428:
separation of
Laurasia in the north from Gondwana in the south isolated the lineages which gave rise to the modern Cyprinoformes and Characiphysi. The Characiphysi then was itself divided into the diurnal (day-active) Characiformes and the nocturnal (night-active) Siluriphysi, including Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes. Modern Characiformes are present in both South America and Africa, and have relatively recently extended their range to North America. The Siluriphysi are characterized by many derived traits, including notably, electroreception. The Siluriphysi originated before the breakup of Gondwana into South America and Africa in the Aptian (c. 110 Ma) but the presence of several basal Siluriphysan taxa in modern South America (Gymnotiformes, Diplomystidae, Loricaridea) suggest that the Siluriphysi may have originated on the western portion of Gondwana. Alternatively, these basal taxa have subsequently become extinct in Africa. The modern distribution of Siluriformes is cosmopolitan due to subsequent dispersal.
139:
113:
427:
coincident with the global decrease in oxygen levels in marine waters. The
Otophysi originated in freshwaters during the Jurassic (c. 200-145 Ma) before the breakup of the super continent Pangea. The division of the Otophysi into the four extant clades closely follows the breakup of Pangea. The
605:
Many ostariophysians have the characteristic of an alarm substance that is part of a fright reaction. This is a pheromone produced in epidermal club cells, and is similar or identical in all ostariophysians. When the fish is injured, this pheromone is released; other fish of the same species or
638:
are specialized and associated with one or more cephalic ribs (a primitive
Weberian apparatus). In the otophysians, a distinct modification of the anterior four or five first vertebrae is found, as well as the Weberian ossicles.
642:
The fully functioning
Weberian apparatus consists of the swim bladder, the Weberian ossicles, a portion of the anterior vertebral column, and some muscles and ligaments. It is named after the German anatomist and physiologist
606:
similar species can smell this pheromone, causing a fright reaction. However, some fish possess the alarm substance without the fright reaction or lack both the alarm substance and the fright reaction to the alarm substance.
601:
tunic. A larger posterior chamber may be reduced or absent in some groups. Minute, unicellular, horny projections known as "unculi" are commonly present on various body parts and are only known from ostariophysians.
630:
connect the gas bladder wall with Y-shaped lymph sinus that abuts the lymph-filled transverse canal joining the sacculi of the right and left ears. This allows the transmission of vibrations to the inner ear.
804:
Nakatani M, Miya M, Mabuchi K, Saitoh K, Nishida M (2011) Evolutionary history of
Otophysi (Teleostei), a major clade of the modern freshwater fishes: Pangaean origin and Mesozoic radiation. BMC Evol Biol
448:
group. As of 2006 (Nelson), the five orders contain 1,075 genera in 64 families and about 7,931 species, which is about 28% of all known fish species. The four largest families in this group (
754:
Saitoh, Kenji; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Ishiguro, Naoya B.; Nishida, Mutsumi (2003). "Mitochondrial
Genomics of Ostariophysan Fishes: Perspectives on Phylogeny and Biogeography".
1147:
930:"A new family of neotropical freshwater fishes from deep fossorial Amazonian habitat, with a reappraisal of morphological characiform phylogeny (Teleostei: Ostariophysi)"
712:
262:. This diverse group contains 10,758 species, about 28% of known fish species in the world and 68% of freshwater species, and are present on all continents except
1083:
853:
531:, which can weigh up to about 300 kilograms (660 lb). It also contains a number of species considered to be some of the smallest vertebrates extant;
286:. However, in older literature, Ostariophysi was restricted only to the fish that are currently classified under Otophysi. Otophysi was coined in 1970 by
1057:
618:. Apart from this structure, there is no other trait that could explain the success of otophysians. It is made up of a set of bones known as
597:). The swim bladder is usually divided into two chambers. A smaller anterior chamber is partially or completely covered by a silvery
879:
696:
1062:
381:
than
Otophysi. It is possible that the Gonorynchiformes and Clupeiformes form a monophyletic group. There is evidence for a
1070:
138:
1031:
484:. Ostariophysians account for about 68% of all freshwater species; in fact, there are only about 123 marine species (
1088:
1142:
857:
270:. Members of this group include fish important to people for food, sport, the aquarium industry, and research.
557:
539:
377:
of
Ostariophysi has come into question with molecular evidence. Gonorynchiformes is more closely related to
818:
Briggs, John C. (2005). "The biogeography of otophysian fishes (Ostariophysi: Otophysi): a new appraisal".
971:
533:
1137:
1109:
543:
at 10.3 millimetres (0.41 in). Some of these fish are able to breathe atmospheric oxygen when in
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763:
644:
528:
524:
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364:
267:
133:
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have the ability to produce strong electric charges; they are considered among the prototypical
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125:
70:
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839:
791:
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237:
405:
Ostariophysian fossils, both anotophysan and otophysian, are known from the early
1075:
1003:
946:
929:
623:
593:
513:
461:
266:. They have a number of common characteristics such as an alarm substance and a
45:
775:
598:
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263:
251:
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55:
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928:
de Pinna, Mário; Zuanon, Jansen; Rapp Py-Daniel, Lucia; Petry, Paulo (2018).
416:
Ostariophysians are currently distributed worldwide on all continents except
294:
to separate the traditional
Ostariophysians from the added Gonorynchiformes.
635:
563:
548:
509:
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150:
95:
783:
988:
485:
481:
340:
170:
120:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
519:
This group includes a wide variety of different fishes in a plethora of
464:) include 4,656 species, over half (59%) of ostariophysian species. The
17:
726:
627:
493:
441:
350:
100:
75:
469:
422:
326:
160:
965:
112:
622:, a chain of small bones that connect the auditory system to the
1049:
465:
255:
969:
409:. Ostariophysian fossils are known from every continent except
420:. The common ancestor of this group entered fresh water about
397:, was coined to describe this possibly monophyletic group).
