3643:: "There is a peculiarity in the designation of the Philistines in Hebrew which has often been noticed, and which must have a certain significance. In referring to a tribe or nation, the Hebrew writers as a rule either (a) personified an imaginary founder, making his name stand for the tribe supposed to derive from him—e. g. 'Israel' for the Israelites; or (b) used the tribal name in the singular, with the definite article—a usage sometimes transferred to the Authorized Version, as in such familiar phrases as 'the Canaanite was then in the land' (Gen. xii. 6); but more commonly assimilated to the English idiom which requires a plural, as in 'the iniquity of the Amorite is not yet full' (Gen. xv. 16). But in referring to the Philistines, the plural of the ethnic name is always used, and as a rule, the definite article is omitted. A good example is afforded by the name of the Philistine territory above mentioned, 'ereṣ Pelištīm, literally 'the land of Philistines': contrast such an expression as 'ereṣ hak-Kena'anī, literally 'the land of the Canaanite'. A few other names, such as that of the Rephaim, are similarly constructed: and so far as the scanty monuments of Classical Hebrew permit us to judge, it may be said generally that the same usage seems to be followed when there is question of a people not conforming to the model of Semitic (or perhaps we should rather say Aramaean) tribal organization. The Canaanites, Amorites, Jebusites, and the rest, are so closely bound together by the theory of blood-kinship which even yet prevails in the Arabian deserts, that each may logically be spoken of as an individual human unit. No such polity was recognized among the pre-Semitic Rephaim, or the intruding Philistines so that they had to be referred to as an aggregate of human units. This rule, it must be admitted, does not seem to be rigidly maintained; for instance, the name of the pre-Semitic Horites might have been expected to follow the exceptional construction. But a hard-and-fast adhesion to so subtle a distinction, by all the writers who have contributed to the canon of the Hebrew scriptures and by all the scribes who have transmitted their works, is not to be expected. Even in the case of the Philistines, the rule that the definite article should be omitted is broken in eleven places. "
5388:, p. 10: "The difficulty of associating pots with peoples or ethnic groups has often been commented on. Nonetheless, the association of the Philistines with the Iron Age I bichrome pottery bearing their name is most often taken for granted. Although scholars have backed off from postulating that every site with bichrome pottery was under Philistine control, the ethnic association remains... A cautionary note has, however, been sounded in particular by Brug, Bunimovitz, H. Weippert, and Noort, among others. In essence, their theories rest on the fact that even among sites in the Philistine heartland, the supposed Philistine pottery does not represent the major portion of the finds... While not denying Cypriote and/or Aegean/ Mycenean influence in the material cultural traditions of coastal Canaan in the early Iron Age, in addition to that of Egyptian and local Canaanite traditions, the above named "minimalist" scholars emphasize the continuities between the ages and not the differences. As H. Weippert has stated, "Könige kommen, Könige gehen, aber die Kochtöpfe bleiben." In regard to the bichrome pottery, she follows Galling and speculates that it was produced by a family or families of Cypriote potters who followed their markets and immigrated into Canaan once the preexisting trade connections had been severed. The find at Tell Qasile of both bichrome and Canaanite types originating in the same pottery workshop would appear to indicate that the ethnic identification of the potters is at best an open question. At any rate, it cannot be facilely assumed that all bichrome ware was produced by "ethnic" Philistines. Thus Bunimovitz's suggestion to refer to "Philistia pottery" rather than to "Philistine" must be given serious consideration... What holds true for the pottery of Philistia also holds true for other aspects of the regional material culture. Whereas Aegean cultural influence cannot be denied, the continuity with the Late Bronze traditions in Philistia has increasingly come to attention. A number of Iron Age I features which were thought to be imported by the Philistines have been shown to have Late Bronze Age antecedents. It would hence appear that the Philistines of foreign (or "Philistine") origin were the minority in Philistia."
4534:, pp. 22–23, write of the initial identification: "It was not, however, until the spring of 1829, almost a year after they had arrived in Egypt, that Champollion and his entourage were finally ready to tackle the antiquities of Thebes… The chaotic tangle of ships and sailors, which Denon assumed was a panicked flight into the Indus, was actually a detailed portrayal of a battle at the mouth of the Nile. Because the events of the reign of Ramesses III were unknown from other, the context of this particular war remained a mystery. On his return to Paris, Champollion puzzled over the identity of the various enemies shown in the scene. Since each of them had been carefully labeled with a hieroglyphic inscription, he hoped to match the names with those of ancient tribes and peoples mentioned in Greek and Hebrew texts. Unfortunately, Champollion died in 1832 before he could complete the work, but he did have success with one of the names. proved to be none other than the biblical Philistines." Dothan and Dothan's description was incorrect in stating that the naval battle scene (Champollion, Monuments,
1265:
3134:, in: Bietak, M., (Ed.), The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B. C. III. Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 – 2nd Euro- Conference, Vienna, 28th of May–1st of June 2003, Denkschriften der Ge- samtakademie 37, Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 9, Vienna 2007, pages 517–524. Quote: "SUMMARY Was there a Sea Peoples migration to the coast of the Levant? Yes. Was it a maritime migration? Possibly. Was there a massive maritime Sea Peoples invasion? Probably not. Did the Philistines settle en-masse in Philistia in the days of Ramesses III? No. Were the Iron I Philistine cities fortified? No. Were the Iron I Philistines organized in a peer-polity system? Probably not. Was there a Philistine Pentapolis system in the Iron I? No. Are the Iron I Philistines the Philistines described in the Bible? No."
3158:
the
Philistines directly from Crete, a five-day sail away, Maspero's myth credited them with an itinerary that, while reflecting badly on their intelligence, testified to prodigious physical stamina: the Philistines sail from Crete to Caria, where they abandon their ships and their maritime tradition; the nation then travels in ox carts through seven hundred miles of rough and hostile terrain until it reaches southern Canaan; at that point, far from being debilitated by their trek, the Philistines not only conquer the land and give it their name but come within a hair's breadth of defeating the Egyptian pharaoh himself. Not surprisingly, for the migration from Caria to Canaan imagined by Maspero there is no evidence at all, whether literary, archaeological, or documentary.
5748:, p. 342: "The number of Aegean migrants that reached Philistia in the twelfth century cannot be established, yet something can be said about the scale of migration (Chapter 8). According to calculations of the inhabited area, the population of Philistia after the arrival of the migrants numbered about twenty five thousand in the twelfth century (reaching a peak of thirty thousand in the eleventh century). The continuation of local Canaanite material culture and toponyms indicates that a good part of the population was local. The number of migrants amounted, at most, to half of the population, and perhaps much less. Even the migrant population probably accumulated over at least two generations, the minimum estimated time for the continuous process of migration."
