1109:
1064:. In English these nouns may be followed by a singular or a plural verb and referred to by a singular or plural pronoun, the singular being generally preferred when referring to the body as a unit and the plural often being preferred, especially in British English, when emphasizing the individual members. Examples of acceptable and unacceptable use given by Gowers in
2149:
Croft, William. 1993. "A noun is a noun is a noun – or is it? Some reflections on the universality of semantics". Proceedings of the
Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser, and Cheryl C. Zoll, 369–80. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics
1490:
Nominalization is a process whereby a word that belongs to another part of speech comes to be used as a noun. This can be a way to create new nouns, or to use other words in ways that resemble nouns. In French and
Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have
1329:
possession. An alienably possessed item (a tree, for example) can exist even without a possessor. But inalienably possessed items are necessarily associated with their possessor and are referred to differently, for example with nouns that function as kin terms (meaning "father", etc.), body-part
676:
Many such classifications are language-specific, given the obvious differences in syntax and morphology. In
English for example, it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at the start of this article), but this could not apply in
1227:
usually refers to something abstract ("Art is important in human culture"), but it can also refer to a concrete item ("I put my daughter's art up on the fridge"). A noun might have a literal (concrete) and also a figurative (abstract) meaning: "a brass
1728:
1989:. 1989. "Nominal Reference, Temporal Constitution and Quantification in Event Semantics". In R. Bartsch, J. van Benthem, P. von Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expression, Dordrecht: Foris Publication.
756:
do not have grammatical gender (their femininity has no relevance in syntax), though they denote persons or animals of a specific sex. The gender of a pronoun must be appropriate for the item referred to: "The
2759:
695:
In some languages common and proper nouns have grammatical gender, typically masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of a noun (as well as its number and case, where applicable) will often require
657:
Nouns can have a number of different properties and are often sub-categorized based on various of these criteria, depending on their occurrence in a language. Nouns may be classified according to
649:
approach defines a noun as a word that can be the head of a nominal phrase, i.e., a phrase with referential function, without needing to go through morphological transformation.
99:
are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns. Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and
1696:(PC); see extended treatment in Chapter 4 ("The clause: complements") of Huddleston and Pullum (2002), pp. 213–321: for example in §5.1 at p. 253, where the NP
1431:, to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for other reasons (but as noted earlier, current theory often classifies pronouns as a subclass of nouns parallel to
45:
is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an
1680:
would be analysed variously under different linguistic theories. For example, some would classify it as a "predicate nominal over the subject" (as in the article
1004:
differ from count nouns in precisely that respect: they cannot take plurals or combine with number words or the above type of quantifiers. For example, the forms
2196:
1897:
1016:
of furniture can be counted. The distinction between mass and count nouns does not primarily concern their corresponding referents but more how the nouns
3069:
737:
of the noun's referent, particularly in the case of nouns denoting people (and sometimes animals), though with exceptions (the feminine French noun
2093:
1769:
717:
for feminine). Grammatical gender often correlates with the form of the noun and the inflection pattern it follows; for example, in both
2063:
1959:
1891:
1156:
419:. Verbs and adjectives cannot. In the following, an asterisk (*) in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical.
2189:
2110:
3098:
1314:
3031:
3123:
1134:
3113:
3093:
2849:
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2841:
636:
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the characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in
English as well, as in the following examples:
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by a common noun, a proper noun, or a pronoun. The head may be the only constituent, or it may be modified by
3133:
3055:
2763:
2272:
1915:
1244:". Similarly, some abstract nouns have developed etymologically by figurative extension from literal roots (
873:). In Modern English, most proper nouns – unlike most common nouns – are capitalized regardless of context (
696:
553:). Such definitions tend to be language-specific, since different languages may apply different categories.
