57:
82:
848:
807:
between 10 and 12 days after being born and are usually weaned between 14 and 42 days. After around 60 days, most become sexually mature. Populations may cycle approximately every 8 years due to variation in reproduction and juvenile survival. Female annual survival rates vary by age from 0.42 for juveniles to 0.71 for 1â2 year olds, and very few females (less than 5%) live beyond 3 years of age.
664:
895:
798:
a large geographic range, and its body size is closely correlated with climate. Average males range in size from 310 to 470 mm (12 to 19 in), with the average being 379 mm (14.9 in), and average females range from 272 to 410 mm (10.7 to 16.1 in), with the average being 356 mm (14.0 in).
910:
One form of midden analysis examined the size of fecal pellets in pack rat middens. The size of woodrat pellet is proportional to the size of the woodrat. By measuring the pellets, the approximate size of the woodrat was determined based on data from a study of field-trapped woodrats. From
Bergmannâs
698:
Each species of pack rat is generally restricted to a given type of habitat within its range. Pack rats live anywhere from low, hot, dry deserts to cold, rocky slopes above timberline. Pack rats build complex houses or dens made of twigs, cactus joints, and other materials. These contain several nest
858:
In the absence of rock crevices or caves, the dens are often built under trees or bushes. The pack rats will also use plant fragments, animal dung, and small rocks in building the den. The vast majority of the materials will be from a radius of several dozen yards of the nest. Woodrats often urinate
797:
Adult bushy-tailed woodrat males usually weigh 300â600 g (11â21 oz), with an average of 405 g (14.3 oz), and adult females usually weigh 250â350 g (8.8â12.3 oz), with an average of 270 g (9.5 oz). These ranges are relatively large because this species occupies
806:
Reproductive habits of rodents are variable in the wild. Offspring are born naked and helpless and must be cared for in nests called middens. Some female pack rats have been known to deliver up to five litters per year with each litter having as many as five young. The offspring may open their eyes
759:
Pack rats are nest builders. They use plant material such as twigs, sticks, and other available debris. They are particularly fond of shiny objects. A peculiar characteristic is that if they find something they want, they will drop what they are currently carryingâfor example, a piece of cactusâand
874:. The resilience of the middens is aided by three factors. The crystallized urine dramatically slows the decay of the materials in the midden; the dry climate of the American Southwest further slows the decay; and middens protected from the elements under rock overhangs or in caves survive longer.
676:
Packrats typically have wide eyes accompanied with long whiskers. They have large ears that extend outwards. In terms of size, they resemble Norway rats. They grow to be approximately 30 cm long, with their tails making up about 50% of their size. Long-haired pack rats specifically have tails that
902:
Paleo-ecologists have used a variety of techniques to analyze the plant and animal material in pack rat middens describe paleo-communities and infer paleo-climate. For example, the plant species present in middens, and the carbon isotope ratios on material in middens have been widely studied. The
745:
occupy a range of habitats from boreal woodlands to deserts. They are cliff-dwellers and are often found on isolated, high-elevation exposed boulder areas under a variety of temperature and moisture conditions. They require adequate shelter among the rocks, though they are occasionally found
760:"trade" it for the new item. They can also be quite vocal and boisterous. Entering and inhabiting human spaces like attics or car engines, stealing their treasures from humans, damaging electrical wiring, and creating general noisy havoc. This can easily cause them to become a nuisance.
685:
Woodrats reach their greatest diversity in the deserts of the western United States and northern Mexico. Several species are also found in the deciduous forest of the east coast, juniper woodlands in the southwest, oak woodlands along the coastal western United States and in the
835:
is a debris pile constructed by a woodrat. A midden may preserve the materials incorporated into it for up to 50,000 years. These midden piles may be analyzed to reconstruct their original environment, and comparisons between middens allow a record of vegetative and
890:
can reconstruct the vegetation that grew nearby. Middens are considered reliable "time capsules" of natural life, centuries and millennia after they occurred. Woodrat middens are composed of many things, including plants, macrofossils, and fecal pellets.
816:
915:, the body size of vertebrates is closely related to the average ambient air temperature in the region in which the vertebrate lives, so organisms in warmer regions are typically smaller than members of the same species in colder regions.
