128: 4083: 4060: 3942: 3932: 3874: 3358: 3323: 3230: 3203: 3089: 3056: 3032: 3005: 2562: 2529: 2384: 2351: 2154: 2121: 2048: 2015: 1944: 1911: 1853: 1828: 1734: 1699: 1674: 1641: 1568: 1533: 1476: 1443: 1419: 1394: 1177: 1172: 1128: 1076: 695: 657: 517: 437: 359: 296: 197: 93: 42: 5327: 3624: 3544: 3435: 2979: 461:, whereas bionanotechnology is a specific application of nanotechnology. For example, 6211: 6077: 5928: 5614: 5569: 5478: 5293: 5066: 4961: 4851: 4826: 4821: 4714: 4662: 4657: 4435: 4352: 4254: 4219: 3988: 3106: 2856: 2816: 2700: 2579: 2505: 2401: 2282: 1961: 1870: 1787: 1626: 1585: 1206: 1088: 1084: 1080: 986: 842: 529: 466: 458: 430: 386: 245: 216: 117: 3652: 3606: 2888: 2871: 1829:"Self-Assembly of DNA Molecules: Towards DNA Nanorobots for Biomedical Applications" 1261: 1055:

is of high importance and could prove fruitful for bionanotechnology in the future.

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when these perform their biological functions, in particular for their distinct

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refers mostly to the use of synthesized but otherwise conventional strands of

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Raqual, B.; Eudald, C.; Joan, C.; Xavier, F.; Antoni, S.; Victor, P. (2009).

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Nguyen, Peter; Botyanszki, Zsofia; Tay, Pei-Kun; Joshi, Neel (Sep 17, 2014).

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to store digital data, which could be useful for e.g. high-density long-term

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save fertilizer consumption and to minimize environmental pollution through

1028: 1010: 937: 888: 802: 791: 669: 541: 537: 126: 3552: 3367: 3239: 3184: 3098: 3041: 2848: 2743:"This Bacteria Can Consume Greenhouse Gas Methane and Convert it Into Fuel" 2692: 2571: 2497: 2393: 2274: 2163: 2057: 2039: 1953: 1862: 1779: 1743: 1683: 1657: 1577: 1485: 1428: 1297: 17: 2659:"Monitoring protein conformational changes using fluorescent nanoantennas" 1379: 1358:

GarciaAnoveros, J; Corey, DP (1997). "The molecules of mechanosensation".

5786: 5688: 5151: 5076: 5006: 4936: 4931: 4756: 4690: 4287: 4244: 4143: 4015: 3890: 3866: 3667: 3220: 3022: 2790:""Tiny skyscraper" electrodes boost bioenergy output of blue-green algae" 2444:"Scientists program cells to carry out gene-guided construction projects" 2420:"Risk Communication for Nanobiotechnology: To Whom, About What, and Why?" 978: 970: 896: 770: 769:

and expensive machines. It has even been surmised that by the year 2055,

766: 719: 401: 3057:"Programming cell-free biosensors with DNA strand displacement circuits" 6173: 5726: 5619: 5397: 5392: 5166: 4896: 4766: 4683: 4528: 4503: 4488: 4470: 4317: 4282: 4123: 4118: 4045: 4040: 4020: 3813: 3798: 3749: 3505: 3175: 3148:"Programmable biofilm-based materials from engineered curli nanofibres" 2953: 1617: 1600: 982: 880: 762: 723: 631: 485: 363: 2266: 2220:"Synthetic red blood cells mimic natural ones, and have new abilities" 1467: 1289: 765:

might also become available to manufacture without the need for harsh

5771: 5363: 4831: 4362: 4347: 4307: 4302: 4176: 4098: 4093: 4003: 2016:"Transgene-free remote magnetothermal regulation of adrenal hormones" 876: 750: 742: 2764:"Tiny Skyscrapers help generate more electricity from cyanobacteria" 2715:"Tiny 'skyscrapers' help bacteria convert sunlight into electricity" 839:

had nano-features of porosity due to printed metal nanoparticle inks

3520: 957:

that isn't accessed and written to frequently as an alternative to

5673: 4493: 4392: 4324: 4312: 4050: 3998: 868: 2980:"Nanotechnology and Biotechnology - Similarities and Differences" 989:

that can be programmed genetically to have different properties.

