497:" gene. When these two chromosome fragments fuse the genes also fuse creating a new gene: "BCR-ABL". This fused gene encodes for a protein that displays high protein tyrosine kinase activity (this activity is due to the "ABL1" half of the protein). The unregulated expression of this protein activates other proteins that are involved in cell cycle and cell division which can cause a cell to grow and divide uncontrollably (the cell becomes cancerous). As a result, the Philadelphia Chromosome is associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (as mentioned before) as well as other forms of Leukemia.
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oncogenic proteins and a comprehensive mechanistic analysis of the ways in which oncogenes dysregulate physiological signaling to cause different cancer types and developmental syndromes are potential future advances in the field of cancer research. Investigating the quickly expanding field of oncogene molecular research, the goal of this special issue was to generate practical translational indicators that could be able to meet clinical needs.
79:) if critical functions are altered and then malfunction. Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead. Most oncogenes began as proto-oncogenes: normal genes involved in cell growth and proliferation or inhibition of apoptosis. If, through mutation, normal genes promoting cellular growth are up-regulated (gain-of-function mutation), they predispose the cell to cancer and are termed
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suppressor genes free cells from inhibitions that typically serve to control their numbers. The ability of the mutant genes, known as oncogenes, to steer a specific line of test cells toward malignant proliferation can occasionally be used to identify these later mutations, which have a dominating effect.
381:, a piece of genetic material seen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia caused by the translocation of pieces from chromosomes 9 and 22. Bcr-Abl codes for a tyrosine kinase, which is constitutively active, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. (More information about the Philadelphia Chromosome below)
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Ras is a small GTPase that hydrolyses GTP into GDP and phosphate. Ras is activated by growth factor signaling (i.e., EGF, TGFbeta) and acting as a binary switch (on/off) in growth signaling pathways. Downstream effectors of Ras include three mitogen-activated protein kinases Raf a MAP Kinase Kinase
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There are several systems for classifying oncogenes, but there is not yet a widely accepted standard. They are sometimes grouped both spatially (moving from outside the cell inwards) and chronologically (parallelling the "normal" process of signal transduction). There are several categories that are
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that contain the genes for a cell. A chromosome's DNA sequence may alter each time a cell divides. This could cause a gene to be located near to a proto-oncogene that acts as an "on" switch, keeping it active even when it shouldn't. The cell can develop irregularly with the aid of this new oncogene.
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add phosphate groups to other proteins in order to turn them on or off. Receptor kinases add phosphate groups to receptor proteins at the surface of the cell (which receives protein signals from outside the cell and transmits them to the inside of the cell). Tyrosine kinases add phosphate groups to
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Cells can frequently switch genes on or off via epigenetic mechanisms rather than actual genetic alterations. Alternately, different chemical compounds that can be linked to genetic material (DNA or RNA) may have an impact on which genes are active. An oncogene may sporadically become activated due
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Many of them were initially found to induce cancer in animals when they are introduced through viral vector infection, which carries genetic information from a prior host cell. Another method for identifying oncogenes is to look for genes that are activated by mutations in human cancer cells or by
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Genes that are considered crucial for cancer can be divided into two categories based on whether the harmful mutations in them result in function loss or gain. Gain-of-function mutations of proto-oncogenes drive cells to proliferate when they shouldn't, while loss-of-function mutations of tumor
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The first human oncogene (HRAS), a crucial finding in the field of cancer research, was discovered more than 40 years ago, and since then, the number of novel pathogenic oncogenes has increased steadily. The discovery of specific small-molecule inhibitors that specifically target the different
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Genes known as proto-oncogenes are those that normally encourage cell growth and division in order to generate new cells or sustain the viability of pre-existing cells. When overexpressed, proto-oncogenes can be inadvertently activated (turned on), which changes them to oncogenes.