784:
is affected by what it eats, and by association, the geography of where the animal is from. However, while the bacterial composition of the pack rat microbiome is influenced by diet and geography, it is the animalsâ
699:
chambers, food caches, and debris piles. Dens are often built in small caves or rocky crevices, but when close by human habitations, woodrats will opportunistically move into the attics and walls of houses. Some
677:
are adequately furry and are physically compared to the tails of short-haired squirrels. In general, packrats' backs are notably a hybrid hue of brown and grey, but their underbelly tends to be a lighter shade.
768:
Bushy-tailed woodrats feed primarily on green vegetation, twigs, and shoots. Mexican woodrats eat seeds, fruits, acorns, and cactus. The pack rat microbiome has symbiotic roles in
866:
as it dries out, creating a material known as amberat, which under some conditions can cement the midden together, and can encase plant fragments, pellets and other debris in an
1252:
Weinstein, Sara B.; MartĂnez-Mota, Rodolfo; Stapleton, Tess E.; Klure, Dylan M.; Greenhalgh, Robert; Orr, Teri J.; Dale, Colin; Kohl, Kevin D.; Dearing, M. Denise (2021-11-23).
3555:
3594:
1641:
Vorhies, C. T.; Taylor, W. P. (1940). "Life history and ecology of the white-throated wood rat, Neotoma albigula Hartly, in relation to grazing in
Arizona".
3529:
3568:
3648:
980:
1741:
1539:
Smith, F.A.; Betancourt, J.L.; Brown, J.H. (1995). "Evolution of body size in the woodrat over the past 25,000 years of climate change".
1442:
Smith, F.A.; Betancourt, J.L.; Brown, J.H. (1995). "Evolution of Body Size in the
Woodrat over the Past 25,000 Years of Climate Change".
1003:
Patton, J. & Ălvarez-Castañeda, S.T. 2017. Neotoma insularis. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2017: e.T116989038A119112253.
1583:, . U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:
3668:
3663:
1496:
1426:
932:
1392:
380:. Pack rats have a rat-like appearance, with long tails, large ears, and large, black eyes. Pack rats are noticeably larger than
1215:"Herbivorous rodents ( N eotoma spp. ) harbour abundant and active foregut microbiota: Foregut microbes in herbivorous woodrats"
2207:
1346:
Lee, Derek E.; Tietje, William D. (2005). "Dusky-footed woodrat demography and prescribed fire in a california oak woodland".
3586:
972:
837:
3573:
1182:
1103:
3123:
3073:
3280:
3271:
3055:
473:
1320:
3581:
3477:
3010:
1254:"Microbiome stability and structure is governed by host phylogeny over diet and geography in woodrats ( Neotoma spp.)"
966:
3141:
3132:
3082:
3599:
3348:
2911:
31:
1359:
81:
3046:
3037:
2639:
2594:
2357:
1734:
516:
719:
cactus as the sites for their homes, using the cactus' spines for protection from predators. Others, like the
3339:
3262:
3230:
3091:
2850:
2453:
2055:
1877:
56:
1213:
Kohl, Kevin D.; Miller, Aaron W.; Marvin, James E.; Mackie, Roderick; Dearing, M. Denise (September 2014).
3417:
2938:
2902:
2841:
2444:
2339:
1938:
704:
426:
1004:
3620:
3482:
3312:
3165:
3156:
3064:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2965:
2956:
2929:
2920:
2832:
2762:
2019:
436:
225:
2550:
2348:
582:
304:
3503:
3464:
3392:
3383:
3330:
3019:
2947:
2674:
2621:
2330:
2127:
2118:
2082:
1992:
1886:
1845:
1836:
1548:
1451:
1265:
455:
64:
912:
3321:
3028:
2974:
2744:
2692:
2585:
2064:
1956:
1727:
1134:
483:
464:
231:
3358:
3221:
2868:
2859:
2814:
2797:
2603:
2506:
2393:
2366:
2216:
1965:
1947:
1685:
1677:
1608:
1564:
1467:
1371:
76:
2175:
2166:
2073:
1079:
3625:
3607:
3560:
3490:
3106:
2718:
2683:
2489:
2462:
2410:
2375:
2271:
2190:
2037:
2028:
2001:
1492:
1422:
1363:
1301:
1283:
1234:
1214:
986:
976:
732:
621:
542:
508:
340:
274:
256:
201:
3653:
3612:
2779:
2612:
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1787:
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1459:
1355:
1291:
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1226:
1034:
871:
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418:
389:
328:
316:
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250:
219:
3368:
2883:
2100:
2046:
1983:
1974:
863:
741:
653:
605:
444:
385:
322:
237:
1719:
1709:
1703:
1552:
1455:
1269:
1161:
940:
690:, and in the forest and rocky habitats of the western United States and western Canada.
