Orthodontics - Knowledge

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arch, the occlusal area of the bracket was opened. Brackets were only added to eight incisors and mandibular canines, as it would be impossible to insert the arch into both horizontal molar tubes and the vertical brackets of adjacent premolars. This lack of understanding posed a considerable challenge to dental professionals; they were unable to make corrections to an excessive Spee curve in bicuspid teeth. Despite the complexity of the situation, it was necessary for practitioners to find a resolution. Unparalleled to its counterparts, what made the ribbon arch instantly popular was that its archwire had remarkable spring qualities and could be utilized to accurately align teeth that were misaligned. However, a major drawback of this device was its inability to effectively control root position since it did not have enough resilience to generate the torque movements required for setting roots in their new place.

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arch appliance to provide more control when dealing with root positioning. In the late 1930s, Begg developed his adaptation of the appliance, which took three forms. Firstly, a high-strength 16-mil round stainless steel wire replaced the original precious metal ribbon arch. Secondly, he kept the same ribbon arch bracket but inverted it so that it pointed toward the gums instead of away from them. Lastly, auxiliary springs were added to control root movement. This resulted in what would come to be known as the Begg Appliance. With this design, friction was decreased since contact between wire and bracket was minimal, and binding was minimized due to tipping and uprighting being used for anchorage control, which lessened contact angles between wires and corners of the bracket.

903:, there are several Orthodontic Specialty Training Registrar posts available. The program is full-time for three years, and upon completion, trainees graduate with a degree at the Masters or Doctorate level. Training may take place within hospital departments that are linked to recognized dental schools. Obtaining a Certificate of Completion of Specialty Training (CCST) allows an orthodontic specialist to be registered under the General Dental Council (GDC). An orthodontic specialist can provide care within a primary care setting, but to work at a hospital as an orthodontic consultant, higher-level training is further required as a post-CCST trainee. To work within a university setting as an academic consultant, completing research toward obtaining a Ph.D. is also required. 371:" system – an edgewise appliance that greatly enhanced its efficiency. The modern edgewise appliance has slightly different construction than the original one. Instead of relying on faciolingual bends to accommodate variations among teeth, each bracket has a correspondingly varying base thickness depending on the tooth it is intended for. However, due to individual differences between teeth, this does not completely eliminate the need for compensating bends. Accurately placing the roots of many teeth requires angling brackets in relation to the long axis of the tooth. Traditionally, this mesiodistal root positioning necessitated using second-order, or tip, bends along the archwire. However, angling the bracket or bracket slot eliminates this need for bends. 176:, which is now credited as one of the first works to begin systematically documenting orthodontics. Being a major presence in American dentistry during the latter half of the 19th century, not only was Kingsley one of the early users of extraoral force to correct protruding teeth, but he was also one of the pioneers for treating cleft palates and associated issues. During the era of orthodontics under Kingsley and his colleagues, the treatment was focused on straightening teeth and creating facial harmony. Ignoring occlusal relationships, it was typical to remove teeth for a variety of dental issues, such as malalignment or overcrowding. The concept of an intact dentition was not widely appreciated in those days, making bite correlations seem irrelevant. 375:

just to avoid any unintentional movement of suitably placed teeth or when moving roots facially or lingually. Angulation of either brackets or slots can minimize the need for second-order or tip bends on archwires. Contemporary edgewise appliances come with brackets designed to adjust for any facial inclinations, thereby eliminating or reducing any third-order bends. These brackets already have angulation and torque values built in so that each rectangluar archwire can be contorted to form a custom fit without inadvertently shifting any correctly positioned teeth. Without bracket angulation and torque, second-order or tip bends would still be required on each patient's archwire.

636: 520:, sometimes referred to as an "extra-oral appliance", is a treatment approach that requires the patient to have a device strapped onto their head to help correct malocclusion—typically used when the teeth do not align properly. Headgear is most often used along with braces or other orthodontic appliances. While braces correct the position of teeth, orthodontic headgear—which, as the name suggests, is worn on or strapped onto the patient's head—is most often added to orthodontic treatment to help alter the alignment of the jaw, although there are some situations in which such an appliance can help move teeth, particularly molars. 524: 779:, obtaining a dental degree, such as a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Medical Dentistry (DMD), would be required before being accepted by a school for orthodontic training. Currently, there are 10 schools in the country offering the orthodontic specialty. Candidates should contact the individual school directly to obtain the most recent pre-requisites before entry. The Canadian Dental Association expects orthodontists to complete at least two years of post-doctoral, specialty training in orthodontics in an accredited program after graduating from their dental degree. 457: 401:) takes from one to two years, with braces being adjusted every four to 10 weeks by orthodontists, while university-trained dental specialists are versed in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. Orthodontists offer a wide range of treatment options to straighten crooked teeth, fix irregular bites, and align the jaws correctly. There are many ways to adjust malocclusion. In growing patients, there are more options to treat skeletal discrepancies, either by promoting or restricting growth using 384: 188:

occlusion. Having a full set of teeth on both arches was highly sought after in orthodontic treatment due to the need for exact relationships between them. Extraction as an orthodontic procedure was heavily opposed by Angle and those who followed him. As occlusion became the key priority, facial proportions and aesthetics were neglected. To achieve ideal occlusals without using external forces, Angle postulated that having perfect occlusion was the best way to gain optimum facial aesthetics.

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different from any other appliance of its period as it featured a rigid framework to which teeth could be tied effectively in order to recreate an arch form that followed pre-defined dimensions. Molars were fitted with braces, and a powerful labial archwire was positioned around the arch. The wire ended in a thread, and to move it forward, an adjustable nut was used, which allowed for an increase in circumference. By ligation, each individual tooth was attached to this expansive archwire.

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tests for the applicant's knowledge of basic sciences and clinical concepts. The clinical exam, however, consists of a Board Case Oral Examination (BCOE), a Case Report Examination (CRE), and a Case Report Oral Examination (CROE). Once certified, certification must then be renewed every ten years. Orthodontic programs can award a Master of Science degree, a Doctor of Science degree, or a Doctor of Philosophy degree, depending on the school and individual research requirements.