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by either specialized or non-specialized cells to induce cell proliferation in themselves, nearby cells, or distant cells. An oncogene may cause a cell to secrete growth factors even though it does not normally do so. It will thereby induce its own uncontrolled proliferation
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Gene changes or mutations: A person's genetic "coding" may differ in a way that causes an oncogene to always be activated. These types of gene changes can develop spontaneously throughout the course of a person's life or they might be inherited from a parent when a
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within the vicinity of the MYC gene. The MYC gene codes for widely used transcription factors. When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed, these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates. Another example of an oncogene is the
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Abuasaker, Baraa; Garrido, Eduardo; Vilaplana, Marta; Gómez-Zepeda, Jesús Daniel; Brun, Sonia; Garcia-Cajide, Marta; Mauvezin, Caroline; Jaumot, Montserrat; Pujol, Maria Dolors; Rubio-Martínez, Jaime; Agell, Neus (2023-01-01).
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and David
Hungerford, and it is a fusion of parts of DNA from chromosome 22 and chromosome 9. The broken end of chromosome 22 contains the "BCR" gene, which fuses with a fragment of chromosome 9 that contains the
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Czernilofsky AP, Levinson AD, Varmus HE, Bishop JM, Tischer E, Goodman HM (September 1980). "Nucleotide sequence of an avian sarcoma virus oncogene (src) and proposed amino acid sequence for gene product".
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172:. Those children with amplification of N-myc, regardless of stage, will have shortened survival. Thus, therapeutic efforts are concentrated on intensifying treatment in this poor prognostic group.
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Press RD, Misra A, Gillaspy G, Samols D, Goldthwait DA (June 1989). "Control of the expression of c-sis mRNA in human glioblastoma cells by phorbol ester and transforming growth factor beta 1".
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Reddy EP, Reynolds RK, Santos E, Barbacid M (November 1982). "A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene".
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300:. Oncogenes play an important role in the regulation or synthesis of proteins linked to tumorigenic cell growth. Some oncoproteins are accepted and used as tumor markers.
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the amino acid tyrosine in the target protein. They can cause cancer by turning the receptor permanently on (constitutively), even without signals from outside the cell.
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Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine for 1989 jointly to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of "the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes".
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colorectal and breast cancers, melanomas, ovarian cancers, gastric cancers, head and neck cancers, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, brain cancers, and blood cancers
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is important, because the optimal treatment for each form is different. Even in a particular disease, the identification of patients with good and poor
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The proto-oncogene can become an oncogene by a relatively small modification of its original function. There are three basic methods of activation:
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products. Upon acquiring an activating mutation, a proto-oncogene becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an oncogene. Examples of proto-oncogenes include
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within a proto-oncogene, or within a regulatory region (for example the promoter region), can cause a change in the protein structure, causing
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demonstrated that oncogenes were activated proto-oncogenes as is found in many organisms, including humans. Bishop and Varmus were awarded the
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cell line. The molecular nature of the mutation leading to oncogenesis was subsequently isolated and characterized by the
Spanish biochemist
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Kinase (MAPKKK), MEK a MAP Kinase Kinase (MAPKK), and ERK a MAP Kinase(MAPK), which in turn regulate genes that mediate cell proliferation.
87:, act in concert to cause cancer. Since the 1970s, dozens of oncogenes have been identified in human cancer. Many cancer drugs target the
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encoded by oncogenes. Oncogenes are a physically and functionally diverse set of genes, and as a result, their protein products have
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malignant T-cell lymphomas and acute myeloid leukemias, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, retinoblastoma, and small cell lung cancer
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in 1982. Dr. Barbacid spent the following months extending his research, eventually discovering that the oncogene was a mutated
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potential is helpful, since more aggressive therapy may be needed to achieve a cure in the poor prognostic group. Oncogenes are
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1200:"α4-α5 Helices on Surface of KRAS Can Accommodate Small Compounds That Increase KRAS Signaling While Inducing CRC Cell Death"
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involved in organism development, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, differentiation, cells survival, and apoptosis
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Adler Jaffe, Shoshana; Jacobson, Kendal; Farnbach
Pearson, Amy W.; Baca, Lila A.; Dimauro, Nina; Kano, Miria (2023-05-05).
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Gene duplication: If one cell has more copies of a gene than another, that cell may produce too much of a certain protein.
