770:
1266:
57:
2229:
1236:
799:
1248:
1384:
2493:
1365:
1414:
1399:
2301:
1180:
1068:
1220:
1204:
2517:
1192:
1052:
2505:
518:
1516:
1902:
786:
534:
1350:
664:
405:
1113:
Until 1821, various smaller coin systems were in use in the
Prussian provinces. Only in the provinces of Brandenburg and Westphalia was the pfennig the smallest coin in terms of value. With the Prussian small coin reform of 1821, a uniform small coin system was introduced for all Prussian provinces.
616:
enarius, which was used for the "old" penny in Great
Britain until 1971. The early pfennigs weighed around 1.3g to 2g, its weight tending to steadily decrease over the centuries. The widespread fluctuations in the weight of the same pfennigs were partly due to the manufacturing process, with the
621:. At that time and even partly up to modern times, it was the total weight of a certain number of similar pfennigs that had to be right for larger payments, a practice that tended to promote deviating exchange rates between smaller and larger coin denominations and which found its climax in the
1032:
at around the same time. From the middle of the 18th century, however, the proportion of billon coins compared to pure copper pfennig coins tended to decrease, which was also reflected in the 2 to 4 pfennig coins. The last silver-containing 1 pfennig coins with the designation
712:
or did not enforce as a uniform imperial standard consistently. As a result, many regional pfennigs with different exchange rates arose over time. Somes coins had a black tint due to the large addition of copper, and so a distinction was made between white pfennigs
1025:
most of their value. The last pfennig coins containing traces of silver are rarities minted in 1805. Effectively, by the end of the 17th century the pfennig had been reduced to a pure copper coin. In the 18th century, some German mints minted copper and
684:
from the 17th century. The "change" that was often still required for price and quantity equalization by buyers and sellers on the city markets were small amounts of natural produce and goods that were included in the overall purchase process.
671:
Around 1200, the pfennig was the largest and only German silver denomination, apart from imported foreign gold and silver coins. Smaller denominations were created by cutting the coins in half or quarters, producing something called
900:) were minted from about 1390. From the 15th century, a characteristic feature of the pfennig was its curved shape and a prominent circle of beads, which surrounded the coin image. The pearl circle does not occur in the later
38:
829:
to prescribed coinage ordinances. However, the constant reduction in the silver content of the groschen meant that new ordinances to reduce the silver content of the pfennigs that the cities sometimes minted themselves.
644:) consisted of high-quality silver, and was the only denomination in circulation, other units being used purely as arithmetic units and it thus had a high purchasing power. As a result, this era is also called the
302:
or second
Germanic sound shift which affected the High German dialects of what is now southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria. High German (and to some extent Central German) dialects form the basis for modern
1037:" were minted in Germany in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld from 1808 to 1811 and date stamped 1808 and are rare. Even the copper pfennigs were not all of the same value. Bremen therefore called its pfennigs
101:
83:
1429:
After the introduction of the euro, some, mainly older, Germans tend to use the term pfennig instead of cent for the copper-coloured coins (and the term
Groschen for the 10-cents-coin).
843:
pfennig, stamped on one side only, that was minted from 1374 onwards, and was so called due to its minting technique. It was created by stamping using one upper die only onto a larger
758:
The pfennigs of the
Schinderling period, the black pfennigs, were minted from 1457 mainly in southern Germany, especially in Austria and Bavaria, with almost no silver. The so-called
817:
currency, which replaced the regional pfennig, sufficient coins of lower denomination had to be available. The silver-rich Saxon dukes, for example, had hollow pfennigs and hollow
626:
1318:
The last West German one- and two-pfennig coins were steel with a copper coating. The five- and ten-pfennig coins were steel with a brass coating. The latter was called a
2177:
459:
on 3 January 1941, thus making it increasingly cryptic as familiarity with
Kurrent script has decreased since that time. The symbol is encoded in Unicode at
1336:), deriving from the former duodecimal division of the groschen. All four coins had their value imprinted on the obverse and an oak tree on the reverse.
