2107:
2161:
2125:
2011:) ever-growing cheek teeth, with high crowned species constituting the majority of notoungulates from the Late Oligocene onward. This adaptation was historically suggested to be the result of a diet increasingly incorporating grass, but this has been questioned, and other authors suggesting that it may have been due to the increasing intake of abrasive particles from volcanic sources. Many typotheres have bodyforms convergent on rodents, hyraxes and rabbits, with some rabbit-like hegetotheriids suggested to have developed a rabbit-like bounding locomotion. The basal notungulate
5003:
2143:
2214:
2245:" ancestors that had migrated from North America. Notoungulates and other South American native ungulates reached their apex of diversity during the Eocene and Oligocene. Notoungulate species diversity was stable during the Miocene, though 45% of the family diversity of the group became extinct during the interval, including Homalodotheriidae, Leontiniidae, and Interatheriidae. The diversity of the group declined during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, which is coeval in time with the
6843:
2049:
2179:
2089:
2303:
142:
4149:
170:
2197:
2071:
4143:
4137:
6849:
6837:
4998:
118:
2317:
2249:, which allowed ungulates and other mammals from North America to enter South America. This decline has historically been attributed to competition with the new North American arrivals, though earlier views had probably overstated the importance of this, with climatic change also likely being an important factor. As part of the Great American interchange, the toxodontid
3274:
Westbury, M.; Baleka, S.; Barlow, A.; Hartmann, S.; Paijmans, J. L. A.; Kramarz, A.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Bond, M.; Gelfo, J. N.; Reguero, M. A.; López-Mendoza, P.; Taglioretti, M.; Scaglia, F.; Rinderknecht, A.; Jones, W.; Mena, F.; Billet, G.; de Muizon, C.; Aguilar, J. L.; MacPhee, R. D. E.;
426:, as it would include the ancestors of the remaining suborders. Similarly, Cifelli indicated that Typotheria would be paraphyletic if it excluded Hegetotheria and he advocated inclusion of Archaeohyracidae and Hegetotheriidae in Typotheria.
2949:
Fernández-Monescillo, Marcos; Martínez, Gastón; García López, Daniel; Frechen, Manfred; Romero-Lebrón, Eugenia; Krapovickas, Jerónimo M.; Haro, J. Augusto; Rodríguez, Pablo E.; Rouzaut, Sabrina; Tauber, Adan A. (February 2023).
2343:"Archaeogaia macachaae gen. et sp. nov., one of the oldest Notoungulata Roth, 1903 from the early-middle Paleocene Mealla Formation (Central Andes, Argentina) with insights into the Paleocene-Eocene south American biochronology"
2952:"The last record of the last typotherid (Notoungulata, Mesotheriidae, Mesotherium cristatum) for the middle Pleistocene of the western Pampean region, Córdoba Province, Argentina, and its biostratigraphic implications"
1990:
is suggested to have had a body mass exceeding 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb). Typotheres generally occupied small-medium body size niches, while toxodontians were generally medium-large sized animals. The families
2463:
282:, living from approximately 61 million to 11,000 years ago. Notoungulates were morphologically diverse, with forms resembling animals as disparate as rabbits and rhinoceroses. Notoungulata are the largest group of
2291:, along with most other large mammals in the Americas. The extinction coincides with the arrival of the first humans to the Americas and they are suggested to have been a causal factor in the extinction.
2106:
2048:
2160:
407:, making them true ungulates. The estimated divergence date is 66 million years ago. This conflicts with the results of some morphological analyses which posited them as
2124:
6938:
6951:
2684:
Cassini, Guillermo H.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Villafañe, Amalia L.; Muñoz, Nahuel A. (2012-10-11), Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.),
348:. However their relationships to other South American ungulates are uncertain. Several groups of notoungulates separately evolved ever-growing cheek teeth.
2142:
2341:
Zimicz, Ana
Natalia; Fernández, Mercedes; Bond, Mariano; Chornogubsky, Laura; Arnal, Michelle; Cárdenas, Magalí; Fernicola, Juan Carlos (November 2020).
2178:
3448:
376:. Notoungulates make up over half the described diversity of indigenous South American ungulates, with over 150 genera in 14 different families.
3367:
Phylogeny of the primates: a multidisciplinary approach (Proceedings of WennerGren
Symposium no. 61, Burg Wartenstein, Austria, July 6–14, 1974)
2021:. Toxodontids have sometimes been compared to rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses in overall bodyform and tooth morphology. The Miocene toxodontian
1984:
and some hegetotheriid and interatheriid typotherians having a body mass of approximately 1–2 kilograms (2.2–4.4 lb), while the toxodontid
2288:
2088:
3382:
2705:
5002:
7010:
2213:
3082:
Cifelli, Richard L (1993). "The phylogeny of the native South
American ungulates". In Szalay, F.S.; Novacek, M.J.; McKenna, M.C. (eds.).
2070:
433:, whose fossils are found mainly in China. Recent studies, however, have concluded that Arctostylopida are more properly classified as
2255:
migrated into
Central and North America, with its furthest northern record being in Texas. The last hegetotheriids are known from the
3347:
3091:
2462:
Rezende Castro, Luis Otavio; García-López, Daniel A.; Bergqvist, Lilian
Paglarelli; De Araújo-Júnior, Hermínio Ismael (2021-06-30).
2259:(with a supposed Middle Pleistocene record being considered questionable). The youngest known member of Typotheria, the mesotheriid
2196:
419:
has been proposed as the name of an unranked clade to include perissodactyls and their extinct South
American ungulate relatives.
7015:
6842:
3458:
3203:; Fischer, R.; Baessmann, C.; Kaspar, S.; Olsen, J. V.; Kiley, P.; Elliott, J. A.; Kelstrup, C. D.; Mullin, V.; Hofreiter, M.;
2685:
380:
283:
2614:"Ontogenetic and life history trait changes associated with convergent ecological specializations in extinct ungulate mammals"
3409:
2017:
and the mesotheriids are suggested to have engaged in digging, with mesotheriids suggested to have had an ecology similar to
3195:; Thomas, J. A.; Wadsley, M.; Brace, S.; Cappellini, E.; Turvey, S. T.; Reguero, M.; Gelfo, J. N.; Kramarz, A.; Burger, J.;
2728:"Convergences in Scapula Morphology among Small Cursorial Mammals: An Osteological Correlate for Locomotory Specialization"
4148:
3441:
2767:"No evidence for parallel evolution of cursorial limb adaptations among Neogene South American native ungulates (SANUs)"
317:
169:
2994:
Billet, Guillaume (December 2011). "Phylogeny of the
Notoungulata (Mammalia) based on cranial and dental characters".
