988:
3195:(History of Eyeglasses) From pp. 266–267 (translated): "3. Do the Europeans have the Chinese to thank for eyeglasses? ... Messrs. Scrini and Fortin in Paris have asserted this recently with the words: 'One knows, on the other hand, that when Marco Polo went to China, he learned that for a very long time already, the inhabitants had been using eyeglasses.' This assertion lacked any substantiation. So I have closely perused the German translation of 'the books of Marco Polo' (2nd ed., Leipzig 1855) once again as well as carefully compared to the original text (the book of Marco Polo by Pauthier, Paris 1865, 2 volumes): not a syllable about eyeglasses in China is found therein. Our highly esteemed Sinologist, Prof. Graube, had the kindness to peruse also the English edition (by Yule, London 1875), with the same negative result. Thus the sentence of Messrs. Scrini and Fortin is to be crossed out; this error may not be the only one to have infiltrated the literature."
2094:
detail, has not yet become accessible to me. I, therefore, limit my criticism of it as far as possible and prefer to prove, by means of new material from
Chinese literature, that the view of the original invention of spectacles in India is the greatest probability. HIRSCHBERG theory is highly unlikely, as all previous experience has shown and contradicts analogies in cultural history and in the history of inventions in particular; Crystal spectacles appear in the European Middle Ages, in India, and in China, and from the historical point of view one can suppose from the outset that these inventions did not occur independently in each of these three cultural groups, but that a historical connection is here present.
1114:
1401:
1154:
1693:
1603:
1008:
1466:
713:
236:
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all". Pullin uses the example of spectacles, traditionally categorized as a medical device for "patients", and outlines how they are now described as eyewear: a fashionable accessory. Much like other fashion designs and accessories, eyewear is created by designers, has reputable labels, and comes in collections, by season and designer. In recent years, it has become more common for consumers to purchase eyewear with non-prescription lenses as a fashion accessory.
916:
509:
2762:(New York: Russell & Russell, Inc.) vol. 2. Part 5, Ch. IV, p. 582. From p. 582: "For we can so shape transparent bodies, and arrange them in such a way with respect to our sight and objects of vision, that the rays will be refracted and bent in any direction we desire, and under any angle, we wish we shall see the object near or at a distance. Thus from an incredible distance we might read the smallest letters and number grains of dust and sand ..."
453:
60:
1246:
414:
4116:
1275:
251:
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2747:(On the rainbow) in Latin, p. 389: "This part of perspective, if perfectly understood, shows us how to make nearby objects appear very small, and how to make a small object placed at a distance appear as large as we wish, so that it would be possible to read minute letters from incredible distances or count sand, seeds, blades of grass, or any minute objects."
689:
computers does not lead to eye diseases, including macular degeneration. The total amount of light entering the eyes can be adjusted without glasses using the screen brightness settings. Similarly, the blue light can often specifically be adjusted using the "night mode" of different operating systems, which can usually be activated outside of nighttime hours.
136:
2093:
I am interested in the remarks of Prof. J. HIRSCHBERG on the "History of the
Invention of Glasses" published in the last issue of this journal (Volume VI, pp. 221–223) and the subsequent discussion by Prof. GÜPPERT. The book by HIRSCHBERG mentioned therein, in which his theory should be presented in
1589:
alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offer dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also often made from strong, lightweight materials such
620:
Yellow-tinted glasses are a type of glasses with a minor yellow tint. They perform a slight color correction, on top of reducing eyestrain from lack of blinking. They may also be considered minor corrective non-prescription glasses. Depending on the company, these computer or gaming glasses can also
1724:
For most of their history, eyeglasses were seen as unfashionable, and carried several potentially negative connotations: wearing glasses caused individuals to be stigmatized and stereotyped as pious clergymen, as those in religious vocation were the most likely to be literate and therefore the most
1663:
first. This means that
Americans who lose or break their glasses may be unable to see well until they can get, and pay for, an appointment with an optometrist. In most of the world, someone who has lost their glasses merely goes to the nearest store selling glasses and buys a replacement over the
1618:
Graham Pullin describes how devices for disability, like glasses, have traditionally been designed to camouflage against the skin and restore ability without being visible. In the past, design for disability has "been less about projecting a positive image as about trying not to project an image at
803:
cable of coiled metal, sometimes inside a plastic or silicone sleeve. The tightness of the curl can be adjusted along its whole length, allowing the back to fit the wearer's ear curve perfectly. Used for physically active wearers, children, and people with high prescriptions (heavy lenses). See the
923:
Corrective lenses can be produced in many different shapes from a circular lens called a lens blank. Lens blanks are cut to fit the shape of the frame that will hold them. Frame styles vary and fashion trends change over time, resulting in a multitude of lens shapes. For lower power lenses, there
424:
Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes in various situations. They are made with break-proof plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris or other matter. Construction workers, factory workers, machinists and lab technicians are often required to wear safety glasses to shield the eyes
185:
are clear or lightly tinted in dark or indoor conditions, but turn into sunglasses when they come into contact with ultraviolet light. Most over-the-counter sunglasses do not have corrective power in the lenses; however, special prescription sunglasses can be made. People with conditions that have
478:
is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters are positioned to remove horizontally polarized rays of light, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to see into water when reflected light would otherwise overwhelm the scene). Polarized
1700:
Many people require glasses for the reasons listed above. There are many shapes, colors, and materials that can be used when designing frames and lenses that can be utilized in various combinations. Oftentimes, the selection of a frame is made based on how it will affect the appearance of the
688:
Long hours of computer use (not blue light) may cause eye strain. Many eye symptoms caused by computer use will lessen after the usage of the computer is stopped. Decreasing evening screen time and setting devices to night mode will improve sleep. Several studies have shown that blue light from
547:
on a two-dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual information. 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions by filtering a signal containing information for both eyes. The signal, often light reflected off a movie screen or emitted from an electronic
1396:
is mistakenly claimed to have encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century. However, no such evidence appears in his accounts. Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th century and those
Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported.
1203:–1311) wrote "It is not yet twenty years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses, which make for good vision ... And it is so short a time that this new art, never before extant, was discovered. ... I saw the one who first discovered and practiced it, and I talked to him."
528:
lenses could be also combined and easily removed from the field of view if needed without taking off glasses. These glasses often used for driver when they went through tunnels the upper frame,sunglasses and the second frame with transparent lenses. Drivers flip the sunglasses in tunnels while
704:(UK) is that "the best scientific evidence currently available does not support the use of blue-blocking spectacle lenses in the general population to improve visual performance, alleviate the symptoms of eye fatigue or visual discomfort, improve sleep quality or conserve macula health."
1614:
In the 1930s, "spectacles" were described as "medical appliances". Wearing spectacles was sometimes considered socially humiliating. In the 1970s, fashionable glasses started to become available through manufacturers, and governments also recognized the demand for stylized eyewear.
495:
Sunglasses may also have corrective lenses, which requires a prescription. Clip-on sunglasses or sunglass clips can be attached to another pair of glasses. Some wrap-around sunglasses are large enough to be worn over another pair of glasses. Otherwise, many people opt to wear
425:
from flying debris or hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. As of 2017, dentists and surgeons in Canada and other countries are required to wear safety glasses to protect against infection from patients' blood or other body fluids. There are also safety glasses for
1539:
suggested that eyepieces could be held in place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed sometime before 1727, possibly by the
British optician
1457:", but all dates are given well after the existence of eyeglasses in Italy was established, including significant shipments of eyeglasses from Italy to the Middle East, with one shipment as large as 24,000 glasses, as well as a spectacles dispensary in Strasbourg in 1466.
603:
mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses. Newer designs use smaller lightweight telescopes, which can be embedded into the corrective glass and improve aesthetic appearance (mini telescopic spectacles). They may take the form of self-contained glasses that resemble
1426:
speculated, in his history of glasses, that for glasses to be mentioned in the literature of China and Europe at approximately the same time it was probable that they were not invented independently, and after ruling out the Turks, proposed India as a location. However,
776:
pair of hinges connect the end pieces to the temples, allowing a swivel movement. Spring-loaded flex hinges are a variant that is equipped with a small spring that affords the temples a greater range of movement and does not limit them to the traditional, 90-degree
1431:
speculated that the mention of glasses in the
Chinese manuscript Laufer used "in part" to credit the prior invention of them in Asia did not exist in older versions of that manuscript, and the reference to them in later versions was added during the
3007:
I was possessed of a clear complexion, between light and dark, lively eyes, and for long years a keen vision, which however deserted me, contrary to my hopes, after I reached my sixtieth birthday, and forced me, to my great annoyance, to resort to
483:
emit polarized light, making them sometimes difficult to view with polarized sunglasses. Sunglasses may be worn for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include tea shades and
170:
Glasses wearers may use a strap to prevent the glasses from falling off. Wearers of glasses that are used only part of the time may have the glasses attached to a cord that goes around their neck to prevent the loss and breaking of the glasses.