2823:
2541:
2471:
2384:
2010:
1296:
1253:
777:
728:
720:
716:
687:
637:
550:
334:
280:
1623:. Records made on Hastings Natural History Reservation. Berkeley, California. pp 675 .
1396:
1054:
840:
to be built. Examinations and comparisons of pack rat middens have largely supplanted
3658:
3642:
3455:
3189:
3180:
2709:
2630:
2151:
2142:
1689:
1568:
1471:
962:
904:
491:
243:
1375:
3245:
2788:
2665:
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2515:
2427:
2321:
2253:
2244:
2234:
847:
193:
3495:
1560:
1463:
3542:
3469:
3449:
2727:
2576:
2567:
2532:
1189:
1110:
887:
886:
in middens to get a sense of the fauna in the neighborhood of the midden, while
824:
815:
663:
2753:
2281:
1860:
1799:
1751:
1591:
Zakrzewski, J. Richard (1974). "Fossil
Ondatrini from Western North America".
841:
781:
393:
184:
180:
153:
143:
3440:
1524:
D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns
Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
1417:
Betancourt, Julio L.; Devender, Thomas R. Van; Martin, Paul S., eds. (1990).
1367:
1287:
1039:
1018:
3516:
3204:
1904:
1809:
1278:
1230:
990:
769:
381:
163:
93:
1305:
1238:
894:
3434:
3295:
1781:
1769:
786:
773:
113:
46:
3534:
1819:
1681:
1612:
1487:
Betancourt, Julio L., Thomas R. Van
Devender, and Paul S. Martin, eds.
712:
368:
210:
17:
1584:
1005:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T116989038A119112253.en
3547:
1793:
1775:
1763:
883:
852:
832:
133:
123:
103:
3411:
1672:
1655:
1604:
3521:
780:
of dietary toxins. The bacterial composition of the pack ratâs gut
1055:"Pack Rats | Facts & Identification, Control & Prevention"
911:
rule, differences in climate then can be determined. According to
893:
867:
860:
846:
814:
662:
372:
968:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1522:
Mammal
Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
727:) will build dens around the base of a yucca or cactus, such as
3415:
1723:
3508:
903:
analysis of middens was key in understanding the biota around
844:
as a method of study in the regions where they are available.
739:
has a bushy, almost squirrel-like tail. Bushy-tailed woodrats
1419:
Packrat middens : the last 40,000 years of biotic change
789:
that has the most influential role on bacterial composition.
1710:"Packrat Piles: Rodent rubbish provides ice age thermometer"
407:
includes three subgenera, Daggers (â ) mark extinct species:
1360:
10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[1211:DWDAPF]2.0.CO;2
1535:, 2nd American edition, pp. 291â361. , p. 292.
1489:
Packrat
Middens: The Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change
859:
on the debris piles; sugar and other substances in the
30:
This article is about the rodent. For other uses, see
451:
3424:
3381:
3293:
3243:
3202:
3178:
3154:
3104:
2881:
2279:
2270:
2242:
2233:
2188:
2164:
2140:
1912:
1903:
1858:
1817:
1808:
1421:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 60.
1637:, rev. ed. Univ. Missouri Press, Columbia. pp 356.
1387:
1385:
1023:(Cricetidae: Neotominae) from northwestern MĂ©xico"
1513:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 240 pp.
1080:"Living With Woodrats (Pack Rats) | Montana FWP"
1258:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1630:, 3d ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. pp 289.
1019:"Molecular data indicate a cryptic species in
1735:
1393:"Packrat Midden Research in the Grand Canyon"
1017:Bradley, R.D.; Mauldin, M.R. (January 2016).
8:
1626:Burt, W. H., and R. P. Grossenheider. 1976.
1156:
1154:
1633:Schwartz, C. W., and E. R. Schwartz. 1981.
3412:
2276:
2239:
1909:
1814:
1742:
1728:
1720:
1619:Linsdale, J. M., and L. P. Tevis. 1951.
55:
38:
1671:
1295:
1277:
1038:
371:in the North and Central American rodent
1516:Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005.
746:inhabiting abandoned buildings as well.
923:
907:, thus helping to explain its history.
392:, and are usually somewhat larger than
1509:Kays, R. W., and D. E. Wilson. 2002.
1491:, University of Arizona Press, 1990,
1341:
1339:
1337:
7:
512:- eastern woodrat (Florida woodrat)
1585:http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
1506:. New Haven, Yale University Press.