2158:
Baker, Mark. 2003, Lexical
Categories: verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
296:, which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word
2897:
2724:
2633:
1692:. Traditionally, and very commonly in mainstream linguistic analysis, it is classified as a complement or
1681:
1326:
1308:
646:
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31:
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Idioms often include nouns in a way that may be independent of any nominal meaning they may have: in
1447:
can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An example is given below:
550:
542:
538:
221:
2754:
817:, though the two terms normally have different meanings) is a noun that represents a unique entity (
2734:
2381:
711:
for feminine; adjectives and certain verb forms also change (sometimes with the simple addition of
154:
3082:
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2887:
2813:
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88:
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1955:
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412:
80:
50:
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nouns (meaning "shadow", "hair", etc.), or part–whole nouns (meaning "top", "bottom", etc.).
64:) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The
3194:
2915:
2808:
2788:
2638:
2603:
2521:
2316:
2154:
For an attempt to relate the concepts of identity criteria and prototypical referentiality:
1530:
1461:
can also stand in for larger parts of a noun phrase. For example, in the following example,
1318:
718:
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209:
46:
3148:
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167:
2174:
284:, "noun"). Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation
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1986:
1570:
1485:
939:
112:
61:
1085:* "The committee were of one mind when I sat in on them." (unacceptable use of plural)
231:
includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the
English word
3188:
3173:
3153:
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2749:
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2526:
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2456:
2436:
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1934:
1822:
1644:
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204:
that they take. In
Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by
171:
142:
1360:. For example, "The dog sat near Ms Curtis and wagged its tail" contains three NPs:
889:), as are many of the forms that are derived from them (the common noun in "he's an
3158:
3019:
2993:
2983:
2956:
2818:
2551:
2516:
2491:
2446:
2267:
1535:
556:
Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their
317:
265:
is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.)
2025:
619:). Moreover, other parts of speech may have reference-like properties: the verbs
178:. All of these terms for "noun" were also words meaning "name". The English word
3168:
2676:
2486:
2365:
2326:
2291:
2282:
2083:
1755:
1540:
1525:
1339:
1108:
804:
301:
92:
76:
72:
57:
3036:
2935:
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2869:
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2628:
2531:
2501:
2496:
2350:
2345:
2252:
2242:
2232:
1664:
1353:
1313:
Illustrating the wide range of possible classifying principles for nouns, the
1044:
are nouns that – even when they are treated in their morphology and syntax as
918:
117:
1608:
swimming, exercises, cough, explosions, flight, electrification, embezzlement
673: – how they combine with other words and expressions of various types.
3026:
2988:
2768:
2585:
2340:
2286:
2262:
1660:
1545:
1357:
922:
835:
588:, etc., but this manner of definition has been criticized as uninformative.
557:
416:
217:
84:
1027:
is countable in "give me three sodas", but uncountable in "he likes soda".
17:
560:
properties (their meanings). Nouns are described as words that refer to a
3015:
3010:
1578:
1435:). For example, in the sentence "Gareth thought she was weird", the word
592:
125:
121:
3000:
2716:
2321:
2237:
1574:
1420:
1414:
829:
823:
269:
130:
96:
38:
2121:
For definitions of nouns based on the concept of "identity criteria":
2978:
2663:
2355:
2335:
1789:
The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language
1599:
935:
670:
666:
662:
65:
1176:
that can, in principle at least, be observed by at least one of the
974:(in languages that have such articles). Examples of count nouns are
2168:
1052:
consisting of more than one individual or entity. Examples include
1615:
colors, lengths, porosity, weights, roundness, symmetry, solidity,
1595:
1177:
1023:
Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses; for example,
150:
2301:
1567:
Living creatures (including people, alive, dead, or imaginary):
300:
to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and
224:, adjectives typically were placed in the same class as nouns.
100:
3051:
2178:
1587:
hammers, pencils, Earth, guitars, atoms, stones, boots, shadows
1761:
Language
Unlimited: The science behind our most creative power
1263:
Many abstract nouns in
English are formed by adding a suffix (
1102:
785:" (three nouns; and three gendered pronouns: or four, if this
730:
2145:
For the concept that nouns are "prototypically referential":
1815:
1704:" contrasting with its role as an object (O) in "Ed attacked
1884:
Foundations of language: brain, meaning, grammar, evolution
703:
for example, the singular form of the definite article is
468:
is a verb: cannot co-occur with the attributive adjective
160:, and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in
1745:
Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2002, p. 327.