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Chen, Qiongfeng; Jin, Jingguang; Guo, Wenhui; Tang, Zhimin; Luo, Yunfei; Ying, Ying; Lin, Hui; Luo, Zhijun (2022-08-08).
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Gschwind A, Fischer OM, Ullrich A (May 2004). "The discovery of receptor tyrosine kinases: targets for cancer therapy".
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mediate the responses to, and the activation receptors of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival
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Philadelphia
Chromosome is an example of this type of translocation event. This chromosome was discovered in 1960 by
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1041:""Did I get into the twilight zone somehow?": sexual and gender minority cancer caregiver experiences during COVID"
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Shih C, Weinberg RA (May 1982). "Isolation of a transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line".
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to these epigenetic modifications. Visit Gene
Alterations and Cancer to learn more about epigenetic alterations.
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to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of "the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes".
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interact with transcription factor partners to regulate transcription of genes that induce cell proliferation.
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translocation events which relocate a proto-oncogene to a new chromosomal site that leads to higher expression
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demonstrated that SRC was indeed the gene of the virus that acted as an oncogene upon infection. The first
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Niederhuber, John E.; Armitage, James O.; Doroshow, James H.; Kastan, Michael B.; Tepper, Joel E. (2020),
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1140:"PEBP4 Directs the Malignant Behavior of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Regulating mTORC1 and mTORC2"
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214:(pronounced "sarc" as it is short for sarcoma). SRC was first discovered as an oncogene in a chicken
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Cancer patients are generally categorized according to clinical parameters in order to tailor their
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translocation events that lead to a fusion between a proto-oncogene and a 2nd gene (this creates a
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an increase of protein (mRNA) stability, prolonging its existence and thus its activity in the cell
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Chromosomal rearrangement: Every living creature has chromosomes, which are substantial strands of
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Illustration of how a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell, when an oncogene becomes activated
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Breast cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer
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Summy JM, Gallick GE (December 2003). "Src family kinases in tumor progression and metastasis".
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chromosomal translocations that may indicate the presence of a gene that is crucial for cancer.
2141:"Activation and function of the MAPKs and their substrates, the MAPK-activated protein kinases"
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Thomas SM, Brugge JS (1 November 1997). "Cellular functions regulated by Src family kinases".
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188:(Concerning the Origin of Malignant Tumors) in which he predicted the existence of oncogenes
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Leicht DT, Balan V, Kaplun A, Singh-Gupta V, Kaplun L, Dobson M, Tzivion G (August 2007).
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Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007). "Chapter 20 - Neoplasms of the
Thyroid".
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Esquela-Kerscher A, Slack FJ (April 2006). "Oncomirs - microRNAs with a role in cancer".
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amplification is an independent determinant in predicting a poor outcome in childhood
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malignant melanoma, papillary thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, and ovarian cancer
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An increase in the amount of a certain protein (protein concentration), caused by
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Zanconato, Francesca; Cordenonsi, Michelangelo; Piccolo, Stefano (2016-06-13).
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adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and colon, thyroid tumors, and myeloid leukemia
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Larrick, James W.; Liu, Edison (1989), Benz, Christopher; Liu, Edison (eds.),
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messenger RNAs could theoretically be used to block the effects of oncogenes.
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is a normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations or increased
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is credited with discovering the first identified human oncogene in a human
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in 1989 for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.
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There are 2 different types of chromosomal translocations that can occur:
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effects on a variety of intricate regulatory cascades within the cell.
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involved in signalling a major pathway leading to cell proliferation.
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Bos JL (September 1989). "ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review".
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The first confirmed oncogene was discovered in 1970 and was termed
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There are numerous ways to activate (turn on) oncogenes in cells:
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The theory of oncogenes was foreshadowed by the German biologist
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regulate transcription of genes that induce cell proliferation.
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83:. Usually, multiple oncogenes, along with mutated apoptotic or
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Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
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1932:"Raf kinases: function, regulation and role in human cancer"
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21-25 nucleotides in length that control gene expression by
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Most normal cells undergo a preprogrammed rapid cell death (
2043:"Reversible tumorigenesis by MYC in hematopoietic lineages"
1265:, vol. 47, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 319–330,
1613:
Chial H (2008). "Proto-oncogenes to
Oncogenes to Cancer".