1844:
713:, show nearly no signs of an intervening event marked by destruction. The same can be said for Aphek where an Egyptian garrison was destroyed, likely in an act of warfare at the end of the 13th century, which was followed by a local Canaanite phase, which was then followed by the peaceful introduction of Philistine pottery. The lack of destruction by the Sea Peoples in the southern Levant should not be surprising as Canaan was never mentioned in any text describing the Sea Peoples as a target of destruction or attack by the Sea Peoples. Other sites such as Tell Keisan, Acco, Tell Abu Hawam, Tel Dor, Tel Mevorak, Tel Zeror, Tel Michal, Tel Gerisa, and Tel Batash, have no evidence of a destruction ca. 1200 BC.
3176:, p. 207: "Reconstruction of the Philistine migration and settlement on the basis of the above model is hard to accept. First, it is not supported by any factual evidence. Second, it assumes that the Philistines had at their disposal a large and strong naval force of a kind unknown in this period. Third, in the period immediately following their settlement in Philistia there is hardly any archaeological evidence connecting the Philistine culture and settlement with sea and navigation. Had the Philistines really possessed such a strong naval force and tradition, as suggested by Stager, we would expect to observe these associations in their material culture in later times."
5129:, p. 48: "The thesis that a great "migration of the Sea Peoples" occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves, such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, "eins ist aber sicher: Nach den agyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer 'Volkerwanderung' zu tun." Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation."
5796:
language before they came. Their names are usually
Semitic (e.g., Ahimelek, Mitinti, Hanun, and the god Dagon). But two Philistine names may have come from the Asianic area: Achish has been compared with Anchises, and Goliath with Alyattes. A few Hebrew words may be Philistine loanwords. The word for helmet (koba H3916 or qoba H7746) is a foreign word often attributed to the Philistines. The term for "lords," already mentioned (seren), can possibly be connected with tyrannos ("tyrant"), a pre-Greek or Asianic word. Some have connected three seals discovered in the excavations at Ashdod with the Philistines. The signs resemble the
2218:-related admixture. This confirms previous historic and archaeological records of a Southern-European migration event. The DNA suggests an influx of people of European heritage into Ashkelon in the 12th century BC. The individuals' DNA shows similarities to that of ancient Cretans, but it is impossible to specify the exact place in Europe from where Philistines had migrated to Levant, due to limited number of ancient genomes available for study, "with 20 to 60 per cent similarity to DNA from ancient skeletons from Crete and Iberia and that from modern people living in
3667:, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as φυλιστιιμ, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as ἀλλόφυλοι. Jerome followed the LXX's lead in eradicating the names, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians', from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible."
2113:, and a larger settlement at Tel Qasile). Most scholars, therefore, believe that the settlement of the Philistines took place in two stages. In the first, dated to the reign of Ramesses III, they were limited to the coastal plain, the region of the Five Cities; in the second, dated to the collapse of Egyptian hegemony in southern Canaan, their influence spread inland beyond the coast. During the 10th to 7th centuries BC, the distinctiveness of the material culture appears to have been absorbed with that of surrounding peoples.
2011:
5470:, p. 234: "During the Iron II (tenth-seventh centuries B.C.E. ), the Philistines completed the process of acculturation with the surrounding indigenous culture (Stone 1995). By the end of the Iron II, the Philistines had lost much of their distinctiveness as expressed in their material culture (see Gitin 1998; 2003; 2004 and bibliography there). My suggested chronological framework for Philistine acculturation spans the tenth to seventh centuries B.C.E. (Tel Miqne-Ekron Strata IV-I; Ashdod Strata X-VI).".
1457:
94:
1973:, records how the defeated foe were brought in captivity to Egypt and settled in fortresses. The Harris papyrus can be interpreted in two ways: either the captives were settled in Egypt and the rest of the Philistines/Sea Peoples carved out a territory for themselves in Canaan, or else it was Ramesses himself who settled the Sea Peoples (mainly Philistines) in Canaan as mercenaries. Egyptian strongholds in Canaan are also mentioned, including a temple dedicated to
1076:
2019:
1700:
1444:. This view is based largely upon the fact that archaeologists, when digging up strata dated to the Philistine time-period in the coastal plains and in adjacent areas, have found similarities in material culture (figurines, pottery, fire-stands, etc.) between Aegean-Greek culture and that of Philistine culture, suggesting common origins. A minority, dissenting, claims that the similarities in material culture are only the result of
1351:
3332:, p. 68: In 712, after an uprising by the Philistine city of Ashdod, supported militarily by Egypt, the Assyrian King Sargon II (reigned 722–705 BCE) invaded Pilishte to oust Iamani and annexed the whole region; Philistia was brought under direct Assyrian control, in effect becoming an Assyrian province (Thompson 2016: 165), although the King of Ashdod was allowed to remain on the throne (Galllagher 1995: 1159.
2084:, and emphasize the continuities with the local world in the material remains of the coastal area identified with "Philistines", rather than the differences emerging from the presence of Cypriote and/or Aegean/ Mycenaean influences. The view is summed up in the idea that 'kings come and go, but cooking pots remain', suggesting that the foreign Aegean elements in the Philistine population may have been a minority.
717:
2051:. Also of particular interest is a large, well-constructed building covering 240 square metres (2,600 sq ft), discovered at Ekron. Its walls are broad, designed to support a second story, and its wide, elaborate entrance leads to a large hall, partly covered with a roof supported on a row of columns. In the floor of the hall is a circular hearth paved with pebbles, as is typical in Mycenaean
571:
1791:. The quantity of Philistine pottery within these sites is still quite small, showing that even if the Philistines did settle the valley, they were a minority that blended within the Canaanite population during the 12th century BC. The Philistines seem to have been present in the southern valley during the 11th century, which may relate to the biblical account of their victory at the
2414:
being unattested in the already limited corpus of known
Philistine names. A further assessment of the Iron Age I finds worship of Dagon in any immediate Canaanite context, let alone one which is indisputably Philistine, as seemingly non-existent. Still, Dagon-worship probably wasn't completely unheard of amongst the Philistines, as multiple mentions of a city known as
3077:, p. 56: The 3200-year-old documents from Ramesses III, including an inscription dated c. 1150 BC, at the Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III at the Medinat Habu Temple in Luxor – one of the best-preserved temples of Egypt – refers to the Peleset among those who fought against Ramesses III (Breasted 2001: 24; also Bruyère 1929‒1930), who reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC.
2238:
Laura Mazow, an archaeologist at East
Carolina University in Greenville, N.C., said the research paper supported the idea that there was some migration from the west. She added that the findings "support the picture that we see in the archaeological record of a complex, multicultural process that has been resistant to reconstruction by any single historical model."