1321:"ADW: Neotoma cinerea: INFORMATION"
851:Active pack rat midden in northern
882:Zoologists examine the remains of
25:
1395:. Cpluhna.nau.edu. Archived from
1162:"Desert Woodrats & Pack Rats"
1504:Mammals of the World A Checklist
1323:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
937:San Diego Natural History Museum
80:
1581:Fire Effects Information System
2208:Goldman's diminutive woodrat (
1502:Duff, A. and A. Lawson. 2004.
1348:Journal of Wildlife Management
1007:. Downloaded on 12 March 2021.
973:Johns Hopkins University Press
965:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
931:Cato, Paisley (January 2013).
898:Bushy-tailed woodrat on midden
1:
3011:Small-toothed harvest mouse (
1561:10.1126/science.270.5244.2012
1464:10.1126/science.270.5244.2012
802:Reproduction and life history
3649:Rodents of the United States
3142:Southern grasshopper mouse (
3133:Northern grasshopper mouse (
3124:Mearns's grasshopper mouse (
3083:Narrow-nosed harvest mouse (
3074:Sumichrast's harvest mouse (
2002:Angel de la Guarda woodrat (
1750:Extant species of subfamily
1635:The wild mammals of Missouri
1628:A field guide to the mammals
1319:Trapani, Josh (2002-09-04).
546:- Angel de la Guarda woodrat
3349:Crested-tailed deer mouse (
3281:Thomas's giant deer mouse (
3272:Nelson's giant deer mouse (
3056:Rodriguez's harvest mouse (
2912:Short-nosed harvest mouse (
477:- San MartĂn Island woodrat
474:Neotoma bryanti martinensis
3685:
3047:Salt marsh harvest mouse (
3038:Nicaraguan harvest mouse (
2640:San Esteban Island mouse (
2595:Tres Marias Island mouse (
2358:Northern Baja deer mouse (
1219:Environmental Microbiology
29:
3340:Zempoaltepec deer mouse (
3263:Oaxaca giant deer mouse (
3231:Mount Pirri isthmus rat (
3092:Zacatecas harvest mouse (
2454:Northwestern deer mouse (
2056:Southern Plains woodrat (
1758:
1621:The dusky-footed wood rat
601:- Southern Plains woodrat
422:- white-throated woodrat
216:
209:
199:
192:
77:Scientific classification
75:
63:
54:
41:
32:Pack rat (disambiguation)
3669:Taxa named by George Ord
3664:Taxa named by Thomas Say
2939:Chiriqui harvest mouse (
2903:Guerrero harvest mouse (
2842:Naked-eared deer mouse (
1939:White-throated woodrat (
1643:Univ. Arizona Tech. Bull
1529:Zoology of North America
1511:Mammals of North America
819:A large pack rat midden
517:Neotoma floridana smalli
456:Neotoma bryanti anthonyi
3359:Schmidly's deer mouse (
3313:Chinanteco deer mouse (
3166:Mexican volcano mouse (
3065:Cozumel harvest mouse (
3002:Mexican harvest mouse (
2993:Western harvest mouse (
2984:Eastern harvest mouse (
2966:Slender harvest mouse (
2957:Fulvous harvest mouse (
2930:Volcano harvest mouse (
2921:Sonoran harvest mouse (
2833:Guatemalan deer mouse (
2763:El Carrizo deer mouse (
2622:Schmidly's deer mouse (
2020:White-toothed woodrat (
1279:10.1073/pnas.2108787118
1231:10.1111/1462-2920.12376
933:"Field Guide - Woodrat"
772:, recycling endogenous
735:. The largest species,
562:- white-toothed woodrat
465:Neotoma bryanti bunkeri
430:- Turner Island woodrat
3393:Michoacan deer mouse (
3020:Plains harvest mouse (
2948:Darien harvest mouse (
2851:Stirton's deer mouse (
2675:Zacatecan deer mouse (
2128:Dusky-footed woodrat (
2119:Bushy-tailed woodrat (
1887:Chiriqui brown mouse (
1878:Alston's brown mouse (
1846:Northern pygmy mouse (
1837:Southern pygmy mouse (
1104:"Packrat Distribution"
1040:10.1093/jmammal/gyv169
899:
855:
828:
705:white-throated woodrat
681:Range and distribution
668:
657:- bushy-tailed woodrat
530:- dusky-footed woodrat
427:Neotoma albigula varia
3621:Paleobiology Database
3322:Delicate deer mouse (
3029:Small harvest mouse (
2975:Hairy harvest mouse (
2745:Blackish deer mouse (
2693:Northern rock mouse (
2586:Nimble-footed mouse (
2340:Dickey's deer mouse (
2198:(Diminutive woodrats)
1654:Wiley, R. W. (1980).