3365:
McKenna, M.C. (1975). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the
Mammalia". In Luckett, W.P.; Szalay, F.S. (eds.).
6956:
3192:
2322:
2246:
4142:
6114:
440:
Based on an analysis of 133 morphological characters in 50 notoungulate genera, Billet in 2011 concluded that
6198:
4136:
4065:
3434:
2686:"Paleobiology of Santacrucian native ungulates (Meridiungulata: Astrapotheria, Litopterna and Notoungulata)"
7020:
7005:
6868:
6836:
6848:
6721:
2892:
Lundelius, Ernest L.; Bryant, Vaughn M.; Mandel, Rolfe; Thies, Kenneth J.; Thoms, Alston (January 2013).
6964:
6508:
2408:
4997:
4868:
6982:
6637:
6616:
6543:
6425:
5956:
5774:
5684:
4884:
3685:
1072:
6925:
6142:
6121:
5879:
5823:
5641:
5451:
5274:
4539:
3650:
3292:
3220:
3124:
3003:
2963:
2905:
2848:
2836:
2778:
2625:
2575:
2420:
2354:
6564:
6156:
5991:
5353:
4935:
4388:
3840:
6522:
6311:
6276:
6098:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5949:
5907:
5844:
5767:
5620:
5550:
5311:
5304:
5193:
5186:
4665:
4644:
4548:
4295:
4224:
2308:
1964:
1373:
6630:
6418:
6360:
6253:
6184:
6149:
5893:
5627:
5179:
5172:
5091:
4905:
4651:
4562:
4497:
4483:
4181:
3531:
2893:
2563:
1397:
286:, with over 150 genera in 14 families having been described, divided into two major subgroupings,
141:
6609:
6304:
6005:
5865:
5858:
5830:
5795:
5781:
5634:
5606:
5528:
5332:
5318:
5297:
5214:
4891:
4630:
4511:
4088:
3701:
3570:
3555:
3262:
3158:
3027:
2951:
2444:
2372:
2266:
2032:
1641:
616:
164:
5886:
5760:
5670:
5592:
4856:
4288:
3970:
3643:
3621:
3607:
3577:
6969:
6906:
5851:
5802:
5098:
4921:
4739:
3563:
3541:
3208:
6707:
6557:
6550:
6177:
6068:
5648:
5479:
5253:
5244:
5112:
4975:
4490:
4441:
4409:
4109:
4051:
4012:
3998:
3913:
3415:
3405:
3388:
3378:
3353:
3343:
3318:
3254:
3246:
3196:
3179:
3150:
3097:
3087:
3070:
3019:
2931:
2874:
2814:
2796:
2747:
2701:
2661:
2643:
2591:
2483:
2436:
2256:
2031:, rearing on its hindlegs to feed. Like perissodactyls, notoungulates were likely primitively
1934:
1914:
1869:
1572:
759:
745:
441:
416:
396:
369:
345:
224:
6246:
411:. It is in line with some more recent morphological analyses which suggested they were basal
6943:
6714:
6693:
6593:
6381:
6297:
6163:
5663:
5142:
4774:
4760:
4695:
4595:
4423:
4374:
4079:
4042:
3950:
3929:
3899:
3794:
3694:
3426:
3370:
3308:
3300:
3236:
3228:
3200:
3140:
3132:
3060:
3052:
3011:
2971:
2921:
2913:
2864:
2856:
2804:
2786:
2739:
2693:
2651:
2633:
2583:
2475:
2428:
2362:
2284:
2035:, but it has also been proposed that some of them may have had fermentation more similar to
1928:
1692:
1213:
36:
437:, and that the notoungulates were therefore never found outside South and Central America.
6677:
6665:
6501:
6267:
6212:
6135:
6077:
5737:
5267:
4802:
4725:
4569:
4402:
4344:
4316:
4279:
4252:
3204:
2186:
2023:
1996:
1992:
1952:
1946:
1671:
1277:
776:
461:
453:
156:
3041:"Ancient collagen reveals evolutionary history of the endemic South American 'ungulates'"
3296:
3224:
3209:"Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates"
3128:
3007:
2967:
2909:
2852:
2782:
2629:
2579:
2432:
2424:
2358:
2027:
had claws on its forelimbs and is thought to have had an ecology similar to the extinct
6571:
6409:
6395:
6388:
6374:
6084:
5837:
5788:
5677:
5613:
5578:
5542:
5472:
5360:
5260:
5163:
5135:
5121:
5057:
5033:
4877:
4809:
4795:
4781:
4637:
4609:
4576:
4504:
4467:
4454:
4102:
4095:
4058:
4021:
3977:
3936:
3861:
3847:
3803:
3636:
3614:
3591:
3488:
3313:
3276:
3065:
3040:
2809:
2766:
2656:
2613:
2150:
1875:
1332:
1089:
980:
725:
494:
430:
384:
365:
329:
464:
are the only monophyletic families of notoungulates. Some studies have suggested that
328:, another group of South American ungulates, and their closest living relatives being
6999:
6758:
6742:
6700:
6686:
6515:
6492:
6457:
6439:
6339:
6332:
6191:
6054:
5935:
5928:
5809:
5571:
5501:
5444:
5374:
5078:
4788:
4767:
4711:
4395:
3886:
3824:
3708:
3511:
2727:
2448:
2376:
2279:
2078:
2056:
2028:
2000:
1958:
1862:
1709:
1551:
1421:
1315:
1264:
666:
468:, often ranked as an independent order, should also be included within Notoungulata.