158:
against flying debris for construction workers or lab technicians; these glasses may have protection on the sides of the eyes as well as in the lenses. Some types of safety glasses are used to protect against visible and near-visible light or
1777:
became synonymous with the styles of eye-glasses they wore to the point that thick, black horn-rimmed glasses are often called "Buddy Holly glasses" and perfectly round metal eyeglass frames called "John Lennon glasses" (or, more recently,
1658:
The United States also prohibits the sale of glasses unless the user has a recent prescription from an optometrist or ophthalmologist, whereas in most of the world, glasses and contact lenses can be bought without needing to get a new
987:
1899:
that those who wear glasses are intelligent. This belief can have positive consequences for people who wear glasses, for example in elections. Studies show that wearing glasses increases politicians' electoral success, at least in
437:
frames are usually used for protective eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. Unlike most regular glasses, safety glasses often include protection beside the eyes as well as in front of the eyes.
2986:... colore vivido inter candidum et subnigrum, vivacibus oculis et visu per longum tempus acerrimo, qui preter spem supra sexagesimum etatis annum me destituit, ut indignanti michi ad ocularium confugiendum esset auxilium.
1912:
In the 20th century, eyeglasses came to be considered a component of fashion; as such, various different styles have come in and out of popularity. Most are still in regular use, albeit with varying degrees of frequency.
947:
prescriptions, with perfectly round frames being the most efficient. Before the advent of eyeglasses as a fashion item, when frames were constructed with only functionality in mind, virtually all eyeglasses were either
209:). Sometimes glasses are worn purely for fashion or aesthetic purposes. Even with glasses used for vision correction, a wide range of fashions are available, using plastic, metal, wire, and other materials for frames.
1765:
for normalizing and even popularizing the wearing of eyeglasses in front of live television and stage audiences; prior to this, performers who read on early television were expected to squint or use contact lenses.
685:(CVS) can result from focusing the eyes on a screen for long, continuous periods. Many times the glasses do not appear to have much of a tint, or, if any, a slight yellow tint, but they may be more heavily tinted.
3238:
1756:
to play while wearing glasses "continuously", after his vision deteriorated in 1897. "With their aid he placed himself in the forefront among
English professionals of all-round abilities." The American tenor
942:
generally require a taller lens shape to leave room for the different segments while preserving an adequate field of view through each segment. Frames with rounded edges are the most efficient for correcting
1794:
by allowing him to "hear" vibrations. Some celebrities have become so associated with their eyeglasses that they continued to wear them even after taking other measures against vision problems: U.S. Senator
751:
pair of brows or caps, plastic or metal caps which fit over the top of the eye wires for style enhancement and to provide additional support for the lenses. The addition of brows makes a pair of glasses
289:(i.e. to focus on objects close to the eye). Few people have a pair of eyes that show exactly equal refractive characteristics; one eye may need a "stronger" (i.e. more refracting) lens than the other.
727:
The ophthalmic frame is the part of a pair of glasses that is designed to hold the lenses in the proper position. Ophthalmic frames come in a variety of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and colors.
343:
have a continuous gradient. Lenses can also be manufactured with high refractive indices, which allow them to be more lightweight and thinner than their counterparts with "low" refractive indices.
700:
measured specifically for computer screen distance (depending on individuals, but possibly 20–26 inches from the face), which are not the same as "blue-light blocking" glasses. The position of the
492:
people wear nearly opaque glasses to hide their eyes for cosmetic reasons. Many people with light sensitivity conditions wear sunglasses or other tinted glasses to make the light more tolerable.
357:
or refractive or prismatic variations between the left and right eye. For the total correction of the individual's sight, glasses complying to a recent ophthalmic prescription are required.
2565:
471:(UV) light. To properly protect the eyes from the dangers of UV light, sunglasses should have UV-400 blocker to provide good coverage against the entire light spectrum that poses a danger.
1655:
inflates the prices of frames, which cost an average of $ 25–$ 50 U.S. to make, to an average retail price of $ 300 in the United States. This claim is disputed by some in the industry.
3331:
1871:
fiction, eyeglasses have become a standard component of various heroes' disguises as masks, allowing them to adopt a nondescript demeanor when they are not in their superhero personae:
581:. Polarized and active shutter glasses are used with many home theaters. Head-mounted displays are used by a single person, but the input signal can be shared between multiple units.
1226:
regulations in Venice governing the sale of eyeglasses and a separate guild of
Venetian spectacle makers was formed in 1320. In the fourteenth century, they were very common objects:
745:
top bar or brow bar, a bar just above the bridge providing structural support and/or style enhancement (country/Grandpa style). The addition of a top bar makes a pair of glasses
1563:(with the assistance of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld) developed the Zeiss Punktal spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. In 2008,
1214:
records: "Eyeglasses, having first been made by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he made them and shared them with everyone with a cheerful and willing heart."
377:
might be used to replace bifocals or trifocals, or might be used to produce cheaper single-vision glasses (since they do not have to be custom-manufactured for every person).
4148:
2058:(1604), Kepler explained how eyeglass lenses compensate for the distortions that are caused by presbyopia or myopia, so that the image is once again properly focused on the
3531:
2470:
1343:
together by the handles so that they could grip the nose. These are referred to as "rivet spectacles". The earliest surviving examples were found under the floorboards at
629:, and other sources of light. This allows for reduced eye-strain. These glasses can be ordered as standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames.
516:
The double frame uplifting glasses have one moving frame with one pair of lenses and the basic fixed frame with another pair of lenses (optional), that are connected by
217:
Glasses can be marked or found by their primary function, but also appear in combinations such as prescription sunglasses or safety glasses with enhanced magnification.
3618:
1449:
was observed in possession of a pair of glasses in the 1520s, he argues that it "is, therefore, most likely that the use of lenses reached Europe via the Arabs, as did
3247:
1529:
Over time, the construction of frames for glasses also evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose (
2655:"Reversing the Trend of Large Scale and Centralization in Manufacturing: The Case of Distributed Manufacturing of Customizable 3-D-Printable Self-Adjustable Glasses"
640:
4178:
2372:
Duarte, IA; Mde F, Hafner; Malvestiti, AA (2015), "Ultraviolet radiation emitted by lamps, TVs, tablets and computers: are there risks for the population?",
2212:
2428:
2331:
1636:. Advertising restrictions in the United States, for example, have correlated with higher prices, suggesting that adverts make the spectacles market more
383:
are a type of corrective glasses that do not use a lens. Pinhole glasses do not actually refract the light or change focal length. Instead, they create a
796:
Riding bow temples: curve around the ear and extend down to the level of the ear lobe. Used mostly on athletic, children's, and industrial safety frames;
790:
Library temples: generally straight and do not bend down behind the ears. Hold the glasses primarily through light pressure against the side of the skull
3873:
1701:
wearer. Some people with good natural eyesight like to wear eyeglasses as a style accessory. In Japan, some companies ban women from wearing glasses.
391:
in photography. This form of correction has many limitations that prevent it from gaining popularity in everyday use. Pinhole glasses can be made in a
277:. The ability of one's eyes to accommodate their focus to near and distant focus alters over time. A common condition in people over forty years old is
2350:
1518:, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps 50 years earlier than had been originally thought. The first lenses for correcting
1504:. Historians have from time to time produced evidence to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention; however, a correspondence between
2495:
1744:
In the United
Kingdom, wearing glasses was characterized in the nineteenth century as "a sure sign of the weakling and the mollycoddle", according to
968:. It was not until glasses began to be seen as an accessory that different shapes were introduced to be more aesthetically pleasing than functional.
479:
sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed.
353:, and offer a cheap, practical solution, though these have a pair of simple lenses of equal power, and so will not correct refraction problems like
4001:
2559:
2510:
1684:
provide a way to donate glasses and sunglasses to people on low incomes or no income. Unite For Sight has redistributed more than 200,000 pairs.
3684:
2187:
589:
Glasses can also provide magnification that is useful for people with vision impairments or specific occupational demands. An example would be
548:
display, is filtered so that each eye receives a slightly different image. The filters only work for the type of signal they were designed for.
5157:
1070:
3337:
1113:
928:
and may become thick and heavy if a large lens shape is used. However, if the lens is too small, it can drastically reduce the field of view.
3177:
Hirschberg, Julius (1911), "Geschichte der
Augenheilkunde" [History of Ophthalmology], in Graef, Alfred K; Saemisch, Theodor (eds.),
2615:
2713:"In the tomb of Liu Jing, the King of Guangling, a gold circle embedded with crystals was unearthed, which was the first glasses in history"
661:
are becoming increasingly popular in response to concerns about problems caused by blue light overexposure. The problems claimed range from
3975:
2545:
1102:), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". A few years later in 1262,
312:
of the wearer. Not only do they enhance the wearer's visual experience, but can also reduce problems that result from eye strain, such as
2834:
2161:
1769:
Since then, eyeglasses have become an acceptable fashion item and often act as a key component in individuals' personal image. Musicians
2799:
Kriss, Timothy C; Kriss, Vesna Martich (April 1998), "History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery",
1710:
4552:
4106:
2238:
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is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses. The development of the first eyeglasses took place in northern
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2239:"Computer glasses that claim to protect your eyes from screens are selling like crazy, but they probably aren't doing you much good"
1585:, glasses remain very common, as their technology has improved. For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames made of special
693:
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material made especially for eyeglass frames. It features a type of elasticity that returns the material to its original shape.