1520:pp. 894â1531 in
1518:Superfamily Muroidea.
897:
850:
818:
703:species, such as the
666:
437:Neotoma angustapalata
226:Neotoma angustapalata
45:Temporal range: Late
3222:Yellow isthmus rat (
2869:Chiapan deer mouse (
2860:Yucatan deer mouse (
2815:Mexican deer mouse (
2798:Black-tailed mouse (
2604:White-ankled mouse (
2551:Winkelmann's mouse (
2507:White-footed mouse (
2394:False canyon mouse (
2367:Angel Island mouse (
2349:Eva's desert mouse (
2217:Diminutive woodrat (
1966:Nicaraguan woodrat (
1948:Tamaulipan woodrat (
1593:Journal of Mammalogy
1027:Journal of Mammalogy
711:), use the bases of
487:- Nicaraguan woodrat
440:- Tamaulipan woodrat
65:Bushy-tailed woodrat
3331:IxtlĂĄn deer mouse (
2719:Puebla deer mouse (
2463:Black-eared mouse (
2376:San Lorenzo mouse (
2331:Burt's deer mouse (
2083:Stephens' woodrat (
2038:Allegheny woodrat (
2029:Big-eared woodrat (
1993:Goldman's woodrat (
1716:, 24 September 2005
1656:"Neotoma floridana"
1553:1995Sci...270.2012S
1547:(5244): 2012â2014.
1533:Guthrie's Geography
1456:1995Sci...270.2012S
1450:(5244): 2012â2014.
1270:2021PNAS..11808787W
1264:(47): e2108787118.
1061:. 19 September 2018
672:Physical appearance
625:- Stephens' woodrat
578:- Allegheny woodrat
570:- big-eared woodrat
538:- Goldman's woodrat
520:- Key Largo woodrat
504:- Findley's woodrat
484:Neotoma chrysomelas
459:- Anthony's woodrat
448:- Bryant's woodrat
232:Neotoma chrysomelas
3114:(Grasshopper mice)
2780:Brown deer mouse (
2613:Chihuahuan mouse (
2481:Santa Cruz mouse (
2378:P. interparietalis
2305:California mouse (
2300:californicus group
2065:Nelson's woodrat (
1957:Bryant's woodrat (
1575:Ulev, Elena 2007.
943:on 5 February 2004
900:
878:Climate indicators
856:
829:
733:teddy-bear chollas
669:
609:- Nelson's woodrat
468:- Bunker's woodrat
3636:
3635:
3608:Open Tree of Life
3418:Taxon identifiers
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3369:Jico deer mouse (
3306:
3256:
3253:(Giant deer mice)
3215:
3117:
2896:
2705:melanophrys group
2440:maniculatus group
2396:P. pseudocrinitus
2292:
2272:Reithrodontomyini
2266:
2265:
2229:
2228:
2201:
2176:Allen's woodrat (
2101:Sonoran woodrat (
2047:Mexican woodrat (
1984:Eastern woodrat (
1975:Arizona woodrat (
1925:
1899:
1898:
1871:
1830:
1704:"Desert Woodrats"
1135:"Neotoma cinerea"
982:978-0-8018-8221-0
667:Alleghany woodrat
641:- Sonoran woodrat
622:Neotoma stephensi
617:- Bolaños woodrat
593:- Mexican woodrat
543:Neotoma insularis
509:Neotoma floridana
495:- Arizona woodrat
349:
348:
341:Neotoma stephensi
275:Neotoma insularis
257:Neotoma floridana
188:
16:(Redirected from
3676:
3629:
3628:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3602:
3590:
3589:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3499:
3498:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3472:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3413:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3116:
3115:
3111:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2835:P. guatemalensis
2824:Big deer mouse (
2684:Osgood's mouse (
2542:Gleaning mouse (
2490:Slevin's mouse (
2472:Oldfield mouse (
2411:Hooper's mouse (
2385:Mesquite mouse (
2291:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2240:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2074:Bolaños woodrat(
2011:Desert woodrat (
1950:N. angustapalata
1924:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1788:Euarchontoglires
1744:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1706:at DesertUSA.com
1693:
1675:
1650:
1616:
1572:
1476:
1475:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1354:(3): 1211â1220.