576:

is a field of medical science whose applications are increasing.

5387: 5262: 4372: 4357: 4297: 3973: 3862: 3818: 2594:"Genetically modified neurons could help us connect to implants" 1640:

Soto, Fernando; Wang, Jie; Ahmed, Rajib; Demirci, Utkan (2020).

969:

Another important area of research involves taking advantage of

727: 5859: 5266: 3722: 3266:"Scientists create tiny devices that work like the human brain" 1803:"Arming Biological Nanobots to Deliver Drugs Inside Our Bodies" 1601:"Environmental and health risks of nanorobots: an early review" 1346: 5377: 5373: 4151: 3680:"Challenges to Biosecurity from Advances in the Life Sciences" 947: 933: 892: 457:

In other words, nanobiotechnology is essentially miniaturized

5813:

List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization

3006:"Structural DNA Nanotechnology: From Design to Applications" 792:

metabolites associated with tumors and other health problems

4035: 2072:"Nanoparticle chomps away plaques that cause heart attacks" 1973: 1971: 656:

such as synthetic red blood cells that have all or many of

3718: 2923:. Imperial College Press. 1 February 2007. pp. 1–15. 1912:"Action of a minimal contractile bactericidal nanomachine" 973:

properties to generate synthetic membranes. Proteins that

3121:"Scientists claim big advance in using DNA to store data" 2917:"Introduction: Nanobiotechnology and Bionanotechnology". 607:"Precision antibiotics" has been proposed to make use of 961:

or for use in combination with other nanobiotechnology.

883:

device; according to research from Gunther Gross at the

672:

which may enable additional non-native functionalities.

2954:"Biointerface: Nanobiotechnology and Bionanotechnology" 2633:"Chemists use DNA to build the world's tiniest antenna" 809:– can be attached to proteins and produce a signal via 512:, energy storage/batteries), optical (e.g. absorption, 3521:"Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of model nanoparticles" 2872:"Nanobiology: from physics and engineering to biology" 433:

for manipulating molecular processes in living cells.

3637:(1). Polish Society of Horticultural Science: 35–66. 757:

have been used to fix diseases that are found in the

737:

Three American patients have received whole cultured

2094:"Nanoparticle helps eat away deadly arterial plaque" 630:

and, for example, experimentally, remote-controlled

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Michigan State University. 27 January 2020 1041:direct communication with biological neurons 358:are terms that refer to the intersection of 5878: 5864: 5856: 5458: 5285: 5271: 5263: 4580: 3803: 3741: 3727: 3719: 940:– is a promising area of modern research. 694:worms synthesize, fabricate, and assemble 335: 321: 29: 27:Intersection of nanotechnology and biology 3642: 3467: 3434: 3414:thangavelu, Raja muthuramalingam (2019). 3398: 3357: 3347: 3229: 3219: 3174: 3088: 3031: 3021: 2887: 2674: 2561: 2383: 2153: 2047: 1943: 1852: 1733: 1715: 1673: 1616: 1567: 1549: 1516: 1475: 1418: 853:(biotechnology) than in earlier studies. 5318:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology 3710:—a video introduction to the field 2920:Plenty of Room for Biology at the Bottom 1347:NBTC Homepage | Nanobiotechnology Center 682:potential therapy for spinal cord injury 480: 395: 2870:Nussinov, Ruth; Alemán, Carlos (2006). 2413: 2411: 1223: 253: 215: 172: 144: 116: 74: 41: 3668:https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030703 1145:Differential technological development 833:nano-"skyscraper" electrodes – albeit 626:, encapsulating medicine. Some can be 611:-mechanisms for targeted antibiotics. 3618: 3616: 429:array sensors and the application of 7: 5838: 5237: 3324:"Bioinspired bio-voltage memristors" 1801:Rojas, Carlos de (20 October 2021). 634:release has been achieved this way. 5247: 643:most common cause of death globally 565:form that is useful in other ways. 389:, bionanotechnology does have many 4162:Evolutionary developmental biology 1202:Nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate 912:Distinction from nanobiotechnology 845:for extracting substantially more 25: 4187:Post-transcriptional modification 3545:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.078 1141:Technological fix § Concerns 628:manipulated using magnetic fields 5837: 5826: 5825: 5326: 5246: 5236: 5227: 5226: 5214: 4563: 3714:Nanobiotechnology in Orthopaedic 2741:Franco, Louise (24 March 2022). 1278:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 829:: in 2022, researchers reported 554:dual-polarization interferometry 473:are best discussed in parallel. 302: 290: 203:Semiconductor device fabrication 5803:Index of biotechnology articles 3277:from the original on 2022-06-18 6020:Microelectromechanical systems 5808:List of biotechnology articles 1372:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.567 1319:Bionanotechnology - Definition 1264:. Swiss Nanoscience Institute. 841:– (nanotechnology) that house 803:"Nanoantennas" made out of DNA 1: 5652:Genetically modified organism 5419:Biotechnology industrial park 2978:Wei, Shuaifei (21 May 2018). 1360:Annual Review of Neuroscience 1119:methods, etc.), theory (e.g. 1075:Nanobiotechnology is used in 805:– a novel type of nano-scale 231:Scanning tunneling microscope 5901:Orders of magnitude (length) 3469:10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.09.022 3456:Arabian Journal of Chemistry 3400:10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.09.022 3387:Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2904:"The Nanobiology Imperative" 2619:"The future of nano-biology" 2196:"The top 10 causes of death" 1827:Hu, Yong (19 October 2021). 1704:Frontiers in Robotics and AI 1518:10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.09.022 1505:Arabian Journal of Chemistry 1399:Journal of Molecular Biology 208:Semiconductor scale examples 6063:Molecular scale electronics 5642:Environmental biotechnology 3436:10.18520/cs/v116/i6/952-958 2906:. HistorianoftheFuture.com. 1772:10.1126/scirobotics.aaz9519 1605:Environmental Science: Nano 241:Super resolution microscopy 183:Molecular scale electronics 6239: 3708:What is Bionanotechnology? 3450:Raja; et al. (2016). 3381:Raja; et al. (2016). 3349:10.1038/s41467-020-15759-y 3073:10.1038/s41589-021-00962-9 2929:10.1142/9781860948190_0001 2833:10.1038/s41563-022-01205-5 2676:10.1038/s41592-021-01355-5 1551:10.1038/s42004-021-00598-9 1138: 871:, can be considered to be 6182: 5891: 5821: 5324: 5313:Timeline of biotechnology 5208: 4673:Polymerase chain reaction 4633:Green fluorescent protein 4561: 4210:Earliest known life forms 3756: 3599:10.1007/s10725-011-9649-z 2889:10.1088/1478-3975/3/1/E01 2322:Northwestern University. 2146:10.1038/s41565-019-0619-3 1936:10.1038/s41586-020-2186-z 1833:Cyborg and Bionic Systems 1717:10.3389/frobt.2021.702566 1411:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.003 1103:/optical tweezers etc.), 885:University of North Texas 825:It may also be useful in 688:tissues. Researcher made 6058:Molecular nanotechnology 5669:Microbial biodegradation 5348:Industrial biotechnology 5308:History of biotechnology 3198:Mashaghi S.; Jadidi T.; 2418:Hornig Priest, Susanna. 1992:10.1177/1943089213506978 1538:Communications Chemistry 1079:. The administration of 1020:Geobacter sulfurreducens 944:DNA digital data storage 391:potential ethical issues 255:Molecular nanotechnology 155:Self-assembled monolayer 6192:Timelines of technology 5343:Colors of biotechnology 4725:species discovery curve 3853:Response to environment 3644:10.2478/fhort-2024-0003 3061:Nature Chemical Biology 2720:University of Cambridge 2554:10.1126/science.aay4866 2490:10.1126/science.abb0216 2376:10.1126/science.abh3602 2329:Northwestern University 2259:10.1021/acsnano.9b08714 1442:Langer, Robert (2010). 