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treatment. In contrast to the Begg appliance, which was based solely on round wires and auxiliary springs, the Tip-Edge system emerged in the early 21st century. This innovative technology allowed for the utilization of rectangular archwires to precisely control tooth movement during the finishing stages after initial treatment with round wires. Thus, almost all modern fixed appliances can be considered variations on this edgewise appliance system.

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mandibular development, leading to the formation of functional jaw orthopedics in Europe and extraoral force measures in the US. These days, both functional appliances and extraoral devices are applied around the globe with the aim of amending growth patterns and forms. Consequently, pursuing true, or at least improved, jaw relationships had become the main objective of treatment by the mid-20th century.

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Following extensive trials, it was concluded that dimensions of 22 × 28 mils were optimal for obtaining excellent control over crown and root positioning across all three planes of space. After debuting in 1928, this appliance quickly became one of the mainstays for multibanded fixed therapy, although ribbon arches continued to be utilized for another decade or so beyond this point too.

810: 669: 38: 4395: 722:, to obtain an accredited three-year full-time university degree in orthodontics, one will need to be a qualified dentist (complete an AHPRA-registered general dental degree) with a minimum of two years of clinical experience. There are several universities in Australia that offer orthodontic programs: the 508:

The time required for braces varies from person to person as it depends on the severity of the problem, the amount of room available, the distance the teeth must travel, the health of the teeth, gums, and supporting bone, and how closely the patient follows instructions. On average, however, once the

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Given the discrepancies in inclination of facial surfaces across individual teeth, placing a twist, otherwise known as third-order or torque bends, into segments of each rectangular archwire was initially required with the edgewise appliance. These bends were necessary for all patients and wires, not

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found a way to make different brackets for each tooth in the 1980s, thanks to the increased convenience of bonding. This adjustment enabled him to avoid having multiple bends in archwires that would have been needed to make up for variations in tooth anatomy. Ultimately, this led to what was termed a

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At the beginning, Angle attached eyelets to the edges of archwires so that they could be held with ligatures and help manage rotations. Now, however, no extra ligature is needed due to either twin brackets or single brackets that have added wings touching underneath the wire (Lewis or Lang brackets).

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Prior to Angle, the idea of fitting attachments on individual teeth had not been thought of, and in his lifetime, his concern for precisely positioning each tooth was not highly appraised. In addition to using fingersprings for repositioning teeth with a range of removable devices, two main appliance

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Edward H. Angle made a significant contribution to the dental field when he released the 7th edition of his book in 1907, which outlined his theories and detailed his technique. This approach was founded upon the iconic "E-Arch" or 'the-arch' shape as well as inter-maxillary elastics. This device was

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Returning to Australia in the 1920s, the renowned orthodontist, Raymond Begg, applied his knowledge of ribbon arch appliances, which he had learned from the Angle School. On top of this, Begg recognized that extracting teeth was sometimes vital for successful outcomes and sought to modify the ribbon

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Due to its limited range of motion, Angle was unable to achieve precise tooth positioning with an E-arch. In order to bypass this issue, he started using bands on other teeth combined with a vertical tube for each individual tooth. These tubes held a soldered pin, which could be repositioned at each

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Prior to the invention of a straight wire appliance, orthodontists were utilizing a non-programmed standard edgewise fixed appliance system, or Begg's pin and tube system. Both of these systems employed identical brackets for each tooth and necessitated the bending of an archwire in three planes for

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of orthodontic treatment is lacking, although patients with completed treatment have reported a higher quality of life than that of untreated patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. The main reason for the prevalence of these malocclusions is diets with less fresh fruit and vegetables and overall

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that offer orthodontic programs. Every school has a different enrollment process, but every applicant is required to have graduated with a DDS or DMD from an accredited dental school. Entrance into an accredited orthodontics program is extremely competitive and begins by passing a national or state

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can be best achieved using a fixed tissue-borne appliance. Removable appliances can push teeth outward but are less effective at maxillary sutural expansion. The effects of a removable expander may look the same as they push teeth outward, but they should not be confused with actually expanding the

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With the passing of time, it became quite evident that even an exceptional occlusion was not suitable when considered from an aesthetic point of view. Not only were there issues related to aesthetics, but it usually proved impossible to keep a precise occlusal relationship achieved by forcing teeth

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system, or the pre-adjusted edgewise system. Introduced in 1976, Larry Andrews' pre-adjusted edgewise appliance, more commonly known as the straight wire appliance, has since revolutionized fixed orthodontic treatment. The advantage of the design lies in its bracket and archwire combination, which

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In the late 1800s, the concept of occlusion was essential for creating reliable prosthetic replacement teeth. This idea was further refined and ultimately applied in various ways when dealing with healthy dental structures as well. As these concepts of prosthetic occlusion progressed, it became an

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The program generally lasts for two to three years, and by the final year, graduates are required to complete the written American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) exam. This exam is also broken down into two components: a written exam and a clinical exam. The written exam is a comprehensive exam that

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is one of the many schools recognized by the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BM&DC) that offer post-graduation orthodontic courses. Before applying to any post-graduation training courses, an applicant must have completed the Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) examination from any dental

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After orthodontic treatment has been completed, there is a tendency for teeth to return, or relapse, back to their pre-treatment positions. Over 50% of patients have some reversion to pre-treatment positions within 10 years following treatment. To prevent relapse, the majority of patients will be

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Realizing that the pin and tube appliance was not easy to control, Angle developed a better option, the ribbon arch, which was much simpler to use. Most of its components were already prepared by the manufacturer, so it was significantly easier to manage than before. In order to attach the ribbon

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Fixed orthodontic appliances are predominantly derived from the edgewise appliance approach, which typically begins with round wires before transitioning to rectangular archwires for improving tooth alignment. These rectangluar wires promote precision in the positioning of teeth following initial

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started to be used by orthodontists for measuring changes in tooth and jaw position caused by growth and treatment. The x-rays showed that many Class II and III malocclusions were due to improper jaw relations as opposed to misaligned teeth. It became evident that orthodontic therapy could adjust

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orthodontic appliances. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a range of devices for the "regulation" of teeth were described by various dentistry authors who occasionally put them into practice. As a modern science, orthodontics dates back to the mid-1800s. The field's influential contributors include

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In an effort to rectify the issues with the ribbon arch, Angle shifted the orientation of its slot from vertical, instead making it horizontal. In addition, he swapped out the wire and replaced it with a precious metal wire that was rotated by 90 degrees in relation—henceforth known as Edgewise.