33:
4606:'s wholesale revision of the entire episode. In his 1873 review of Chabas's book, Maspero agreed that the Peleset of Medinet Habu were accoutred more like Europeans than Semites and also agreed that they were Aegean Pelasgians. But he proposed that it must have been at this very time — in the reign of Ramesses III — that these Pelasgians became Philistines."
1835:
bound in my name. Numerous were their classes, hundreds of thousands strong. I taxed them all, in clothing and grain from the storehouses and granaries each year." Some scholars suggest it is likely that these "strongholds" were fortified towns in southern Canaan, which would eventually become the five cities (the pentapolis) of the
Philistines.
3692:
that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to 'non-Judaeans of the
Promised Land' when used in a context of the 3rd century BCE, and to 'non-Israelites of the Promised Land' when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun
3763:
2310:, on the basis of some Philistine-related words found in the Bible not appearing to be related to other Semitic languages. Such theories suggest that the Semitic elements in the language were borrowed from their neighbours in the region. For example, the Philistine word for captain, "seren", may be related to the Greek word
875:, took over and destroyed Askhelon, Gaza, Aphek, and Ekron, which is proven by archaeological evidence and contemporary sources. Some Philistine kings requested help from the Egyptians but they were ultimately ignored. Following the destruction of the Philistine cities, their inhabitants were either killed or were exiled to
852:, instead forcing it to pay tribute. As punishment, the rebel nations paid tribute to Assyria, and Sennacherib's annals report that he exacted such tribute from the kings of Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gaza, and Ekron, but Gath is never mentioned, which may indicate that the city was actually destroyed by Sargon II.
3655:, p. 49: "Our names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome's Vulgate. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew
4582:, p. 49: "As the Egyptian province in Asia collapsed after the death of Merneptah, and as the area that identified itself as 'Canaan' shrank to the coastal cities beneath the Lebanon range, the names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' (or, more plainly, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians') came to the fore"
2237:
in Israel. "While I fully agree that there was a significant component of non-Levantine origins among the
Philistines in the early Iron Age," he said, "these foreign components were not of one origin, and, no less important, they mixed with local Levantine populations from the early Iron Age onward."
2042:
culture and
Philistine culture was further documented by finds at the excavation of Ashdod, Ekron, Ashkelon, and more recently Gath, four of the five Philistine cities in Canaan. The fifth city is Gaza. Especially notable is the early Philistine pottery, a locally made version of the Aegean Mycenaean
1839:
has suggested that there may be a period of 25–50 years after the sacking of these cities and their reoccupation by the
Philistines. It is possible that at first, the Philistines were housed in Egypt; only subsequently late in the troubled end of the reign of Ramesses III would they have been allowed
6923:
The Land of Israel: Cross-roads of
Civilizations: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Brussels from the 3rd to the 5th of December 1984 to Mark the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology Queen Elisabeth of Belgium at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem: in Memory of Prof. Y. Yadin
2413:
Although the Bible cites Dagon as the main Philistine god, there is a stark lack of any evidence indicating the Philistines had any particular proclivity to his worship. In fact, no evidence of Dagon worship whatsoever is discernible at Philistine sites, with even theophoric names invoking the deity
1893:
The inscriptions at Medinet Habu consist of images depicting a coalition of Sea Peoples, among them the Peleset, who are said in the accompanying text to have been defeated by Ramesses III during his Year 8 campaign. In about 1175 BC, Egypt was threatened with a massive land and sea invasion by
3160:
Since none of Maspero's national migrations is demonstrable in the Egyptian inscriptions, or in the archaeological or linguistic record, the argument that these migrations did indeed occur has traditionally relied on place-names. These place-names are presented as the source from which were derived
2241:
Modern archaeologists agree that the Philistines were different from their neighbors: their arrival on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean in the early 12th century B.C. is marked by pottery with close parallels to the ancient Greek world, the use of an Aegean —instead of a Semitic— script, and
1834:
details the achievements of the reign (1186–1155 BC) of Ramesses III. In the brief description of the outcome of the battles in Year 8 is the description of the fate of some of the conjectured Sea Peoples. Ramesses claims that, having brought the prisoners to Egypt, he "settled them in strongholds,
823:
invaded Philistia, which effectively became annexed by Assyria, although the kings of the five cities, including Iamani, were allowed to remain on their thrones as vassals. In his annals concerning the campaign, Sargon II singled out his capture of Gath, in 711 BC. Ten years later, Egypt once again
5795:
Little is known of the Philistine language or script. There is never any indication in the Bible of a language problem between the Israelites and Philistines. The Philistines must have adopted the indigenous Semitic language soon after arriving in Canaan, or they might have already known a Semitic
4601:
published the first translation of all the texts relating to the wars of Merneptah and Ramesses III. Chabas found it strange that the Peleset shown in the reliefs were armed and garbed in the same manner as "European" peoples such as the Sicilians and Sardinians, and he therefore argued that these
3157:
reliefs, with their ox carts, depict the Philistine nation on the eve of its settlement in Canaan, Maspero imagined a great overland migration. The Philistines moved first from Crete to Caria, he proposed, and then from Caria to Canaan in the time of Ramesses III. Whereas Amos and Jeremiah derived
2072:
goddess. Excavations in Ashkelon, Ekron, and Gath reveal dog and pig bones which show signs of having been butchered, implying that these animals were part of the residents' diet. Among other findings there are wineries where fermented wine was produced, as well as loom weights resembling those of
1926:
chief is of a bearded man without headdress. This has led to the interpretation that Ramesses III defeated the Sea Peoples, including Philistines, and settled their captives in fortresses in southern Canaan; another related theory suggests that Philistines invaded and settled the coastal plain for
3691:
is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like 'people of other stock'. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude
2176:
Archaeological evidence, provided by architecture, burial arrangements, ceramics, and pottery fragments inscribed with non-Semitic writing, indicates that the Philistines were not native to Canaan. Most of the 150 dead were buried in oval-shaped graves, some were interred in ashlar chamber tombs,
2447:
Cities excavated in the area attributed to Philistines give evidence of careful town planning, including industrial zones. The olive industry of Ekron alone includes about 200 olive oil installations. Engineers estimate that the city's production may have been more than 1,000 tons, 30 percent of
1786:
and Tel Zariq. Scholars have attributed the presence of Philistine pottery in northern Israel to their role as mercenaries for the Egyptians during the Egyptian military administration of the land in the 12th century BC. This presence may also indicate further expansion of the Philistines to the
5955:
It is not as probable that b'l-zbl, which can mean "lord of the (heavenly) dwelling" in Ugaritic, was changed to b'l zbb to make the divine name an opprobrius epithet. The reading Beelzebul in Mt. 10:25 would then reflect the right form of the name, a wordplay on "master of the house" (Gk
2213:
A study carried out on skeletons at Ashkelon in 2019 by an interdisciplinary team of scholars from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and the Leon Levy Expedition found that human remains at Ashkelon, associated with Philistines during the Iron Age, derived most of their
2055:
hall buildings; other unusual architectural features are paved benches and podiums. Among the finds are three small bronze wheels with eight spokes. Such wheels are known to have been used for portable cultic stands in the Aegean region during this period, and it is therefore assumed that this
1980:
The only mention in an Egyptian source of the Peleset in conjunction with any of the five cities that are said in the Bible to have made up the Philistine pentapolis comes in the Onomasticon of Amenope. The sequence in question has been translated as: "Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gaza, Assyria, Shubaru
1423:
from a European-related gene pool" during the Bronze to Iron Age transition, which supports the theory that a migration event occurred. Philistine DNA shows similarities to that of ancient Cretans, but it is impossible to specify the exact place in Europe from where Philistines had migrated to
882:
Babylonian ration lists dating back to the early 6th century BC, which mention the offspring of Aga, the ultimate ruler of Ashkelon, provide clues to the eventual fate of the Philistines. This evidence is further illuminated by documents from the latter half of the 5th century BC found in the
694:; however, because the quantity of said pottery finds are light, it is assumed that the Philistines' presence in these areas were not as strong as in their core territory, and that they probably were a minority which had assimilated into the native Canaanite population by the 10th century BC.