743:
in subsequent imperial coinage regulations as a separate denomination valued at two to a pfennig until the 19th century e.g. in
Bavaria. Even the early
315:
The pfennig was the progenitor of a whole series of later coin denominations, which became parts or multiples of the later pfennig. These include the
1235:
766:
ended with the phasing out of the 5-lot pfennigs in 1460. The black pfennigs undermined confidence in
Austria's silver currency for a long time.
558:, 240 coins were to be minted (corresponding to about 1.7 g of silver per coin). The coin was called in the Latin language of the time, a
2170:
1813:
588:
was already called the pfennig ("phenninc") at the time of
Charlemagne. In North German and Dutch-speaking countries it was later called a
392:), which had this name on the coin. Some types of pfennig were given special names in the vernacular, such as the Erfurt "coffin pfennig" (
1364:
1133:
In the southern German states (Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria including the
Palatinate, Saxony and other smaller ones), the value of the
1856:
1791:
The commercial dictionary of trade products : manufacturing and technical terms, moneys, weights, and measures of all countries
1413:
1383:
1901:
1262:
was a synonym for the pfennig (e.g. in the city of Frankfurt and in the Duchy of Nassau). In Bavaria, the heller was half a penny.
785:
2163:
1311:
1247:
2594:
2194:
436:, that hooked clockwise, thus making it a distinct symbol, different from any of the other Kurrent letters in its own right:
298:
of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1998–today). The /pf/ rather than /p/ in both pronunciation and spelling is a result of the
1398:
1265:
1179:
1173:
period that remained officially valid after the introduction of the imperial currency (because of the beer tax in Bavaria).
1191:
2418:
1219:
1203:
295:
127:
in 2002. While a valuable coin during the Middle Ages, it lost its value through the years and was the minor coin of the
769:
543:
299:
1051:
1067:
2604:
1697:
Bibliographic institute, Leipzig 1986, license edition Mannheim/Vienna/Zurich 1987, ISBN 3-411-02148-9, p. 394.
1349:
443:
The pfennig symbol has nearly fallen out of use since the 1950s, with the demise and eventual abolition of the
251:) is possible. According to an 1848 Leipzig trade lexicon the name pfennig was "originally the general name of
76:
2566:
2088:
1332:
1295:, was divided into = 100 pfennigs. This partition was retained through all German currencies (including the
452:
2239:
1849:
2451:
2249:
56:
2393:
2031:
1974:
622:
429:
2269:
798:
762:("Evil Halser") of this time essentially consisted of a copper-tin alloy. The period of the so-called
197:
as a low-denomination silver coin) can be traced back to the 8th century and also became known as the
2306:
2098:
1343:
were made of aluminium, except for the 20 pfennig coin, which was made of an aluminium copper alloy.
1127:
648:("pfennig era") in numismatics. Only very rarely were half-pfennigs minted, which were also known as
144:
875:
pfennigs, which were being minted as early as the beginning of the 14th century. They are so-called
2217:
1355:
159:
45:
2476:
2244:
1446:
1288:
919:
865:
123:
coin or note, which was the official currency from the 9th century until the introduction of the
41:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1589:
1082:
902:
835:
774:
1647:
were allegedly minted from the coffins containing silver of Catholic saints around 1525 during
432:
in an anticlockwise loop, was instead brought down behind the right of the ascender, to form a
2426:
2403:
2388:
2383:
2331:
2119:
2065:
1809:
1550:
693:
612:
struck out of silver based on the Carolingian model. This explains the abbreviation "d" as in
501:
444:
428:
was modified so the terminal end of the minuscule Kurrent 'd', that trailed at the top of the
361:
31:
2589:
2378:
2341:
1984:
1842:
1569:
1284:
893:
697:
618:
248:
239:
2510:
2471:
2222:
2186:
2141:
2130:
2021:
1648:
1596:
915:
847:. As a result, the rim of the coin was pressed upwards into the shape of a bowl or plate.