959:5D optical data storage 879:can live together on a 722:progress from treating 696:bioelectronic materials 498:protein domain dynamics 226:Atomic force microscopy 160:Supramolecular assembly 146:Molecular self-assembly 5967:Bering Strait crossing 5737:Biomedical engineering 5444:Pharmaceutical company 5424:Biotechnology products 5200:Plant morphology terms 4802:Biological engineering 4484:Biological interaction 3204:"Lipid Nanotechnology" 3202:; Mashaghi A. (2013). 2637:University of Montreal 2040:10.1126/sciadv.aaz3734 1658:10.1002/advs.202002203 1033:neuromorphic computing 815:conformational changes 639:atherosclerotic plaque 624:targeted drug delivery 556:, is another example. 544:, chemistry, biology, 504: 409: 6187:History of technology 6159:Limits of computation 5934:Planetary engineering 5911:Megascale engineering 4887:Developmental biology 4862:Computational biology 4842:Cellular microbiology 4182:Mendelian inheritance 4094:Energy transformation 3328:Nature Communications 3155:Nature Communications 2126:Nature Nanotechnology 1845:10.34133/2021/9807520 1139:Further information: 1121:statistical mechanics 849:bioenergy from their 540:, particularly where 484: 436:Recently, the use of 399: 309:Technology portal 279:Molecular engineering 6121:Particle accelerator 5762:Chemical engineering 5625:Reproductive cloning 5489:Hybridoma technology 5439:Human Genome Project 5107:Reproductive biology 4992:Mathematical biology 4917:Evolutionary biology 4867:Conservation biology 4678:Two-hybrid screening 4648:Protein purification 4479:Biogeochemical cycle 4441:Internal environment 4089:Cellular respiration 3221:10.3390/ijms14024242 3023:10.3390/ijms13067149 2120:J. (February 2020). 998:Lipid nanotechnology 993:Lipid nanotechnology 755:Stem cell treatments 526:biological computing 492:. It is a molecular 423:biological membranes 393:associated with it. 188:Molecular logic gate 99:Green nanotechnology 5977:Great Wall of China 5924:Climate engineering 5647:Genetic engineering 5630:Therapeutic cloning 5610:Bionic architecture 5590:Animal cell culture 5357:Biological concepts 4892:Ecological genetics 4603:Gel electrophoresis 4593:Genetic engineering 4546:Population dynamics 4456:Reproductive system 3630:Folia Horticulturae 3537:2009Chmsp..75..850B 3498:2015RSCAd...571174R 3492:(87): 71174–71182. 3340:2020NatCo..11.1861F 3167:2014NatCo...5.4945N 2952:Petrovykh, Dmitri. 2546:2020Sci...367.1372L 2540:(6484): 1372–1376. 2482:2020Sci...367.1303O 2476:(6484): 1303–1304. 2432:on 22 October 2020. 2368:2021Sci...374..848A 2138:2020NatNa..15..154F 2032:2020SciA....6.3734R 1986:: 194308921350697. 1928:2020Natur.580..658G 1460:2010NanoL..10.3223S 1250:. Nanotech-Now.com. 981:found in bacterial 901:New York University 798:In vitro biosensors 773:may be made out of 590:biological machines 584:The field includes 379:biological machines 264:Molecular assembler 236:Electron microscope 6098:Wet nanotechnology 6093:Wearable generator 6048:DNA nanotechnology 5703:Interdisciplinary 5657:Molecular genetics 5403:Selective breeding 5221:Biology portal 5117:Structural biology 5102:Relational biology 4927:Generative biology 4922:Freshwater biology 4720:mark and recapture 4668:Restriction enzyme 4461:Respiratory system 4416:Circulatory system 4343:Epidermis (botany) 3587:Plant Growth Regul 3506:10.1039/c5ra13306h 3176:10.1038/ncomms5945 2303:. 11 November 2021 1618:10.1039/D0EN00570C 1029:biosensing signals 1013:" fabricated from 965:Membrane materials 926:DNA nanotechnology 827:sustainable energy 785:In vivo biosensors 732:biological tissues 701:multiple sclerosis 664:, drugs, magnetic 598:precision medicine 505: 494:biological machine 463:DNA nanotechnology 415:peptoid nanosheets 410: 406:biological machine 297:Science portal 165:DNA nanotechnology 6205: 6204: 6131:Synthetic element 6068:Nanobiotechnology 5954:Macro-engineering 5853: 5852: 5782:Nanobiotechnology 5777:Molecular biology 5578: 5577: 5429:Biotechnology law 5260: 5259: 5122:Synthetic biology 5002:Molecular biology 4857:Cognitive biology 4733: 4732: 4559: 4558: 4250:Natural selection 4031:Organic compounds 3928:Scientific method 3918:Emergent property 3859:Hierarchy of life 3829:Energy processing 3273:. 20 April 2020. 3127:. 2 December 2021 2938:978-1-86094-677-6 2528:(20 March 2020). 2362:(6569): 848–856. 2100:. 28 January 2020 1922:(7805): 658–662. 1611:(10): 2875–2886. 1468:10.1021/nl102184c 1290:10.1002/bit.24856 1236:978-1-86094-677-6 1192:Gold nanoparticle 1105:x-ray diffraction 1025:action potentials 1017:of the bacterium 1015:protein nanowires 907:Bionanotechnology 864:biomacromolecules 730:and regenerating 714:Nanobiotechnology 658:the natural cells 352:bionanotechnology 348:Nanobiotechnology 345: 344: 16:(Redirected from 6230: 6030:Photolithography 5997:Space settlement 5919:Astroengineering 5880: 5873: 5866: 5857: 5841: 5840: 5829: 5828: 5679:Pharmacogenomics 5459: 5453:Basic techniques 5434:Green Revolution 5412:General concepts 5330: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5264: 5250: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5195:Ecological terms 4847:Chemical biology 4708:Field techniques 4581: 4567: 4426:Digestive system 4421:Endocrine system 3994:Chemical element 3953:Biology journals 3849:Self-replication 3804: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3720: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3676: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3361: 3351: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3233: 3223: 3214:(2): 4242–4282. 