2140:
said that "it was, without doubt, a conscious decision made by the city's rulers who wished to associate with Mediterranean culture and not adopt Syrian and Mesopotamian styles of art like other cities in Canaan did; the Canaanites were living in the Levant and wanted to feel European."
2087:
Following DNA sequencing using the modern method, DNA testing has concluded sufficient evidence that there was indeed a notable surge of immigration from Aegean, supporting the Biblical/Aegean connection and theory that the Philistine people were initially a migrant group from Europe.
2096:
Material culture evidence, primarily pottery styles, indicates that the Philistines originally settled in a few sites in the south, such as Ashkelon, Ashdod and Ekron. It was not until several decades later, about 1150 BC, that they expanded into surrounding areas such as the
3210:
Ben-Shlomo, David. 2011. "Early Iron Age Domestic Material Culture in Philistia and an Eastern Mediterranean Koinי." Pages 183–206 in Household Archaeology in Ancient Israel and Beyond. Assaf Yasur-Landau, Jennie R. Ebeling, and Laura B. Mazow. CHANE 50. Leiden: Brill. DOI:
2225:
After two centuries since their arrival, the Southern-European genetic markers were dwarfed by the local Levantine gene pool, suggesting intensive intermarriage, but the Philistine culture and peoplehood remained distinct from other local communities for six centuries.
5446:, Yuval Gadot, "Continuity and Change in the Late Bronze to Iron Age Transition in Israel's Coastal Plain: A Long-Term Perspective", pp. 63–64: "Based on material culture studies, we know that the Philistines initially immigrated only to the southern Coastal Plain".
2026:
Many scholars have interpreted the ceramic and technological evidence attested to by archaeology as being associated with the Philistine advent in the area as strongly suggestive that they formed part of a large scale immigration to southern Canaan, probably from
1596:
suggests that King David halted the Arameans' expansion into the Land of Israel on account of his alliance with the southern Philistine kings, as well as with Toi, king of Ḥamath, who is identified with Tai(ta) II, king of Palistin (the northern Sea Peoples).
2198:
The Leon Levy Expedition, which has been going on since 1985, helped break down some of the previous assumptions that the Philistines were uncultured people by having evidence of perfume near the bodies in order for the deceased to smell it in the afterlife.
1016:
tells the people they will conquer, though the land in which they resided is included in the boundaries based on the locations of rivers described. In fact, the Philistines, through their Capthorite ancestors, were allowed to conquer the land from the
5117:. Quote: "First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term "Sea Peoples" encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). "
1621:
state, including the names of the kings of Palistin. Singer proposes (based on archaeological finds) that a branch of the Philistines settled in Tell Tayinat and were replaced or assimilated by a new Luwian population who took the Palistin name.
689:
Typically "Philistine" artifacts begin appearing in Canaan by the 12th century BC. Pottery of Philistine origin has been found far outside of what would later become the core of Philistia, including at the majority of Iron Age I sites in the
208:. Subsequently, the Philistines were compelled into exile in Babylonia, where over time, they lost their unique ethnic identity. By the late fifth century BC, they vanished from both historical and archaeological records as a distinct group.
2073:
Mycenaean sites in Greece. Further evidence of the Aegean origin of the initial Philistine settlers was provided by studying their burial practices in the so far only discovered Philistine cemetery, excavated at Ashkelon (see below).
3200:
Avner Raban, "The Philistines in the Western Jezreel Valley", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 17–27, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental
995:
suggests that Casluhim and Caphtorim were brother tribes who lived in the same territory. However, the Capthorim enslaved the Cashluhim and their Philistine descendants, forcing the latter to flee to Canaan, according to Amos 9:7.
4422:
Hincks, Edward (1846). "An Attempt to Ascertain the Number, Names, and Powers, of the Letters of the Hieroglyphic, or Ancient Egyptian Alphabet; Grounded on the Establishment of a New Principle in the Use of Phonetic Characters".
939:, whence the Philistines came forth." There is debate among interpreters as to whether Genesis 10:13-14 was intended to signify that the Philistines were the offspring of the Caphtorim or Casluhim. Some interpreters, such as
4889:
See Before and After the Storm, Crisis Years in Anatolia and Syria between the Fall of the Hittite Empire and the Beginning of a New Era (c. 1220 – 1000 BCE), A Symposium in Memory of Itamar Singer, University of Pavia
4860:
4522:, il transcrivit le même nom Polosté ou Pholosté, mais contrairement à ce qu'affirmait Brugsch en 1858 et tous les auteurs postérieurs, Champollion n'a nulle part écrit que ces Pholosté étaient les Philistins de la Bible. "
605:
civilizations. While their exact origins are a mystery, and probably diverse, it is generally agreed that the Sea Peoples had origins in the greater Southern European and West Asian area, including western Asia Minor, the
2250:
The population of the area associated with Philistines is estimated to have been around 25,000 in the 12th century BC, rising to a peak of 30,000 in the 11th century BC. The Canaanite nature of the material culture and
5800:. Three inscribed clay tablets from Deir Alla (SUCCOTH) also have been attributed to the Philistines. These signs resemble the Cypro-Mycenaean script. Both the seals and clay tablets are still imperfectly understood.
2269:
Virtually nothing is known for certain about the language of the Philistines. Pottery fragments from the period of circa 1500–1000 BC have been found bearing inscriptions in non-Semitic languages, including one in a
2128:
era, which increased by the Early Bronze Age. In the Middle Bronze Age, coastal plains in the southern Levant economically prospered due to long-distance exchange with the Aegean, Cypriot and Egyptian civilizations.