367:), about 239 species (sometimes grouped under Siluriformes)
856:. National Geographic News. 29 June 2005. Archived from
614:
In otophysians, one of the main characteristics is the
978:
537:at 12 millimetres (0.47 in) in length, and
551:), which may allow them to live outside of the
854:"Grizzly Bear-Size Catfish Caught in Thailand"
8:
711:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
647:who first described the Weberian ossicles.
444:. It includes five major lineages and is a
329:and allies), about 4,501 species (contains
278:The superorder is divided into two series,
966:
111:
31:
1148:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances
945:
934:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
682:
680:
813:
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747:
745:
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678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
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472:family Cyprinidae itself is the largest
258:. Members of this superorder are called
656:
910:
900:
704:
385:relationship between Ostariophysi and
333:, largest family of freshwater fishes)
7:
297:The superorder is classified below:
436:Ostariophysi is the second largest
878:Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.
634:In anotophysians, the three first
25:
476:family and the largest family of
832:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01170.x
343:and allies), about 2,168 species
137:
756:Journal of Molecular Evolution
691:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
211:Orders with number of species
1:
504:and major land masses except
687:Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006).
500:). They are present on all
1164:
886:. FishBase. Archived from
729:. Tree of Life Web Project
947:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx028
776:10.1007/s00239-002-2417-y
523:. It contains one of the
480:after the true gobies of
215:
210:
134:Scientific classification
132:
119:
110:
34:
583:Physical characteristics
882:Phreatobius cisternarum
820:Journal of Biogeography
587:Most species possess a
558:Phreatobius cisternarum
540:Paedocypris progenetica
525:largest freshwater fish
425: million years ago
41:Early Cretaceous–Recent
534:Danionella translucida
353:), about 3,813 species
250:is the second-largest
1110:Paleobiology Database
645:Ernst Heinrich Weber
529:Mekong giant catfish
365:American knifefishes
27:Superorder of fishes
768:2003JMolE..56..464S
689:Fishes of the World
391:Ostarioclupeomorpha
913:has generic name (
880:"Species Summary:
616:Weberian apparatus
610:Weberian apparatus
564:Tarumania walkerae
310:, about 37 species
268:Weberian apparatus
1125:
1124:
1097:Open Tree of Life
972:Taxon identifiers
620:Weberian ossicles
527:ever caught, the
319:(Euostariophysi)
245:
244:
206:
16:(Redirected from
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1143:Fish superorders
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1076:NBNSYS0000160596
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567:). The families
496:, about half of
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393:, also known as
308:Gonorynchiformes
218:Gonorynchiformes
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38:Temporal range:
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626:of fishes. The
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577:electric fishes
474:freshwater fish
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260:ostariophysians
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826:(2): 287–294.
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762:(4): 464–472.
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727:"Ostariophysi"
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940:(1): 76–106.
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361:electric eels
358:
357:Gymnotiformes
355:
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338:
337:Characiformes
335:
332:
328:
324:
323:Cypriniformes
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1138:Ostariophysi
1037:Ostariophysi
1024:Ostariophysi
1010:Ostariophysi
980:Ostariophysi
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892:. Retrieved
888:the original
881:
873:
862:. Retrieved
858:the original
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755:
731:. Retrieved
721:
688:
641:
633:
619:
613:
604:
592:
589:swim bladder
586:
562:
556:
553:water column
538:
532:
518:
458:Loricariidae
446:very diverse
435:
415:
404:
394:
390:
387:Clupeomorpha
383:sister group
379:Clupeiformes
372:
347:Siluriformes
316:
302:
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283:
279:
277:
259:
248:Ostariophysi
247:
246:
238:Siluriformes
216:
201:Ostariophysi
200:
197:Superorder:
124:
35:Ostariophysi
29:
1004:Wikispecies
624:gas bladder
594:Gonorynchus
591:(except in
514:New Zealand
478:vertebrates
462:Balitoridae
389:(the taxon
1132:Categories
894:2006-11-26
864:2006-07-14
733:2007-03-26
651:References
599:peritoneal
573:Gymnotidae
555:entirely (
506:Antarctica
502:continents
498:Plotosidae
454:Characidae
450:Cyprinidae
438:superorder
418:Antarctica
407:Cretaceous
395:Otocephala
331:Cyprinidae
303:Anotophysi
280:Anotophysi
264:Antarctica
252:superorder
205:Lord, 1922
191:Otocephala
956:0024-4082
805:11(1):177
707:cite book
636:vertebrae
549:Clariidae
510:Greenland
432:Diversity
411:Australia
401:Evolution
375:monophyly
351:catfishes
341:characins
292:Greenwood
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
989:Wikidata
903:cite web
840:84010604
784:12664166
628:ossicles
547:waters (
486:Chanidae
482:Gobiidae
442:teleosts
317:Otophysi
284:Otophysi
274:Taxonomy
187:Cohort:
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
121:Milkfish
18:Otophysi
1050:2778397
995:Q149081
792:2647527
764:Bibcode
545:hypoxic
494:Ariidae
492:, most
327:minnows
315:Series
301:Series
177:Class:
1115:265749
1102:803544
1063:162845
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790:
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521:niches
512:, and
470:minnow
460:, and
240:3,813
1089:32519
836:S2CID
788:S2CID
288:Rosen
230:2,168
225:4,501
1084:NCBI
1058:ITIS
952:ISSN
915:help
780:PMID
713:link
693:ISBN
571:and
561:and
468:and
466:carp
373:The
290:and
282:and
256:fish
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1071:NBN
1045:EoL
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