1343:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1281:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1225:(9): 2869â2878.
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1188:. Archived from
1187:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1109:. Archived from
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1021:Neotoma albigula
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
994:
971:(3rd ed.).
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
939:. Archived from
928:
737:Neotoma cinerea,
614:Neotoma palatina
598:Neotoma micropus
590:Neotoma mexicana
583:Neotoma melanura
575:Neotoma magister
567:Neotoma macrotis
559:Neotoma leucodon
554:- desert woodrat
535:Neotoma goldmani
527:Neotoma fuscipes
501:Neotoma findleyi
453:
419:Neotoma albigula
390:grasshopper mice
359:, also called a
329:Neotoma palatina
317:Neotoma micropus
311:Neotoma mexicana
305:Neotoma melanura
299:Neotoma magister
293:Neotoma macrotis
287:Neotoma leucodon
269:Neotoma goldmani
263:Neotoma fuscipes
251:Neotoma findleyi
220:Neotoma albigula
179:
85:
84:
59:
39:
27:Genus of rodents
21:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3420:
3410:
3401:
3377:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3239:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3198:
3190:Florida mouse (
3174:
3150:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3100:
3085:R. tenuirostris
2914:R. brevirostris
2892:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:Reithrodontomys
2877:
2810:mexicanus group
2791:P. melanocarpus
2710:Plateau mouse (
2631:Nayarit mouse (
2307:P. californicus
2288:
2287:
2285:
2262:
2225:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2184:
2160:
2152:Magdalena rat (
2136:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1895:
1889:S. xerampelinus
1867:
1866:
1864:
1854:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1804:
1754:
1748:
1700:
1673:10.2307/3503989
1653:
1640:
1605:10.2307/1378998
1590:
1577:Neotoma cinerea
1538:
1527:Ord, G., 1815.
1484:
1482:Further reading
1479:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
998:
983:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
930:
929:
925:
921:
913:Bergmannâs rule
880:
813:
804:
795:
766:
757:
752:
750:Characteristics
742:Neotoma cinerea
696:
683:
674:
654:Neotoma cinerea
606:Neotoma nelsoni
445:Neotoma bryanti
402:
344:
338:
332:
326:
323:Neotoma nelsoni
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
247:
241:
238:Neotoma cinerea
235:
229:
223:
205:
178:
79:
69:Neotoma cinerea
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3682:
3680:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3617:
3604:
3591:
3578:
3565:
3552:
3539:
3526:
3513:
3500:
3487:
3474:
3461:
3446:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3324:H. delicatulus
3319:
3309:
3307:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3212:(Isthmus rats)
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3135:O. leucogaster
3130:
3120:
3118:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3076:R. sumichrasti
3071:
3067:R. spectabilis
3062:
3053:
3049:R. raviventris
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2950:R. darienensis
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2866:
2862:P. yucatanicus
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2805:
2804:
2795:
2789:Zempoaltepec (
2786:
2775:megalops group
2770:
2769:
2765:P. ochraventer
2760:
2751:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2712:P. melanophrys
2700:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2666:Perote mouse (
2663:
2657:Pinyon mouse (
2647:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2558:
2557:
2553:P. winkelmanni
2548:
2539:
2523:
2522:
2516:Cotton mouse (
2513:
2502:leucopus group
2497:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2447:P. maniculatus
2435:
2434:
2428:Canyon mouse (
2423:crinitus group
2418:
2417:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2360:P. fraterculus
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2322:Cactus mouse (
2317:eremicus group
2312:
2311:
2295:
2293:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2254:Golden mouse (
2250:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2108:
2107:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1968:N. chrysomelas
1963:
1954:
1945:
1928:
1926:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1699:
1698:External links
1696:
1695:
1694:
1651:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1599:(2): 284â292.
1588:
1573:
1536:
1525:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1434:
1427:
1409:
1381:
1333:
1311:
1244:
1205:
1174:
1150:
1126:
1095:
1071:
1046:
1033:(1): 187â199.