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By the beginning of the 20th century, orthodontics had become more than just the straightening of crooked teeth. The concept of ideal occlusion, as postulated by Angle and incorporated into a classification system, enabled a shift towards treating malocclusion, which is any deviation from normal

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Whatever the purpose, orthodontic headgear works by exerting tension on the braces via hooks, a facebow, coils, elastic bands, metal orthodontic bands, and other attachable appliances directly into the patient's mouth. It is most effective for children and teenagers because their jaws are still

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Early 20th-century orthodontist Edward Angle made a major contribution to the world of dentistry. He created four distinct appliance systems that have been used as the basis for many orthodontic treatments today, barring a few exceptions. They are E-arch, pin and tube, ribbon arch, and edgewise

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investment on the dentist's part. Nevertheless, since then, there have been advances in technology and sophistication in edgewise appliances, which led to the opposite conclusion: nowadays, edgewise appliances are more efficient than the Begg appliance, thus explaining why it is commonly used.

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Throughout time, there has been a shift in which appliances are favored by dentists. In particular, during the 1960s, when it was introduced, the Begg appliance gained wide popularity due to its efficiency compared to edgewise appliances of that era; it could produce the same results with less

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Dr. Begg's influence is still seen in modern appliances, such as Tip-Edge brackets. This type of bracket incorporates a rectangular slot cutaway on one side to allow for crown tipping with no incisal deflection of an archwire, allowing teeth to be tipped during space closure and then uprighted

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Utilizing bands around both incisors and molars, a twin-wire appliance was designed to provide alignment between these teeth. Constructed with two 10-mil steel archwires, its delicate features were safeguarded by lengthy tubes stretching from molars towards canines. Despite its efforts, it had

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gave an insightful definition of the ideal occlusion in permanent teeth. This has had meaningful effects on orthodontic treatments that are administered regularly, and these are: 1. Correct interarchal relationships 2. Correct crown angulation (tip) 3. Correct crown inclination (torque) 4. No

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Orthodontic therapy may include the use of fixed or removable appliances. Most orthodontic therapy is delivered using appliances that are fixed in place, for example, braces that are adhesively bonded to the teeth. Fixed appliances may provide greater mechanical control of the teeth; optimal

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It was in 1890 that the work and impact of Dr. Edwards H. Angle began to be felt, with his contribution to modern orthodontics particularly noteworthy. Initially focused on prosthodontics, he taught in Pennsylvania and Minnesota before directing his attention towards dental occlusion and the

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Since the dawn of the human race, individuals have been grappling with the issue of overcrowded, irregular, and protruding teeth. Evidence from Greek and Etruscan materials suggests that attempts to treat this disorder date back to 1000 BC, showcasing primitive yet impressively well-crafted

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At the beginning of the twentieth century, orthodontics was in need of an upgrade. The American Journal of Orthodontics was created for this purpose in 1915; before it, there were no scientific objectives to follow, nor any precise classification system and brackets that lacked features.

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developing and can be easily manipulated. (If an adult is fitted with headgear, it is usually to help correct the position of teeth that have shifted after other teeth have been extracted.) Thus, headgear is typically used to treat a number of jaw alignment or bite problems, such as

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When it comes to orthodontic appliances, they are divided into two types: removable and fixed. Removable appliances can be taken on and off by the patient as required. On the other hand, fixed appliances cannot be taken off as they remain bonded to the teeth during treatment.

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appointment in order to move them in place. Dubbed the "bone-growing appliance", this contraption was theorized to encourage healthier bone growth due to its potential for transferring force directly to the roots. However, implementing it proved troublesome in reality.

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To reduce pain during the orthodontic treatment, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), vibratory devices, chewing adjuncts, brainwave music, or cognitive behavioral therapy can be used. However, the supporting evidence is of low quality, and the results are inconclusive.

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is also a removable orthodontic appliance made from a combination of plastic and metal that is custom-molded to fit the patient's mouth. Removable retainers will be worn for different periods of time, depending on the patient's need to stabilize the dentition.

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requires only minimal wire bending from the orthodontist or clinician. It's aptly named after this feature: the angle of the slot and thickness of the bracket base ultimately determine where each tooth is situated with little need for extra manipulation.

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Fixed appliances may be used, for example, to rotate teeth if they do not fit the arch shape of the other teeth in the mouth, to adjust multiple teeth to different places, to change the tooth angle of teeth, or to change the position of a tooth's

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In modern dentistry, two types of edgewise appliances exist: the 18- and 22-slot varieties. While these appliances are used differently, the introduction of a 20-slot device with more precise features has been considered but not pursued yet.

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Removable retainers are made from clear plastic, and they are custom-fitted for the patient's mouth. It has a tight fit and holds all of the teeth in position. There are many types of brands for clear retainers, including Zendura Retainer,

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in Australia (who both studied under Angle) re-introduced dentistry extraction into orthodontics during the 1940s and 1950s so they could improve facial esthetics while also ensuring better stability concerning occlusal relationships.

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systems were very popular in the early part of the 20th century. Labiolingual appliances use bands on the first molars joined with heavy lingual and labial archwires affixed with soldered fingersprings to shift single teeth.