3632:
2140:
433:
is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles" because they provide protection from welding flash.
308:
can be used to verify the specifications of an existing pair of glasses. Corrective eyeglasses can significantly improve the
1023:
Scattered evidence exists for use of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald by
349:
provide a separate set of glasses for focusing on close by objects. Reading glasses are available without prescription from
562:
filters. Polarized 3D glasses allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce an image with distorted coloration. An
5248:
1400:
3659:
395:
fashion by making small holes in a piece of card which is then held in front of the eyes with a strap or cardboard arms.
132:, typically utilizing a bridge over the nose and hinged arms, known as temples or temple pieces that rest over the ears.
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3945:
3598:
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2772:
1641:
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1048:(which survives only in a poor Arabic translation). Ptolemy's description of lenses was commented upon and improved by
512:
Double-frame eyewear with one set of lenses on the moving frame and another pair of lenses on a fixed frame (optional).
5549:
1995:
1153:
374:
177:
allow for better vision in bright daylight and are used to protect one's eyes against damage from excessive levels of
3178:
1012:
4188:
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3321:
Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes, Vincent Ilardi, American Philosophical Society 2007 pages 118–125
1786:
was known in the United Kingdom for wearing thick, square, horn-rimmed glasses, which were in fact a sophisticated
850:
42:
2280:
429:, which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where a full-sized
5559:
5107:
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1673:
1336:
published the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.
842:
371:. Many state prisons in the United States issue glasses to inmates, often in the form of clear plastic aviators.
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1779:
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35:
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1544:. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and various styles with attached handles such as "
1256:
907:
Natural materials such as wood, bone, ivory, leather and semi-precious or precious stones may also be used.
701:
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2485:
1415:
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Skull temples: bend down behind the ears, follow the contour of the skull and rest evenly against the skull
508:
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3000:
1681:
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quickly became an important center of manufacture, especially due to using the high-quality glass made at
1207:
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181:. Typical sunglasses lenses are tinted for protection against bright light or polarized to remove glare;
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2010:
1085:
567:
293:
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1814:
Other celebrities have used glasses to differentiate themselves from the characters they play, such as
1692:
1332:(near-sightedness) had made their first appearance in the mid-15th century, it was not until 1604 that
1007:
924:
are few restrictions, allowing for many trendy and fashionable shapes. Higher power lenses can distort
3187:], Handbuch der Augenheilkunde, vol. 13, Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 265 ff
2141:"Personal Protective Equipment Eye and Face Protection (Appendix A) – Environmental Health and Safety"
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designed eyewear with adjustable corrective glasses. They work by using a built-in syringe to pump a
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182:
3976:"NBA Finals: LeBron James, Dwyane Wade and Other Fashion Plates of the NBA Make Specs of Themselves"
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and of Alhazen became available in Europe in the 12th century, coinciding with the development of "
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glasses have a different colored filter for each eye, typically red and blue or red and green. A
340:
292:
Corrective lenses bring the image back into focus on the retina. They are made to conform to the
3555:
2535:
1552:
were also fashionable from the second half of the 18th century and into the early 19th century.
681:(UV) radiation. However, there is no measurable UV light from computer monitors. The problem of
4000:
Fleischmann, Alexandra; Lammers, Joris; Stoker, Janka I.; Garretsen, Harry (10 December 2018),
2688:, Book 37, Chpt.16. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, translators. London: Taylor and Francis. 1855
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can filter the signal electronically and then transmit light directly into the viewer's eyes.
265:
by bending the light entering the eye in order to alleviate the effects of conditions such as
178:
118:
78:
31:
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2777:, University of Maryland, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, archived from
1832:, who wears glasses to separate his professional persona as a chef from his stage persona as
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3802:""It gives a cold impression": Why Japanese companies ban female staff from wearing glasses"
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1977:
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The earliest recorded comment on the use of lenses for optical purposes was made in 1268 by
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Chinese judges wore dark glasses to hide their facial expressions during court proceedings.
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2005:
1982:
1967:
1932:
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1901:
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1714:
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that require them to wear their glasses every time they drive or risk fines or jail time.
346:
297:
226:
151:; however, without the specialized lenses, they are sometimes used for cosmetic purposes.
148:
144:
3874:"The Spin | Tim Killick, the bespectacled rogue who got clattered for 34 in an over"
2561:
Blue blocking spectacle lenses - The College's position on blue blocking spectacle lenses
1084:
There are claims that single lens magnifying glasses were being used in China during the
194:
disorders) often wear sunglasses or precision tinted glasses, even indoors and at night.
696:(AAO) does not recommend special eyewear for computer use, although it recommends using
367:
Some militaries issue prescription glasses to servicemen and women. These are typically
59:
5492:
5369:
5219:
5214:
5198:
5122:
4981:
4966:
4403:
4162:
3925:
3893:
3532:"Meet the Four-Eyed, Eight-Tentacled Monopoly That is Making Your Glasses So Expensive"
3299:
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2712:
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2025:
1849:
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1505:
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1383:
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1058:
1053:
825:
646:
430:
417:
404:
282:
164:
155:
1733:
was regularly photographed wearing eyeglasses, and in the 1910s when popular comedian
197:
Specialized glasses may be used for viewing specific visual information, for example,
5533:
5234:
5162:
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5039:
5015:
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1564:
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1313:
1309:
1177:
1078:
1035:
982:
464:
270:
125:
83:
3468:
2934:"Advances in 13th Century Glass Manufacturing and Their Effect on Chemical Progress"
1362:
The world's first specialist shop for spectacles - what we might regard today as an
1129:" for eye protection, without any corrective properties. For example, flat panes of
5487:
5477:
5324:
5291:
5092:
5077:
4916:
4824:
4736:
4600:
4504:
4456:
4398:
4355:
3405:
2020:
1888:
1880:
1857:
1734:
1586:
1433:
1405:
1390:
of Florence invented eyeglasses in the 13th century has been exposed as erroneous.
1267:
1245:
1130:
497:
413:
309:
3406:"Self-adjustable eyeglasses: how one man's vision is helping others to see better"
2653:
Gwamuri, Jephias; Wittbrodt, Ben T.; Anzalone, Nick C.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2014),
2381:
2256:
793:
Convertible temples: used either as library or skull temples depending on the bent
4104:
4063:
4042:
5374:
5271:
5167:
5127:
5001:
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4788:
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4709:
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1892:
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1607:
1523:
1519:
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1301:
1170:
1118:
1103:
957:
834:
758:
pair of nose pads that allows a comfortable resting of the eye wires on the nose
678:
670:
654:
551:
544:
538:
468:
387:
limited system, which has an increased depth of field, similar to using a small
384:
360:
People who need glasses to see often have corrective lens restrictions on their
354:
319:
The most common type of corrective lens is "single vision", which has a uniform
301:
274:
206:
187:
4986:
1274:
250:
5497:
5472:
5462:
5420:
5354:
5147:
5112:
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4931:
4844:
4839:
4829:
4814:
4704:
4655:
4635:
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4380:
4293:
3950:
3623:
2671:
2515:
1972:
1937:
1896:
1876:
1800:
1783:
1758:
1509:
1497:
1477:
1393:
1367:
1321:
1304:. Another early example would be a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the
1126:
666:
609:
525:
520:. For example, sun lenses could be easily lifted up and down while mixed with
457:
447:
368:
324:
278:
244:
198:
174:
129:
3124:
3087:
2778:
2586:
1725:
likely to need reading glasses, elderly, or physically weak and passive. The
1125:
Independently of the development of optical lenses, some cultures developed "
339:
glasses provide two or three different refractive indices, respectively, and
5445:
5435:
5379:
5359:
5334:
5319:
5142:
4885:
4776:
4761:
4682:
4640:
4487:
4330:
4313:
3360:
1962:
1868:
1853:
1833:
1753:
1709:
1645:
1549:
1531:
1317:
961:
880:
838:
650:
600:
489:
350:
328:
313:
305:
160:
87:
3132:
2984:(in Latin), vol. 1, Florence, Italy: Felice Le Monnier, pp. 1–2,
2399:
3505:
Hutchinson, Dr Emma; Hutchinson, University of Victoria and; Emma (2017),
3308:
2820:
257:
designed for cleaning corrective lenses without scratching sensitive glass
5384:
5364:
5349:
5339:
5329:
5309:
5276:
5261:
5193:
4854:
4809:
4783:
4751:
4721:
4687:
4645:
4561:
4509:
4268:
4124:
was created from a revision of this article dated 31 March 2008
3628:
3603:
3289:
2999:
Petrarch (1914), Robinson, James Harvey; Rolfe, Henry Winchester (eds.),
1872:
1804:
1791:
1660:
1591:
1568:
1501:
1454:
1363:
1185:
1016:
931:
888:
662:
388:
336:
332:
191:
135:
17:
5450:
5425:
5344:
5314:
5266:
5087:
4951:
4926:
4793:
4771:
4766:
4741:
4446:
4436:
4418:
4325:
4245:
2288:
1957:
1942:
1348:
1039:
605:
578:
426:
408:
240:
202:
121:
2192:
Phillips Safety | Leading Manufacturer of Occupational Safety Products
1019:
circa 1600 shows glasses with temples passing over and around the ears
770:
pair of end pieces connect the eye wires via the hinges to the temples
5117:
5102:
5030:
4956:
4890:
4875:
4746:
4675:
4670:
4615:
2116:
2059:
1493:
1329:
1219:
1215:
1212:
Ancient Chronicle of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa
965:
944:
846:
736:
pair of eye wires or rims surrounding and holding the lenses in place
521:
285:
losing elasticity, progressively reducing the ability of the lens to
266:
2188:"What Glasses Prevent Welding Flash? Phillips Safety Has the Answer"
96:
4213:
3484:
3222:
Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften
2732:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 389,
2654:
1729:
began to fall away in the U.S. in the early 1900s when the popular
1249:
Seated apostle holding lenses in position for reading. Detail from
5286:
5006:
4905:
4849:
4610:
1808:
1803:
continued to wear non-prescription glasses after being fitted for
1708:
1691:
1632:
The market for spectacles has been characterized as having highly
1579:
1476:
1464:
1399:
1352:
1340:
1325:
1273:
1244:
1223:
1152:
1138:
1134:
1107:
1006:
986:
914:
892:
876:
864:
799:
Comfort cable temples: similar to the riding bow, but made from a
711:
507:
451:
434:
412:
249:
234:
134:
4204:"Common Spectacles Styles before, during and after the Civil War"
1038:
to form an enlarged/magnified image was most likely described in
500:
to correct their vision so that standard sunglasses can be used.