304:
275:
112:
49:
2093:
243:. Beyond that, its origin has not been clarified, but an early borrowing from the Latin
2599:
2542:
2504:
2481:
2466:
2446:
2336:
2321:
2294:
2202:
2103:
1989:
1979:
1958:
1916:
1627:
1582:
1114:
To distinguish it from the pfennigs before the reform, the new denomination was called
1086:
1028:
709:
605:
565:
279:
2583:
2436:
2284:
2212:
2047:
2015:
1921:
1886:
1575:
1563:
1544:
1292:
1275:
1102:
962:
914:
Krug gives the following examples of what could be bought for pfennigs in regions of
860:
790:
779:
734:
656:
632:
617:
heavier pfennig specimens being sought out by private individuals in accordance with
569:
367:
283:
155:
60:
1314:
German Empire: 25 pfennig iron coin 1918. The word on the top means "wartime money".
533:
150:
until the introduction of the euro. Pfennig was also the name of the subunit of the
2492:
2461:
2431:
2408:
2316:
2300:
2274:
2071:
1794:. Wellcome Library. London; New York : George Routledge and Sons. p. 332.
1630:
or 288 pfennigs and not 30 silver groschen as it was from 1821 which was worth 360
1521:
1404:
1389:
1370:
1340:
701:
593:
517:
349:
335:
287:
140:
136:
132:
128:
1322:, while the five-pfennig coin, half a groschen, was regionally (east of the river
2366:
2259:
2234:
2035:
1891:
1270:
1098:
826:
705:
548:
388:
234:
151:
2532:
2486:
2371:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2326:
2289:
1824:
Herbert Rittmann, "Über die Entwicklung des Geldwesens der Stadt Bremen", in:
1651:
period and some had corresponding symbolism, depicting a skull and crossbones.
1511:
1303:
1297:
1022:
973:
868:
689:
673:
256:
1804:
Arnold, Paul, Harald Küthmann, Dirk Steinhilber and Dieter Faßbender (2008).
1008:
The pfennigs concerned were usually the coins from the Freiberg state mint.
2527:
2522:
2264:
2254:
2207:
2059:
1534:
880:
681:
433:
2228:
163:
840:
663:
255:
coin in Germany, which is supposed to be derived from the hollow coins or
2516:
2498:
2398:
2311:
2009:
1941:
1319:
888:
844:
813:
804:
560:
421:
317:
17:
2550:
2279:
2027:
1789:
1620:
served to differentiate it from the pfennig used before 1821, when the
1449:
1438:
1122:. This new ratio was also reflected on the side with the coat of arms:
1094:
1090:
1081:
Some renowned coins made of copper are the Häller or Haller pfennig of
676:, which was very easy to do with the one-sided thin hollow pfennigs or
425:
214:
147:
120:
404:
2053:
2041:
1622:
1141:
by the coinage act of 1506 and that remained in force until 1871. (1
649:
555:
456:
355:
167:
2155:
1310:
1539:
1309:
1264:
872:
822:
768:
662:
532:
516:
403:
271:
55:
37:
36:
237:
and also appears in other coin denominations, for example in the
2456:
1323:
420:
As a currency sign a variation of the minuscule letter 'd' for '
124:
2159:
1838:
1708:
Die Münzen der Landgrafen von Leuchtenberg und Grafen von Hals.
839:("bowl pfennig") minted from 1374 to the 18th century is a
1834:
1093:(from "Kreuz", the cross minted on the coins), minted in
755:
very quickly became the first German "pure" copper coin.
883:, they didn't have to be exchanged regularly for a fee.
1130:, minted 1½ pfennig coins well into the 19th century.
892:, named after their depiction of a lozenged shield or
495:
2559:
2541:
2417:
2193:
2081:
1998:
1967:
1951:
1909:
1874:
751:) had a noticeable addition of copper, so that the
729:= "copper pfennigs"). A well-known example is the
640:From the 8th to the 13th century, the pfennig (or
580:(دينار) can also be traced back to the Latin word
502:compatibility with earlier Japanese character sets
1241:1½ pfennig of 1830, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, reverse
1118:. One thaler was no longer 288 pfennigs, but 360
910:Pricing examples from the Saxon-Thuringian region
290:(1917–1918), the Lithuanian word for money
604:first appeared in England around 765, when King
1291:of 1871 was the currency of the newly founded
811:For the successful introduction of the silver
489:
2171:
1850:
1776:Die meißnisch-sächsischen Groschen 1338–1500.