1922:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 215–254.
537:
Nouns have sometimes been characterized in terms of the
316:(main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a
200:
The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical
454:
is a noun: can co-occur with the attributive adjective
138:) is one of the four main categories of words defined.
95:. According to traditional and popular classification,
1684:); but all would agree that it is not an object since
1439:
is a pronoun that refers to a person just as the noun
2056:
The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage
1223:
Some nouns have both concrete and abstract meanings:
1196:), as items supposed to exist in the physical world.
312:
when distinguishing between a noun being used as the
27:
Part of speech that names an object or set of objects
1419:
Nouns and noun phrases can typically be replaced by
631:; and there is little difference between the adverb
482:
is a noun: can co-occur with the indefinite article
2944:
2906:
2868:
2840:
2715:
2662:
2584:
2374:
2309:
2300:
2213:
1952:
Non-verbal predication: theory, typology, diachrony
1639:there is no reference to any "rock" or any "roll";
699:in words that modify or are used along with it. In
444:
is a verb: cannot co-occur with a definite article)
1494:This legislation will have the most impact on the
496:is an adjective: cannot co-occur with the article
729:are feminine. Gender can also correlate with the
395:, rob, murder, and commit / The oldest
124:grammarians from at least the 5th century BC. In
1516:is a worldwide association of political parties.
1388:). "You became their teacher" contains two NPs:
430:is a noun: can co-occur with a definite article
2077:. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1764:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78.
1075:appointed to consider this subject." (singular)
2082:Gowers, Ernest (2014). Gowers, Rebecca (ed.).
2008:
2006:
1743:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
1594:closets, temples, rivers, Antarctica, houses,
966:), and can take an indefinite article such as
68:occurrence of nouns differs among languages.
3063:
2190:
1851:, "5.10: Noun-equivalents and substantives",
8:
2141:New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
1974:
1741:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum.
1647:that refers only to a figurative sense of a
182:is derived from the Latin term, through the
2171:– Nouns described by The Idioms Dictionary.
2111:Mass nouns, Count nouns and Non-count nouns
1137:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
308:). It can also be used as a counterpart to
304:(multiword units that are sometimes called
3070:
3056:
3048:
2306:
2197:
2183:
2175:
905:milk"; the second verb in "they sought to
744:In Modern English, even common nouns like
1622:jealousy, sleep, joy, headache, confusion
1157:Learn how and when to remove this message
741:can refer to a male or a female person).
541:by which they may be varied (for example
2115:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1325:is assigned: as alienable possession or
591:Several English nouns lack an intrinsic
324:can be said to be used substantively in
1877:"§5.5 Semantics as a generative system"
1803:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1720:
1557:
1404:Nouns in relation to other word classes
853:), which describe a class of entities (
669:they take, and also their relations in
235:, the two types being distinguished as
60:, nouns constitute a lexical category (
53:within a phrase, clause, or sentence.
2012:
1998:
1939:. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
7:
2054:Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005).
1913:pages 218 and 225, and elsewhere in
1135:adding citations to reliable sources
893:"; the adjectival forms in "he's of
120:(parts of speech) were described by
524:cannot co-occur with the adjective
330:the patient needed knee replacement
170:(2nd century BC). The term used in
71:In English, prototypical nouns are
1606:Actions of individuals or groups:
681:, which has no definite articles.
25:
1321:regiments nouns according to how
1089:Concrete nouns and abstract nouns
934:are common nouns that can take a
407:? Henry IV Part 2, act 4 scene 5.
1903:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1731:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024.
1107:
510:can co-occur with the adjective
2133:For more on identity criteria:
2075:In Name Only. Structuring Sense
1936:Oxford Handbook of Word Classes
1933:Rijkhoff, Jan (2022). "Nouns".