4895:
4068:, vol. IV, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
3443:
Pullin, Graham; et al. (2009), "Fashion Meets Discretion",
1606:
Woman wearing eyewear with non-prescription lenses in a fashion
1305:
1188:, by about 1290: In a sermon delivered on 23 February 1306, the
1181:
1024:
953:
4534:
4217:
577:
Anaglyph and polarized glasses are distributed to audiences at
4577:
4572:
4047:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society,
3746:
2281:"BluTech Lenses – Technology, The story behind BluTech Lenses"
1883:
wears either round, Harold Lloyd-style glasses or 1970s-style
1837:
1818:, who wore oversized 1980s-style round horn-rimmed glasses as
463:
Sunglasses provide more comfort and protection against bright
392:
163:. Glasses are worn for eye protection in some sports, such as
1875:
is well known for wearing 1950s-style horn-rimmed glasses as
1339:
Early frames for glasses consisted of two magnifying glasses
1292:
The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses is
879:
may be used to make glasses, such as gold, silver, aluminum,
30:
This article is about the eyewear. For drinking vessels, see
4102:
2519:, Medically reviewed by Ann Marie Griff, O.D, archived from
1453:
and the ophthalmological works of the ancient Hindu surgeon
4530:
3005:(2nd ed.), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, p. 60,
2345:
2343:
2341:
677:
which can cause partial blindness. They may also block out
3383:
Eyeglass Lenses and Visual Aids from Industrial Production
2972:
Petrarch (Franciscus Petrarca) mentions eyeglasses in his
128:
mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person's
3357:
The Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University
3038:, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, pp. 45–46,
2743:
From Grant's English translation of Robert Grosseteste's
1176:
The first eyeglasses were estimated to have been made in
3748:
The world's online database of high quality used glasses
3469:"The Effects of Advertising on the Price of Eye Glasses"
2213:"Sunglasses not just an accessory in the Sunshine State"
742:
chassis, the combination of the eye wires and the bridge
623:
high energy blue and ultra-violet light from LCD screens
4200:, on eyes and how eyeglasses correct vision (page 120).
2978:
Petrarca, Francisci (1859), Fracassetti, Joseph (ed.),
1484:, 33rd President of the United States, had poor vision.
764:
pair of temples (earpieces) on either side of the skull
761:
pair of pad arms connect the nose pads to the eye wires
3113:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
243:
seen through a corrective lens, showing the effect of
3111:
Rosen, Edward (1956), "The invention of eyeglasses",
3002:
Petrarch: The First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters
3895:
The Bluebird of Happiness: The Memoirs of Jan Peerce
1234:
that, until he was 60, he did not need glasses, and
645:
By the end of the 2010s, eyeglasses that filter out
147:, such as with reading glasses and glasses used for
5393:
5300:
5247:
5207:
5181:
5038:
5029:
4904:
4868:
4802:
4588:
4568:
4480:
4417:
4379:
4252:
3088:"Why do billions of people still not have glasses?"
1594:alloys, which were not available in earlier times.
77:
69:
52:
3892:
3581:"Does Luxottica Own 80% of the Eyeglass Industry?"
2835:"Sunglasses History – The Invention of Sunglasses"
1210:of Pisa (d. 1313) was soon making eyeglasses. The
2927:
2925:
2923:
2756:Bacon, Roger; Burke, Robert Belle, trans. (1962)
2448:, Reviewed by Benjamin Bert, MD, Business Insider
2412:
2410:
2408:
41:"Spectacles" redirects here. For other uses, see
4044:Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes
3924:Sykes, Eric (31 December 2004), "Comedy Great",
2511:"Can blue light glasses prevent damage to eyes?"
1761:, plagued with poor eyesight, credited comedian
2462:Should You Use Night Mode to Reduce Blue Light?
2091:
831:Cellulose propionate, a molded, durable plastic
641:Biological effects of high-energy visible light
4115:
3619:"Sticker shock: Why are glasses so expensive?"
767:pair of temple tips at the ends of the temples
4546:
4229:
3336:, The College of Optometrists, archived from
2981:Epistolae de Rebus Familiaribus et Variae ...
1439:In 1971, Rishi Agarwal, in an article in the
8:
3190:
2699:"Opening our eyes to spectacles of the past"
2376:, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 595–7,
2351:"Blue Light Glasses - Helpful or Just Hype?"
1312:, Germany, in 1403. These early glasses had
919:Modern glasses with a rectangular lens shape
5035:
4585:
4553:
4539:
4531:
4236:
4222:
4214:
3868:
3866:
2943:, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 29–34
2257:"Computer Eye Strain: 10 Steps For Relief"
1651:There are claims that insufficiently free
612:, or may be attached to existing glasses.
58:
4151:at the British Optical Association Museum
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3298:
3288:
3240:Science and Civilization in China Vol 4.1
2670:
2537:Computers, Digital Devices and Eye Strain
2389:
1741:as the "Glasses" character in his films.
4187:(article), February 1944, archived from
4132:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3825:
3823:
3447:, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 13–64,
2117:"Eyeglasses - All What You Need to Know"
1696:Glasses - Decoration, Prezi HQ, Budapest
1601:
1522:were designed by the British astronomer
1404:Man wearing glasses on the 16th century
1112:
1110:in the second half of the 13th century.
849:Mylon (The frames can be 3-D printed by
3772:"Brick Award Winner: Jennifer Staple",
3204:
3160:
3119:(2): 13–46 (part 1), 183–218 (part 2),
2862:
2108:
2038:
1324:that commonly develops as a symptom of
995:Cardinal and renowned biblical scholar
739:bridge which connects the two eye wires
3849:
3847:
3830:"Understanding Three-Piece Mounting",
3144:
3081:
3079:
3019:
2960:
2914:
2898:
2568:from the original on 19 September 2020
2334:from the original on 23 September 2020
261:Corrective lenses are used to correct
49:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3032:Ronchi, Vasco; Rosen, Edward (1991),
2941:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
2473:from the original on 8 September 2020
616:Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses
7:
3800:Steger, Isabelle (7 November 2019),
3404:Whiteman, Honor (12 November 2015),
3277:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
3180:Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde
2841:, Vaunt Design Group, archived from
2774:...Optics Highlights: II. Spectacles
2618:from the original on 27 January 2007
2431:from the original on 28 October 2020
1860:'s infamous styling as TV character
1412:The Bustling and Hustling of Nanjing
1355:in Germany; they have been dated to
4065:Science & Civilisation in China
3065:, The College of Optometrists, 2015
2548:from the original on 3 October 2020
2540:, Reviewed by James M Huffman, MD,
2509:Caporuscio, Jessica (2 June 2020),
2490:, Reviewed by Ninel Z Gregori, MD,
2484:Porter, Daniel (15 November 2019),
2423:, Reviewed by Ninel Z Gregori, MD,
1052:(10th century) and most notably by
190:as a primary symptom (like certain
92:
4062:Needham, Joseph (1962), "Part 1",
3660:"The Great American Eye-Exam Scam"
3658:Mounk, Yascha (27 November 2019).