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Lombardo G, Vena F, Negri P, Pagano S, Barilotti C, Paglia L, Colombo S, Orso M, Cianetti S (June 2020). "Worldwide prevalence of malocclusion in the different stages of dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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braces are put on, they usually remain in place for one to three years. After braces are removed, most patients will need to wear a retainer all the time for the first six months, then only during sleep for many years.

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specialty that addresses the diagnosis, prevention, management, and correction of mal-positioned teeth and jaws, as well as misaligned bite patterns. It may also address the modification of facial growth, known as

750:(ASO). Prospective applicants should obtain information from the relevant institution before applying for admission. After completing a degree in orthodontics, specialists are required to be registered with the 327:

through auxiliary springs or even a rectangular wire for torque purposes in finishing. At the initial stages of treatment, small-diameter steel archwires should be used when working with Tip-Edge brackets.

494:, and springs may be used to push teeth apart or to close a gap. Several teeth may be tied together with ligatures, and different kinds of hooks can be placed to allow for connecting an elastic band. 3750: 445:, tooth decay, or other complications may result. If a patient is unmotivated (insofar as treatment takes several months and requires commitment to oral hygiene), or if malocclusions are mild. 615:

using dental adhesive and can be specifically useful to prevent rotation in incisors. Other types of fixed retainers can include labial or lingual braces, with brackets fixed to the teeth.

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may be incorporated into the treatment plan. Treatment usually begins before a person reaches adulthood, insofar as pre-adult bones may be adjusted more easily before adulthood.

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college. After application, the applicant must take an admissions test held by the specific college. If successful, selected candidates undergo training for six months.

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are another form of orthodontics commonly used today, involving removable plastic trays. There has been controversy about the effectiveness of aligners such as

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softer foods in childhood, causing smaller jaws with less room for the teeth to erupt. Treatment may require several months to a few years and entails using

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together over extended durations with the use of robust elastics, something Angle and his students had previously suggested. Charles Tweed in America and

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rotations 5. Tight contact points 6. Flat Curve of Spee (0.0–2.5 mm), and based on these principles, he discovered a treatment system called the

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Abnormal alignment of the teeth and jaws is very common. The approximate worldwide prevalence of malocclusion was as high as 56%. However, conclusive

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The biology of tooth movement and how advances in gene therapy and molecular biology technology may shape the future of orthodontic treatment.

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Fleming PS, Strydom H, Katsaros C, MacDonald L, Curatolo M, Fudalej P, Pandis N, et al. (Cochrane Oral Health Group) (December 2016).

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recognized orthodontics as a specialty in the 1950s. Each country has its own system for training and registering orthodontic specialists.

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once treatment has been completed and will benefit from wearing their retainers. Retainers can be either fixed or removable.

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Both types of brackets simplify the process of obtaining moments that control movements along a particular plane of space.

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Agnihotry A, Fedorowicz Z, Nasser M, Gill KS, et al. (The Cochrane Collaboration) (October 2017). Zbigniew F (ed.).

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areas in dentistry, but the specialty of orthodontics was the first to be recognized within dentistry. Specifically, the

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and other appliances to gradually adjust tooth position and jaw alignment. In cases where the malocclusion is severe,

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are usually placed on the front side of the teeth, but they may also be placed on the side facing the tongue (called

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treatments needed to maintain it as a normal condition, thus becoming known as the "father of modern orthodontics".

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limited capacity for movement without further modifications, rendering it obsolete in modern orthodontic practice.

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Fleming PS, Fedorowicz Z, Johal A, El-Angbawi A, Pandis N, et al. (The Cochrane Collaboration) (June 2015).

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may be required to fix severe malocclusions. The bone is broken during surgery and stabilized with titanium (or

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palate. Proper palate expansion can create more space for teeth as well as improve both oral and nasal airflow.

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to aid the orthodontic treatment (teeth are extracted in about half of all the cases, most commonly the

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Higley LB (August 1940). "Lateral head roentgenograms and their relation to the orthodontic problem".

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Angle EH. Treatment of malocclusion of the teeth. 7th éd. Philadelphia: S.S.White Dental Mfg Cy, 1907

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are placed in a slot in the brackets, which allows for controlled movement in all three dimensions.

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Martin C, Littlewood SJ, Millett DT, Doubleday B, Bearn D, Worthington HV, Limones A (May 2023).

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Roth RH (November 1976). "Five year clinical evaluation of the Andrews straight-wire appliance".

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are an alternative to braces, but insufficient evidence exists to determine their effectiveness.

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Until the mid-1970s, braces were made by wrapping metal around each tooth. With advancements in

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Matasa CG, Graber TM (April 2000). "Angle, the innovator, mechanical genius, and clinician".

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The quality level of the studies was not sufficient to draw any evidence-based conclusions.

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locating teeth in their desired positions, with these bends dictating ultimate placements.

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Rossini G, Parrini S, Castroflorio T, Deregibus A, Debernardi CL (September 2015).

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Millett DT, Cunningham SJ, O'Brien KD, Benson PE, de Oliveira CM (February 2018).

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or Byte; some consider them to be faster and more freeing than the alternatives.

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Andrews LF. Straight Wire: The Concept and Appliance. San Diego: LA Wells; 1989.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Brodie AG (1956). "Orthodontic Concepts Prior to the Death of Edward Angle".

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Full orthodontic headgear with headcap, fitting straps, facebow, and elastics

4283: 4243: 4203: 4198: 4193: 3818: 3266: 3095: 2064: 1893: 1188: 719: 703: 476: 120: 78: 2796:"FAQ: I Want To Be An Orthodontist - Canadian Association of Orthodontists" 2619: 2581: 2562: 2530: 2458: 2409: 2336: 2287: 2213: 2050: 1983: 1849: 1532: 1428: 1345: 1243: 1207: 1131: 1114: 1075: 17: 2598:

Christensen GJ (March 2002). "Orthodontics and the general practitioner".