3208:Int. J. Mol. Sci 3195: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3092: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3035: 3025: 3016:(6): 7149–7162. 3010:Int. J. Mol. Sci 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2958:biointerface.org 2949: 2943: 2942: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2876:Physical Biology 2867: 2861: 2860: 2821:Nature Materials 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2678: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2565: 2526:Deisseroth, Karl 2516: 2510: 2509: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2425:. Archived from 2424: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2387: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2253:(7): 7847–7859. 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2206: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2157: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2051: 2026:(15): eaaz3734. 2020:Science Advances 2010: 2004: 2003: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1947: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1856: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1760:Science Robotics 1754: 1748: 1747: 1737: 1719: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1677: 1646:Advanced Science 1637: 1631: 1630: 1620: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1571: 1553: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1479: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1422: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1244: 1238: 1228: 1197:Nanobiomechanics 1037:wetware computer 747:outside the body 654:Artificial cells 649:Artificial cells 522:mechanosensation 337: 330: 323: 307: 306: 295: 294: 274:Mechanosynthesis 132:Carbon nanotubes 30: 21: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6178: 6141:Femtotechnology 6135: 6102: 6034: 6012:Microtechnology 6006: 5948: 5905: 5887: 5884: 5854: 5849: 5817: 5791: 5732:Biopharmacology 5704: 5698: 5574: 5545:Electrophoresis 5540:Kidney dialysis 5530:Crystallization 5508: 5454: 5448: 5407: 5352: 5331: 5322: 5296: 5291: 5261: 5256: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5190:Botanical terms 5173: 5172: 5171: 5132:Systems biology 5097:Quantum biology 4729: 4703: 4585: 4575: 4568: 4555: 4465: 4446:Muscular system 4403: 4397: 4388:Vascular tissue 4335: 4329: 4269: 4230:History of life 4191: 4172:Gene regulation 4167:Gene expression 4138: 4055: 3962: 3793: 3752: 3747: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3660: 3622: 3621: 3614: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3423:Current Science 3418: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3271:The Independent 3263: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2882:. IOP Science. 2869: 2868: 2864: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2770:. 15 March 2022 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2204: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1652:(21): 2002203. 1639: 1638: 1634: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1345: 1341: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1164: 1147: 1137: 1135:Risk management 1117:recombinant DNA 1097: 1077:tissue cultures 1061: 1052:Protein folding 1049: 1007: 995: 967: 923: 914: 909: 859: 823: 807:optical antenna 800: 787: 716: 571: 562: 479: 451: 442:oxidation state 341: 301: 289: 193:Nanolithography 174:Nanoelectronics 62:Popular culture 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6236: 6234: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6218:Nanotechnology 6210: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6169:Nuclear isomer 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6149:Femtochemistry 6145: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6108:Picotechnology 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6040:Nanotechnology 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6025:Micromachinery 6022: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5939:Space elevator 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5835: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5722:Bioengineering 5719: 5717:Bioelectronics 5714: 5708: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5694:Tissue culture 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5600:Bioinformatics 5597: 5595:Biofabrication 5592: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5535:Chromatography 5532: 5527: 5522: 5520:Centrifugation 5516: 5514: 5513:Chemical field 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5484:Flow cytometry 5481: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5244: 5234: 5224: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4987:Marine biology 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4797:Bioinformatics 