1437:The pfennig ligature is defined and coded in
1089:, and minted throughout the country, and the
1041:("heavy pfennigs") for which the common name
8:
1806:Big German Coin Catalogue from 1800 to Today
1680:Verein Gelehrter und praktischer Kaufleute:
1762:Battenberg Gietl, Regenstauf 2005, p. 519:
1695:Old measures, coins and weights. A lexicon.
1419:10 pfennig coin used in Germany until 2001.
1021:By the late 17th century, the pfennigs had
708:, because the German "kingdom" handed over
568:). From this coin evolved later the French
2178:
2164:
2156:
1857:
1843:
1835:
1749:Battenberg Gietl, Regenstauf 2005, p. 429.
1736:Battenberg Gietl, Regenstauf 2005, p. 429.
906:minted from the 16th to the 18th century.
541:Charlemagne established, in the so-called
1808:, 23rd edn. Battenberg, p. 399; No. 140.
1719:Heinz Fengler, Gerd Gierow, Willy Unger:
1258:In some southern German states, the term
270:is etymologically related to the English
1443:
879:("eternal pfennigs"), since unlike most
797:
784:
700:to very different standards in terms of
1664:
1609:
1345:
1175:
1047:
733:, which was later legally defined as a
584:. In the Old High German language, the
278:, which was also model for the Finnish
27:9th century – 2002 German coin or note
1788:Simmonds, P. L. (Peter Lund) (1892).
75:
7:
1684:, Verlag Ernst Schäfer, Leipzig 1847
1197:Brandenburg pfennig of 1811, obverse
1185:Brandenburg pfennig of 1811, reverse
343:"white"; initially equivalent to a
259:, because these had the shape of a
1760:Das große Münzlexikon von A bis Z.
1747:Das große Münzlexikon von A bis Z.
1734:Das große Münzlexikon von A bis Z.
994:a pat of fresh butter: 3 pfennigs
378:There were also "light pfennigs" (
365:("pfennig with the Basle staff"),
25:
1828:, Issue 22, March 1971, pp. 61–66
680:, which were then referred to as
2515:
2503:
2491:
2299:
2227:
1900:
1514:
1412:
1397:
1382:
1363:
1348:
1246:
1234:
1218:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1066:
1050:
537:Regensburg pfennig, 10th century
282:(1860–2001), the Estonian
229:suffix was used, in addition to
1454:
637:or "pound sterling" (= 240 d).
500:), Japanese for "pfennig", for
233:, the formation of affiliation
95: 'pfennigs' or 'pfennige'
1875:Late Modern period (1750–2000)
1826:Geldgeschichtliche Nachrichten
1721:transpress-Lexikon Numismatik.
1085:, some centuries later called
566:Sachsenpfennig – Coin standard
564:after the old Roman coin (see
90:
1:
946:a fattened pig: 360 pfennigs
1968:Early Middle Ages (600–1000)
1952:High Middle Ages (1000–1250)
1910:Late Middle Ages (1250–1500)
976:of linen cloth: 54 pfennigs
213:and by other names, e.g. in
1693:Helmut Kahnt, Bernd Knorr:
1447:Character encoding standard
1269:A 1 pfennig coin under the
1253:1½ pfennig of 1830, obverse
1169:) was the only coin of the
938:a lamb's belly: 8 pfennigs
688:Around 1200, the different
667:Rottweil pfennig, 1200–1220
625:. For example, the terms a
496:
329:("narrow ", from the Latin
300:High German consonant shift
63:: 10 pfennig iron coin 1917
2621:
1326:) also referred to as the
1002:six chickens: 48 pfennigs
965:(60) of eggs: 10 pfennigs
953:a young pig: 180 pfennigs
854:were the one-sided silver
488:, a square combination of
359:("pfennig with a raven"),
339:("white ", from the Latin
263:" (i.e. they were bent)."
29:
2112:
1898:
1331:
987:) of butter: 40 pfennigs
544:Carolingian coin standard
490:
1137:was fixed at 1/240 of a
1126:. Other states, such as
386:) or "custom pfennigs" (
321:("big ", from the Latin
2419:Obsolete and historical
1710:Regenstauf 2003, p. 12.