1977:, which some scholars place in Gaza; however, the lack of detail indicating the precise location of these strongholds means that it is unknown what impact these had, if any, on Philistine settlement along the coast.
1418:
population was genetically distinct due to a European-related admixture; this genetic signal is no longer detectable in the later Iron Age population. According to the authors, the admixture was likely due to a
1194:
A few biblical texts, such as the Ark Narrative and stories reflecting the importance of Gath, seem to portray Late Iron I and Early Iron II memories. They are mentioned more than 250 times, the majority in the
5582:
4538:) "carefully labeled with a hieroglyphic inscription" each of the combatants, and Champollion's posthumously published manuscript notes contained only one short paragraph on the naval scene with only the "
4115:
4092:
According to biblical tradition (Deuteronomy 2:23; Jeremiah 47:4), the Philistines came from Caphtor (possibly Crete, although there is no archaeological evidence of a Philistine occupation of the island.)
3525:
on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew
3149:, p. 69: "For the modern myth that has replaced it, however, there is . Instead of questioning the story of the Philistines Cretan origins, in an attempt to locate a core of historical probability,
6074:
Emanuel, J. P. (2011). Digging for Dagon: A Reassessment of the Archaeological Evidence for a Cult of Philistine Dagon in Iron I Ashdod. In Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting. San Francisco,
1252:
speak of the destruction of the Philistines. Jeremiah 47:4 describes the Philistines as the remnant of the Caphtorim because the latter were mysteriously destroyed, either by divine or man-made means.
2402:, a supposed hypostasis of Baal, is described in the Hebrew Bible as the patron deity of Ekron, though no explicit attestation of such a god or his worship has thus far been discovered, and the name
906:, although evidence for continuity from earlier, Iron Age traditions in the region is scarce. The citizens of Ashdod were reported to keep their language but it might have been an Aramaic dialect.
3830:
These particular Amos verses are earliest-witnessed in the Minor-Prophets scroll found in Wadi Murabbaat, "MurXII"; but both are decayed such that whatever stands in for "PLSTYM" is conjectural.
1264:
2902:
3849:
811:), and occupying the remaining kingdoms in the area (including Philistia). Decades later, Egypt began agitating its neighbours to rebel against Assyrian rule. A revolt in Israel was crushed by
2047:
pottery, which is decorated in shades of brown and black. This later developed into the distinctive Philistine pottery of the Iron Age I, with black and red decorations on white slip known as
2169:, conducted a 30-year investigation of the burial practices of the Philistines, by excavating a Philistine cemetery containing more than 150 burials dating from the 11th to 8th century BC
1922:
depicting two major battle scenes. A separate relief on one of the bases of the Osiris pillars with an accompanying hieroglyphic text clearly identifying the person depicted as a captive
1206:
The Aramean, Assyrian and Babylonian threat eventually took over, with the Philistines themselves falling victim to these groups. They were conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the
5602:: "Cemetery in ancient Ashkelon, dating back 2700-3000 years, proves the Philistines came from the Aegean, and that in contrast to the conventional wisdom, they were a peaceful folk.
4868:
697:
There is little evidence that the Sea Peoples forcefully injected themselves into the southern Levant; and the cities which would become the core of Philistine territory, such as
2274:. The Bible does not mention any language problems between the Israelites and the Philistines, as it does with other groups up to the Assyrian and Babylonian occupations. Later,
4558:. Champollion did not make a connection to the Philistines in his published work, and Greene did not refer to such a connection in his 1855 work which commented on Champollion (
4157:
Feldman, Michal; Master, Daniel M.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Burri, Marta; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Mittnik, Alissa; Aja, Adam J.; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (3 July 2019).
3223:"Stratigraphic Overview." Pages 215–326 in Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview. Edited by Lawrence E. Stager, David Schloen, and Daniel M. Master. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns
5613:
4512:, pp. 39–41: "Quand Champollion visita Médinet Habou en juin 1829, il vit ces scénes, lut le nom des Pourosato, sans y reconnaître les Philistins; plus tard, dans son
2080:, and Edward Noort, among others, have noted the "difficulty of associating pots with people", proposing alternative suggestions such as potters following their markets or
958:. Deuteronomist sources describe the "Five Lords of the Philistines" as based in five city-states of the southwestern Levant: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath, from
7107:
1424:
Levant, due to limited number of ancient genomes available for study, "with 20 to 60 per cent similarity to DNA from ancient skeletons from Crete and Iberia and that from
4621:, p. 180: "It seems, then, that the etymological evidence for the origin of the Philistines and other Sea Peoples can be defined as unfocused and ambiguous at best."
4944:"The philistine emergence and its possible bearing on the appearance and activities of Aegean invaders in the east Mediterranean area at the end of the Mycenaean period"
1199:, and are depicted as among the arch-enemies of the Israelites, a serious and recurring threat before being subdued by David. Not all relations were negative, with the
5719:
954:
According to rabbinic sources, the name Philistines designated two separate groups; those said to descend from the Casluhim were different from those described in the
2298:); although by then this language might have been an Aramaic dialect. There is some limited evidence in favour of the assumption that the Philistines were originally
1741:
were located on the northern frontier of Philistine territory, and Tell Qasile in particular may have been inhabited by both Philistine and non-Philistine people.
2410:, is PTYH, unique to the Philistine sphere and possibly representing a goddess in their pantheon, though an exact identity has been subject to scholarly debate.
891:. These records, which link individuals to cities like Gaza and Ashkelon, highlight a continued sense of ethnic identity among the Philistines who were exiled in
2694:
879:. Those exiled continued identifying themselves as the "men of Gaza" or Ashkelon for roughly 150 years, until they finally lost their distinct ethnic identity.
6016:
In contemporary Semitic speech it may have been understood as 'the master of the house'; if so, this phrase could be used in a double sense in Mt. 10:25b.
4891:
536:(1937), whose view was that the Philistines were Indo-European intruders coming from the Aegean and the Balkans via Crete, connected their name to that of the
7029:
3724:
1882:, are dated to the time of the reign of Ramesses III (1186–1155 BC). Another was composed in the period immediately following the death of Ramesses III (
1025:
states that only five cities, Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath and Ekron, were controlled by Philistine lords. Three of these cities were later overtaken by the
2255:
suggest that much of this population was indigenous, such that the migrant element would likely constitute less than half the total, and perhaps much less.
7094:
2428:, a Philistine city, one of the "mighty lands of Dagon", though this does little in the way of clarifying the god's importance to the Philistine pantheon.