3246:, pp. 118–119, archived from
2498:from the original on 9 August 2020
2442:Iallonardo, Marisa (24 May 2020),
2417:Porter, Daniel (16 January 2020),
2357:, 16 December 2019, archived from
2186:Milani, Clara (14 February 2024).
1640:. It has also been claimed to be
1308:in an altarpiece of the church of
25:
3086:Harford, Tim (20 November 2019),
2729:A Source Book in Medieval Science
2542:American Academy of Ophthalmology
2492:American Academy of Ophthalmology
2467:American Academy of Ophthalmology
2445:Do blue light glasses work ?
2425:American Academy of Ophthalmology
2420:Blue Light and Digital Eye Strain
2328:American Academy of Ophthalmology
2326:, Reviewed by Rahul Khurana, MD,
2237:Loria, Kevin (21 February 2017),
1782:glasses"). British comedic actor
1296:'s 1352 portrait of the cardinal
694:American Academy of Ophthalmology
504:Mixed double-frame (Flip glasses)
4210:; Antique Eyeglasses in America.
4114:
3974:Cacciola, Scott (14 June 2012),
3717:Donate Eyeglasses and Sunglasses
3686:Lions Eyeglasses Recycling Facts
3631:, 7 October 2012, archived from
2813:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116
2637:"Cable conversion temple covers"
2465:, Reviewed by Raj K Maturi, MD,
1856:that draws comparisons to actor
1515:The Gazette of the United States
1442:British Journal of Ophthalmology
4002:"You Can Leave Your Glasses on"
3599:"Why are glasses so expensive?"
3273:"Origin of spectacles in India"
2833:Ament, Phil (4 December 2006),
2534:Boyd, Kierstan (3 March 2020),
2459:Hazanchuk, Vered (7 May 2019),
2320:Vimont, Celia (27 April 2017),
2162:"Why do I need safety glasses?"
1844:with thick plastic frames like
1571:solution into a flexible lens.
1471:Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas
622:
281:, which is caused by the eye's
143:Glasses are typically used for
3359:, Robert Bruen, archived from
2323:Are Computer Glasses Worth It?
1328:. Although concave lenses for
773:pair of frame-front end pieces
271:farsightedness (hypermetropia)
1:
3951:"Whacky NBA Playoff Fashion!"
3899:. Harper & Row. pp.
3185:Handbook of all ophthalmology
3035:Optics: The Science of Vision
2759:The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon
2487:Digital Devices and Your Eyes
2382:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153616
1713:Former United States senator
1283:
1260:
1197:
1063:
717:
3511:Principles of Microeconomics
3473:Journal of Law and Economics
3063:www.college-optometrists.org
2659:Challenges in Sustainability
1642:monopolistically competitive
991:Detail of a portrait of the
804:image of 1920s frames above.
723:, with springy cable temples
545:illusion of three dimensions
524:lenses that always stay on.
3857:The Fashion of Harold Lloyd
3333:The 'Inventor' of Bifocals?
2932:Rasmussen, Seth C. (2008),
2726:Grant, Edward, ed. (1974),
2056:Ad Vitellionem paralipomena
1996:Adjustable-focus eyeglasses
1752:was the first professional
1555:In the early 20th century,
1238:mentions them often in his
1206:Giordano's colleague Friar
635:Blue-light blocking glasses
375:Adjustable-focus eyeglasses
64:Two pairs of modern glasses
5576:
3556:"Is Luxottica A Monopoly?"
1574:Despite the popularity of
1382:The 17th-century claim by
1320:(farsightedness), and the
1133:were used in 12th-century
980:
851:Fused Filament Fabrication
638:
536:
445:
402:
224:
43:Spectacle (disambiguation)
40:
29:
5518:
4018:10.1027/1864-9335/a000359
3691:Lions Clubs International
3353:"Sir George Biddell Airy"
3216:Laufer, Berthold (1907).
2672:10.12924/cis2014.02010030
2166:Mayo Clinic Health System
2081:, vol. 6, p. 26
2072:Laufer, Berthold (1907),
1674:Lions Clubs International
1282:(with one lens missing),
843:Selective laser sintering
837:plastic using super-fine
93:
57:
4041:Ilardi, Vincent (2007),
1836:Japanese. In 2012, some
1672:Some organizations like
1316:that could correct both
1117:The Persian miniaturist
1013:Fernando Niño de Guevara
683:computer vision syndrome
585:Magnification (bioptics)
564:active shutter 3D system
267:nearsightedness (myopia)
36:Glasses (disambiguation)
4206:(2012 article) via the
4158:The Medieval Technology
3980:The Wall Street Journal
3854:Lloyd, Annette (1996),
3836:, Seiko, archived from
3445:Design Meets Disability
3271:Agarwal, R. K. (1971).
3218:"Geschichte der Brille"
2976:(Letter to Posterity):
2880:Encyclopedia Britannica
1488:The American scientist
1374:, now France) in 1466.
1257:Master of Heiligenkreuz
702:College of Optometrists
558:on the other hand uses
481:Liquid-crystal displays
154:Safety glasses provide
4110:
4090:Listen to this article
3192:Geschichte der Brillen
3191:
3125:10.1093/jhmas/xi.2.183
2096:
2001:Baden-Powell's unilens
1721:
1697:
1682:New Eyes for the Needy
1611:
1583:corrective eye surgery
1485:
1474:
1419:
1289:
1271:
1222:. By 1301, there were
1208:Alessandro della Spina
1166:
1122:
1121:wearing glasses, 1673.
1020:
1004:
920:
724:
513:
460:
421:
258:
247:
140:
73:Eyeglasses, spectacles
34:. For other uses, see
4179:"Are Your Eyes Right"
4161:, NYU, archived from
4109:
2997:English translation:
2876:"Eyeglasses | optics"
2839:The Great Idea Finder
2075:Geschichte der Brille
2011:Eyeglass prescription
1712:
1695:
1605:
1480:
1468:
1403:
1277:
1248:
1156:
1116:
1086:Northern Song dynasty
1011:Portrait of Cardinal
1010:
990:
981:Further information:
918:
911:Corrective lens shape
715:
572:Head-mounted displays
511:
455:
416:
253:
238:
138:
124:with clear or tinted
5510:Head-mounted display
5158:Enhanced Combat (US)
4141:More spoken articles
4035:General bibliography
3807:Quartz (publication)
3775:People: do something
3697:on 15 September 2008
3467:Benham, Lee (1972),
3290:10.1136/bjo.55.2.128
2974:Epistola ad Posteros
2781:on 23 September 2015
2261:All about vision.com
1891:. An example of the
1850:post-game interviews
1790:that alleviated his
1644:, as in the case of
1388:Salvino degli Armati
1145:for eye protection.
698:prescription glasses
675:macular degeneration
627:fluorescent lighting
183:photochromic glasses
5431:Horn-rimmed glasses
3891:Levy, Alan (1976).
3587:, 20 September 2016
3228:(4) : 379–385.
2686:The Natural History
2591:, OpticalCourse.com
1978:Wayfarer sunglasses
1948:Horn-rimmed glasses
1846:horn-rimmed glasses
1748:, writing in 1928.
1739:horn-rimmed glasses
1719:horn-rimmed glasses
1680:, ReSpectacle, and
1623:Society and culture
1537:Girolamo Savonarola
1422:In 1907, Professor
1278:French Empire gilt
1252:Death of the Virgin
1230:says in one of his
875:Various metals and
814:Plastic and polymer
556:polarized 3D system
5550:Italian inventions
5108:Lobster-tailed pot
4165:on 16 October 2015
4149:Spectacles Gallery
4111:
3840:on 28 October 2008
3782:, 20 February 2007
3410:Medical News Today
3363:on 25 January 2021
3059:"Rivet spectacles"
2523:on 16 October 2020
1918:Aviator sunglasses
1822:in the soap opera
1731:Theodore Roosevelt
1722:
1698:
1653:market competition
1612:
1486:
1475:
1461:Later developments
1420:
1345:Kloster Wienhausen
1298:Hugh de Saint-Cher
1290:
1272:
1228:Francesco Petrarca
1167:
1123:
1092:Robert Grosseteste
1071:Latin translations
1021:
1005:
997:Hugh of Saint-Cher
940:progressive lenses
921:
747:aviator eyeglasses
725:
673:disruption, up to
597:bioptic telescopes
514:
467:and often against
461:
422:
341:progressive lenses
323:. For people with
259:
248:
141:
27:Form of vision aid
5545:Corrective lenses
5527:
5526:
5243:
5242:
5025:
5024:
4528:
4527:
4107:
4006:Social Psychology
3982:(online ed.)