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4628:DNA microarray 4625: 4623:DNA sequencing 4620: 4615: 4613:Centrifugation 4610: 4608:Chromatography 4605: 4600: 4598:Transformation 4595: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4509:Climate change 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4451:Nervous system 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4383:Vascular plant 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4240:Microevolution 4237: 4235:Macroevolution 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4129:Photosynthesis 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4084:Cell signaling 4081: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3967:Chemical basis 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3933:Taxonomic rank 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3913:Reductionistic 3910: 3856: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3774: 3769: 3760:Introduction ( 3757: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3703: 3702:External links 3700: 3697: 3696: 3684:United Nations 3671: 3658: 3612: 3593:(3): 303–310. 3577: 3574:(10): 190–197. 3558: 3531:(7): 850–857. 3511: 3475: 3442: 3406: 3373: 3313: 3288: 3256: 3245: 3190: 3138: 3112: 3067:(4): 385–393. 3047: 2996: 2970: 2944: 2937: 2909: 2895: 2862: 2827:(7): 811–818. 2807: 2796:. 8 March 2022 2781: 2755: 2733: 2706: 2663:Nature Methods 2649: 2624: 2610: 2585: 2511: 2460: 2435: 2407: 2342: 2314: 2288: 2236: 2211: 2187: 2169: 2132:(2): 154–161. 2111: 2085: 2063: 2005: 1967: 1901: 1876: 1819: 1793: 1749: 1689: 1632: 1591: 1524: 1491: 1454:(9): 3223–30. 1434: 1405:(7): 987–998. 1385: 1350: 1339: 1323: 1311: 1267: 1253: 1239: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1178:Genome editing 1175: 1173:Colloidal gold 1170: 1163: 1160: 1136: 1133: 1129:supercomputing 1096: 1093: 1089:chrysanthemums 1081:micronutrients 1060: 1057: 1048: 1045: 1006: 1003: 994: 991: 985:as engineered 966: 963: 922: 919: 913: 910: 908: 905: 858: 855: 851:photosynthesis 837:, the pillars 822: 819: 799: 796: 786: 783: 726:to generating 715: 712: 678: 677: 651: 650: 617: 616: 582: 581: 570: 567: 561: 558: 518:photochemistry 478: 475: 450: 447: 438:microorganisms 360:nanotechnology 343: 342: 340: 339: 332: 325: 317: 314: 313: 312: 311: 299: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 258: 257: 251: 250: 249: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 220: 219: 213: 212: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 177: 176: 170: 169: 168: 167: 162: 157: 149: 148: 142: 141: 140: 139: 134: 129: 121: 120: 114: 113: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 94:Nanotoxicology 91: 83: 82: 72: 71: 70: 69: 64: 59: 54: 46: 45: 43:Nanotechnology 39: 38: 37:of articles on 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6235: 6224: 6223:Biotechnology 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6078:Nanomaterials 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929:Megastructure 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5846: 5845: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5615:Cell immunity 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5570:Sedimentation 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5479:Cultured meat 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462:Biology field 5460: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5294:Biotechnology 5288: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5253: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5233: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5067:Phylogenetics 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Human biology 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Chronobiology 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4827:Biotechnology 4825: 4823: 4822:Biostatistics 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715:Belt transect 4713: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4663:Southern blot 4661: 4659: 4658:Northern blot 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4571: 4566: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436:Immune system 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4353:Ground tissue 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255:Phylogenetics 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4220:Genetic drift 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4026:Nucleic acids 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3989:Chemical bond 3987: 3985: 3984:Carbohydrates 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3314: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200:Koenderink G. 3194: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2971: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2769: 2768:BioTechniques 2765: 2759: 2756: 2744: 2737: 2734: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2599: 2598:New Scientist 2595: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2428: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2237: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2112: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1902: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 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