1616:In this case, the term
1109:19th and 20th centuries
1017:17th and 18th centuries
886:The so-called Palatine
850:The forerunners of the
286:(1918–1927), the
44:: 1 pfenning 1852. The
1425:Pfennig since the euro
1315:
1280:
1101:, and some regions of
931:a chicken: 2 pfennigs
808:
795:
782:
725:) and black pfennigs (
668:
538:
530:
417:
64:
53:
2595:Currencies of Germany
2032:Andreas Hofer Kreuzer
2003:related denominations
1975:Otto Adelheid Pfennig
1407:: 1 pfennig coin 1979
1392:: 1 pfennig coin 1950
1313:
1268:
1165:). The half-pfennig (
801:
788:
772:
666:
623:Kipper and Wipper era
536:
520:
426:German Kurrent script
407:
59:
40:
30:For the surname, see
2099:Scharfrichterpfennig
2089:Bürgermeisterpfennig
1723:Berlin 1976, p. 343.
1287:, introduced by the
1128:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
453:abolition of Kurrent
382:), "good pfennigs" (
154:(1922–1923) and the
2560:Generic placeholder
1778:Berlin 1974, p. 17.
1626:was still worth 24
1452:
1356:Free City of Danzig
592:and in England the
160:Free City of Danzig
158:(1923–1939) in the
1927:Gehulchter Pfennig
1547:, the French penny
1495:German penny sign
1444:
1316:
1289:German Coinage Act
1285:Mark gold currency
1281:
866:Free Imperial City
809:
796:
783:
669:
576:. The Arabic word
539:
531:
418:
311:Related currencies
131:currencies in the
65:
54:
2577:
2576:
2153:
2152:
1814:978-3-86646-019-5
1551:Coinage of Saxony
1505:
1504:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1358:: 10 pfennig 1932
1339:The coins of the
1279:
1006:
1005:
698:regional pfennigs
694:Holy Roman Empire
470:GERMAN PENNY SIGN
451:, as well as the
414:⟨D⟩
410:⟨d⟩
333:"narrow, thin"),
94:
77:[ˈpfɛnɪç]
32:Pfennig (surname)
16:(Redirected from
2612:
2605:Currency symbols
2569:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2374:
2303:
2231:
2187:Currency symbols
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2118:
1985:Regional pfennig
1904:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1682:Handelslexicon …
1678:
1672:
1669:
1652:
1641:
1635:
1614:
1570:Regional pfennig
1557:Types of pfennig
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1416:
1401:
1386:
1367:
1352:
1335:
1273:
1250:
1238:
1229:of 1821, obverse
1222:
1213:of 1821, reverse
1206:
1194:
1182:
1124:360 EINEN THALER
1070:
1054:
925:
924:
903:Schüsselpfennigs
894:heraldic lozenge
852:Schüsselpfennigs
572:and the Italian
499:
493:
492:
487:
484:
481:
479:
471:
468:
465:
463:
415:
411:
380:leichte Pfennige
375:("heavy ") etc.
325:"big, thick" ),
110:
108:
107:
106:
104:
92:
89:
87:
86:
85:
79:
74:
48:reads: 360 one
21:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2555:
2537:
2413:
2372:
2189:
2184:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2077:
1994:
1980:Hochrandpfennig
1963:
1947:
1937:Schüsselpfennig
1905:
1896:
1870:
1863:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1706:Helmut Friedl:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1649:the Reformation
1642:
1638:
1628:(good) groschen
1615:
1611:
1606:
1597:Weckelerpfennig
1590:Schüsselpfennig
1559:
1531:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1111:
1083:Schwäbisch Hall
1077:
1076:, 1797, reverse
1071:
1062:
1061:, 1797, obverse
1055:
1019:
1014:
912:
877:Ewiger Pfennige
836:Schüsselpfennig
775:Schüsselpfennig
749:Händleinheller'
515:
510:
485:
482:
477:
476:
469:
466:
461:
460:
439:
413:
409:
402:
313:
305:Standard German
296:pfenig (fening)
276:Swedish penning
247:("weight", cf.