1009:
996:
981:
954:
922:
920:
917:
888:paleobotanists
879:
876:
842:pollen records
838:climate change
812:
809:
803:
800:
794:
791:
778:detoxification
765:
762:
756:
753:
751:
748:
721:desert woodrat
695:
692:
688:Sonoran Desert
682:
679:
673:
670:
661:
660:
659:
658:
644:
643:
642:
638:Neotoma phenax
628:
627:
626:
618:
610:
602:
594:
586:
579:
571:
563:
555:
551:Neotoma lepida
547:
539:
531:
523:
522:
521:
505:
496:
488:
480:
479:
478:
469:
460:
441:
433:
432:
431:
401:
398:
347:
346:
335:Neotoma phenax
281:Neotoma lepida
214:
213:
207:
206:
197:
196:
190:
189:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
73:
72:
61:
60:
52:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3681:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3398:
3396:
3395:O. banderanus
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3315:H. chinanteco
3311:
3310:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3265:M. cryophilus
3261:
3260:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3192:P. floridanus
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3058:R. rodriguezi
3054:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2959:R. fulvescens
2955:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2932:R. chrysopsis
2928:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2893:harvest mice)
2886:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2871:P. zarhynchus
2867:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:Marsh mouse (
2726:
2724:
2722:
2721:P. mekisturus
2717:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2677:P. difficilis
2673:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:P. pectoralis
2602:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2577:Texas mouse (
2575:
2573:
2571:
2568:Brush mouse (
2565:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2544:P. spicilegus
2540:
2538:
2536:
2533:Aztec mouse (
2530:
2529:
2528:aztecus group
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:P. gossypinus
2514:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2474:P. polionotus
2470:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2406:hooperi group
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2219:N. neotomodon
2215:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1986:N. floridana
1982:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Mamm. Species
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:0-8165-1115-2
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1428:0-8165-1115-2
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1399:on 2013-01-14
1398:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
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202:Mus floridana
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3371:H. simulatus
3370:
3361:H. schmidlyi
3360:
3357:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3294:
3282:
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3246:Megadontomys
3244:
3233:I. pirrensis
3232:
3223:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
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3126:O. arenicola
3125:
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3094:R. zacatecae
3093:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3040:R. paradoxus
3039:
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3012:
3004:R. mexicanus
3003:
2995:R. megalotis
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2817:P. mexicanus
2816:
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2800:P. melanurus
2799:
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2781:
2774:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2754:Maya mouse (
2746:
2740:furvus group
2739:
2738:
2730:P. perfulvus
2729:
2720:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2694:
2685:
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2658:
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2624:P. schmidlyi
2623:
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2597:P. madrensis
2596:
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2579:P. attwateri
2578:
2569:
2563:boylii group
2562:
2561:
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2534:
2527:
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2508:
2501:
2500:
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2465:P. melanotis
2464:
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2445:Deer mouse (
2439:
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2235:Ochrotomyini
2218:
2209:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2095:
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2085:N. stephensi
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
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2012:
2004:N. insularis
2003:
1994:
1985:
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1940:
1933:
1931:
1914:
1913:
1888:
1879:
1868:(Brown mice)
1859:
1847:
1838:
1827:(Pygmy mice)
1818:
1786:Superorder:
1780:Infraclass:
1714:Science News
1713:
1666:(139): 1â7.
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1401:. Retrieved
1397:the original
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1347:
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1197:. Retrieved
1190:the original
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1111:the original
1098:
1087:. Retrieved
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1074:
1063:. Retrieved
1058:
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194:Type species
174:
173:
68:
36:
3543:iNaturalist
3450:Wikispecies
3351:H. lophurus
3342:H. lepturus
3303:(Deer mice)
3224:I. flavidus
3144:O. torridus
3022:R. montanus
3013:R. microdon
2977:R. hirsutus
2968:R. gracilis
2853:P. stirtoni
2844:P. gymnotis
2782:P. megalops
2756:P. mayensis
2668:P. bullatus
2652:truei group
2642:P. stephani
2509:P. leucopus
2430:P. crinitus
2387:P. merriami
2333:P. caniceps
2324:P. eremicus
2289:(Deer mice)
2256:O. nuttalli
2210:N. goldmani
2130:N. fuscipes
2076:N. palatina
2058:N. micropus
2049:N. mexicana
2040:N. magister
2031:N. macrotis
2022:N. leucodon
1995:N. goldmani
1941:N. albigula
1922:(Pack rats)
1839:B. musculus
1164:. DesertUSA
864:crystallize
831:A pack rat
825:Pleistocene
709:N. albigula
394:cotton rats
150:Subfamily:
3643:Categories
3384:Osgoodomys
3333:H. ixtlani
3283:M. thomasi
3274:M. nelsoni
3168:N. alstoni
3157:Neotomodon
3031:R. musseri
2986:R. humulis
2891:(New World
2826:P. grandis
2695:P. nasutus
2633:P. simulus
2588:P. levipes
2535:P. aztecus
2492:P. slevini
2483:P. sejugis
2413:P. hooperi
2369:P. guardia
2342:P. dickeyi
2282:Peromyscus
2245:Ochrotomys
2154:X. nelsoni
2121:N. cinerea
2067:N. nelsoni
2013:N. lepida
1959:N. bryanti
1880:S. teguina
1861:Scotinomys
1848:B. taylori
1800:Cricetidae
1752:Neotominae
1649:: 467â587.