1700:is taken as a PC in "Ed became
1425:he, it, she, they, which, these
1376:(complement of the preposition
1303:Alienable vs. inalienable nouns
533:Characterization and definition
1200:, on the other hand, refer to
913:Countable nouns and mass nouns
268:Many European languages use a
1:
2113:", Draft version of entry in
1954:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1918:(2013) . "7 Ontic Decision".
1472:This new car is cheaper than
411:A noun can co-occur with an
73:common nouns or proper nouns
1886:. Oxford University Press.
1859:University of Chicago Press
1854:The Chicago Manual of Style
1240:in the pipe" and "a mental
1012:are not used – even though
3226:
3032:Syntax–semantics interface
2139:The logic of common nouns.
1816:
1483:
1412:
1337:
1306:
1275:) to adjectives or verbs (
1092:
1082:unable to agree." (plural)
1034:
916:
845:) – as distinguished from
802:
725:most nouns ending in
688:
227:Similarly, the Latin term
113:History of parts of speech
110:
87:, and can function as the
29:
3144:
3089:
2129:Cornell University Press.
2127:Reference and Generality.
1620:Mental or bodily states:
1450:John's car is newer than
661:properties such as which
2452:Exceptional case-marking
2109:Laycock, Henry (2005). "
1975:Lester & Beason 2005
1950:Hengeveld, Kees (1992).
1916:Quine, Willard Van Orman
1505:, nor the battle to the
707:for masculine nouns and
320:. For example, the noun
149:(ὄνομα), referred to by
1849:Chicago Manual of Style
1832:A Greek–English Lexicon
1641:lock, stock, and barrel
1501:The race is not to the
797:Proper and common nouns
328:, but attributively in
2258:Initial-stress-derived
1694:predicative complement
1682:Predicative expression
1364:(subject of the verbs
1348:) is a phrase usually
1309:Inalienable possession
901:physics", but not in "
752:and proper nouns like
539:grammatical categories
280:(for example, Spanish
276:as the basic term for
222:grammatical categories
85:attributive adjectives
2769:Inclusive / Exclusive
2073:Borer, Hagit (2005).
1823:Liddell, Henry George
1785:Bimal Krishna Matilal
1204:: ideas or concepts (
1093:Further information:
627:, or adjectives like
417:attributive adjective
189:(other forms include
32:Noun (disambiguation)
2125:Geach, Peter. 1962.
1613:Physical qualities:
1283:from the adjectives
1131:improve this section
813:(sometimes called a
637:prepositional phrase
448:constant circulation
352:Please hand in your
75:that can occur with
30:For other uses, see
2649:Relative subsective
2542:Regular / Irregular
2387:Andative / Venitive
2223:Abstract / Concrete
2137:Gupta, Anil. 1980,
1564:Example nouns for:
938:, can combine with
462:*constant circulate
380:was an influential
2208:and their features
2206:Lexical categories
2026:"Inalienable Noun"
2015:, pp. 189–190
1806:A Latin Dictionary
1791:, 1990 (Chapter 3)
1585:Physical objects:
1433:prototypical nouns
1344:A noun phrase (or
791:possessive pronoun
691:Grammatical gender
220:share these three
208:and inflected for
163:The Art of Grammar
3205:Autological words
3182:
3181:
3083:world's languages
3045:
3044:
2850:Casally modulated
2755:Formal / Informal
2644:Pure intersective
2594:Anti-intersective
2580:
2579:
2527:Preterite-present
2117:Oxford: Elsevier.
2095:978-0-141-97553-5
2032:. 3 December 2015
2030:SIL International
1771:978-0-19-882809-9
1676:In this position
1569:mushrooms, dogs,
1465:can stand in for
1174:physical entities
1167:
1166:
1159:
851:appellative nouns
245:substantive nouns
237:nouns substantive
16:(Redirected from
3217:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3049:
2624:Non-intersective
2307:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2099:
2078:
2069:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1881:
1869:
1863:
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1845:
1839:
1819:
1818:
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1792:
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1746:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1709:
1674:
1668:
1633:
1627:
1562:
1531:Grammatical case
1319:Papua New Guinea
1236:to success"; "a
1202:abstract objects
1162:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1111:
1103:
1042:Collective nouns
1031:Collective nouns
1020:those entities.