2350: 1934: 1567: 4208: 3080: 2194: 1873: 1638: 611:

Fixed retainers are a simple wire fixed to the tongue-facing part of the

533: 480: 422: 213: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2473:"Clear Retainers | Maintain Your Hard to Get Smile with Clear Retainers" 1630: 1336: 1319: 3371: 3366: 3085: 1950:"Surgical adjunctive procedures for accelerating orthodontic treatment" 1030:"What is orthodontics?// Useful Resources: FAQ and Downloadable eBooks" 612: 37: 2065:"Child Dental Health Survey 2013, England, Wales and Northern Ireland" 787:

Similar to Canada, there are several colleges and universities in the

943:

Orthodontic Tooth Movement: Gene Therapy and Molecular Biology Aspect

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Angle EH (1912). "Evolution of orthodontia. Recent developments".

827: 656: 522: 437:. This treatment course is not preferred where a patient has poor 382: 216:, it became possible to instead bond metal brackets to the teeth. 2550:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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Angle EH (1928). "The latest and best in Orthodontic Mechanism".

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Andrews LF (September 1972). "The six keys to normal occlusion".

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Brodie AG (1931). "A discussion on the Newest Angle Mechanism".

1091:"Evidence and Orthodontics: Does Your Child Really Need Braces?" 4147: 3791: 2973: 2969: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2131: 2129: 803: 1115:"Controversial report finds no proof that dental braces work" 3787: 3751:

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

2718: 2303:"Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery" 2015:

Dardengo C, Fernandes LQ, Capelli Júnior J (February 2016).

1830:

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

1511:

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

1409:

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

2766:"Orthodontic Facts - Canadian Association of Orthodontists" 2423:

Yu Y, Sun J, Lai W, Wu T, Koshy S, Shi Z (September 2013).

1668:, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., p. 98, 429:

treatment outcomes are improved by using fixed appliances.

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Andrews LF (July 1979). "The straight-wire appliance".

1242:

Proffit WR, Fields Jr HW, Larson BE, Sarver DM (2019).

831: 397:

A typical treatment for incorrectly positioned teeth (

172:

Beginning in the mid-1800s, Norman Kingsley published

165:(1855–1930). Angle created the first basic system for 4383: 2740: 1713:"How, why, and when was the edgewise appliance born?" 362:

Rather than rely on the same bracket for all teeth,

4315: 4282: 4181: 4078: 4042: 3986: 3918: 3825: 3769: 3743: 3696: 3390: 3339: 3290: 3154: 3073: 3007: 2745:

Bangladesh Medical & Dental Council (BM&DC)