457:
404:
341:
316:
expanding into
Central America and southern North America), perishing as part of the
271:
75:
3162:
3031:
2975:
6802:
6786:
6765:
6728:
6602:
6529:
6478:
6432:
6353:
6325:
6290:
6225:
5921:
5751:
5723:
5714:
5702:
5557:
5535:
5515:
5494:
5458:
5437:
5416:
5409:
5400:
5388:
5346:
5128:
4830:
4718:
4518:
4416:
4381:
4367:
4360:
4323:
4309:
4302:
4028:
3833:
3266:
2114:
2004:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1759:
1742:
1658:
1615:
1349:
1291:
1247:
1048:
1017:
1004:
905:
829:
798:
683:
449:
445:
423:
400:
303:
151:
132:
2894:"The first occurrence of a toxodont (Mammalia, Notoungulata) in the United States"
2860:
1977:
Notoungulates varied widely in body size, with early diverging notoungulates like
3015:
2917:
2791:
2697:
2587:
2564:"Phylogeny of the Notoungulata (Mammalia) based on cranial and dental characters"
2479:
2367:
2342:
6900:
6809:
6795:
6772:
6536:
6367:
6346:
6283:
5914:
5900:
5872:
5656:
5339:
5288:
5200:
5149:
5064:
5050:
4944:
4914:
4823:
4816:
4753:
4704:
4681:
4623:
4476:
4265:
4238:
4216:
4209:
4193:
3963:
3868:
3734:
3722:
3503:
3374:
2261:
2251:
2203:
2168:
2096:
2013:
1979:
1889:
1589:
939:
559:
542:
518:
312:
307:
279:
50:
117:
6751:
6644:
6047:
6038:
5599:
5585:
5564:
5487:
5232:
4982:
4746:
4732:
4616:
4555:
4166:
3782:
3757:
3507:
3136:
2743:
2298:
2242:
2220:
1940:
1922:
1883:
1531:
1230:
1182:
956:
922:
870:
588:
465:
412:
408:
357:
333:
325:
291:
287:
95:
60:
6891:
3250:
3112:
3101:
3023:
2935:
2878:
2837:"Phylogeny and paleobiogeography of Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata)"
2800:
2751:
2647:
2595:
2487:
2440:
6651:
6470:
6318:
6128:
6107:
5942:
5816:
5465:
5367:
5325:
5043:
4330:
4231:
4202:
3984:
3854:
3657:
3600:
3548:
3419:
3357:
3183:
2638:
2238:
2008:
1438:
1196:
853:
633:
388:
373:
361:
275:
181:
100:
44:
28:
3392:
3322:
3258:
3154:
3074:
3056:
2835:
Seoane, Federico D.; Roig Juñent, Sergio; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2017-01-02).
2818:
2665:
3207:; Hublin, J.-J.; Orlando, L.; Barnes, I.; MacPhee, R. D. E. (2015-03-18).
3145:
2612:
Gomes
Rodrigues, Helder; Herrel, Anthony; Billet, Guillaume (2017-01-31).
6917:
6885:
6239:
6232:
6170:
5998:
5430:
5423:
5207:
4951:
4674:
4353:
3991:
3922:
3810:
3764:
3743:
3671:
3664:
3629:
3476:
2061:
2036:
812:
392:
321:
267:
201:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
3304:
3232:
3111:
Missiaen, P; Smith, T; Guo, DY; Bloch, JI; Gingerich, PD (August 2006).
2464:"A New Basal Notoungulate from the Itaboraí Basin (Paleogene) of Brazil"
6623:
6012:
5984:
5730:
3241:
2869:
2132:
1986:
1507:
1106:
1031:
299:
127:
105:
80:
2926:
4525:
3750:
3482:
3470:
3277:"A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin's enigmatic South American mammal
2765:
Croft, Darin A.; Lorente, Malena (2021-08-17). Smith, Thierry (ed.).
2407:
Croft, Darin A.; Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M. (2020-05-30).
2018:
434:
337:
324:
sequence analysis suggests that notoungulates are closely related to
295:
211:
191:
32:
6862:
2269:, around 220,000 years ago. The last notoungulates, the toxodontids
6977:
2409:"Splendid Innovation: The Extinct South American Native Ungulates"
6930:
391:
native ungulates of South America have been shown by studies of
6866:
5018:
4164:
3501:
3430:
3199:; Ashford, D. A.; Ashton, P. D.; Rowsell, K.; Porter, D. M.;
3086:. Vol. 2. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 195–216.
2692:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 243–286,
2528:
429:
Notoungulata were for many years taken to include the order
2039:
based on their skeletal anatomy, though this is uncertain.
2503:
320:
along with most other large mammals across the Americas.
3045:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3170:
Roth, Santiago (1903). "Los Ungulados Sudamericanos".
3172:
Anales del Museo de la Plata (Sección Paleontológica)
2550:
2060:, an early toxodontian notoungulate from the Eocene (
6783:
6739:
6674:
6662:
6590:
6489:
6454:
6406:
6264:
6209:
6095:
6065:
6035:
5748:
5711:
5699:
5512:
5397:
5385:
5285:
5241:
5229:
5160:
5109:
5075:
4932:
4902:
4865:
4853:
4692:
4662:
4592:
4536:
4464:
4451:
4438:
4341:
4276:
4249:
4190:
4178:
4076:
4039:
4009:
3947:
3910:
3883:
3821:
3791:
3779:
3731:
3719:
3682:
3588:
3528:
6875:
6782:
6738:
6673:
6661:
6589:
6488:
6453:
6405:
6263:
6208:
6094:
6064:
6034:
5747:
5710:
5698:
5511:
5396:
5384:
5284:
5240:
5228:
5159:
5108:
5074:
5031:
4965:
4931:
4901:
4864:
4852:
4691:
4661:
4590:
4535:
4463:
4449:
4437:
4340:
4275:
4248:
4189:
4177:
4075:
4038:
4008:
3946:
3909:
3882:
3820:
3790:
3778:
3730:
3718:
3681:
3587:
3527:
2499:
2497:
3113:"Asian gliriform origin for arctostylopid mammals"
2726:Seckel, Lauren; Janis, Christine (December 2008).
356:Notoungulata is divided into two major suborders,
3402:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
2618:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
379:This order is proposed to be united with other
2524:
2522:
3442:
2413:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2237:The oldest notoungulates appeared during the
294:. Notoungulates first diversified during the
8:
3400:McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997).
6863:
6779:
6670:
6586:
6462:
6217:
6061:
5707:
5520:
5393:
5237:
5083:
5028:
5015:
4861:
4601:
4460:
4446:
4257:
4186:
4174:
4161:
3955:
3891:
3787:
3727:
3524:
3520:
3498:
3449:
3435:
3427:
140:
116:
20:
3312:
3240:
3144:
3064:
2925:
2868:
2808:
2790:
2655:
2637:
2366:
422:Cifelli has argued that Notioprogonia is
298:. Their diversity declined from the late
2347:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
3404:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2690:Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia
2539:
2514:
2330:
2287:around 12,000 years ago as part of the
2044:
3342:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
2289:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
318:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
3340:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
2830:
2828:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2607:
2605:
7:
6983:B0798797-FFB9-286B-72CB-CAD6FE38FAAA
3369:. New York: Plenum. pp. 21–46.
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2336:
2334:
242:
2996:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2568:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2562:Billet, Guillaume (December 2011).