1010:three furnitures
789:is counted as a
716:
518:*terrible afraid
306:noun equivalents
166:, attributed to
21:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3200:Parts of speech
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3140:
3085:
3076:
3046:
3041:
2940:
2902:
2864:
2836:
2764:Gender-specific
2711:
2658:
2576:
2462:Germanic strong
2370:
2296:
2209:
2203:
2165:
2106:
2104:Further reading
2096:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2058:. McGraw-Hill.
2053:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1987:Krifka, Manfred
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:Word and Object
1914:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1879:
1873:Jackendoff, Ray
1871:
1870:
1866:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1837:Perseus Project
1811:Perseus Project
1799:
1795:
1783:
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1772:
1754:
1753:
1749:
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1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
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1634:
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1571:Afro-Caribbeans
1563:
1559:
1554:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1455:
1443:does. The word
1417:
1411:
1406:
1342:
1336:
1311:
1305:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1128:
1112:
1101:
1099:Abstract object
1091:
1086:
1083:
1078:"The committee
1076:
1039:
1037:Collective noun
1033:
932:countable nouns
925:
917:Main articles:
915:
897:heritage" and "
807:
799:
712:
693:
687:
655:
617:for the sake of
535:
520:(the adjective
504:terrible fright
338:
249:adjective nouns
241:nouns adjective
168:Dionysius Thrax
145:equivalent was
115:
109:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3212:
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3161:
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3139:
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3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3077:
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3067:
3060:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3008:
3006:Procedure word
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Complementizer
2961:
2960:
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2948:
2946:
2942:
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2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
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2890:
2885:
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2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:Gender-neutral
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Bound variable
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
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2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
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2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
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2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
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2504:
2499:
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2489:
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2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Ambitransitive
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2163:External links
2161:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2088:. Particular.
2079:
2070:
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2049:
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2044:
2043:
2017:
2002:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1960:
1942:
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1573:, rosebushes,
1556:
1555:
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1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1512:The Socialist
1511:
1500:
1493:
1486:Nominalization
1484:Main article:
1481:
1480:Nominalization
1478:
1471:
1454:that Bill has.
1449:
1413:Main article:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1338:Main article:
1335:
1332:
1307:Main article:
1304:
1301:
1295:from the verb
1198:Abstract nouns
1170:Concrete nouns
1165:
1164:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1035:Main article:
1032:
1029:
914:
911:
803:Main article:
798:
795:
689:Main article:
686:
683:
654:
653:Classification
651:
595:of their own:
534:
531:
530:
529:
515:
501:
487:
473:
459:
445:
435:
409:
408:
389:
375:
365:
350:
337:
334:
108:
105:
62:part of speech
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3222:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
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3132:
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3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Orthographies
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
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3050:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Interrogative
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Interrogative
2886:
2884:
2883:Demonstrative
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2832:Prepositional
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:Strong / Weak
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Interrogative
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Demonstrative
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Prepositional
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Interrogative
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Demonstrative
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
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2535:
2533:
2530:
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2518:
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2510:
2508:
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2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Germanic weak
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Frequentative
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Autocausative
2395:
2393:
2392:Anticausative
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Transgressive
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
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2308:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
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2276:
2274:
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2264:
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2259:
2256:
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2246:
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2239:
2236:
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2226:
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2220:
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2207:
2200:
2195:
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2188:
2186:
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2170:
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2162:
2157:
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2140:
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2128:
2124:
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2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2097:
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2087:
2086:
2080:
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2067:
2065:0-07-144133-6
2061:
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2047:
2031:
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2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1961:9783110883282
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1926:
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1917:
1910:
1907:
1899:
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1893:0-19-827012-7
1889:
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1874:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
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1827:Scott, Robert
1824:
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1699:
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1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:their teacher
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:dead metaphor
1642:
1638:
1637:rock and roll
1632:
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1623:
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1612:
1609:
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1125:
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1116:This section
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Physical body
1088:
1081:
1074:
1071:"A committee
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
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924:
920:
912:
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904:
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888:
884:
880:
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868:
864:
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848:
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832:
831:
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788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
735:social gender
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
692:
684:
682:
680:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:morphological
652:
650:
648:
643:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
527:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
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502:
499:
495:
491:
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481:
477:
474:
471:
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463:
460:
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453:
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446:
443:
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429:
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406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
344:
340:
339:
335:
333:
331:
327:
326:my knee hurts
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
263:
259:). (The word
258:
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225:
223:
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215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
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188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:Latin grammar
169:
165:
164:
159:
157:
152:
148:
144:
143:Ancient Greek
139:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
119:
114:
106:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3124:Prepositions
3118:
3078:
3020:Pro-sentence
2994:Onomatopoeia
2984:Interjection
2957:Measure word
2740:Distributive
2634:Postpositive
2614:Intersective
2567:Unaccusative
2512:Performative
2482:Intransitive
2442:Ditransitive
2268:Noun adjunct
2214:
2153:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2084:
2074:
2055:
2048:Bibliography
2034:. Retrieved
2020:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1951:
1945:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1909:
1883:
1867:
1853:
1843:
1830:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1760:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1723:
1705:
1701:
1697:
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1685:
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1672:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1593:
1586:
1577:, bacteria,
1568:
1560:
1536:Phi features
1513:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1397:
1393:
1392:(subject of
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1345:
1343:
1334:Noun phrases
1322:
1315:Awa language
1312:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1168:
1153:
1147:January 2023
1144:
1129:Please help
1117:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:or counting
931:
927:
926:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:common nouns
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
818:
814:
810:
808:
800:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
749:
745:
743:
738:
726:
713:
708:
704:
694:
675:
656:
644:
639:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:on behalf of
600:
596:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
536:
525:
521:
517:
511:
507:
503:
497:
493:
489:
483:
479:
475:
469:
465:
461:
455:
451:
447:
441:
438:*the baptise
437:
431:
427:
423:
410:
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:
381:
377:
371:
367:
361:
357:
353:
346:
342:
329:
325:
321:
318:noun adjunct
309:
305:
302:noun phrases
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:of the word
267:
260:
256:
253:substantives
252:
251:, or simply
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
226:
199:
194:
190:
186:
184:Anglo-Norman
179:
175:
161:
155:
146:
140:
135:
134:, the noun (
129:
118:Word classes
116:
70:
55:
42:
36:
3114:Determiners
3094:Phonologies
2969:Conjunction
2735:Disjunctive
2672:Conjunctive
2619:Nominalized
2522:Predicative
2366:Verbal noun
2317:Attributive
2085:Plain Words
2013:Gowers 2014
1977:, p. 4
1756:David Adger
1541:Punctuation
1526:Description
1384:(object of
1354:determiners
1340:Noun phrase
1327:inalienable
1293:circulation
1232:" and "the
1066:Plain Words
1048:– refer to
1006:a furniture
994:uncountable
944:quantifiers
928:Count nouns
907:Americanize
903:pasteurized
815:proper name
811:proper noun
805:Proper noun
452:circulation
399:the newest
384:in ancient
382:philosopher
370:is next to
368:Cleanliness
354:assignments
345:sat on the
310:attributive
298:substantive
292:instead of
274:substantive
93:noun phrase
77:determiners
58:linguistics
18:Substantive
3189:Categories
3109:Adjectives
3037:Yes and no
2952:Classifier
2936:Possessive
2898:Quantifier
2893:Possessive
2870:Determiner
2842:Adposition
2814:Resumptive
2799:Reciprocal
2794:Possessive
2774:Indefinite
2702:Pronominal
2654:Subsective
2629:Possessive
2599:Collateral
2572:Unergative
2562:Transitive
2477:Inchoative
2472:Impersonal
2412:Catenative
2351:Participle
2346:Infinitive
2278:Relational
2248:Collective
2228:Adjectival
2036:6 February
1999:Borer 2005
1716:References
1706:a minister
1702:a minister
1698:a minister
1690:transitive
1665:hendiatris
1423:, such as
1358:adjectives
1214:solubility
1058:government
990:Mass nouns
919:Count noun
647:functional
609:by dint of
506:(the noun
490:*an afraid
391:Revel the
282:sustantivo
257:adjectives
218:adjectives
216:. Because
3149:Bulgarian
3027:Prop-word
2989:Ideophone
2916:Discourse
2855:Inflected
2804:Reflexive
2779:Intensive
2586:Adjective
2557:Stretched
2547:Separable
2537:Reflexive
2432:Denominal
2427:Defective
2407:Captative
2402:Auxiliary
2341:Gerundive
2331:Nonfinite
2253:Countable
1661:hendiadys
1546:Reference
1374:Ms Curtis
1323:ownership
1297:circulate
1277:happiness
1172:refer to
1118:does not
1068:include:
1054:committee
998:non-count
923:Mass noun
899:Newtonian
836:Confucius
781:was from
771:boyfriend
765:was from
761:said the
697:agreement
640:with glee
633:gleefully
625:to mother
578:substance
466:circulate
372:godliness
197:itself).
111:See also
66:syntactic
3164:Romanian
3129:Pronouns
3104:Grammars
3016:Pro-verb
3011:Pro-form
2908:Particle
2860:Stranded
2809:Relative
2789:Personal
2707:Relative
2692:Locative
2682:Genitive
2507:Negative
2437:Deponent
2417:Compound
2150:Society.
1898:Archived
1875:(2002).
1758:(2019).
1592:Places:
1579:Klingons
1520:See also
1507:powerful
1474:that one
1421:pronouns
1409:Pronouns
1382:its tail
1281:serenity
1250:fraction
1246:drawback
1218:duration
1046:singular
984:occasion
940:numerals
895:Albanian
891:Albanian
750:princess
739:personne
723:Romanian
667:suffixes
663:prefixes
635:and the
593:referent
586:quantity
558:semantic
526:terrible
512:terrible
476:a fright
470:constant
456:constant
424:the name
336:Examples
156:Cratylus
122:Sanskrit
107:History
97:pronouns
81:articles
3195:Grammar
3174:Tlingit
3154:English
3081:of the
3001:Preverb
2878:Article
2824:Subject
2717:Pronoun
2552:Stative
2517:Phrasal
2492:Lexical
2447:Dynamic
2422:Copular
2322:Converb
2238:Animacy
1835:at the
1688:is not
1575:Mandela
1467:new car
1452:the one
1415:Pronoun
1396:); and
1380:); and
1362:the dog
1254:holdout
1206:justice
1139:removed
1124:sources
1018:present
956:several
946:(e.g.,
887:America
883:Pasteur
875:Albania
855:country
830:Jupiter
824:Pegasus
777:denied
719:Italian
679:Russian
621:to rain
611:), and
599:(as in
582:quality
442:baptise
413:article
360:of the
356:by the
270:cognate
262:nominal
153:in the
131:Nirukta
51:subject
39:grammar
3159:German
2979:Coverb
2974:Copula
2828:Object
2745:Donkey
2664:Adverb
2639:Proper
2604:Common
2487:Labile
2356:Supine
2336:Gerund
2327:Finite
2292:Verbal
2283:Strong
2273:Proper
2092:
2062:
1958:
1890:
1768:
1729:"Noun"
1686:became
1659:. See
1657:barrel
1624:, etc.
1610:, etc.
1603:, etc.
1600:utopia
1589:, etc.
1582:, etc.
1441:Gareth
1427:, and
1394:became
1386:wagged
1370:wagged
1350:headed
1289:serene
1258:uptake
1178:senses
1062:police
1060:, and
1050:groups
1014:pieces
982:, and
936:plural
909:us").