439:), resulting in an increased amount of protein in the cell
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Later on, the term "oncogene" was rediscovered in 1969 by
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Negrini M, Ferracin M, Sabbioni S, Croce CM (June 2007).
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an increase of protein expression (through misregulation)
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glioma, melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancers, and more
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transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation.
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The resultant protein encoded by an oncogene is termed
218:. Experiments performed by Dr. G. Steve Martin of the
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1634:"MicroRNAs in human cancer: from research to therapy"
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Additional oncogenetic regulator properties include:
2006:
Hilgenfeld R (December 1995). "Regulatory GTPases".
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642:family of tyrosine kinases, the Abl gene in CML -
1486:"Robert Weinberg Rewarded for Oncogene Discovery"
1334:Martin GS (June 2001). "The hunting of the Src".
909:Croce CM (January 2008). "Oncogenes and cancer".
505:The expression of oncogenes can be regulated by
1856:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
897:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002.
144:. For example, the separation of patients with
1891:"Guilty as charged: B-RAF is a human oncogene"
1098:"Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer"
985:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989
2614:
2215:
467:with increased cancerous/oncogenic activity)
293:and characterizing its activation mechanism.
8:
1204:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1144:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
27:Gene that has the potential to cause cancer
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2145:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
860:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
850:(7th ed.). San Francisco, California.
470:the expression of a constitutively active
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1955:
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1309:Zur Frage der Entstehung maligner Tumoren
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1215:
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186:Zur Frage der Entstehung Maligner Tumoren
1565:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
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328:. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in
36:
1259:"Therapeutic applications of oncogenes"
1096:Teh, Bin Tean; Fearon, Eric R. (2020),
838:
605:platelet-derived growth factor receptor
525:) can lead to activation of oncogenes.
258:University of California, San Francisco
1336:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
853:
474:. This type of mutation in a dividing
2041:Felsher DW, Bishop JM (August 1999).
2008:Current Opinion in Structural Biology
1889:Garnett MJ, Marais R (October 2004).
1586:Todd R, Wong DT (1999). "Oncogenes".
262:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
1324:, Siddhartha Mukherjee, 2011, p. 363
234:in 1980 by A.P. Czernilofsky et al.
2139:Cargnello M, Roux PP (March 2011).
911:The New England Journal of Medicine
110:error occurs during cell division.
1110:10.1016/b978-0-323-47674-4.00014-1
1011:10.1016/b978-0-323-47674-4.00126-2
946:"Tumor progression and metastasis"
609:vascular endothelial growth factor
220:University of California, Berkeley
25:
1104:, Elsevier, pp. 209–224.e2,
2084:"YAP/TAZ at the Roots of Cancer"
1868:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.513
601:epidermal growth factor receptor
360:. The MYC gene is implicated in
190:(Teilungsfoerdernde Chromosomen)
53:that has the potential to cause
1717:"THE Medical Biochemistry Page"
393:From proto-oncogene to oncogene
336:signals, usually through their
1:
2537:Clonally transmissible cancer
2060:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80367-6
1813:Cancer and Metastasis Reviews
660:and their regulatory subunits
203:scientists George Todaro and
2878:Intracellular signaling P+Ps
2020:10.1016/0959-440X(95)80015-8
1948:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.05.001
1455:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90100-3
1271:10.1007/978-1-4613-1599-5_14
724:Transcriptional coactivators
590:induces cell proliferation.
194:(im permanenten Übergewicht)
2100:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.005
1322:The Emperor of All Maladies
1102:Abeloff's Clinical Oncology
1045:Cancer Causes & Control
1003:Abeloff's Clinical Oncology
755:Growth factors are usually
316:. Proto-oncogenes code for
3473:
2932:TGF beta signaling pathway
2840:JAK-STAT signaling pathway
2756:TGF beta signaling pathway
2727:Hedgehog signaling pathway
2568:Index of oncology articles
1057:10.1007/s10552-023-01708-9
887:"Oncogenes" Free full text
320:that help to regulate the
196:during tumor development.