189:(replacing the
183:
178:
102:
100:
99:
98:
96:
82:
81:
80:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2543:Cryptocurrency
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2125:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1990:Sachsenpfennig
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1959:Ewiger Pfennig
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1932:Näpfchenheller
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1817:
1797:
1780:
1774:Gerhard Krug:
1767:
1758:Helmut Kahnt:
1751:
1745:Helmut Kahnt:
1738:
1732:Helmut Kahnt:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1686:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1636:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1583:Sachsenpfennig
1579:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1445:International
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1307:) until 2001.
1256:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1110:
1107:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1039:sware penninge
1029:billonpfennigs
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
988:
981:
978:
977:
970:
967:
966:
959:
955:
954:
951:
948:
947:
944:
940:
939:
936:
933:
932:
929:
911:
908:
861:Lilienpfennigs
778:, St. Gallen,
731:Haller Pfennig
710:minting rights
634:Schockgroschen
600:for the Roman
547:, that from a
514:
511:
509:
506:
437:
401:
398:
312:
309:
182:
179:
177:
174:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2617:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:See also
2080:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Lilienpfennig
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Roter Seufzer
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1671:Kluge (2011).
1668:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1576:Roter Seufzer
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1564:Lilienpfennig
1561:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1498:₰
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1375:Reichspfennig
1372:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1304:Reichspfennig
1300:
1299:
1298:Rentenpfennig
1294:
1293:German Empire
1290:
1286:
1277:
1276:German Empire
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1103:Upper Germany
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1012:Modern period
1011:
1009:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
991:
990:
986:
982:
980:
979:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
960:
957:
956:
952:
950:
949:
945:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
930:
927:
926:
923:
921:
917:
909:
907:
905:
904:
899:
895:
891:
890:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
867:
863:
862:
857:
856:Engelpfennigs
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
837:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
807:
806:
800:
793:
792:
791:Lilienpfennig
787:
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
765:
764:Schinderlings
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
727:Kupferpfennig
724:
723:Silberpfennig
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:minted their
695:
691:
686:
683:
679:
675:
665:
661:
659:
658:
653:
652:
647:
643:
638:
636:
635:
630:
629:
628:Schockpfennig
624:
620:
619:Gresham's law
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
557:
554:("pound") of
553:
552:
546:
545:
535:
528:
524:
519:
512:
507:
505:
503:
498:
486:SQUARE PENIHI
473:
458:
454:
450:
449:Reichspfennig
446:
441:
435:
431:
427:
423:
406:
399:
397:
395:
391:
390:
385:
384:gute Pfennige
381:
376:
374:
371:("Haller "),
370:
369:
364:
363:
358:
357:
352:
351:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:
310:
308:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
175:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:Danzig gulden
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
105:
84:
78:
70:
62:
61:German Empire
58:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2441:
2145:}}
2139:{{
2134:}}
2128:{{
2123:}}
2117:{{
2094:Kraków grosz
2000:
1881:
1866:
1865:
1825:
1820:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1667:
1645:Sargpfennigs
1644:
1639:
1631:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1562:
1522:Money portal
1501:₰
1441:as follows:
1436:
1428:
1405:East Germany
1390:West Germany
1374:
1371:Nazi Germany
1341:Mark der DDR
1338:
1327:
1317:
1302:
1296:
1282:
1259:
1257:
1226:
1210:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1007:
984:
913:
901:
897:
887:
885:
876:
859:
855:
851:
849:
834:
832:
818:
812:
810:
803:
794:, Strasbourg
789:
773:
763:
759:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:fine weights
687:
677:
670:
655:
650:
645:
641:
639:
633:
627:
613:
609:
601:
597:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
559:
550:
549:Carolingian
542:
540:
526:
522:
521:Carolingian
475:Unicode has
474:
448:
442:
419:
393:
389:Zollpfennige
387:
383:
379:
377:
372:
366:
360:
354:
353:("white "),
348:
344:
340:
334:
330:
326:
322:
316:
314:
291:
288:Polish fenig
267:
265:
260:
252:
244:
238:
235:substantives
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:until 1873,
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
184:
172:
141:East Germany
137:West Germany
133:German Reich
119:is a former
116:
115:pf or ₰) or
68:
66:
2195:Circulating
2104:Weißpfennig
2036:Dreikreuzer
1917:Großpfennig
1892:Zollpfennig
1476:hexadecimal
1099:Switzerland
1045:prevailed.