879:Newton
867:person
863:planet
859:animal
842:Pequod
773:, but
754:Alicia
701:French
685:Gender
671:syntax
597:behalf
562:person
551:number
549:, and
543:gender
522:afraid
508:fright
494:afraid
480:fright
415:or an
386:Greece
214:number
206:gender
193:, and
158:dialog
47:object
3210:Nouns
3169:Sotho
3134:Verbs
3119:Nouns
3079:Nouns
2945:Other
2926:Modal
2750:Dummy
2502:Modal
2497:Light
2375:Types
2310:Forms
2233:Agent
2169:Nouns
1901:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1817:ὄνομα
1801:nōmen
1653:stock
1643:is a
1596:Uluru
1552:Notes
1503:swift
1429:those
1285:happy
1265:-ness
1242:block
1238:block
1210:anger
1190:Janet
1186:apple
1182:chair
1002:nouns
976:chair
960:every
819:India
574:event
570:thing
566:place
393:night
378:Plato
347:chair
229:nōmen
202:forms
191:nomme
176:nōmen
151:Plato
147:ónoma
126:Yāska
101:verbs
91:of a
2931:Noun
2677:Flat
2532:Pure
2302:Verb
2287:Weak
2263:Mass
2243:Bare
2215:Noun
2090:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2038:2020
1956:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1663:and
1649:lock
1617:etc.
1496:poor
1457:But
1378:near
1368:and
1356:and
1287:and
1279:and
1273:-ion
1269:-ity
1194:atom
1122:any
1120:cite
1097:and
1080:were
1025:soda
1008:and
980:nose
964:most
921:and
871:ship
849:(or
769:new
763:ring
759:girl
748:and
721:and
613:sake
605:dint
547:case
428:name
405:ways
401:kind
397:sins
362:week
341:The
322:knee
314:head
278:noun
255:and
247:and
243:(or
239:and
233:noun
212:and
210:case
195:noun
180:noun
174:was
141:The
136:nāma
89:head
83:and
43:noun
41:, a
1813:.;
1809:on
1655:or
1651:or
1463:one
1459:one
1445:one
1437:she
1390:you
1372:);
1366:sat
1317:of
1299:).
1260:).
1234:key
1230:key
1225:art
1220:).
1133:by
1073:was
992:or
970:or
952:two
948:one
930:or
793:).
787:her
783:him
767:her
746:hen
733:or
731:sex
665:or
629:red
623:or
603:),
432:the
403:of
358:end
343:cat
290:sb.
288:or
187:nom
128:'s
56:In
49:or
37:In
3191::
3018:/
2830:/
2826:/
2762:/
2329:/
2285:/
2028:.
2005:^
1896:.
1882:.
1857:,
1829:;
1825:;
1821:.
1787:,
1708:".
1598:,
1469:.
1400:.
1346:NP
1291:;
1271:,
1267:,
1256:,
1252:,
1248:,
1216:,
1212:,
1208:,
1192:,
1188:,
1184:,
1056:,
1000:)
986:.
978:,
972:an
962:,
958:,
954:,
950:,
885:,
881:,
877:,
869:,
865:,
861:,
857:,
839:,
833:,
827:,
821:,
809:A
779:it
775:he
727:-a
714:-e
709:la
705:le
645:A
642:.
584:,
580:,
576:,
572:,
568:,
564:,
545:,
332:.
294:n.
286:s.
103:.
79:,
3071:e
3064:t
3057:v
2198:e
2191:t
2184:v
2098:.
2068:.
2040:.
1964:.
1861:.
1774:.
1667:.
1509:.
1498:.
1476:.
1180:(
1160:)
1154:(
1149:)
1145:(
1141:.
1127:.
996:(
968:a
615:(
607:(
528:)
514:)
500:)
498:a
492:(
486:)
484:a
478:(
472:)
464:(
458:)
450:(
440:(
434:)
426:(
388:.
374:.
364:.
349:.
34:.
20:)
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