509:
religious literature, evidence for the name and the origins of the Philistines is less abundant and less consistent. In the remainder of the Hebrew Bible,
1787:
valley during the 11th century BC, or their trade with the Israelites. There are biblical references to Philistines in the valley during the times of the
6510:"All the Cherethites, and all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites': A Current Assessment of the Evidence for the Minoan Connection with the Philistines"
6437:
4212:
5268:
2594:
1008:
does not record the Philistines as one of the nations to be displaced from Canaan. In Genesis 15:18-21, the Philistines are absent from the ten nations
2420:
in Assyrian, Phoenician, and Egyptian sources may imply the god was venerated in at least some parts of Philistia. Furthermore, the inscription of the
6626:
3833:
1843:
678:. Though archaeological investigation has been unable to correlate any such settlement existing during this time period, this, coupled with the name
2229:
The finding fits with an understanding of the Philistines as an "entangled" or "transcultural" group consisting of peoples of various origins, said
1830:. Though they were eventually repulsed by Ramesses III, he finally resettled them, according to the theory, to rebuild the coastal towns in Canaan.
5056:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire
3021:"The "Hunger Years" and the "Sea Peoples": Preliminary Observations on the Recently Published Letters from the "House of Urtenu" Archive at Ugarit"
2466:, as complex wares of gold, bronze, and iron, have been found at Philistine sites as early as the 12th century BC, as well as artisanal weaponry.
2177:
while there were 4 who were cremated. These burial arrangements were very common to the Aegean cultures, but not to the one indigenous to Canaan.
5827:
Harrison, Timothy P. (December 2009). "NEO-HITTITES IN THE "LAND OF PALISTIN": Renewed Investigations at Tell Taʿyinat on the Plain of Antioch".
1478:
1299:
regime. 1 Samuel 13:19-21 states that no Israelite blacksmiths were permitted and they had to go to the Philistines to sharpen their weapons and
7102:
5680:
1561:
proposed by the Hittitologists Elisabeth Rieken and Ilya Yakubovich were conducive to the conclusion that the country ruled by Taita was called
6738:. CCEM. Vol. 35 (1 ed.). Vienna: Österreichische Academie der Wissenschaften / Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 113–140.
5631:
5427:
5333:
5254:
4489:: "To my knowledge, the earliest scholars who explicitly proposed the identification of Pourousta with the Philistines are William Osburn Jr.,
4134:
2569:
5527:
Marcus, Ezra S.; Porath, Yosef; Paley, Samuel M. (2008). "THE EARLY MIDDLE BRONZE AGE IIa PHASES AT TEL IFSHAR AND THEIR EXTERNAL RELATIONS".
1406:
origin. In 2016, a large Philistine cemetery was discovered near Ashkelon, containing more than 150 dead buried in oval-shaped graves. A 2019
788:'s dissolution, after which there are only sparse references to them. The accuracy of these narratives is a subject of debate among scholars.
6973:
6931:
6907:
6795:
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6743:
6699:
6678:
6657:
6477:
6425:
6094:
6009:
5977:
5948:
5788:
5511:
5411:
5111:
5064:
5037:
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4926:
4843:
4816:
4763:
4565:
4357:
4298:
4270:
4242:
3734:
3514:
3059:
3032:
2780:
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2714:
780:, forbidding the Israelites from making iron implements of war. According to their chronicles, the Philistines were eventually subjugated by
1965:
The Harris Papyrus, which was found in a tomb at Medinet Habu, also recalls Ramesses III's battles with the Sea Peoples, declaring that the
7034:
6990:
6320:
611:
7049:
6119:
4249:
First, there is widespread understanding that the Philistines, Israel's near neighbours, were of Greek, or more generally, Aegean origin.
6413:
Bene Israel: Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and the Levant During the Bronze and Iron Ages Offered in Honour of Israel Finkelstein
967:
1723:
13:3 and 1 Samuel 6:17, the land of the Philistines, called Philistia, was a pentapolis in the southwestern Levant comprising the five
1295:
Some Philistine military success must have taken place subsequently, allowing the Philistines to subject the Israelites to a localised
6732:"Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples.'"
2407:
2356:
in Palistin substantiate a connection between the language of the kingdom of Palistin and the Philistines of the southwestern Levant.
2208:
1407:
3521:
Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (
7144:
7115:
7061:
6852:
6816:
6720:
6607:
6586:
6536:
6498:
6400:
6375:
6294:
6269:
6246:
5360:
1658:. Stephanos Vogazianos (1993) states that Jones "only answers problems by analogy and he mainly speculates" but notes that the root
559:
1175::1 tells that the Philistines dominated the Israelites in the times of Samson, who fought and killed over a thousand. According to
4477:À ma connaissance, les plus anciens savants qui ont proposé explicitement l' identification des Pourousta avec les Philistins sont
1997:" Scholars have advanced the possibility that the other Sea Peoples mentioned were connected to these cities in some way as well.
895:. These instances represent the last known mentions of the Philistines, marking the end of their presence in historical accounts.
614:
of the East Mediterranean. Egypt, in particular, repelled numerous attempted invasions from the Sea Peoples, most famously at the
6578:
Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E.
2352:, appear to be of non-Semitic origin, and Indo-European etymologies have been suggested. Recent finds of inscriptions written in
5187:
1505:." Archaeological research to date has been unable to corroborate a mass settlement of Philistines during the Ramesses III era.
6767:
The Mediterranean Sea and the Southern Levant: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives from the Bronze Age to Medieval Times
6194:
4792:
Ipamati Kistamati Pari Tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday
4652:
Ipamati Kistamati Pari Tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday
1180:
819:
ascended to the throne of Ashdod, and organized another failed uprising against Assyria with Egyptian aid. The Assyrian King
5729:
3087:
2290:
and Philistine cities, half the offspring of Judean marriages with women from Ashdod could speak only their mother tongue,
1448:, during their entire 575 years of existence among Canaanite (Phoenician), Israelite, and perhaps other seafaring peoples.
3957:
3897:
3867:
6736:"Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date: New Research on the Transformations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 13th–11th centuries BCE
4602:
Peleset were not from Philistia after all, but were Aegean Pelasgians. It was this unfortunate suggestion that triggered
4495:
An Attempt to Ascertain the Number, Names, and Powers, of the Letters of the Alphabet Egyptian Hieroglyphic gold Ancient
3025:
Ve-'Ed Ya'aleh (Gen 2:6), Volume 1: Essays in Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Edward L. Greenstein
1272:
The following is a list of battles described in the Bible as having occurred between the Israelites and the Philistines:
2484:
2475:
2421:
78:
6879:
2431:
The most common material religious artefact finds from Philistine sites are goddess figurines/chairs, sometimes called
5724:
4485:
An Attempt to Ascertain the Number, Names, and Powers, of the Letters of the Hieroglyphic or Ancient Egyptian Alphabet
3927:
3370:
2844:
1827:
4376:
Stone, Bryan Jack (1995). "The Philistines and Acculturation: Culture Change and Ethnic Continuity in the Iron Age".
