167:" - an individual with specific authority over a community, rather than a ranked assortment of men with varying degrees of power and influence, was introduced to northern Vanuatu following contact with Europeans. Having a high rank in the grade-taking system is not technically the same as being a chief, though the two concepts are widely conflated, and chiefs tend to be individuals of high rank in the grade-taking system.
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With each grade, a participant acquires a named rank, and the right to display certain insignia or perform certain rituals. The specifics vary between cultures. Lower grades are typically taken in one's youth and involve the killing of only one or a few low-value pigs. However, at the highest grades
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hundreds of pigs may be killed, including valuable 'tusker boars'. Although there is a clear hierarchy of grades, they do not necessarily need to be taken in strict sequence, and individuals with sufficient resources may occasionally skip grades and move directly to higher levels.
290:. There are multiple steps within some of these grades. Each grade is conferred at a ceremony in which the grade is 'bought' from an individual who already holds that rank. With each grade, a man acquires an additional name (known in
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is a man of significant authority - loosely, a "chief" - who has the right to impose fines on others. In
Central Pentecost those who reach the very top level of the graded society are referred to as
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grade may be given a name such as
Molbaga, Moltoo or Molbwet. Depending on the grade, he may also acquire the right to wear certain insignia and the right to dance to certain drumbeats. A
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Individuals of high rank in grade-taking societies generally wield authority only within their own local communities. Although some may sit as representatives on national and regional
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and authority by performing a series of ceremonies. Grade-taking was the system of leadership in pre-colonial societies of northern
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Grade-taking is primarily a male activity, but in some areas there are parallel grade-taking systems practiced by women.
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259:. On Pentecost the practice has no special name, but is referred to simply by terms such as "pig business".
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Jolly, Margaret. "Gifts, commodities and corporeality: Food and gender in South
Pentecost, Vanuatu."
148:, typically involving the killing of valuable pigs; it is still actively practiced in some areas.
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The system in South
Pentecost is broadly similar although the details of the grades differ.
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In addition, there is parallel grade-taking hierarchy for women, culminating in the rank of
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314:(literally "ground finishing"); those who do so with resources still to spare are known as
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369:, Studies in Language Change, vol. 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244,
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is more frequent in the literature, due to the special attention given to the
298:"pig name"), which reflects his rank. For example, a man who has taken the
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villages, although it has been suppressed in areas dominated by the
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In North and
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Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories
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405:Tryon, Darrell. "Identity and power in Vanuatu."
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239:Grade-taking is actively practised in
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414:Pigs, Tusks and Precious Red Mats
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409:(1999): 32.
423:Categories
387:References
342:Narave pig
211:Codrington
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247:areas on
336:See also
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245:Catholic
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228:nimangki
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