3728:on 20 August 2008
3635:on 8 October 2012
3562:, 19 January 2021
3253:on 23 August 2016
2684:Pliny the Elder.
2641:www.optiboard.com
2355:WebMD Health News
2016:History of optics
1830:Masaharu Morimoto
1825:Coronation Street
1809:laser eye surgery
1638:price-competitive
1490:Benjamin Franklin
1451:Hindu mathematics
1372:Holy Roman Empire
1294:Tommaso da Modena
1180:, most likely in
1001:Tommaso da Modena
926:peripheral vision
824:Optyl, a type of
820:Cellulose acetate
599:which have small
420:with side shields
362:driver's licenses
263:refractive errors
179:ultraviolet light
145:vision correction
139:Man with glasses.
104:
103:
32:List of glassware
16:(Redirected from
5567:
5560:Sports equipment
5521:List of headwear
5249:Other protective
5036:
4586:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4532:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4215:
4208:Internet Archive
4199:
4198:
4196:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4131:
4129:
4118:
4117:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4078:
4057:
4029:
4028:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3898:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3861:
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3851:
3842:
3841:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3724:, archived from
3712:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3693:, archived from
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3655:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3607:, 7 October 2012
3595:
3589:
3588:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3544:
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3292:
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3083:
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3055:
3049:
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3017:
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2788:
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2769:
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2709:
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2702:
2695:
2689:
2682:
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2674:
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2644:
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2633:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2516:MedicalNewsToday
2506:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2414:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2374:An Bras Dermatol
2369:
2363:
2362:
2361:on 7 August 2020
2347:
2336:
2335:
2317:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2287:, archived from
2277:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:Business Insider
2234:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2217:Sun-Sentinel.com
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2113:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2054:In his treatise
2052:
2046:
2043:
1953:Lensless glasses
1923:Browline glasses
1902:Western cultures
1842:lensless glasses
1811:, respectively.
1634:inelastic demand
1546:scissors-glasses
1409:Chinese painting
1288:
1285:
1280:scissors glasses
1265:
1262:
1236:Franco Sacchetti
1202:
1199:
1194:Giordano da Pisa
1163:Conrad von Soest
1068:
1065:
1027:as mentioned by
903:Natural material
845:processes – see
754:browline glasses
722:
719:
566:uses electronic
518:four-bar linkage
321:refractive index
283:crystalline lens
255:Microfiber cloth
231:Refractive error
109:, also known as
97:edit on Wikidata
62:
50:
21:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5555:Protective gear
5530:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5514:
5389:
5302:
5296:
5282:Padded headgear
5239:
5203:
5177:
5153:Advanced Combat
5021:
4909:
4900:
4864:
4798:
4582:
4564:
4559:
4529:
4524:
4476:
4413:
4375:
4248:
4242:
4194:
4192:
4184:Popular Science
4177:
4168:
4166:
4154:
4145:
4144:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4122:This audio file
4119:
4112:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4076:
4061:
4055:
4040:
4037:
4032:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3946:Wayback Machine
3939:
3935:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3785:
3783:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3731:
3729:
3722:Unite For Sight
3714:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3698:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3647:
3638:
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3617:
3616:
3612:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3442:
3441:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3351:Bruen, Robert,
3350:
3349:
3345:
3340:on 13 June 2011
3330:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3165:119, footnote c
3159:
3155:
3143:
3139:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2715:. 7 April 2022.
2711:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2416:
2415:
2406:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2349:
2348:
2339:
2319:
2318:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2255:Heiting, Gary,
2254:
2253:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2219:, 12 March 2018
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2006:Eye examination
1991:
1983:Windsor glasses
1968:Rimless glasses
1933:Cat eye glasses
1928:Bug-eye glasses
1910:
1895:is seen in the
1885:bug-eye glasses
1797:Barry Goldwater
1737:wore a pair of
1715:Barry Goldwater
1707:
1690:
1678:Unite For Sight
1670:
1630:
1625:
1600:
1557:Moritz von Rohr
1542:Edward Scarlett
1492:, who had both
1482:Harry S. Truman
1463:
1424:Berthold Laufer
1380:
1334:Johannes Kepler
1286:
1263:
1240:Trecentonovelle
1200:
1159:Glasses Apostle
1151:
1066:
1029:Pliny the Elder
985:
979:
974:
913:
905:
897:nickel titanium
885:stainless steel
873:
853:for pennies of
816:
811:
784:
733:
720:
710:
643:
637:
618:
587:
541:
535:
506:
450:
444:
411:
401:
381:Pinhole glasses
347:Reading glasses
298:ophthalmologist
233:
227:Corrective lens
225:Main articles:
223:
215:
149:nearsightedness
100:
65:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5573:
5571:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5493:Shutter shades
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
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5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
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4911:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
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4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4535:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4515:Shutter system
4512:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4250:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4191:on 2 June 2013
4175:
4155:"Spectacles",
4152:
4134:
4120:
4113:
4101:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:External links
4082:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4059:
4053:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:
3992:
3966:
3933:
3916:
3909:
3883:
3862:
3843:
3819:
3792:
3764:
3738:
3707:
3676:
3645:
3610:
3590:
3572:
3547:
3530:Swanson, Ana,
3522:
3507:"8.1 Monopoly"
3497:
3485:10.1086/466740
3459:
3453:
3422:
3412:, Red Ventures
3396:
3373:
3343:
3323:
3314:
3283:(2): 128–129.
3263:
3230:
3209:
3207:, p. 119.
3197:
3169:
3153:
3137:
3103:
3075:
3050:
3044:
3024:
3022:, p. 244.
3012:
2990:
2965:
2953:
2919:
2907:
2891:
2867:
2865:, p. 121.
2855:
2845:on 3 July 2007
2825:
2807:(4): 899–907,
2791:
2764:
2749:
2738:
2718:
2704:
2690:
2677:
2645:
2628:
2601:
2588:Optical Course
2578:
2551:
2526:
2501:
2476:
2451:
2434:
2404:
2364:
2337:
2301:
2285:BluTech Lenses
2272:
2247:
2229:
2204:
2178:
2153:
2132:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2064:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2026:Plurale tantum
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1909:
1906:
1820:Deirdre Barlow
1816:Anne Kirkbride
1746:Neville Cardus
1706:
1705:Personal image
1703:
1689:
1686:
1669:
1668:Redistribution
1666:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1599:
1596:
1576:contact lenses
1506:George Whatley
1469:A portrait of
1462:
1459:
1445:, states that
1429:Joseph Needham
1384:Francesco Redi
1379:
1376:
1150:
1147:
1100:On the Rainbow
1079:reading stones
1059:Book of Optics
978:
975:
973:
970:
912:
909:
904:
901:
872:
869:
868:
867:
862:
832:
829:
826:hypoallergenic
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
797:
794:
791:
788:
783:
780:
779:
778:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
749:
743:
740:
737:
732:
729:
709:
706:
639:Main article:
636:
633:
617:
614:
586:
583:
537:Main article:
534:
531:
505:
502:
498:contact lenses
456:Woman wearing
446:Main article:
443:
440:
431:welding helmet
418:Safety glasses
405:Eye protection
400:
397:
316:or squinting.