164:in certain human cancers.
29:
2966:Akt/PKB signaling pathway
1908:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.022
899:Illustrated presentation.
770:Receptor tyrosine kinases
596:Receptor tyrosine kinases
446:chromosomal translocation
366:chromosomal translocation
201:National Cancer Institute
2785:Receptor tyrosine kinase
1005:, Elsevier, pp. v,
878:Kimball's Biology Pages.
817:Quantitative trait locus
668:cyclin-dependent kinases
658:Serine/threonine kinases
517:them. Mutations in such
408:an increase in protein (
64:, these genes are often
3011:Hippo signaling pathway
2490:Prostate cancer staging
2454:Paraneoplastic syndrome
1825:10.1023/A:1023772912750
1638:Journal of Cell Science
1563:Robbins Basic Pathology
1311:. Jena: Gustav Fischer.
963:10.1093/carcin/21.3.497
944:Yokota J (March 2000).
644:Philadelphia chromosome
379:Philadelphia chromosome
3026:Neurofibromin 2/Merlin
2630:Tumor suppressor genes
2528:Tumor suppressor genes
2495:Gleason grading system
2449:Precancerous condition
1770:Nature Reviews. Cancer
1675:Nature Reviews. Cancer
1484:Lowry F (5 May 2011).
846:Wilbur B, ed. (2009).
822:Genetic susceptibility
812:Genetic predisposition
450:chromosome abnormality
437:chromosome abnormality
394:
364:, which starts when a
192:that become amplified
85:tumor suppressor genes
42:
2887:Wnt signaling pathway
2698:Wnt signaling pathway
2547:Carcinogenic bacteria
2287:Malignant progression
2157:10.1128/MMBR.00031-10
848:The World of the Cell
802:Tumor suppressor gene
705:Transcription factors
392:
40:
30:For the journal, see
3313:Transcription factor
2500:Dukes classification
1644:(Pt 11): 1833–1840.
1217:10.3390/ijms24010748
1157:10.3390/ijms23158798
923:10.1056/NEJMra072367
150:lymphocytic leukemia
3388:Apoptosis inhibitor
2771:TGF beta receptor 2
2319:Sentinel lymph node
1588:Anticancer Research
1524:1982Natur.300..149R
1392:1980Natur.287..198C
330:signal transduction
224:nucleotide sequence
154:myelocytic leukemia
2367:Respiratory system
883:2017-12-31 at the
611:receptor (VEGFR),
395:
377:gene found on the
362:Burkitt's lymphoma
239:Dominique Stéhelin
162:prognostic markers
43:
32:Oncogene (journal)
3439:
3438:
3409:
3408:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3307:
3306:
3257:
3256:
3219:
3218:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3089:
3088:
3034:
3033:
3005:
3004:
2960:
2959:
2926:
2925:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2834:
2833:
2779:
2778:
2750:
2749:
2721:
2720:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2596:
2595:
2583:Cancer and nausea
2462:
2461:
2299:Carcinoma in situ
1987:(17): 4682–4689.
1749:(11): 2914–2920.
1651:10.1242/jcs.03450
1594:(6A): 4729–4746.
1572:978-1-4160-2973-1
1518:(5888): 149–152.
1386:(5779): 198–203.
1307:Boveri T (1914).
1280:978-1-4612-8885-5
745:
744:
582:breast carcinomas
448:(another type of
370:enhancer sequence
332:and execution of
279:and published in
250:J. Michael Bishop
184:in his 1914 book
16:(Redirected from
3464:
3384:
3318:
3268:
3263:Ubiquitin ligase
3234:
3156:
3147:
3098:
3045:
3040:MAPK/ERK pathway
3016:
2971:
2937:
2892:
2883:
2845:
2790:
2761:
2732:
2703:
2694:
2656:
2647:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2397:Endocrine system
2362:Digestive system
2251:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1942:(8): 1196–1212.