1538:("f"?) inadequately described in the script, or both. Falistina was a kingdom somewhere on the Amuq plain, where the
3469:
De goden der Filistijnen en hun dienst, in Geschiedenis van den godsdienst in de oudheid tot op Alexander den Groote
1762:, 23 of the 26 Iron Age I sites (12th to 10th centuries BC) yielded typical Philistine pottery. These sites include
1755:, which according to the Bible marked the border between the Philistine and Israelite territory, remains uncertain.
4305:
Most scholars conclude that the Philistines came from the area of Greece and the islands between Greece and Turkey.
2162:
1395:
1200:
4031:
1962:
in this inscription is seen as providing some information on the possible origin and identity of the Philistines.
7154:
4535:
1436:
Most scholars agree that the Philistines were of Greek origin, and that they came from Crete and the rest of the
4555:
3391:
Peter Machinist (2013). "Biblical Traditions: The Philistines and Israelite History". In Eliezer D. Oren (ed.).
7149:
6617:
2048:
590:
182:
2582:
1807:
and William Osburn Jr. in 1846, biblical scholars have connected the biblical Philistines with the Egyptian "
4518:
3782:
2010:
1708:
1196:
1130:
760:, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron and Gath. Whether or not historians are inclined to accept the historicity of the
130:
3831:
3131:
5701:
4454:
3452:
2934:
2646:
2494:
2271:
1887:
1300:
477:
186:
115:
5599:
Philippe Bohstrom, 'Archaeologists find first-ever Philistine cemetery in Israel,' Haaretz 10 July 2016.
5322:, Chapter 20: Lawrence E. Stager, "The Impact of the Sea Peoples in Canaan (1185–1050 BCE)", p. 344.
2839:
1094:
Rabbinic sources state that the Philistines of Genesis were different people from the Philistines of the
7078:
3596:
3154:
2886:
2181:
of Harvard University believes that Philistines came to Canaan by ships before the Battle of the Delta (
1915:
1871:
1859:
1826:
Philistines formed part of the conjectured "Sea Peoples" who repeatedly attacked Egypt during the later
1609:
notes that there is nothing (besides the name) in the recently discovered archaeology that indicates an
1558:
1461:
1456:
1034:
872:
791:
The Philistines seemed to have generally retained their autonomy, up until the mid-8th century BC, when
729:
698:
671:
602:
485:
205:
7014:
2406:
itself may be the result of an intentional distortion by the Israelites. Another name, attested on the
1918:. Scholars have been unable to conclusively determine which images match what peoples described in the
1374:
mentions in two places that they originate from a geographical region known as Caphtor (possibly Crete/
1075:
836:. Sennacherib crushed the revolt, defeated the Egyptians, and destroyed much of the cities in southern
7024:
3023:. In Machinist, Peter; Harris, Robert A.; Berman, Joshua A.; Samet, Nili; Ayali-Darshan, Noga (eds.).
7139:
6867:""Sea Peoples" and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the eastern Mediterranean"
5932:
5481:
4955:
4170:
3797:
3153:
took the story at face value and proceeded to inflate it to fantastic dimensions. Believing that the
2882:
2478:, a museum displaying the major archaeological artifacts from the five ancient Philistine city-states
2299:
1867:
1221:
in 1:8 sets the Philistines / ἀλλοφύλοι at Ashdod and Ekron. In 9:7 God is quoted asserting that, as
435:
7039:
6900:
Israel in Transition: From late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c.1250-850 B.C.E.). Volume I. The Archaeology
5337:
4550:). Dothan and Dothan's following paragraph "Dr. Greene's Unexpected Discovery" incorrectly confused
2890:
47:
7004:
6435:
Finkelstein, Israel (December 2002). "The Philistines in the Bible: A Late-Monarchic Perspective".
5797:
5685:
4551:
4348:. In Ebeling, Jennie R.; Wright, J. Edward; Elliott, Mark Adam; Flesher, Paul V. McCracken (eds.).
4120:
2353:
2317:
2264:
2234:
2137:
2125:
2081:
1618:
1589:
1310:
1290:
1148:
1022:
928:
796:
792:
764:
of the Hebrew nation, their writers describe a series of conflicts between the Philistines and the
615:
197:
174:
2455:. Finds include breweries, wineries, and retail shops marketing beer and wine. Beer mugs and wine
1588:
John David Hawkins (who translated the Aleppo inscriptions) hypothesizes a connection between the
1030:
93:
6749:
6563:
6454:
6349:
6219:
6211:
5844:
5662:
5565:
5544:
4717:
4682:
4432:
4401:
4393:
4326:
3436:
3127:
2821:
2651:
2387:
2365:
2154:
2044:
1836:
1665:
1306:
940:
777:
410:
405:
4598:
3407:
6165:
6142:
5778:
1402:. These traditions, among other things, have led to the modern theory of Philistines having an
6969:
6927:
6903:
6896:"The Date of the Philistine Settlement in the Coastal Plain: The View from Megiddo and Latish"
6848:
6812:
6791:
6785:
6770:
6739:
6716:
6695:
6674:
6653:
6645:
6635:
Maeir, A. M. (2005). "Philister-Keramik". In Frantz-Szabo, Gabriella; Hellwag, Ursula (eds.).
6603:
6582:
6532:
6494:
6473:
6421:
6396:
6371:
6316:
6290:
6265:
6242:
6100:
6090:
6054:
6005:
5973:
5944:
5863:
5784:
5507:
5407:
5399:
5107:
5060:
5033:
5027:
4984:
4959:
4922:
4839:
4833:
4812:
4806:
4759:
4753:
4650:
Rieken, Elisabeth; Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). "The new values of Luwian signs L 319 and L 172".
4353:
4294:
4266:
4238:
4198:
3773:
3730:
3510:
3502:
3468:
3055:
3028:
2994:
2858:
2813:
2776:
2749:
2710:
2628:
2061:
1605:
However, the relation between Palistin and the Philistines is much debated. Israeli professor
1554:
1411:
1410:
found that, while all three Ashkelon populations derive most of their ancestry from the local
1249:
1207:
899:
868:
395:
386:
274:
201:
6918:
6689:
6308:
4547:
3049:
3020:
2770:
2737:
1546:
6950:
6555:
6446:
6361:
6341:
6203:
6044:
5878:
5836:
5654:
5536:
5099:
4864:
4709:
4674:
4385:
4188:
4178:
3522:
3439:, Die Rasse der Philistäer, in Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie, xxxiv. 103, 1891
2805:
2702:
2620:
2386:, and Dagon, whose names or variations thereof had already appeared in the earlier attested
2132:
The Cretans also influenced the architecture of Middle Bronze Age Canaanite palaces such as
2110:
2069:
2039:
1970:
1939:
drawn by two horses. They carried small shields and fought with straight swords and spears.