222:
219:
214:
211:
156:eye protection
102:
101:
94:
91:
90:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5572:
5561:
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4907:
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4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
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4873:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4860:Utility cover
4858:
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4778:
4775:
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4770:
4768:
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4760:
4758:
4757:Stormy Kromer
4755:
4753:
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4743:
4740:
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4735:
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4728:
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4609:
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4599:
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4596:Asian conical
4594:
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4400:
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4364:
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4320:
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4310:
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4300:
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4280:
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4146:
4142:
4138:
4123:
4083:
4077:
4075:9780521058025
4071:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4054:9780871692597
4050:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3910:0-06-013311-2
3906:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3887:
3884:
3880:, 7 July 2020
3879:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3781:
3780:HowStuffWorks
3777:
3776:
3768:
3765:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3739:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:
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3677:
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3661:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3606:
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3600:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3479:(2): 337–52,
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3454:9780262162555
3450:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3397:
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3384:
3377:
3374:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
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3242:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3223:
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3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
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3114:
3107:
3104:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3045:9780486668468
3041:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
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2975:
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2926:
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2859:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
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2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2739:9780674823600
2735:
2731:
2730:
2722:
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2714:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2611:Cable Temples
2605:
2602:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
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2472:
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2438:
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2411:
2409:
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2397:
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2387:
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2379:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2291:on 4 May 2015
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2090:Translation:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:players wore
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:and comedian
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1750:"Tim" Killick
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:Joshua Silver
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1366:- opened in
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:convex lenses
1311:
1310:Bad Wildungen
1307:
1303:
1300:reading in a
1299:
1295:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Central Italy
1174:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1073:of Ptolemy's
1072:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1034:The use of a
1032:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1002:
999:, painted by
998:
994:
989:
984:
983:Reading stone
976:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
927:
917:
910:
908:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
870:
866:
863:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
830:
827:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
808:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
755:
750:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
734:
730:
728:
714:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
634:
632:
630:
628:
624:
615:
613:
611:
607:
602:
598:
594:
593:
584:
582:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
540:
532:
530:
527:
523:
519:
510:
503:
501:
499:
493:
491:
487:
482:
477:
472:
470:
466:
459:
454:
449:
441:
439:
436:
432:
428:
419:
415:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
376:
372:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
252:
246:
242:
237:
232:
228:
220:
218:
212:
210:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
157:
152:
150:
146:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
98:
89:
85:
84:Ophthalmology
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
56:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5488:Solar viewer
5400:
5325:Deely bobber
5301:Hairwear and
5292:Sports visor
5078:Lamellenhelm
4715:Anthony Eden
4452:Night-vision
4442:Fatal Vision
4432:Dark adaptor
4399:Solar viewer
4257:/ spectacles
4254:
4193:, retrieved
4189:the original
4182:
4167:, retrieved
4163:the original
4157:
4064:
4043:
4012:(1): 38–52,
4009:
4005:
3995:
3984:, retrieved
3979:
3969:
3958:, retrieved
3954:
3942:Ghostarchive
3940:Archived at
3936:
3926:
3919:
3894:
3886:
3878:the Guardian
3877:
3856:
3838:the original
3832:
3811:, retrieved
3805:
3795:
3784:, retrieved
3774:
3767:
3756:, retrieved
3747:
3741:
3730:, retrieved
3726:the original
3716:
3710:
3699:, retrieved
3695:the original
3685:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3664:The Atlantic
3663:
3637:, retrieved
3633:the original
3622:
3613:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3564:, retrieved
3559:
3550:
3539:, retrieved
3535:
3525:
3514:, retrieved
3510:
3500:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3444:
3414:, retrieved
3409:
3399:
3388:, retrieved
3382:
3376:
3365:, retrieved
3361:the original
3356:
3346:
3338:the original
3332:
3326:
3317:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3255:, retrieved
3248:the original
3239:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3212:
3205:Needham 1962
3200:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3161:Needham 1962
3156:
3140:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3095:, retrieved
3091:
3067:, retrieved
3062:
3053:
3034:
3027:
3015:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2963:, p. 9.
2956:
2945:, retrieved
2940:
2917:, p. 6.
2910:
2894:
2883:, retrieved
2879:
2870:
2863:Needham 1962
2858:
2847:, retrieved
2843:the original
2838:
2828:
2804:
2801:Neurosurgery
2800:
2794:
2783:, retrieved
2779:the original
2773:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2728:
2721:
2707:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2665:(1): 30–40,
2662:
2658:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2620:, retrieved
2610:
2604:
2593:, retrieved
2587:
2581:
2570:, retrieved
2560:
2554:
2536:
2529:
2521:the original
2514:
2504:
2486:
2479:
2461:
2454:
2444:
2437:
2419:
2373:
2367:
2359:the original
2354:
2322:
2293:, retrieved
2289:the original
2284:
2275:
2264:, retrieved
2260:
2250:
2242:
2232:
2221:, retrieved
2216:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2135:
2124:, retrieved
2120:
2111:
2092:
2083:, retrieved
2074:
2067:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2021:X-ray vision
1911:
1889:Diana Prince
1881:Wonder Woman
1866:
1858:Jaleel White
1823:
1813:
1807:and getting
1780:Harry Potter
1768:
1743:
1735:Harold Lloyd
1723:
1699:
1671:
1657:
1650:
1631:
1617:
1613:
1587:memory metal
1573:
1554:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1512:, editor of
1487:
1440:
1438:
1434:Ming dynasty
1421:
1411:
1406:Ming dynasty
1392:
1381:
1378:Other claims
1361:
1356:
1338:
1291:
1268:Getty Center
1250:
1239:
1211:
1205:
1175:
1168:
1158:
1143:snow goggles
1131:smoky quartz
1124:
1099:
1095:
1094:'s treatise
1090:
1088:(960–1127).
1083:
1074:
1057:
1043:
1033:
1025:Emperor Nero
1022:
930:
922:
906:
874:
782:Temple types
726:
721: 1920s
691:
687:
644:
631:
619:
596:
590:
588:
576:
550:
542:
515:
494:
486:mirrorshades
476:polarization
473:
462:
423:
379:
373:
366:
359:
345:
318:
310:life quality
294:prescription
291:
260:
216:
196:
173:
169:
153:
142:
114:
110:
106:
105:
47:
5303:other items
5272:Face shield
5189:Firefighter
5173:Paratrooper
5128:Pickelhaube
5048:Boar's tusk
4967:Ferronnière
4651:Chilote cap
4467:Upside down
4304:Horn-rimmed
3753:ReSpectacle
3390:2 September
3147:, pp.
3145:Ilardi 2007
3097:21 November
3069:28 February
3020:Ilardi 2007
2961:Ilardi 2007
2915:Ilardi 2007
2899:Ilardi 2007
2885:18 February
2785:1 September
2266:1 September
1893:halo effect
1862:Steve Urkel
1788:hearing aid
1775:John Lennon
1771:Buddy Holly
1763:Steve Allen
1608:photo shoot
1524:George Airy
1520:astigmatism
1500:, invented
1473:, 1580–1645
1447:Vyasatirtha
1302:scriptorium
1287: 1805
1264: 1400
1201: 1255
1171:Roger Bacon
1119:Reza Abbasi
1104:Roger Bacon
1067: 1021
1036:convex lens
958:rectangular
841:powder and
679:ultraviolet
671:sleep cycle
655:smartphones
621:filter out
552:Anaglyph 3D
469:ultraviolet
385:diffraction
355:astigmatism
302:optometrist
287:accommodate
275:astigmatism
207:stereoscopy
188:photophobia
70:Other names
5534:Categories
5463:Sunglasses
5401:Eyeglasses
5355:Headphones
5230:Motorcycle
5182:Vocational
5113:Kulah khud
5063:Chalcidian
5058:Corinthian
4947:Coronation
4520:VR headset
4381:Sunglasses
4137:Audio help
4128:2008-03-31
3813:7 November
3639:19 October
3624:60 Minutes
3585:snopes.com
3560:Financhill
3416:25 October
3163:, p.
2947:18 October
2901:, p.
2622:27 January
2572:24 October
2121:Eyewa Blog
2104:References
1973:Sunglasses
1938:GI glasses
1897:stereotype
1877:Clark Kent
1801:Drew Carey
1784:Eric Sykes
1759:Jan Peerce
1598:In fashion
1550:lorgnettes
1510:John Fenno
1498:presbyopia
1394:Marco Polo
1368:Strasbourg
1322:presbyopia
1141:have used
1137:, and the
1127:sunglasses
977:Precursors
835:3D-printed
667:eye strain
647:blue light
610:binoculars
601:telescopes
539:3D Viewers
533:3D glasses
526:Presbyopia
458:sunglasses
448:Sunglasses
442:Sunglasses
403:See also:
369:GI glasses
351:drugstores
325:presbyopia
279:presbyopia
245:refraction
221:Corrective
199:3D glasses
175:Sunglasses
115:spectacles
111:eyeglasses
5498:Teashades
5446:Lorgnette
5436:Pince-nez
5380:Scrunchie
5360:Headpiece
5335:Hair drop
5320:Claw clip
5257:Balaclava
5143:Stahlhelm
4886:Tengkolok
4835:Mitznefet
4683:Fez (hat)
4641:Casquette
4488:Blindfold
4427:Ballistic
4361:Trifocals
4331:Pince-nez
4314:Lorgnette
4244:Types of
4195:23 August
4026:150204262
3786:20 August
3732:20 August
3701:20 August
3493:154878241
3367:1 January
1963:Pince-nez
1869:superhero
1854:geek chic
1834:Iron Chef
1754:cricketer
1664:counter.
1646:Luxottica
1532:pince-nez
1526:in 1825.
1318:hyperopia
1255:, by the
1190:Dominican
1149:Invention
993:Dominican
962:octagonal
956:, panto,
881:beryllium
861:or nylon)
839:polyamide
809:Materials
716:Glasses,
651:computers
579:3D movies
560:polarized
529:driving.
329:hyperopia
314:headaches
306:lensmeter
161:radiation
88:optometry
79:Specialty
5503:Wayfarer
5483:Mirrored
5441:Lensless
5406:Browline
5385:Shpitzel
5375:Peinetón
5365:Kerchief
5350:Headband
5340:Hair tie
5330:Dush-toh
5310:Barrette
5277:Facekini
5262:Earmuffs
5225:Football
5194:Hard hat
5073:Imperial
5068:Phrygian
4982:Imperial
4825:Campaign
4810:Bearskin
4803:Military
4784:Tricorne
4752:Sombrero
4737:Pork pie
4646:Chupalla
4601:Baseball
4562:Headwear
4510:Eyepatch
4409:Wayfarer
4394:Mirrored
4351:Shooting
4346:Scissors
4309:Lensless
4274:Browline
4269:Bifocals
4139: ·
3944:and the
3629:CBS News
3604:CBS News
3189:Section
3133:13306950
3092:BBC News
3008:glasses.