1927:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1719:. Archived from
1713:
1707:
1706:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1615:Nature Education
1610:
1604:
1603:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1532:10.1038/300149a0
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1400:10.1038/287198a0
1374:
1368:
1367:
1348:10.1038/35073094
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1219:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1159:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
994:
988:
982:
976:
975:
965:
941:
935:
934:
906:
900:
894:
888:
875:
866:
865:
859:
851:
843:
627:tyrosine kinases
541:
509:(miRNAs), small
433:gene duplication
277:Mariano Barbacid
254:Harold E. Varmus
247:
148:into those with
72:at high levels.
21:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3414:Other/ungrouped
3405:
3365:
3349:
3303:
3287:
3253:
3215:
3180:
3128:
3112:
3085:
3081:Neurofibromin 1
3069:
3030:
3001:
2985:
2956:
2922:
2906:
2864:
2830:
2775:
2746:
2717:
2675:
2636:
2627:
2597:
2592:
2551:
2504:
2458:
2437:
2401:
2323:
2282:
2242:
2228:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1981:Cancer Research
1978:
1977:
1973:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1782:10.1038/nrc1360
1767:
1766:
1762:
1743:Cancer Research
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1687:10.1038/nrc1840
1672:
1671:
1667:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1021:
996:
995:
991:
983:
979:
943:
942:
938:
908:
907:
903:
895:
891:
885:Wayback Machine
876:
869:
852:
845:
844:
840:
835:
792:Anticancer gene
788:
553:Gene functions
538:commonly used:
535:
482:leads to adult
387:
326:differentiation
306:
269:Robert Weinberg
241:
178:
152:and those with
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3457:Carcinogenesis
3454:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3324:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2653:
2651:Growth factors
2644:
2638:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2510:Carcinogenesis
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2392:Nervous system
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:nasopharyngeal
2352:
2347:
2342:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2186:External links
2184:
2181:
2180:
2131:
2094:(6): 783–803.
2074:
2053:(2): 199–207.
2047:Molecular Cell
2033:
2014:(6): 810–817.
1998:
1971:
1922:
1901:(4): 313–319.
1881:
1862:(1): 513–609.
1846:
1819:(4): 337–358.
1803:
1776:(5): 361–370.
1760:
1733:
1708:
1681:(4): 259–269.
1665:
1624:
1605:
1578:
1571:
1553:
1502:
1476:
1449:(1): 161–169.
1433:
1431:Press Release.
1421:
1369:
1342:(6): 467–475.
1326:
1314:
1299:
1279:
1249:
1189:
1130:
1118:
1088:
1051:(7): 563–568.
1031:
1019:
989:
977:
956:(3): 497–503.
950:Carcinogenesis
936:
917:(5): 502–511.
901:
889:
867:
837:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
827:Oncometabolism
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
780:
779:
778:
774:
767:
763:autocrine loop
743:
742:
739:
736:
726:
720:
719:
716:
713:
707:
701:
700:
697:
694:
689:
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:overexpression
661:
653:
652:
649:
646:
629:
622:
621:
618:
615:
598:
592:
591:
588:
567:
562:
559:Growth factors
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
534:
533:Classification
531:
515:downregulating
503:
502:
501:
500:
499:
498:
486:
472:hybrid protein
465:fusion protein
461:
457:
456:
442:
441:
440:
430:
427:
421:
420:
419:
413:
386:
383:
310:proto-oncogene
305:
304:Proto-oncogene
302:
273:bladder cancer
237:In 1976, Drs.
205:Robert Huebner
182:Theodor Boveri
177:
174:
146:acute leukemia
142:cancer therapy
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3469:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Mitochondrion
3376:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:Other/unknown
3092:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:oropharyngeal
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:Head and neck
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Primary tumor
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2255:Benign tumors
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1723:on 2021-01-26
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1491:
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1119:9780323476744
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1111:
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1020:9780323476744
1016:
1012:
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986:
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973:
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964:
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637:
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628:
624:
623:
619:
616:
614:
610:
607:(PDGFR), and
606:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
578:osteosarcomas
575:
574:fibrosarcomas
571:
570:glioblastomas
568:
566:
563:
561:, or mitogens
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
539:
532:
530:
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524:
520:
516:
512:
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481:
477:
473:
469:
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454:
453:
451:
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443:
438:
435:(one type of
434:
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221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
175:
173:
171:
170:neuroblastoma
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
120:
115:
111:
109:
108:transcription
103:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
2902:Beta-catenin
2633:
2531:
2230:Overview of
2192:
2151:(1): 50–83.