2593: 2591: 2137:"Elastics For Braces: Rubber Bands in Orthodontics" 1301:"A Brief History of Orthodontic Braces – ArchWired" 102: 89: 84: 72: 60: 52: 47: 4342:North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service 1500: 1498: 4332:Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2674:Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency 1717:Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics 1444:American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery 2741:"List of recognized medical and dental colleges" 2544:Putrino A, Barbato E, Galluccio G (March 2021). 2165:. Oxford Medical Publications. pp. 220–233. 752:Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency 2910:"Accredited Orthodontic Programs | AAO Members" 2851:"Accredited Orthodontic Programs - AAO Members" 1407:Safirstein D (August 2015). "P. Raymond Begg". 479:are bonded to the center of the teeth using an 237:Evolution of the current orthodontic appliances 2490: 2488: 490:Apart from wires, forces can be applied using 42:Connecting the arch-wire on brackets with wire 4159: 3803: 2985: 1006:"Definition of orthodontics | Dictionary.com" 8: 2313:(10). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD006204. 1960:(6). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: CD010572. 836:introducing citations to additional sources 30: 2501:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2429:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2380:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2307:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2258:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1954:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4166: 4152: 4144: 3810: 3796: 3788: 2992: 2978: 2970: 2946:"Orthodontic Specialty Training in the UK" 2688:"Medical Specialties and Specialty Fields" 2600:Journal of the American Dental Association 1906:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1276:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1237: 3734:Society for Orthodontic Dental Technology 3729:Italian Academy of Orthodontic Technology 3217:List of orthodontic functional appliances 2571: 2561: 2520: 2448: 2399: 2326: 2277: 2203: 2193: 2101: 2040: 1973: 1728: 1587: 1585: 1522: 1335: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1197: 1187: 1130: 923:List of orthodontic functional appliances 4292:Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes 4086:Index of oral health and dental articles 3855:Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics 1875:Straight wire: the concept and appliance 826:Relevant discussion may be found on the 455: 4390: 2825:The Royal College of Dentists of Canada 2088:Atsawasuwan P, Shirazi S (2019-04-10). 1162:von Cramon-Taubadel N (December 2011). 997: 954: 617: 1899: 1269: 169:, a system that remains in use today. 29: 4014:Canadian Association of Orthodontists 3994:American Association of Orthodontists 3719:Canadian Association of Orthodontists 3704:American Association of Orthodontists 2914:American Association of Orthodontists 2800:Canadian Association of Orthodontists 2770:Canadian Association of Orthodontists 2017:"Frequency of orthodontic extraction" 349:Alteration in bracket slot dimensions 7: 4091:Outline of dentistry and oral health 2021:Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 1248:(Sixth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2656:Australian Society of Orthodontists 748:Australian Society of Orthodontists 358:Straight-wire bracket prescriptions 2670:"Specialties and Specialty Fields" 2094:Current Approaches in Orthodontics 2033:10.1590/2177-6709.21.1.054-059.oar 1662:"Andrews' Straight Wire Appliance" 25: 2092:. In Aslan BI, Uzuner FD (eds.). 4393: 4327:Cleft Lip and Palate Association 4019:Dental Technologists Association 4004:British Dental Health Foundation 3845:Oral and maxillofacial radiology 3840:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 1923:Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 1878:. Lisa Schirmer. San Diego, CA. 1594:"31 The straight wire appliance" 1548:American Journal of Orthodontics 973:"Orthodontics" is come from the 819:relies largely or entirely on a 808: 667: 648: 634: 620: 36: 27:Correctional branch of dentistry 4357:Shriners Hospitals for Children 4352:Overseas Plastic Surgery Appeal 2884:American Board of Orthodontists 2634:"How to become an orthodontist" 2612:10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0178 2163:An Introduction to Orthodontics 1619:British Journal of Orthodontics 1479:"14: Cephalometric radiography" 740:University of Western Australia 180:invaluable tool for dentistry. 4214:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 3850:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 3709:American Board of Orthodontics 2513:10.1002/14651858.CD002283.pub5 2441:10.1002/14651858.CD008734.pub2 2392:10.1002/14651858.CD010263.pub2 2270:10.1002/14651858.CD005972.pub4 754:(AHPRA) in order to practice. 1: 3463:Harold Chapman (Orthodontist) 3146:Temperomandibular dysfunction 2239:"Dental Braces and Retainers" 1842:10.1016/S0889-5406(00)70164-8 1560:10.1016/s0002-9416(72)90268-0 1456:10.1016/S0096-6347(40)90331-3 331:Contemporary edgewise systems 4367:Transforming Faces Worldwide 4302:Popliteal pterygium syndrome 4111:History of dental treatments 3055:Standard anatomical position 3035:Failure of eruption of teeth 1505:Andrews LF (December 2015). 980:("correct", "straight") and 340:Automatic rotational control 110:Private practices, hospitals 4317:National and international 4274:Speech and language therapy 4009:British Orthodontic Society 3777:Angle School of Orthodontia 3714:British Orthodontic Society 3040:Little's Irregularity Index 2953:British Orthodontic Society 2880:"About Board Certification" 1524:10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.09.011 1421:10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.06.005 1068:10.23804/ejpd.2020.21.02.05 708:American Dental Association 4437: 4175:Cleft lip and cleft palate 3999:British Dental Association 3724:Indian Orthodontic Society 3518:John Hooper (Orthodontist) 2692:Medical Board of Australia 1998:"What is an Orthodontist?" 4029:Indian Dental Association 3222:List of palatal expanders 2319:10.1002/14651858.cd006204 1966:10.1002/14651858.cd010572 1730:10.1051/odfen/20084210113 1711:Philippe J (March 2008). 1674:10.5005/jp/books/12065_11 1245:Contemporary orthodontics 1089:Whitcomb I (2020-07-20). 598:, and Vivera Retainer. A 312: 202:cephalometric radiography 167:classifying malocclusions 35: 4189:Advance practice nursing 3948:Scaling and root planing 3633:Frederick Lester Stanton 3316:Intrusion (orthodontics) 3298:Anchorage (orthodontics) 2103:10.5772/intechopen.80287 1592:Themes UF (2015-01-01). 1477:Themes UF (2015-01-12). 1318:Peck S (November 2009). 938:Obligate nasal breathing 762:Dhaka Dental College in 736:University of Queensland 471:). Brackets made out of 417:is an option. Sometimes 4034:National Health Service 3761:Journal of Orthodontics 3311:Interproximal reduction 3247:Palatal lift prosthesis 2652:"Studying orthodontics" 1666:History of Orthodontics 1364:meridian.allenpress.com 1189:10.1073/pnas.1113050108 728:University of Melbourne 369:straight-wire appliance 226:straight-wire appliance 200:In the postwar period, 159:Norman William Kingsley 126:dentofacial orthopedics 4372:Smile Angel Foundation 4307:Van der Woude syndrome 4224:Orthodontic technology 4123:Infant oral mutilation 4024:General Dental Council 3756:The Angle Orthodontist 3237:Orthodontic technology 3111:Bimaxillary Protrusion 3020:Cephalometric analysis 2711:"Dhaka Dental College" 2638:Orthodontics Australia 2563:10.3390/ijerph18062870 2182:The Angle Orthodontist 2141:Orthodontics Australia 2002:Orthodontics Australia 1811:The Angle Orthodontist 1773:The Angle Orthodontist 1324:The Angle Orthodontist 1132:10.1038/sj.bdj.2019.65 1119:British Dental Journal 1034:Orthodontics Australia 913:Orthodontic technology 724:University of Adelaide 674:Top (left) and bottom 528: 461: 394: 268:Pin and tube appliance 4297:Pierre Robin syndrome 3895:Restorative dentistry 3588:Frederick Bogue Noyes 1125:(2): 91. 