1403:2013-01-07
1327:2013-01-07
1199:2011-02-26
1183:"Woodrats"
1168:2013-01-07
1144:2020-03-04
1120:2013-01-07
1089:2023-10-26
1084:fwp.mt.gov
1065:2023-10-26
919:References
782:microbiome
776:, and the
367:, are any
154:Neotominae
144:Cricetidae
3205:Isthmomys
3107:Onychomys
2941:R. creper
2905:R. bakeri
2747:P. furvus
2686:P. gratus
2615:P. polius
2570:P. boylii
2178:H. alleni
2112:Subgenus
2103:N. phenax
2094:Subgenus
1932:Subgenus
1905:Neotomini
1810:Baiomyini
1762:Kingdom:
1690:253943361
1569:129915445
1472:129915445
1368:0022-541X
1288:0027-8424
823:from the
770:digestion
725:N. lepida
646:Subgenus
630:Subgenus
411:Subgenus
382:deer mice
365:trade rat
164:Neotomini
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
3587:13000400
3435:Wikidata
3296:Habromys
2923:R. burti
2659:P. truei
2456:P. keeni
2191:Nelsonia
2096:Teanopus
1977:N. devia
1798:Family:
1794:Rodentia
1782:Eutheria
1776:Mammalia
1770:Chordata
1768:Phylum:
1764:Animalia
1376:86207517
1306:34799446
1239:24373154
991:62265494
947:26 March
821:(center)
787:genetics
774:nitrogen
755:Behavior
632:Teanopus
353:pack rat
140:Family:
134:Rodentia
124:Mammalia
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
49:- Recent
47:Cenozoic
42:Pack rat
3654:Neotoma
3561:1335541
3535:2438433
3470:Neotoma
3456:Neotoma
3441:Q468544
3426:Neotoma
3181:Podomys
2167:Hodomys
2143:Xenomys
2114:Teonoma
1934:Neotoma
1915:Neotoma
1820:Baiomys
1792:Order:
1774:Class:
1682:3503989
1613:1378998
1549:Bibcode
1541:Science
1452:Bibcode
1444:Science
1297:8617456
1266:Bibcode
884:animals
729:jumping
701:Neotoma
694:Habitat
648:Teonoma
413:Neotoma
405:Neotoma
400:Species
377:Neotoma
369:species
361:woodrat
357:packrat
211:Species
175:Neotoma
170:Genus:
160:Tribe:
130:Order:
120:Class:
18:Neotoma
3613:157070
3574:180369
3522:1NETOG
2351:P. eva
1688:
1680:
1611:
1579:. In:
1567:
1495:
1470:
1425:
1374:
1366:
1304:
1294:
1286:
1237:
989:
979:
872:matrix
870:-like
853:Nevada
833:midden
827:period
811:Midden
717:cholla
388:, and
187:, 1825
183:&
3626:41822
3600:42407
3556:IRMNG
3548:44737
3509:15017
3483:72056
1686:S2CID
1678:JSTOR
1609:JSTOR
1565:S2CID
1531:, in
1468:S2CID
1372:S2CID
1193:(PDF)
1186:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
1107:(PDF)
1059:Orkin
868:amber
861:urine
373:genus
3659:Rats
3595:NCBI
3569:ITIS
3530:GBIF
3517:EPPO
3496:62WM
3478:BOLD
1493:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1364:ISSN
1302:PMID
1284:ISSN
1235:PMID
987:OCLC
977:ISBN
949:2015
793:Size
764:Diet
731:and
3582:MSW
3504:EoL
3491:CoL
3465:ADW
1668:doi
1664:139
1601:doi
1557:doi
1545:270
1460:doi
1448:270
1356:doi
1292:PMC
1274:doi
1262:118
1227:doi
1035:doi
715:or
363:or
355:or
185:Ord
181:Say
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