2148:
2144:
2134:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1711:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1562:
1556:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1479:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1424:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1292:, retrieved
1262:
1252:
1207:
1203:
1192:
1150:(15): 8798.
1147:
1143:
1133:
1123:, retrieved
1101:
1091:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1024:, retrieved
1002:
999:"Dedication"
992:
980:
953:
949:
939:
914:
910:
904:
892:
847:
841:
797:Oncogenomics
761:
746:
656:Cytoplasmic
638:family, and
625:Cytoplasmic
536:
504:
490:Peter Nowell
471:
396:
309:
307:
297:
295:
280:
266:
236:
209:
198:
193:
189:
185:
179:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
116:
112:
104:
101:
97:
80:
74:
46:
44:
2578:Cancer pain
2518:Cancer cell
2263:Hyperplasia
2088:Cancer Cell
1895:Cancer Cell
692:Ras protein
685:Regulatory
480:bone marrow
322:cell growth
298:oncoprotein
242: [
93:pleiotropic
3446:Categories
3225:DNA repair
3151:Cell cycle
2666:c-Sis/PDGF
2523:Carcinogen
2387:Urogenital
2328:Topography
2309:Metastasis
2273:Pseudocyst
2247:Conditions
2193:Drosophila
1727:2007-03-12
1495:6 February
1294:2023-12-10
1210:(1): 748.
1125:2023-12-10
1026:2023-12-10
833:References
664:Raf kinase
636:Syk-ZAP-70
521:(known as
417:regulation
415:a loss of
412:) activity
385:Activation
314:expression
216:retrovirus
158:prognostic
3452:Oncogenes
2634:Oncogenes
2542:Oncovirus
2532:oncogenes
2485:Ann Arbor
2428:Papilloma
2413:Carcinoma
2406:Histology
2350:laryngeal
2294:Dysplasia
2278:Hamartoma
2108:1535-6108
1364:205016442
1263:Oncogenes
1226:1422-0067
1166:1422-0067
1065:0957-5243
856:cite book
807:Oncovirus
670:(through
634:-family,
586:melanomas
527:Antisense
519:microRNAs
507:microRNAs
476:stem cell
368:moves an
334:mitogenic
232:sequenced
81:oncogenes
77:apoptosis
70:expressed
18:Oncogenes
3431:Stathmin
3176:Cyclin E
3171:Cyclin D
2809:HER2/neu
2689:Receptor
2563:Research
2423:Blastoma
2240:oncology
2175:21372320
2126:27300434
2069:10488335
1966:17555829
1917:15488754
1841:12380282
1833:12884910
1790:15122207
1703:10620165
1695:16557279
1660:17515481
1600:10697588
1548:34599264
1490:Medscape
1471:12046552
1356:11389470
1244:36614192
1184:35955931
1083:37145262
1074:10161178
972:10688870
931:18234754
881:Archived
786:See also
757:secreted
613:HER2/neu
603:(EGFR),
547:Examples
544:Category
523:oncomirs
484:leukemia
403:mutation
318:proteins
89:proteins
47:oncogene
3421:c-Bcl-2
3229:Fanconi
3142:Nucleus
2573:History
2472:grading
2468:Staging
2433:Adenoma
2418:Sarcoma
2166:3063353
2117:6186419
2028:8749370