2433:10.1146/annurev-earth-072619-060126
2265:, has its last records in the late
1734:
1684:
1677:
1564:
1557:
1547:
1523:
1499:
1413:
1389:
1365:
1307:
1283:
1188:
1064:
1023:
996:
972:
845:
804:
751:
741:
717:
658:
608:
601:
594:
584:
534:
510:
486:
476:
2898:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2841:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
2283:became extinct at the end of the
2007:separately evolved high crowned (
6847:
6841:
6835:
5001:
4996:
4147:
4141:
4135:
2315:
2301:
2212:
2195:
2177:
2159:
2141:
2123:
2105:
2087:
2069:
2047:
332:(odd-toed ungulates), including
306:persisting until the end of the
168:
3459:South American native ungulates
2976:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107925
2190:(Toxodontia, Homalodotheriidae)
381:South American native ungulates
364:, alongside some basal groups (
284:South American native ungulates
16:Extinct order of hoofed mammals
2732:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1:
3338:Carroll, Robert Lynn (1988).
2861:10.1080/02724634.2017.1278547
2241:, probably originating from "
2172:(Typotheria, Hegetotheriidae)
2154:(Typotheria, Interatheriidae)
2118:(Typotheria, Interatheriidae)
2082:(Typotheria, Hegetotheriidae)
302:onwards, with only the large
3275:Hofreiter, M. (2017-06-27).
3084:Mammal phylogeny: Placentals
3016:10.1080/14772019.2010.528456
2918:10.1080/02724634.2012.711405
2792:10.1371/journal.pone.0256371
2698:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.015
2588:10.1080/14772019.2010.528456
2480:10.5710/AMGH.05.02.2021.3387
2368:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102772
7011:Paleocene first appearances
3375:10.1007/978-1-4684-2166-8_2
2100:(Typotheria, Mesotheriidae)
7037:
3039:Buckley, M. (2015-04-01).
2956:Quaternary Science Reviews
2323:Prehistoric mammals portal
2247:Great American Interchange
2224:(Toxodontia, Leontiniidae)
2207:(Toxodontia, Notohippidae)
2136:(Toxodontia, Toxodontidae)
6833:
6465:
6220:
5523:
5086:
5027:
5014:
4994:
4604:
4260:
4173:
4160:
4133:
3958:
3894:
3523:
3519:
3497:
3465:
3137:10.1007/s00114-006-0122-1
2744:10.1007/s10914-008-9085-7
1756:
1739:
1732:
1706:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1655:
1638:
1612:
1586:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1545:
1528:
1521:
1504:
1497:
1435:
1418:
1411:
1394:
1387:
1370:
1363:
1346:
1329:
1312:
1305:
1288:
1281:
1261:
1244:
1227:
1210:
1193:
1186:
1103:
1086:
1069:
1062:
1045:
1028:
1021:
1001:
994:
977:
970:
953:
936:
919:
902:
867:
850:
843:
826:
809:
802:
773:
756:
749:
739:
722:
715:
680:
663:
656:
630:
613:
606:
599:
592:
582:
556:
539:
532:
515:
508:
491:
484:
254:
249:
165:Scientific classification
163:
148:
139:
124:
115:
23:
3514:, and other minor groups
3279:Macrauchenia patachonica
1865:(probably paraphyletic)
372:) which are potentially
7016:Pleistocene extinctions
2639:10.1073/pnas.1614029114
387:. The notoungulate and
266:is an extinct order of
250:Suborders and families
3057:10.1098/rspb.2014.2671
27:Temporal range: early
6965:Paleobiology Database
3285:Nature Communications
344:as part of the clade
4540:Sparnotheriodontinae
2551:Missiaen et al. 2006
2529:Westbury et al. 2017
2233:Evolutionary history
6722:Pseudohegetotherium
6099:Oldfieldthomasiidae
5187:Edvardotrouessartia
4645:Pseudobrachytherium
3305:10.1038/ncomms15951
3297:2017NatCo...815951W
3233:10.1038/nature14249
3225:2015Natur.522...81W
3129:2006NW.....93..407M
3117:Naturwissenschaften
3008:2011JSPal...9..481B
2968:2023QSRv..30107925F
2910:2013JVPal..33..229L
2853:2017JVPal..37E8547S
2783:2021PLoSO..1656371C
2630:2017PNAS..114.1069G
2580:2011JSPal...9..481B
2425:2020AREPS..48..259C
2359:2020JSAES.10302772Z
2309:Paleontology portal
1965:Oldfieldthomasiidae
383:in the super-order
6610:Archaeotypotherium
6509:Caraguatypotherium
4089:Granastrapotherium
3051:(1806): 20142671.
2504:Welker et al. 2015
2267:Middle Pleistocene
2033:hindgut fermenters
1642:Archaeotypotherium
399:sequences to be a
278:to the end of the
6993:
6992:
6869:Taxon identifiers
6860:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6708:Hemihegetotherium
6585:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6558:Pseudotypotherium
6551:Plesiotypotherium
6449:
6448:
6069:Archaeopithecidae
6030:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6021:
5694:
5693:
5245:Homalodotheriidae
5224:
5223:
5113:Henricosborniidae
5010:
5009:
4992:
4991:
4961:
4960:
4869:Amilnedwardsiidae
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4586:
4585:
4491:Guilielmofloweria
4442:Proterotherioidea
4433:
4432:
4410:Scalabrinitherium
4156:
4155:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4110:Xenastrapotherium
4052:Astrapothericulus
4013:Albertogaudryinae
3999:Parastrapotherium
3914:Trigonostylopidae
3878:
3877:
3774:
3773:
3384:978-1-4684-2168-2
2707:978-0-511-66738-1
2257:Early Pleistocene
1935:Archaeopithecidae
1915:Homalodotheriidae
1870:Henricosborniidae
1852:
1851:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1721:
1720:
1627:
1626:
1601:
1600:
1573:Plesiotypotherium
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
891:
890:
882:
881:
788:
787:
746:Homalodotheriidae
704:
703:
695:
694:
645:
644:
571:
570:
442:Homalodotheriidae
417:Panperissodactyla
397:mitochondrial DNA
370:Henricosborniidae
346:Panperissodactyla
261:
260:
245:
225:Panperissodactyla
7028:
6986:
6985:
6973:
6972:
6960:
6959:
6947:
6946:
6934:
6933:
6921:
6920:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6864:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6785:
6780:
6741:
6715:Prohegetotherium
6694:Hegetotheriopsis
6676:
6671:
6664:
6638:Protarchaeohyrax
6617:Bryanpattersonia
6594:Archaeohyracidae
6592:
6587:
6544:Microtypotherium
6491:
6463:
6456:
6426:Guilielmoscottia
6408:
6382:Progaleopithecus
6298:Brucemacfaddenia
6266:
6218:
6211:
6164:Oldfieldthomasia
6097:
6067:
6062:
6037:
5957:Posnanskytherium
5775:Calchaquitherium
5750:
5713:
5708:
5701:
5685:Trimerostephanos
5521:
5514:
5399:
5394:
5387:
5287:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5162:
5143:Peripantostylops
5111:
5084:
5077:
5029:
5016:
5005:
5000:
4934:
4904:
4885:Ernestohaeckelia
4867:
4862:
4855:
4775:Paramacrauchenia
4761:Neobrachytherium
4696:Proterotheriinae
4694:
4664:
4602:
4596:Proterotheriidae
4594:
4538:
4466:
4461:
4453:
4447:
4440:
4424:Xenorhinotherium
4375:Macraucheniopsis
4343:
4278:
4258:
4251:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4162:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4080:Uruguaytheriinae
4078:
4043:Astrapotheriinae
4041:
4011:
3956:
3951:Astrapotheriidae
3949:
3930:Tetragonostylops
3912:
3900:Eoastrapostylops
3892:
3885:
3823:
3795:Colombitheriidae
3793:
3788:
3781:
3733:
3728:
3721:
3695:Asmithwoodwardia
3686:Protolipternidae
3684:
3590:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3499:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3428:
3423:
3396:
3361:
3326:
3316:
3270:
3244:
3197:Thomas-Oates, J.