2745:De Iride
2616:archived
2566:archived
2546:archived
2496:archived
2471:archived
2429:archived
2400:26375236
2332:archived
2223:10 April
2126:24 March
1989:See also
1879:, while
1873:Superman
1805:contacts
1792:deafness
1661:eye exam
1592:titanium
1569:silicone
1502:bifocals
1455:Sushruta
1416:zh:南都繁会图
1364:optician
1186:Florence
1096:De iride
1050:Ibn Sahl
1017:El Greco
1003:in 1352.
936:trifocal
889:titanium
663:dry eyes
592:bioptics
568:shutters
389:aperture
337:trifocal
203:3D films
192:migraine
18:Opticals
5540:Glasses
5473:Glacier
5468:Aviator
5456:Rimless
5451:Monocle
5426:Goggles
5416:Cat eye
5411:Bug-eye
5394:Eyewear
5370:Peineta
5345:Hairnet
5315:Bumpits
5267:Earplug
5220:Bicycle
5215:Batting
5199:Welding
5123:Dragoon
5088:Barbute
5053:Ilyrian
5031:Helmets
5014: (
4997:Queen's
4962:Eastern
4952:Coronet
4942:Corolla
4937:Consort
4927:Circlet
4922:Chaplet
4869:Wrapped
4794:Ushanka
4789:Trucker
4742:Salakot
4732:Pillbox
4710:Homburg
4698:Newsboy
4693:Coppola
4661:Cricket
4589:General
4505:Contact
4498:Blinker
4493:Blinder
4472:Welding
4462:Swedish
4447:Foggles
4437:Doggles
4419:Goggles
4404:Shutter
4389:Aviator
4366:Windsor
4341:Rimless
4336:Pinhole
4326:Monocle
4299:Groucho
4289:Chicken
4284:Cat eye
4279:Bug-eye
4255:glasses
4246:eyewear
4169:15 June
4126: (
4097:minutes
3986:26 June
3960:26 June
3955:YouTube
3833:Eyewear
3758:11 July
3669:22 July
3386:, Zeiss
3309:4927695
3300:1208150
2849:28 June
2821:9574655
2391:4560556
1958:Monocle
1943:Goggles
1848:during
1688:Fashion
1349:convent
1341:riveted
1266:–1430 (
1232:letters
1054:Alhazen
1040:Ptolemy
972:History
932:Bifocal
801:springy
659:tablets
606:goggles
488:. Many
427:welding
409:Goggles
333:bifocal
241:skyline
122:eyewear
107:Glasses
53:Glasses
5478:Iggaak
5235:Racing
5163:Flight
5138:Brodie
5133:Adrian
5118:Kabuto
5103:Sallet
5098:Morion
5040:Combat
5016:laurel
5012:Wreath
4987:Makuṭa
4972:Fillet
4957:Diadem
4917:Astral
4906:Crowns
4891:Turban
4876:Do-rag
4845:Sailor
4840:Peaked
4830:Forage
4815:Boonie
4747:Salako
4705:Gandhi
4676:Trilby
4671:Fedora
4666:Easter
4656:Cowboy
4636:Buntal
4631:Bucket
4626:Bowler
4621:Bonnet
4616:Boater
4606:Beanie
4072:
4051:
4024:
3907:
3536:Forbes
3491:
3451:
3307:
3297:
3131:
3042:
2819:
2736:
2398:
2388:
2295:11 May
2197:3 July
2171:3 July
2146:3 July
2085:29 May
2060:retina
1908:Styles
1828:; and
1727:stigma
1628:Market
1548:" and
1494:myopia
1370:(then
1359:1400.
1330:myopia
1220:Murano
1216:Venice
1192:friar
1165:(1403)
1075:Optics
1045:Optics
966:square
945:myopic
938:, and
895:, and
877:alloys
847:Mykita
777:angle.
708:Frames
522:myopia
474:Light
399:Safety
296:of an
165:squash
126:lenses
119:vision
117:, are
5287:Scarf
5208:Sport
5093:Close
5083:Great
5007:Tiara
5002:State
4992:Naval
4910:bands
4850:Shako
4820:Busby
4777:Opera
4762:Straw
4727:Kofia
4611:Beret
4481:Other
4371:X-ray
4356:Smart
4319:Opera
4264:Belay
4253:(Eye)
4022:S2CID
3930:, BBC
3566:6 May
3541:6 May
3516:6 May
3489:S2CID
3257:3 May
3251:(PDF)
3244:(PDF)
3183:[
3149:13–18
2937:(PDF)
2595:7 May
2079:(PDF)
2033:Notes
1580:laser
1561:Zeiss
1386:that
1357:circa
1353:Celle
1351:near
1326:aging
1224:guild
1139:Inuit
1135:China
1108:Italy
964:, or
950:round
893:monel
871:Metal
865:Nylon
731:Parts
649:from
490:blind
465:light
435:Nylon
213:Types
95:[
5168:Mk 7
4977:Hoop
4932:Camp
4896:Veil
4881:Hood
4855:Side
4722:Knit
4688:Flat
4578:caps
4573:Hats
4457:Snow
4197:2010
4171:2009
4070:ISBN
4049:ISBN
3988:2012
3962:2012
3927:News
3905:ISBN
3815:2019
3788:2008
3760:2017
3734:2008
3703:2008
3671:2023
3641:2012
3568:2021
3543:2021
3518:2021
3449:ISBN
3418:2021
3392:2007
3369:2014
3305:PMID
3259:2014
3129:PMID
3099:2019
3071:2015
3040:ISBN
2949:2021
2887:2021
2851:2007
2817:PMID
2787:2007
2734:ISBN
2624:2007
2597:2014
2574:2020
2396:PMID
2297:2015
2268:2017
2225:2018
2199:2024
2173:2024
2148:2024
2128:2020
2087:2019
1773:and
1578:and
1559:and
1508:and
1496:and
1347:, a
1306:Alps
1182:Pisa
1157:The
954:oval
692:The
657:and
595:or
543:The
407:and
335:and
327:and
304:. A
229:and
201:for
130:eyes
113:and
5148:M33
4908:and
4772:Top
4767:Sun
4014:doi
3901:283
3481:doi
3295:PMC
3285:doi
3121:doi
2809:doi
2667:doi
2386:PMC
2378:doi
1887:as
1867:In
1838:NBA
1717:in
1590:as
1535:).
1184:or
1161:by
1081:".
1069:).
1042:'s
1015:by
859:PLA
855:ABS
665:to
608:or
393:DIY
300:or
273:or
5536::
5421:GI
4294:GI
4181:,
4095:25
4020:,
4010:50
4008:,
4004:,
3978:,
3953:,
3948::
3903:.
3876:,
3865:^
3846:^
3822:^
3804:,
3778:,
3751:,
3720:,
3689:,
3662:.
3648:^
3627:,
3621:,
3601:,
3583:,
3558:,
3534:,
3509:,
3487:,
3477:15
3475:,
3471:,
3425:^
3408:,
3355:,
3303:.
3293:.
3281:55
3279:.
3275:.
3224:,
3220:.
3127:,
3117:11
3115:,
3090:,
3078:^
3061:,
2939:,
2922:^
2878:,
2837:,
2815:,
2805:42
2803:,
2661:,
2657:,
2639:,
2614:,
2564:,
2544:,
2513:,
2494:,
2469:,
2427:,
2407:^
2394:,
2384:,
2353:,
2340:^
2330:,
2304:^
2283:,
2259:,
2241:,
2215:,
2190:.
2164:.
2119:,
1904:.
1864:.
1852:-
1676:,
1648:.
1436:.
1284:c.
1270:).
1261:c.
1259:,
1242:.
1198:c.
1173:.
1064:c.
1062:,
1031:.
960:,
952:,
934:,
899:.
891:,
887:,
883:,
857:,
718:c.
669:,
653:,
625:,
570:.
331:,
269:,
239:A
167:.
86:,
5018:)
4554:e
4547:t
4540:v
4237:e
4230:t
4223:v
4174:.
4143:)
4135:(
4130:)
4099:)
4092:(
4079:.
4058:.
4016::
3913:.
3673:.
3483::
3311:.
3287::
3226:6
3167:.
3151:.
3123::
2905:.
2903:5
2811::
2701:.
2669::
2663:2
2380::
2201:.
2175:.
2150:.
2062:.
1778:"
1610:.
1418:)
1414:(
1196:(
1098:(
1056:(
205:(
99:]
45:.
38:.
20:)
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