470:
551:
641:
436:
133:
111:
602:
518:
1495:
398:). However, the interpretation of Collins was not largely followed. A 2018 study identified two lineages (Great Lakes and Mississippi River), but did not draw conclusions about species vs. subspecies status ("Our limited samples are consistent with either interpretation." pg. 360). Currently, the Society for the Study of Reptiles and Amphibians considers the
772:: adults retain larval-like morphology with external gills, two pairs of gill slits, and no eyelids. They are moderately robust and have two pairs of short but well-developed limbs and a large, laterally compressed tail. Lungs are present but small. Typical adult size is 20–25 cm (8–10 in) in total length, but
791:
Females lay eggs under rocks and other large cover objects in late spring and early summer. Females guard nests at least until eggs hatch. Females forage while nest-guarding, but they may eat some of their eggs as a source of energy if other food sources are not readily available. Larvae are believed
1207:
Guyer, Craig; Murray, Christopher; Bart, Henry L.; Crother, Brian I.; Chabarria, Ryan E.; Bailey, Mark A.; Dunn, Khorizon (17 January 2020). "Colour and size reveal hidden diversity of
Necturus (Caudata: Proteidae) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States".
826:
are good indicators of ecosystem health. This species has frequently been harmed via bycatch events (primarily passive ice fishing), chemical pollutants, and siltation. Amphibian chytrid fungus (Bd) has been known to affect captive
807:
live in lakes, rivers, streams, and creeks. They like shallow waters with low temperatures from autumn to early spring. They are most active in cold temperatures, specifically between 9.1 and 20.2 degrees
Celsius. During the day,
1313:
782:
is brown to gray on its back with bluish black spots. There may be spots on its belly, but these spots range from heavily spotted to no spotting. There are dark red bushy gills. Four toes are present per hindlimb.
972:
358:– as an amphibian with gill slits, it is often dissected in comparative anatomy classes. The common mudpuppy has the largest distribution of any fully aquatic salamander in North America.
1744:
1649:
1675:
1739:
1142:
Scientific and standard
English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding
1623:
469:
1662:
614:
211:
1153:
1140:
812:
seeks refuge under rocks or logs and plant debris. They forage during the night and eat a variety of prey, but have preference for
550:
496:(formerly the Gulf Coast waterdog) or Mobile mudpuppy. These two names have been recognised as independent species in the past.
1571:
1062:
1667:
1176:
265:
917:
1290:
VanDeWalle, Terry; Collins, Suzanne L. (2013). "Salamanders in Your Pocket: a Guide to
Caudates of the Upper Midwest".
882:
1584:
557:
1680:
1272:
1734:
132:
1243:
948:
529:
851:
1076:
1576:
977:(Rafinesque, 1818)) in Western New York: A Seasonal Comparison of Diet, Body Condition, and Capture Methods"
705:
1511:
1589:
1373:
1312:
Collins, Merri K.; Spear, Stephen F.; Groves, John D.; Williams, Lori A.; Kuchta, Shawn R. (2019-10-04).
1701:
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1558:
1499:
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631:
536:
442:
291:
1084:
435:
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1345:
1004:
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608:
567:
399:
236:
127:
119:
1706:
1688:
1654:
1597:
1473:
1455:
1399:
1337:
1149:
1118:
1058:
996:
686:
375:
1148:(8th ed.). Shoreview, MN: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. p. 33.
1693:
1463:
1445:
1389:
1329:
1225:
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988:
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occur in surface waters, preferentially with clear water and rocky substrates without silt.
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287:
110:
1369:
878:
677:
647:
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348:
20:
1088:
736:
in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than
653:
1441:
1221:
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1468:
1421:
769:
712:
541:
276:
1723:
1349:
1008:
328:
68:
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754:
448:
387:
1602:
1420:
Chatfield, Matthew W. H.; Moler, Paul; Richards-Zawacki, Corinne L. (2012-09-11).
1229:
1097:
complex (Amphibia: Caudata) based on molecular genetic and morphological analyses"
1563:
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371:
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43:
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588:
584:
164:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
374:. The relationship between the species is still being studied. In 1991,
1628:
1314:"Searching for a Salamander: Distribution and Habitat of the Mudpuppy (
666:
460:
355:
324:
98:
73:
1113:
1092:
1641:
627:
580:
332:
154:
1505:
1057:. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution Press.
992:
406:, but notes that "its taxonomic status requires further research."
508:
309:
891:
Amphibian
Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
1509:
1426:, in Fully Aquatic Salamanders from Southeastern North America"
1318:) in Southeast Ohio Using eDNA as a Rapid Assessment Technique"
953:
Herpetology: An
Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
1615:
1378:) bycatch in a recreational ice fishery in northern Ontario"
1101:
Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
831:, but it is currently unknown whether it has affected wild
939:
937:
935:
749:
and an unnamed species, are respectively known from the
971:
Haines, Adam M.; Pennuto, Christopher M. (2022-09-26).