3187:
3166:
3148:
3105:
3078:
3068:
3035:
2980:
2979:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2794:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2641:
2624:(5): 1069–1074.
2609:
2600:
2599:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2404:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2338:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2285:Late Pleistocene
2216:
2199:
2181:
2163:
2145:
2127:
2109:
2091:
2073:
2051:
1929:Archaeohyracidae
1735:
1693:Prohegetotherium
1685:
1678:
1565:
1558:
1548:
1524:
1500:
1414:
1390:
1366:
1308:
1284:
1214:Oldfieldthomasia
1189:
1073:Posnanskytherium
1065:
1024:
997:
973:
846:
805:
752:
742:
718:
659:
609:
602:
595:
585:
535:
511:
487:
477:
241:
236:
173:
172:
144:
120:
110:
47:
37:Late Pleistocene
21:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7025:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6981:
6976:
6968:
6963:
6955:
6950:
6942:
6937:
6929:
6924:
6916:
6914:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6871:
6861:
6852:
6815:
6778:
6734:
6678:Hegetotheriinae
6666:Hegetotheriidae
6657:
6577:
6502:Altitypotherium
6484:
6445:
6401:
6268:Interatheriinae
6259:
6213:Interatheriidae
6204:
6143:Itaboraitherium
6136:Dolichostylodon
6122:Camargomendesia
6115:Brachystephanus
6090:
6078:Archaeopithecus
6060:
6018:
5880:Neoadinotherium
5824:Haplodontherium
5743:
5738:Proadinotherium
5690:
5507:
5452:Henricofilholia
5380:
5280:
5275:Trigonolophodon
5268:Homalodotherium
5220:
5155:
5104:
5070:
5023:
5006:
4988:
4957:
4927:
4897:
4836:
4803:Tetramerorhinus
4726:Diplasiotherium
4687:
4657:
4598:
4582:
4570:Sparnotheriodon
4531:
4457:
4429:
4403:Promacrauchenia
4345:Macraucheniinae
4336:
4317:Phoenixauchenia
4280:Cramaucheniinae
4271:
4253:Macraucheniidae
4244:
4169:
4152:
4115:
4071:
4034:
4004:
3942:
3905:
3874:
3816:
3770:
3714:
3677:
3651:Ricardocifellia
3583:
3515:
3493:
3461:
3455:
3412:
3399:
3385:
3364:
3350:
3337:
3334:
3332:Further reading
3329:
3273:
3219:(7554): 81–84.
3190:
3169:
3110:
3094:
3081:
3038:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2847:(1): e1278547.
2834:
2833:
2826:
2777:(8): e0256371.
2764:
2763:
2759:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2683:
2682:
2673:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2406:
2405:
2384:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2217:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2187:Homalodotherium
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2054:Restoration of
2052:
2024:Homalodotherium
1997:Hegetotheriidae
1993:Interatheriidae
1975:
1953:Interatheriidae
1947:Hegetotheriidae
1858:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1722:
1672:Hegetotheriidae
1628:
1602:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1278:Interatheriidae
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
892:
883:
789:
777:Homalodotherium
705:
696:
646:
572:
474:
462:Hegetotheriidae
454:Interatheriidae
354:
274:from the early
270:that inhabited
240:
234:
167:
157:Hegetotheriidae
111:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
41:
39:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7034:
7032:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
6998:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6974:
6961:
6948:
6935:
6922:
6912:
6897:
6881:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6791:
6789:
6777:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6747:
6745:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6680:
6668:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6598:
6596:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6572:Typotheriopsis
6568:
6565:Rusconitherium
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6497:
6495:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6475:
6466:
6460:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6414:
6412:
6410:Notopithecinae
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6396:Santiagorothia
6392:
6389:Protypotherium
6385:
6378:
6375:Proargyrohyrax
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6272:
6270:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6221:
6215:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6157:Maxschlosseria
6153:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6103:
6101:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6085:Teratopithecus
6081:
6073:
6071:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6043:
6041:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5992:Toxodontherium
5988:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5838:Hoffstetterius
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5789:Charruatoxodon
5785:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5756:
5754:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5719:
5717:
5705:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5681:
5678:Teushentherium
5674:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5614:Pascualihippus
5610:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5579:Moqueguahippus
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5543:Deuterotherium
5539:
5532:
5524:
5518:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5473:Martinmiguelia
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5405:
5403:
5391:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5361:Pleurostylodon
5357:
5354:Pleurocoelodon
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5261:Chasicotherium
5257:
5249:
5247:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5168:
5166:
5164:Notostylopidae
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5136:Othnielmarshia
5132:
5125:
5122:Henricosbornia
5117:
5115:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5058:Carolodarwinia
5054:
5047:
5039:
5037:
5034:incertae sedis
5025:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4971:
4969:
4967:Incertae sedis
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4938:
4936:Notonychopidae
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4878:Amilnedwardsia
4873:
4871:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4810:Thoatheriopsis
4806:
4799:
4796:Proterotherium
4792:
4785:
4782:Picturotherium
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4638:Prothoatherium
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4610:Mesolicaphrium
4605:
4599:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4577:Victorlemoinea
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4505:Paranisolambda
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4470:
4468:Anisolambdinae
4458:
4455:Anisolambdidae
4450:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4389:Oxyodontherium
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4206:
4198:
4196:
4184:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4103:Uruguaytherium
4099:
4096:Hilarcotherium
4092:
4084:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4059:Astrapotherium
4055:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4022:Albertogaudrya
4017:
4015:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3978:Comahuetherium
3974:
3967:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3937:Trigonostylops
3933:
3926:
3918:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3895:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3862:Propyrotherium
3858:
3851:
3848:Carolozittelia
3844:
3841:Berracotherium
3837:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3804:Colombitherium
3799:
3797:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3737:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3637:Paulogervaisia
3633:
3626:
3618:
3615:Ernestokokenia
3611:
3604:
3596:
3594:
3592:Didolodontidae
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3517:
3516:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3489:Laurasiatheria
3485:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3410:
3397:
3383:
3362:
3348:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3271:
3205:Willerslev, E.