827:Langensalza
760:Böse Halser
646:Pfennigzeit
631:(= 60 pf),
596:. The term
513:Middle Ages
394:Sargpfennig
257:bracteatess
152:Danzig mark
2584:Categories
1659:References
1643:he Erfurt
1456:Character
1377:coin 1937.
1330:(English:
1135:Pfenni(n)g
881:bracteates
869:Strasbourg
821:minted at
690:mint lords
682:bracteates
674:hacksilver
445:Reichsmark
207:Pfenni(n)c
203:Panni(n)g
143:, and the
2060:Sechsling
1944:(pfennig)
1764:Weckeler.
1632:pfennings
1604:Footnotes
1535:Bracteate
1225:Prussian
1209:Prussian
1155:Pfennings
1120:Pfennings
943:pre-1382
920:Thuringia
896:(German:
889:Weckelers
802:Palatine
715:Wißpennig
447:with its
434:descender
266:The word
240:schilling
185:The word
145:reunified
2120:Groschen
2042:Hälbling
2038:) (4 pf)
2022:Dreiling
2010:Blaffert
1942:Weckeler
1618:Pfenning
1508:See also
1462:Position
1333:sixpence
1320:Groschen
1301:and the
1271:Goldmark
1227:Pfenning
1211:Pfenning
1159:Pfenning
1116:Pfenning
1074:Schwaren
1059:Schwaren
1043:Schwaren
871:and the
845:planchet
814:groschen
805:Weckeler
678:strubben
642:denarius
602:denarius
586:denarius
582:denarius
561:denarius
523:denarius
483:㌸
467:₰
430:ascender
422:denarius
408:Kurrent
373:Schwaren
345:Groschen
331:angustus
318:groschen
294:and the
219:Pfenning
211:Pfending
195:denarius
191:denarius
176:Overview
162:(modern
18:Pfennigs
2590:Pfennig
2066:Stäbler
2028:Kreuzer
2001:pfennig
1882:Pfennig
1867:Pfennig
1529:General
1492:U+20B0
1483:decimal
1466:Unicode
1459:Unicode
1450:Unicode
1439:Unicode
1433:Unicode
1328:Sechser
1163:Hellers
1151:kreuzer
1147:kreuzer
1095:Austria
1091:Kreuzer
1057:Bremen
983:a tub (
864:of the
841:concave
819:hellers
780:clipped
745:hellers
692:of the
657:scherfs
610:denarii
590:Penning
508:History
455:by the
362:Stäbler
327:Angster
323:grossus
292:pinigai
268:Pfennig
215:Prussia
199:Penning
187:Pfennig
148:Germany
73:German:
69:pfennig
46:obverse
42:Prussia
2142:Thaler
2131:Gulden
2074:(4 pf)
2068:(½ pf)
2062:(6 pf)
2056:(½ pf)
2054:Scherf
2050:(½ pf)
2048:Heller
2044:(½ pf)
2024:(3 pf)
2018:(3 pf)
2016:Dreier
2012:(2 pf)
1999:Other
1812:
1623:thaler
1545:Denier
1260:heller
1171:gulden
1167:heller
1143:gulden
1139:Gulden
1087:Heller
1035:Pfenig
963:schock
916:Saxony
753:heller
741:haller
736:heller
598:paenig
574:denaro
570:denier
556:silver
527:denier
497:penihi
480:
478:U+3338
464:
462:U+20B0
368:Heller
356:Rappen
274:, the
245:pondus
221:. The
168:Poland
164:Gdańsk
121:German
113:symbol
103:listen
50:thaler
2600:Coins
2072:Witte
1540:Penny
1469:Title
1145:= 60
999:1395
985:Hafen
958:1382
928:1324
898:Wecke
873:Trier
823:Gotha
719:Albus
702:gross
651:obole
594:penny
578:dinar
551:Pfund
457:Nazis
424:' in
350:Witte
341:albus
336:Albus
280:penni
272:penny
253:every
249:pound
225:- or
117:penny
1810:ISBN
1480:HTML
1473:HTML
1373::10
1324:Elbe
1283:The
1161:= 2
1157:, 1
1153:= 4
1149:, 1
1023:lost
974:ells
918:and
858:and
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