1993:2547513
1957:1986673
1876:9442882
1798:6939454
1755:2655888
1540:7133135
1520:Bibcode
1463:6286138
1416:4231060
1408:6253794
1388:Bibcode
1289:2577004
1235:9821572
1175:9369291
687:GTPases
550:Cancers
478:in the
375:Bcr-Abl
338:protein
256:of the
176:History
66:mutated
3211:p14arf
3124:Maspin
2804:c-ErbB
2642:Ligand
2304:Cancer
2236:cancer
2232:tumors
2173:
2163:
2124:
2114:
2106:
2067:
2026:
1991:
1964:
1954:
1915:
1874:
1839:
1831:
1796:
1788:
1753:
1701:
1693:
1658:
1598:
1569:
1546:
1538:
1512:Nature
1469:
1461:
1414:
1406:
1380:Nature
1362:
1354:
1287:
1277:
1242:
1232:
1224:
1182:
1172:
1164:
1116:
1081:
1071:
1063:
1017:
970:
929:
735:genes
666:, and
584:, and
410:enzyme
356:, and
287:allele
282:Nature
55:cancer
3426:Notch
3345:c-Myc
3338:c-Jun
3333:c-Fos
3249:BRCA2
3244:BRCA1
3108:c-Src
3065:c-Raf
3055:c-Ras
2981:c-Akt
2952:SMAD4
2947:SMAD2
2855:c-Kit
2826:c-Ret
2821:c-Met
2814:Her 3
2742:PTCH1
2556:Misc.
2442:Other
2382:Blood
1837:S2CID
1794:S2CID
1699:S2CID
1544:S2CID
1467:S2CID
1412:S2CID
1360:S2CID
733:WWTR1
565:c-Sis
246:]
228:v-Src
166:N-myc
68:, or
62:cells
59:tumor
57:. In
49:is a
3401:SDHD
3396:SDHB
3361:KLF6
3328:AP-1
3321:ONCO
3283:MDM2
3271:ONCO
3166:CDK4
3159:ONCO
3101:ONCO
3060:HRAS
3048:ONCO
2997:PTEN
2974:ONCO
2895:ONCO
2860:Flt3
2848:ONCO
2800:ErbB
2793:ONCO
2713:CDH1
2659:ONCO
2632:and
2588:Diet
2377:Skin
2372:Bone
2340:oral
2268:Cyst
2238:and
2171:PMID
2122:PMID
2104:ISSN
2065:PMID
2024:PMID
1989:PMID
1962:PMID
1940:1773
1913:PMID
1872:PMID
1829:PMID
1786:PMID
1751:PMID
1691:PMID
1656:PMID
1621:(1).
1596:PMID
1567:ISBN
1536:PMID
1497:2020
1459:PMID
1443:Cell
1404:PMID
1352:PMID
1285:PMID
1275:ISBN
1240:PMID
1222:ISSN
1180:PMID
1162:ISSN
1114:ISBN
1079:PMID
1061:ISSN
1015:ISBN
968:PMID
927:PMID
862:link
712:gene
511:RNAs
495:ABL1
324:and
291:HRAS
267:Dr.
252:and
230:was
51:gene
3354:TSP
3299:VHL
3292:TSP
3278:CBL
3237:TSP
3207:p16
3202:WT1
3197:pRb
3192:p53
3185:TSP
3117:TSP
3074:TSP
3019:TSP
2990:TSP
2940:TSP
2918:APC
2911:TSP
2764:TSP
2735:TSP
2706:TSP
2671:HGF
2480:TNM
2161:PMC
2153:doi
2112:PMC
2096:doi
2055:doi
2016:doi
1952:PMC
1944:doi
1903:doi
1864:doi
1821:doi
1778:doi
1683:doi
1646:doi
1642:120
1528:doi
1516:300
1451:doi
1396:doi
1384:287
1344:doi
1267:doi
1230:PMC
1212:doi
1170:PMC
1152:doi
1106:doi
1069:PMC
1053:doi
1007:doi
958:doi
919:doi
915:358
729:YAP
710:myc
640:BTK
632:Src
358:TRK
354:ERK
350:MYC
346:WNT
342:RAS
289:of
226:of
212:SRC
119:DNA
45:An
3448::
2234:,
2169:.
2159:.
2149:75
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2120:.
2110:.
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2010:.
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