2019-01-01. 526: 459: 411:reverse pull facemask 403:functional appliances 386: 4182:Related specialities 3875:Dental public health 3638:Earl Emanuel Shepard 3391:Notable contributors 3302:Cantilever mechanics 3282:Twin Block Appliance 3272:Self-ligating braces 3131:Condylar hyperplasia 3126:Maxillary hypoplasia 2821:"RCDC - Eligibility" 2715:Dhaka Dental College 2658:. 26 September 2017. 2640:. 26 September 2017. 2195:10.2319/061614-436.1 961:Also referred to as 832:improve this article 732:University of Sydney 642:Orthodontic headgear 518:Orthodontic headgear 407:orthodontic headgear 387:Upper and lower jaw 98:, specialty training 4264:Respiratory therapy 4239:Pediatric dentistry 3973:Socket preservation 3905:Dental traumatology 3900:Forensic odontology 3890:Geriatric dentistry 3885:Dental implantology 3860:Pediatric dentistry 3488:John Nutting Farrar 3448:Charles J. Burstone 3438:Holly Broadbent Sr. 3321:Molar distalization 3172:Activator appliance 2890:on 16 February 2019 2721:on October 28, 2017 2161:Mitchell L (2013). 1872:Andrews LF (1989). 1631:10.1179/bjo.6.3.125 1337:10.2319/021009-93.1 1180:2011PNAS..10819546V 1174:(49): 19546–19551. 1056:Eur J Paediatr Dent 928:Molar distalization 918:Orthodontic indices 744:University of Otago 589:Removable retainers 419:teeth are extracted 221:Lawrence F. Andrews 133:scientific evidence 32: 4421:Dentistry branches 4101:Dental instruments 3938:Root canal therapy 3910:Holistic dentistry 3880:Cosmetic dentistry 3673:Robert M. Ricketts 3613:Alfred Paul Rogers 3608:Robert M. Ricketts 3242:Orthodontic spacer 3030:Dentition analysis 2831:on 29 October 2019 2004:. 5 December 2019. 1660:Phulari B (2013), 1010:www.dictionary.com 702:There are several 529: 504:Treatment duration 462: 395: 286:Edgewise appliance 91:Education required 4381: 4380: 4284:Related syndromes 4141: 4140: 3928:Dental extraction 3785: 3784: 3663:Edmund H. Wuerpel 3598:Herbert A. Pullen 3583:Dean Harold Noyes 3578:George Northcroft 3553:James A. McNamara 3508:Charles A. Hawley 3433:Charles B. Bolton 3418:Hans Peter Bimler 3331:Serial extraction 3192:Frankel appliance 2113:978-1-78985-181-6 1885:978-0-9616256-0-3 1305:www.archwired.com 1255:978-0-323-54387-3 897: 896: 882: 545:Palatal expansion 540:Palatal expansion 114: 113: 16:(Redirected from 4428: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4389: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4145: 4128:Mouth assessment 3943:Root end surgery 3812: 3805: 3798: 3789: 3653:Charles H. Tweed 3643:Cecil C. Steiner 3503:Thomas M. Graber 3483:William B. Downs 3478:Terry Dischinger 3408:Clifford Ballard 3403:Spencer Atkinson 3277:Splint activator 3252:Palatal expander 3212:Herbst Appliance 2994: 2987: 2980: 2971: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2942: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2886:. Archived from 2876: 2859: 2858: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2827:. Archived from 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2792: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2717:. Archived from 2707: 2696: 2695: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2565: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2492: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2452: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2403: 2386:(12): CD010263. 2371: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2330: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2207: 2197: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2105: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1977: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1897: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1598:Pocket Dentistry 1589: 1580: 1579: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1526: 1502: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1483:Pocket Dentistry 1474: 1468: 1467: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1339: 1330:(6): 1021–1027. 1315: 1309: 1308: 1297: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1267: 1239: 1212: 1211: 1201: 1191: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1134: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1002: 985: 971: 965: 959: 892: 889: 883: 881: 840: 812: 804: 792:licensing exam. 671: 652: 638: 628:Palatal expander 624: 567:During treatment 313:Begg's Appliance 246:Fixed appliances 174:Oral Deformities 161:(1829–1913) and 74:Activity sectors 40: 33: 21: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4347:Operation Smile 4318: 4311: 4278: 4249:Plastic surgery 4177: 4172: 4142: 4137: 4106:Dental material 4074: 4038: 3982: 3968:Tooth bleaching 3963:Tooth polishing 3914: 3821: 3816: 3786: 3781: 3765: 3739: 3692: 3688:C. Philip Adams 3648:David L. Turpin 3623:Everett Shapiro 3603:Earl W. Renfroe 3593:Albin Oppenheim 3443:Allan G. Brodie 3386: 3382:Dental elastics 3357:Stainless steel 3352:Nickel titanium 3335: 3286: 3150: 3141:Mouth breathing 3101:Dental crowding 3069: 3060:Tooth ankylosis 3015:Bolton analysis 3003: 2998: 2968: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2878: 2877: 2862: 2855:www.aaoinfo.org 2849: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2793: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2709: 2708: 2699: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2507:(5): CD002283. 2494: 2493: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2435:(9): CD008734. 2422: 2421: 2417: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2264:(2): CD005972. 2251: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2146: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2014: 2013: 2009: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1898: 1886: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1600: 1591: 1590: 1583: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1392: 1390: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1368: 1366: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1307:. 17 July 2019. 1299: 1298: 1285: 1268: 1256: 1241: 1240: 1215: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1095:Undark Magazine 1088: 1087: 1083: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1004: 1003: 999: 994: 989: 988: 972: 968: 960: 956: 951: 933:Mouth breathing 909: 899:Throughout the 893: 887: 884: 841: 839: 825: 813: 802: 785: 773: 760: 716: 700: 685: 678: 672: 663: 653: 644: 639: 630: 625: 609: 607:Fixed retainers 600:Hawley retainer 591: 578: 569: 554: 542: 536:and underbite. 