1518:
955:(4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 463–465.
776:is larger and may reach 40 cm (16 in).
918:"North American Herpetofauna: Amphibia: Caudata"
1093:"Evolutionary insights into the North American
691:southern Alabama and the Panhandle of Florida.
1181:Viosca, 1937 | Amphibian Species of the World"
1020:
1018:
669:, and southwestern to north-central Georgia.
8:
792:to stay under the rock as late as November.
1745:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1055:Salamanders of the United States and Canada
1506:
1032:. University of California, Berkeley. 2019
109:
27:
1467:
1449:
1393:
1134:
1132:
1112:
757:and from Florida during the Pleistocene.
390:as a species, it is usually considered a
1368:Lennox, Robert J.; Twardek, William M.;
1202:
1200:
416:
920:. Centre for North American Herpetology
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
843:
665:southeastern Alabama, the Panhandle of
570:. Currently considered a subspecies of
327:of the genus are native to the eastern
912:
910:
908:
382:be elevated to full species status as
1415:
1413:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
243:
7:
966:
964:
962:
893:. American Museum of Natural History
1740:Extant Paleocene first appearances
414:There are seven or eight species:
14:
1493:
816:. During the winter and spring,
639:
600:
558:Necturus maculosus louisianensis
549:
516:
468:
434:
131:
19:For the publisher Mudpuppy, see
1422:"The Amphibian Chytrid Fungus,
1322:The American Midland Naturalist
1424:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
1277:Necturus Rafinesque (mudpuppy)
595:, and northcentral Louisiana.
1:
1382:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
1230:10.1080/00222933.2020.1736677
1185:amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org
1451:10.1371/journal.pone.0044821
227:
1374:"Observations of Mudpuppy (
1334:10.1674/0003-0031-182.2.191
354:is probably the best-known
1761:
1210:Journal of Natural History
743:Two known fossil species,
386:. Originally described by
380:N. maculosus louisianensis
18:
721:to southcentral Georgia.
242:
235:
224:
219:
128:Scientific classification
126:
117:
108:
30:
1395:10.22621/cfn.v132i1.2040
1292:University of Iowa Press
394:of the common mudpuppy (
1139:Crother, Brian (2017).
226:Eight species (but see
1077:Murray, Christopher M.
981:Journal of Herpetology
402:to be a subspecies of
1702:Paleobiology Database
661:Apalachicola waterdog
370:is under scrutiny by
1502:at Wikimedia Commons
1075:Chabarria, Ryan E.;
949:Caldwell, Janalee P.
820:will also eat fish.
626:southern section of
537:Neuse River waterdog
443:Necturus alabamensis
1442:2012PLoSO...744821C
1222:2020JNatH..54...15G
16:Genus of amphibians
1376:Necturus maculosus
1316:Necturus maculosus
1083:; Bart, Henry L.;
975:Necturus maculosus
973:"Common Mudpuppy (
774:Necturus maculosus
734:binomial authority
717:from southeastern
700:Necturus punctatus
682:Guyer et al., 2020
630:, as far south as
609:Necturus maculosus
568:Red River mudpuppy
400:Red River mudpuppy
249:Rafinesque, 1815
120:Necturus maculosus
1717:
1716:
1689:Open Tree of Life
1512:Taxon identifiers
1498:Media related to
1246:Necturus krausei
1155:978-1-946681-00-3
1114:10.1111/jzs.12203
1085:Crother, Brian I.
887:Rafinesque, 1819"
725:
724:
709:
687:Escambia waterdog
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39:Paleocene–present
1752:
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879:Frost, Darrel R.
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494:western waterdog
488:
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456:Alabama waterdog
447:
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384:N. louisianensis
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36:Temporal range:
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1252:fossilworks.org
1242:
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1179:Necturus beyeri
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1095:Necturus beyeri
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945:Vitt, Laurie J.
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678:Necturus mounti
651:
648:Necturus moleri
622:common mudpuppy
587:, northeastern
561:
525:Necturus lewisi
483:
477:Necturus beyeri
446:
423:Scientific name
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349:common mudpuppy
262:Phanerobranchus
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1488:External links
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1372:(2018-08-28).
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1244:"Fossilworks:
1235:
1216:(1–4): 15–41.
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1107:(3): 352–363.
1081:Moler, Paul E.
1067:
1051:Petranka, J.W.