3193:Collins, M. J.
3188:
3167:
3146:1854/LU-353125
3107:
3106:
3092:
3079:
3036:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2941:
2904:(1): 229–232.
2884:
2824:
2757:
2738:(4): 261–279.
2718:
2706:
2671:
2601:
2574:(4): 481–497.
2554:
2543:
2532:
2518:
2507:
2493:
2454:
2419:(1): 259–290.
2382:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2312:
2296:
2293:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2151:Protypotherium
2147:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2064:) of Argentina
2053:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1904:(paraphyletic)
1898:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1876:Notostylopidae
1872:
1857:
1856:Classification
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:Protypotherium
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:Hoffstetterius
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1000:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
981:Pascualihippus
976:
971:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
875:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
849:
844:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
808:
803:
801:
795:
794:
791:
790:
786:
785:
782:
781:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
755:
750:
748:
740:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
726:Pleurostylodon
721:
716:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
702:
701:
698:
697:
693:
692:
689:
688:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
662:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
643:
642:
639:
638:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
538:
533:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
514:
509:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
495:Henricosbornia
490:
485:
483:
475:
473:
470:
431:Arctostylopida
405:perissodactyls
385:Meridiungulata
366:Notostylopidae
353:
350:
330:perissodactyls
259:
258:
252:
251:
247:
246:
232:
228:
227:
222:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
161:
160:
146:
145:
137:
136:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
48:
43:61–0.012
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7033:
7022:
7021:Mammal orders
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7006:Notoungulates
7004:
7003:
7001:
6984:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6865:
6850:
6846:
6844:
6838:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6759:Propachyrucos
6756:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6743:Pachyrukhinae
6737:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6701:Hegetotherium
6698:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6687:Ethegotherium
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6588:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6523:Eutypotherium
6520:
6518:
6517:
6516:Eotypotherium
6513:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6493:Mesotheriinae
6487:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6458:Mesotheriidae
6452:
6442:
6441:
6440:Transpithecus
6437:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6340:Interatherium
6337:
6335:
6334:
6333:Federicoanaya
6330:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6312:Choichephilum
6309:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6279:
6278:
6277:Archaeophylus
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6199:Xenostephanus
6196:
6194:
6193:
6192:Ultrapithecus
6189:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6055:Griphotherion
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6033:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5978:Stereotoxodon
5975:
5973:
5972:
5971:Stenotephanos
5968:
5966:
5965:
5964:Prototrigodon
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5950:Plesiotoxodon
5947:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5936:Piauhytherium
5933:
5931:
5930:
5929:Pericotoxodon
5926:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5908:Ocnerotherium
5905:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5845:Hyperoxotodon
5842:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5810:Falcontoxodon
5807:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5768:Andinotoxodon
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5697:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5621:Patagonhippus
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5572:Mendozahippus
5569:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5551:Edvardocopeia
5548:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5502:Termastherium
5499:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5375:Thomashuxleya
5372:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5312:Distylophorus
5309:
5307:
5306:
5305:Coelostylodon
5302:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5227:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5194:Homalostylops
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:Notioprogonia
5073:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5004:
4999:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4851:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:Prolicaphrium
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4768:Neolicaphrium
4765:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:Brachytherium
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4666:Megadolodinae
4660:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4549:Heteroglyphis
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4396:Paranauchenia
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4296:Coniopternium
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4225:Proheptaconus
4222:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Astrapotheria
3881:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3825:Pyrotheriidae
3819:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3709:Protolipterna
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3512:Astrapotheria
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3349:9780716718222
3345:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:(8): 407–11.
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3093:0-387-97853-4
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:(4): 481–97.
3001:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2313:
2310:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2280:Piauhytherium
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2079:Hegetotherium
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2057:Thomashuxleya
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:chalicotheres
2026:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:Mesotheriidae
1998:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1959:Mesotheriidae
1956:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1941:Campanorcidae
1938:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:Notioprogonia
1860:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:Hegetotherium
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:Mesotheriidae
1550:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:Interatherium
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:Archaeophylus
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:Federicoanaya
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:Ultrapithecus
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
992:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
982:
975:
974:
968:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
958:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
941:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
924:
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
907:
900:
899:
896:
895:
887:
886:
878:
877:
874:
873:
872:
865:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
855:
848:
847:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
831:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
814:
807:
806:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
784:
783:
780:
779:
778:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
761:
754:
753:
747:
744:
743:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
727:
720:
719:
713:
712:
709:
708:
700:
699:
691:
690:
687:
686:
685:
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
668:
667:Thomashuxleya
661:
660:
654:
653:
650:
649:
641:
640:
637:
636:
635:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
618:
611:
610:
604:
603:
597:
596:
590:
587:
586:
580:
579:
576:
575:
567:
566:
563:
562:
561:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
544:
537:
536:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
520:
513:
512:
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
496:
489:
488:
482:
479:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
458:Mesotheriidae
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
427:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:South America
269:
265:
257:
253:
248:
244:
239:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
129:
123:
119:
114:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
38:
34:
30:
22:
19:
6907:Notoungulata
6877:Notoungulata
6876:
6840:
6808:
6803:Paedotherium
6801:
6794:
6787:Pachyrukhini
6771:
6766:Prosotherium
6764:
6757:
6750:
6729:Sallatherium
6727:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6631:Pascualhyrax
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6603:Archaeohyrax
6601:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6530:Hypsitherium
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6479:Trachytherus
6477:
6469:
6438:
6433:Notopithecus
6431:
6424:
6419:Antepithecus
6417:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6361:Neoicochilus
6359:
6354:Miocochilius
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6326:Eopachyrucos
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6291:Boleatherium
6289:
6282:
6275:
6254:Punapithecus
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6226:Antofagastia
6224:
6197:
6190:
6185:Tsamnichoria
6183:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6150:Kibenikhoria
6148:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6083:
6076:
6053:
6046:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5922:Paratrigodon
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5894:Nesodonopsis
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:Toxodontinae
5736:
5729:
5724:Adinotherium
5722:
5715:Nesodontinae
5703:Toxodontidae
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5628:Perhippidion
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5558:Eomorphippus
5556:
5549:
5541:
5536:Argyrohippus
5534:
5527:
5516:Notohippidae
5500:
5495:Taubatherium
5493:
5486:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5459:Huilatherium
5457:
5450:
5443:
5438:Elmerriggsia
5436:
5429:
5422:
5417:Ancylocoelus
5415:
5410:Anayatherium
5408:
5401:Leontiniidae
5389:Eutoxodontia
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5347:Periphragnis
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5180:Chilestylops
5178:
5173:Boreastylops
5171:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5129:Nanolophodon
5127:
5120:
5097:
5092:Satshatemnus
5090:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5032:
5021:Notoungulata
5020:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4950:
4943:
4920:
4913:
4906:Indaleciidae
4890:
4883:
4876:
4831:Villarroelia
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4719:Diadiaphorus
4717:
4710:
4703:
4680:
4673:
4652:Salladolodus
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4575:
4568:
4563:Phoradiadius
4561:
4554:
4547:
4524:
4519:Protheosodon
4517:
4510:
4503:
4498:Lambdaconops
4496:
4489:
4484:Eolicaphrium
4482:
4475:
4422:
4417:Windhausenia
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4382:Micrauchenia
4380:
4373:
4368:Macrauchenia
4366:
4361:Huayqueriana
4359:
4352:
4329:
4324:Pternoconius
4322:
4315:
4310:Llullataruca
4308:
4303:Cramauchenia
4301:
4294:
4287:
4264:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4182:Eulitopterna
4140:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4029:Astraponotus
4027:
4020:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3898:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3834:Baguatherium
3832:
3809:
3802:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3532:Kollpaniidae
3487:Superorder:
3401:
3366:
3339:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3216:
3212:
3191:Welker, F.;
3175:
3171:
3120:
3116:
3083:
3048:
3044:
2999:
2995:
2987:Bibliography
2959:
2955:
2944:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2844:
2840:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2711:, retrieved
2689:
2621:
2617:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2546:
2540:Cifelli 1993
2535:
2515:Buckley 2015
2510:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2416:
2412:
2350:
2346:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2236:
2219:
2202:
2185:
2184:Skeleton of
2167:
2166:Skeleton of
2149:
2148:Skeleton of
2131:
2130:Skeleton of
2115:Miocochilius
2113:
2112:Skeleton of
2095:
2077:
2055:
2022:
2012:
2005:Toxodontidae
1985:
1978:
1976:
1909:Toxodontidae
1902:Notohippidae
1896:Leontiniidae
1760:Paedotherium
1758:
1757:
1743:Prosotherium
1741:
1740:
1708:
1707:
1691:
1690:
1659:Archaeohyrax
1657:
1656:
1640:
1639:
1616:Trachytherus
1614:
1613:
1588:
1587:
1571:
1570:
1530:
1529:
1506:
1505:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1419:
1398:Plagiarthrus
1396:
1395:
1372:
1371:
1350:Miocochilius
1348:
1347:
1331:
1330:
1314:
1313:
1292:Notopithecus
1290:
1289:
1263:
1262:
1248:Acropithecus
1246:
1245:
1229:
1228:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1194:
1105:
1104:
1088:
1087:
1071:
1070:
1049:Adinotherium
1047:
1046:
1030:
1029:
1018:Toxodontidae
1005:Argyrohippus
1003:
1002:
979:
978:
955:
954:
938:
937:
921:
920:
906:Eomorphippus
904:
903:
869:
868:
852:
851:
830:Ancylocoelus
828:
827:
811:
810:
799:Leontiniidae
775:
774:
758:
757:
724:
723:
684:Periphragnis
682:
681:
665:
664:
632:
631:
615:
614:
558:
557:
541:
540:
517:
516:
493:
492:
481:Notoungulata
480:
450:Toxodontidae
446:Leontiniidae
439:
428:
424:paraphyletic
421:
409:afrotherians
401:sister group
378:
374:paraphyletic
355:
334:rhinoceroses
311:
264:Notoungulata
263:
262:
255:
238:Notoungulata
237:
218:
152:Prosotherium
150:
149:Skeleton of
133:Toxodontidae
126:
125:Skeleton of
24:Notoungulata
18:
6901:Wikispecies
6810:Tremacyllus
6796:Pachyrukhos
6773:Tremacyllus
6537:Mesotherium
6368:Patriarchus
6347:Juchuysillu
6305:Caenophilus
6284:Argyrohyrax
6006:Trigodonops
5915:Palyeidodon
5901:Nonotherium
5873:Mixotoxodon
5866:Minitoxodon
5859:Mesotoxodon
5831:Hemixotodon
5796:Dinotoxodon
5782:Ceratoxodon
5657:Rhynchippus
5635:Plexotemnus
5607:Pampahippus
5529:Acoelohyrax
5340:Pampatemnus
5333:Lophocoelus
5319:Hedralophus
5298:Anisotemnus
5289:Isotemnidae
5215:Parastylops
5201:Notostylops
5150:Simpsonotus
5065:Perutherium
5051:Archaeogaia
4945:Notonychops
4915:Adiantoides
4892:Rutimeyeria
4824:Uruguayodon
4817:Thoatherium
4754:Lambdaconus
4705:Anisolophus
4682:Megadolodus
4631:Promylophis
4624:Olisanophus
4512:Polyacrodon
4477:Anisolambda
4266:Polymorphis
4239:Tricoelodus
4217:Proectocion
4210:Proadiantus
4194:Adianthidae
3964:Antarctodon
3869:Pyrotherium
3735:Carodniidae
3723:Xenungulata
3702:Miguelsoria
3571:Simoclaenus
3556:Pascualodus
3504:Xenungulata
3242:11336/14769
3201:Kessler, B.