515: 506: 473:stainless steel 454: 443:decalcification 381: 360: 351: 342: 333: 324: 322:Tip-Edge System 315: 306: 297: 288: 279: 270: 261: 248: 239: 154: 137:health benefits 107: 105: 92: 75: 63: 62:Occupation type 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4229:Otolaryngology 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4065:United Kingdom 4062: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3978:Dental implant 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3958:Dental bonding 3955: 3953:Teeth cleaning 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3922: 3920:Dental surgery 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3870:Prosthodontics 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3573:Ravindra Nanda 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3533:Albert Ketcham 3530: 3528:Harold Kesling 3525: 3523:Joseph Jarabak 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3468:David Di Biase 3465: 3460: 3455: 3453:Peter Buschang 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3227:Lingual braces 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3162:ACCO appliance 3158: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3106:Dental spacing 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2926: 2901: 2860: 2842: 2812: 2782: 2757: 2732: 2697: 2679: 2661: 2643: 2625: 2606:(3): 369–371. 2587: 2536: 2484: 2464: 2415: 2366: 2355:www.bos.org.uk 2342: 2293: 2244: 2230: 2188:(5): 881–889. 2168: 2153: 2125: 2112: 2096:. IntechOpen. 2080: 2069:digital.nhs.uk 2056: 2007: 1989: 1940: 1929:(11): 836–50. 1913: 1884: 1864: 1855: 1836:(4): 444–452. 1820: 1801: 1782: 1763: 1744: 1703: 1694: 1682: 1652: 1625:(3): 125–143. 1609: 1581: 1554:(3): 296–309. 1538: 1517:(6): 883–887. 1494: 1469: 1450:(8): 768–778. 1434: 1399: 1388:www.bos.org.uk 1375: 1351: 1310: 1283: 1254: 1213: 1154: 1106: 1081: 1045: 1021: 996: 995: 993: 990: 987: 986: 966: 953: 952: 950: 947: 946: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 908: 905: 901:United Kingdom 895: 894: 847:"Orthodontics" 830:. Please help 816: 814: 807: 801: 800:United Kingdom 798: 784: 781: 772: 769: 759: 756: 715: 712: 699: 696: 688:Clear aligners 684: 683:Clear aligners 681: 680: 679: 673: 666: 664: 661:skull analysis 654: 647: 645: 640: 633: 631: 626: 619: 608: 605: 596:Essix Retainer 590: 587: 577: 576:Post treatment 574: 568: 565: 553: 550: 541: 538: 514: 511: 505: 502: 498:Clear aligners 469:lingual braces 453: 450: 380: 377: 359: 356: 350: 347: 341: 338: 332: 329: 323: 320: 314: 311: 305: 302: 296: 293: 287: 284: 278: 275: 269: 266: 260: 257: 247: 244: 238: 235: 153: 150: 112: 111: 108: 103: 100: 99: 93: 90: 87: 86: 82: 81: 76: 73: 70: 69: 64: 61: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 45: 44: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4433: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4401: 4391: 4387: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4319:organisations 4314: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4070:United States 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987:Organisations 3985: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3933:Tooth filling 3931: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697:Organizations 3695: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3683:Häns Pancherz 3681: 3679: 3678:Kevin O'Brien 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3658:Katherine Vig 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3628:L. F. Andrews 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3563:Robert Moyers 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3548:Benno Lischer 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3513:Reed Holdaway 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3498:Sheldon Friel 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3423:Samir Bishara 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3347:Beta-titanium 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3121:Retrognathism 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3065:Tongue thrust 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2081: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1824: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1792:Dental Cosmos 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1754:Dental Cosmos 1748: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1685: 1683:9789350904718 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1400: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062:(2): 115–22. 1061: 1057: 1049: 1046: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1011: 1007: 1001: 998: 991: 983: 979: 976: 970: 967: 964: 958: 955: 948: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 906: 904: 902: 891: 880: 877: 873: 870: 866: 863: 859: 856: 852: 849: – 848: 844: 843:Find sources: 837: 833: 829: 823: 822: 821:single source 817:This section 815: 811: 806: 805: 799: 797: 793: 790: 789:United States 783:United States 782: 780: 778: 770: 768: 765: 757: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 713: 711: 709: 705: 697: 695: 693: 689: 682: 677: 670: 665: 662: 658: 651: 646: 643: 637: 632: 629: 623: 618: 616: 614: 606: 604: 601: 597: 588: 586: 584: 575: 573: 566: 564: 562: 561:bioresorbable 558: 551: 549: 546: 539: 537: 535: 525: 521: 519: 512: 510: 503: 501: 499: 495: 493: 492:elastic bands 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 460:Dental braces 458: 451: 449: 446: 444: 440: 436: 430: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 393: 390: 385: 378: 376: 372: 370: 365: 357: 355: 348: 346: 339: 337: 330: 328: 321: 319: 310: 303: 301: 294: 292: 285: 283: 276: 274: 267: 265: 258: 256: 252: 245: 243: 236: 234: 230: 227: 222: 217: 215: 210: 206: 203: 198: 195: 189: 185: 181: 177: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 151: 149: 147: 143: 142:dental braces 138: 134: 129: 127: 122: 118: 109: 101: 97: 96:Dental degree 94: 88: 83: 80: 77: 71: 68: 65: 59: 55: 51: 46: 39: 34: 19: 4416:Orthodontics 4219:Orthodontics 4218: 4133:Oral hygiene 4116:Ancient Rome 3865:Periodontics 3854: 3668:Won-Sik Yang 3558:Birte Melsen 3493:Rolf Frankel 3473:Jean Delaire 3413:Raymond Begg 3398:Edward Angle 3202:Lingual arch 3182:Damon system 3136:Overeruption 3050:Scissor bite 3045:Malocclusion 3025:Cephalometry 3001:Orthodontics 3000: 2956:. Retrieved 2952: 2917:. Retrieved 2913: 2904: 2892:. Retrieved 2888:the original 2883: 2854: 2845: 2833:. Retrieved 2829:the original 2824: 2815: 2803:. Retrieved 2799: 2773:. Retrieved 2769: 2760: 2748:. Retrieved 2744: 2735: 2723:. Retrieved 2719:the original 2714: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2603: 2599: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2504: 2500: 2476:. Retrieved 2467: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2358:. Retrieved 2354: 2345: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2233: 2225: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2162: 2156: 2145:. Retrieved 2143:. 2019-12-15 2140: 2117:. Retrieved 2093: 2083: 2072:. Retrieved 2068: 2059: 2027:(1): 54–59. 2024: 2020: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1874: 1867: 1858: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1798:: 1143–1156. 1795: 1791: 1785: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1723:(1): 68–74. 1720: 1716: 1706: 1697: 1687:, retrieved 1665: 1655: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1601:. Retrieved 1597: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1514: 1510: 1486:. Retrieved 1482: 1472: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1391:. Retrieved 1387: 1378: 1367:. Retrieved 1363: 1354: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1304: 1244: 1171: 1167: 1157: 1122: 1118: 1109: 1098:. Retrieved 1094: 1084: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1037:. Retrieved 1033: 1024: 1013:. Retrieved 1009: 1000: 981: 977: 969: 962: 957: 898: 885: 875: 868: 861: 854: 842: 818: 794: 786: 774: 761: 717: 701: 686: 610: 592: 579: 570: 555: 543: 530: 516: 507: 496: 489: 463: 447: 439:oral hygiene 431: 427: 399:malocclusion 396: 373: 364:L.F. 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