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993:10.1670/20-141
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852:"Fossilworks:
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1255:. Retrieved
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1089:Guyer, Craig
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1029:
984:
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922:. Retrieved
895:. Retrieved
890:
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833:N. maculosus
832:
829:N. maculosus
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824:N. maculosus
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818:N. maculosus
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810:N. maculosus
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805:N. maculosus
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787:Reproduction
780:N. maculosus
779:
778:
773:
770:paedomorphic
765:
764:
755:Saskatchewan
744:
742:
737:
727:
726:
698:
676:
656:et al., 2020
646:
607:
575:
572:N. maculosus
571:
563:Viosca, 1938
556:
523:
489:Viosca, 1937
485:
481:Viosca, 1937
475:
441:
413:
404:N. maculosus
403:
396:N. maculosus
395:
383:
379:
378:recommended
367:
365:
351:
344:
340:
304:
303:
302:
283:
273:Menobranchus
272:
261:
252:
245:
225:
205:
204:
118:
31:
25:
1637:iNaturalist
1544:Wikispecies
1257:17 December
1030:AmphibiaWeb
1026:"Proteidae"
761:Description
583:, southern
505:Mississippi
426:Common Name
335:. They are
314:salamanders
312:of aquatic
254:nomen nudum
246:Exobranchia
1724:Categories
1328:(2): 191.
1190:2021-12-17
1063:1588343081
839:References
746:N. krausei
615:Rafinesque
486:N. lodingi
392:subspecies
366:The genus
345:mudpuppies
212:Rafinesque
1730:Proteidae
1460:1932-6203
1404:0008-3550
1350:203658126
1342:0003-0031
1123:1439-0469
1009:252586807
1001:0022-1511
751:Paleocene
729:Nota bene
501:Louisiana
499:Alabama,
484:synonym:
341:waterdogs
339:known as
321:Proteidae
292:Raffaëlli
195:Proteidae
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
1577:Necturus
1564:Necturus
1550:Necturus
1529:Wikidata
1520:Necturus
1500:Necturus
1478:22984569
1430:PLOS ONE
1091:(2018).
1053:(1998).
951:(2014).
885:Necturus
881:(2019).
854:Necturus
814:crayfish
801:Necturus
766:Necturus
738:Necturus
719:Virginia
593:Arkansas
589:Oklahoma
585:Missouri
368:Necturus
362:Taxonomy
337:commonly
305:Necturus
284:Parvurus
279:, 1825
268:, 1821
266:Leuckart
237:Synonyms
220:Species
206:Necturus
191:Family:
175:Amphibia
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
32:Necturus
1655:1445879
1629:2432045
1535:Q641652
1469:3439441
1438:Bibcode
1218:Bibcode
796:Ecology
708:, 1850)
667:Florida
632:Georgia
617:, 1818)
530:Brimley
461:Alabama
410:Species
376:Collins
356:species
325:Species
316:in the
294:, 2012
201:Genus:
185:Urodela
181:Order:
171:Class:
1694:963039
1668:173624
1590:142727
1476:
1466:
1458:
1402:
1348:
1340:
1273:"PBDB"
1161:20 May
1152:
1121:
1061:
1036:9 June
1007:
999:
924:9 June
897:9 June
706:Gibbes
628:Canada
581:Kansas
532:, 1924
507:, and
451:, 1937
449:Viosca
388:Viosca
347:. The
333:Canada
318:family
290:&
288:Dubois
277:Harlan
214:, 1819
1707:37356
1681:42756
1650:IRMNG
1642:27679
1616:39985
1346:S2CID
1146:(PDF)
1005:S2CID
987:(3).
654:Guyer
509:Texas
420:Image
310:genus
308:is a
1676:NCBI
1663:ITIS
1624:GBIF
1603:5Y88
1585:BOLD
1474:PMID
1456:ISSN
1400:ISSN
1338:ISSN
1259:2021
1163:2024
1150:ISBN
1119:ISSN
1059:ISBN
1038:2019
997:ISSN
926:2019
899:2019
768:are
732:: A
343:and
331:and
228:text
44:PreꞒ
1611:EoL
1598:CoL
1572:ASW
1559:ADW
1464:PMC
1446:doi
1390:doi
1386:132
1330:doi
1326:182
1226:doi
1109:doi
989:doi
753:of
257:)
1726::
1704::
1691::
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1344:.
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1275:.
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1224:.
1214:54
1212:.
1199:^
1183:.
1131:^
1117:.
1105:56
1103:.
1099:.
1087:;
1079:;
1028:.
1017:^
1003:.
995:.
985:56
983:.
979:.
961:^
947:;
934:^
907:^
889:.
864:^
835:.
740:.
634:.
591:,
544:.
511:.
503:,
463:.
323:.
230:)
94:Pg
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901:.
883:"
858:.
856:"
704:(
613:(
574:.
251:(
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
23:.
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