2870:11336/45231
2468:Ameghiniana
2275:Mixotoxodon
2262:Mesotherium
2252:Mixotoxodon
2204:Rhynchippus
2169:Pachyrukhos
2097:Mesotherium
2014:Notostylops
1980:Simpsonotus
1890:Isotemnidae
1590:Mesotherium
940:Rhynchippus
617:Pampahippus
560:Pyrotherium
543:Notostylops
519:Simpsonotus
413:euungulates
313:Mixotoxodon
308:Pleistocene
304:toxodontids
280:Pleistocene
7000:Categories
6752:Medistylus
6645:Pseudhyrax
6048:Campanorco
6039:Typotheria
5887:Neotoxodon
5761:Abothrodon
5671:Stilhippus
5600:Notohippus
5593:Nesohippus
5586:Morphippus
5565:Eurygenium
5488:Scarrittia
5233:Toxodontia
4983:Proacrodon
4857:Notopterna
4747:Epitherium
4733:Eoauchenia
4617:Neodolodus
4556:Notiolofos
4289:Caliphrium
4167:Litopterna
3971:Astrapodon
3783:Pyrotheria
3758:Notoetayoa
3644:Raulvaccia
3622:Escribania
3608:Enneoconus
3578:Tiuclaenus
3508:Pyrotheria
3457:Genera of
3411:0231110138
2962:: 107925.
2927:1808/13587
2713:2023-06-29
2353:: 102772.
2295:References
2243:condylarth
2221:Scarrittia
1923:Typotheria
1884:Toxodontia
1532:Pseudhyrax
1231:Campanorco
1183:Typotheria
957:Morphippus
923:Eurygenium
871:Scarrittia
589:Toxodontia
466:Pyrotheria
435:gliriforms
362:Toxodontia
358:Typotheria
326:litopterns
292:Toxodontia
288:Typotheria
6652:Punahyrax
6471:Fiandraia
6319:Cochilius
6129:Colbertia
6108:Allalmeia
5943:Pisanodon
5852:Mesenodon
5817:Gyrinodon
5803:Eutomodus
5466:Leontinia
5368:Rhyphodon
5326:Isotemnus
5099:Seudenius
5044:Acoelodus
4922:Indalecia
4740:Epecuenia
4331:Theosodon
4232:Thadanius
4203:Adianthus
3985:Liarthrus
3855:Griphodon
3658:Saltaodus
3601:Didolodus
3564:Pucanodus
3549:Molinodus
3542:Andinodus
3469:Kingdom:
3291:: 15951.
3251:0028-0836
3102:715426850
3024:740994816
2936:0272-4634
2879:0272-4634
2801:1932-6203
2752:1064-7554
2648:0027-8424
2596:1477-2019
2488:0002-7014
2449:213737574
2441:0084-6597
2377:224862237
2239:Paleocene
2094:Skull of
2076:Skull of
2037:ruminants
2009:hypsodont
1921:Suborder
1882:Suborder
1861:Suborder
1439:Cochilius
1197:Colbertia
854:Leontinia
634:Rhyphodon
472:Phylogeny
389:litoptern
276:Paleocene
268:ungulates
256:See text
243:Roth 1903
188:Kingdom:
182:Eukaryota
29:Paleocene
6915:BioLib:
6886:Wikidata
6240:Johnbell
6233:Ignigena
6178:Suniodon
6171:Paginula
5999:Trigodon
5649:Purperia
5480:Purperia
5431:Coquenia
5424:Colpodon
5254:Asmodeus
5208:Otrhonia
4976:Kyraodus
4952:Requisia
4675:Bounodus
4354:Cullinia
3992:Maddenia
3923:Shecenia
3811:Proticia
3765:Rodcania
3744:Carodnia
3672:Xesmodon
3665:Umayodus
3630:Lamegoia
3483:Mammalia
3477:Chordata
3475:Phylum:
3471:Animalia
3420:37345734
3358:14967288
3323:28654082
3259:25799987
3184:14012855
3178:: 1–36.
3163:23315598
3155:16865388
3075:25833851
3032:84159942
2819:34403434
2771:PLOS ONE
2666:28096389
2062:Lutetian
813:Colpodon
760:Asmodeus
393:collagen
352:Taxonomy
322:Collagen
212:Mammalia
202:Chordata
198:Phylum:
192:Animalia
178:Domain:
6957:1563120
6931:4471874
6892:Q131322
6624:Eohyrax
6247:Munizia
6013:Xotodon
5985:Toxodon
5731:Nesodon
5664:Rosendo
4066:Scaglia
3481:Class:
3393:1693999
3314:5490259
3293:Bibcode
3267:4467386
3221:Bibcode
3125:Bibcode
3066:4426609
3004:Bibcode
2964:Bibcode
2906:Bibcode
2849:Bibcode
2810:8370646
2779:Bibcode
2657:5293108
2626:Bibcode
2576:Bibcode
2421:Bibcode
2355:Bibcode
2271:Toxodon
2133:Nesodon
2019:wombats
1987:Toxodon
1973:Ecology
1963:Family
1957:Family
1951:Family
1945:Family
1939:Family
1933:Family
1927:Family
1913:Family
1907:Family
1900:Family
1894:Family
1888:Family
1874:Family
1868:Family
1508:Eohyrax
1107:Toxodon
1032:Nesodon
403:to the
342:equines
300:Neogene
231:Order:
208:Class:
128:Toxodon
5642:Puelia
5445:Gualta
4526:Wainka
3751:Etayoa
3418:
3408:
3391:
3381:
3356:
3346:
3321:
3311:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3213:Nature
3182:
3161:
3153:
3100:
3090:
3073:
3063:
3030:
3022:
2934:
2877:
2817:
2807:
2799:
2750:
2704:
2664:
2654:
2646:
2594:
2486:
2447:
2439:
2375:
460:, and
338:tapirs
310:(with
296:Eocene
33:Danian
6978:Plazi
6970:43320
6944:12410
6939:IRMNG
6918:38280
3263:S2CID
3159:S2CID
3028:S2CID
2474:(3).
2445:S2CID
2373:S2CID
219:Clade
6952:NCBI
3416:OCLC
3406:ISBN
3389:OCLC
3379:ISBN
3354:OCLC
3344:ISBN
3319:PMID
3255:PMID
3247:ISSN
3180:OCLC
3151:PMID
3098:OCLC
3088:ISBN
3071:PMID
3020:OCLC
2932:ISSN
2875:ISSN
2815:PMID
2797:ISSN
2748:ISSN
2702:ISBN
2662:PMID
2644:ISSN
2592:ISSN
2484:ISSN
2437:ISSN
2277:and
2003:and
395:and
368:and
360:and
340:and
290:and
51:PreꞒ
6926:EoL
3371:doi
3309:PMC
3301:doi
3237:hdl
3229:doi
3217:522
3141:hdl
3133:doi
3061:PMC
3053:doi
3049:282
3012:doi
2972:doi
2960:301
2922:hdl
2914:doi
2865:hdl
2857:doi
2805:PMC
2787:doi
2740:doi
2694:doi
2652:PMC
2634:doi
2622:114
2584:doi
2476:doi
2429:doi
2363:doi
2351:103
7002::
6980::
6967::
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101:Pg
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