1883:
1831:
1792:
1738:
1669:
1237:
1188:
1064:
825:
675:
545:
516:
492:
481:
472:
468:
302:
51:
7088:
6524:
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature
5984:
An alternative suggested by many is to connect zĕbûl with a noun meaning "(exalted) abode".
5080:
2018:
902:
period, the region of Philistia saw resettlement, with its inhabitants being identified as
7119:
7065:
6891:
5902:
Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente 13, 2015
5561:
4277:
Many scholars have identified the Philistines and other Sea Peoples as Mycenaean Greeks...
3837:
2452:
2436:
2325:
2321:
2303:
2215:
2192:
2178:
2166:
2057:
1879:
1550:
1523:
1283:
1241:
1158:
1126:
1056:
deals with the Philistine king similarly, by concluding a treaty with them in chapter 26.
920:
845:
785:
769:
645:
431:
347:
319:
106:
7112:
7054:
5364:
3553:
2971:
1553:
was discovered during excavations conducted by German archaeologist Kay Kohlmeyer in the
6621:
5914:
Gitin, Seymour, and Mordechai Cogan. "A New Type of Dedicatory Inscription from Ekron."
5583:"Ancient philistine cemetery in Israel could solve one of the Bible's biggest mysteries"
4174:
2939:
The Samuel Scroll from Qumran: 4QSama Restored and Compared to the Septuagint and 4QSamc
1699:
1497:(Canaan), come to an end; and since 1873 comparisons were drawn between them and to the
1350:
6862:
6841:
6004:(3rd (108) ed.). Leicester, England; Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press.
5997:
5897:
4943:
4603:
4193:
4158:
3777:
3464:
3448:
3150:
2158:
2077:
1788:
1759:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1539:
1437:
1317:
1218:
1154:
1103:
1099:
981:
948:
944:
931:: "Mizraim begot the Ludim, the Anamim, the Lehabim, the Naphtuhim, the Pathrusim, the
884:
841:
815:
in 722 BC, resulting in the kingdom's total destruction. In 712 BC, a Philistine named
691:
439:
423:
147:
7072:
4631:
Rieken, Elisabeth. A. Süel (ed.). "Das Zeichen <sà> im Hieroglyphen-luwischen".
2611:
Aaron J. Brody; Roy J. King (2013). "Genetics and the Archaeology of Ancient Israel".
2076:
However, for many years scholars such as Gloria London, John Brug, Shlomo Bunimovitz,
1378:), although the Hebrew chronicles also state that the Philistines were descended from
662:. Following the Sea Peoples' defeat, Ramesses III allegedly relocated a number of the
7133:
6567:
6528:
6458:
6353:
6258:
6223:
5882:
5848:
5758:
5666:
5600:
5282:
5191:
4721:
4686:
4405:
4087:
3767:
3498:
1942:
The Rhetorical Stela are less discussed, but are noteworthy in that they mention the
1804:
1731:
in the south to the Yarqon River in the north, but with no fixed border to the east.
1606:
1593:
1585:
1445:
1166:
1095:
992:
955:
804:
598:
533:
6514:
Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Cretan Studies, 21–27 October 2011
6472:. Vol. I. The Archaeology. New York and London: T & T Clark International.
5566:"Remains Of Minoan-Style Painting Discovered During Excavations of Canaanite Palace"
2624:
1592:
Palistin and the Philistines, as do archaeologists Benjamin Sass and Kay Kohlmeyer.
716:
574:
Invasions, destruction and possible population movements during the collapse of the
6329:
6304:
3720:
2463:
2098:
1855:
1745:
1614:
1465:
1371:
1332:
1245:
1162:
1087:
963:
761:
629:
427:
232:
228:
220:
85:
74:
7113:
Neal Bierling. Giving Goliath His Due. New Archaeological Light on the Philistines
7009:
6954:
5614:"Long Buried By Bad Reputation, Philistines Get New Life With Archaeological Find"
4983:. Ben Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East. p. 336.
4633:
Acts of the VIIth International Congress of Hittitology, Çorum, August 25–31, 2008
2173:. In July 2016, the expedition finally announced the results of their excavation.
7108:
Biblical Archaeology Review - Yavneh Yields Over a Hundred Philistine Cult Stands
6963:
6811:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
6808:
The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment (University Museum Monograph 108)
6806:
6710:
6668:
6597:
6576:
6546:
Jones, A. (1972). "The Philistines and the Hearth: Their Journey to the Levant".
6522:
6488:
6467:
6411:
6386:
6280:
6232:
5681:"Know thine enemy: DNA study solves ancient riddle of origins of the Philistines"
5054:
4978:
4916:
2693:
Maeir, Aren M. (2018), Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Cline, Eric H.; Rowan, Yorke (eds.),
1914:), recording his victories in a series of inscriptions in his mortuary temple at
682:
and the peoples' supposed Aegean origins, have led many scholars to identify the
6763:"Just What did They Destroy? The Sea Peoples and the End of the Late Bronze Age"
6417:
6367:
6238:
4980:
From Nomadism to Monarchy: Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel
4064:
4053:
4042:
3091:
2279:
1928:
1779:
1767:
1763:
1734:
1673:
1649:
1566:
1471:
Since 1846, scholars have connected the biblical Philistines with the Egyptian "
1296:
966:
in the north. This description portrays them at one period of time as among the
876:
833:
772:, and, allegedly, the Philistines exercised lordship over Israel in the days of
749:
741:
706:
594:
337:
7103:
The Center for Online Judaic Studies: Ramesses III and the Philistines, 1175 BC
6878:
Silberman, Neil A. (1998), Seymour Gitin; Amichai Mazar; Ephraim Stern (eds.),
6450:
6345:
6313:
The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C.
5658:
5283:"Philistine | Definition, People, Homeland, & Facts | Britannica"
5014:
4364:... a distinctive Aegean-style material culture associated with the Philistines
4103:
3998:
3965:
3935:
3905:
3875:
3295:
6279:
Dothan, Trude Krakauer; Gitin, Seymour; Mazar, Amihai; Stern, Ephraim (1998).
6166:"Excavating Ekron: Major Philistine City Survived by Absorbing Other Cultures"
5864:"After the Hittites: the kingdoms of Karkamish and Palistin in northern Syria"
4713:
4678:
4159:"Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines"
4075:
4020:
4009:
3629:
3618:
3607:
3585:
3570:
3306:
2977:
2798:
Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period
2706:
2527:
2489:
2416:
2329:
2230:
2106:
1911:
1890:, is dated to some time between the end of the 12th or early 11th century BC.
1816:
1812:
1783:
1724:
1610:
1502:
1498:
1425:
1403:
1387:
1321:
1230:
1222:
1184:
1176:
1122:
1041:
1012:'s descendants will displace as well as being absent from the list of nations
971:
824:
incited its neighbors to rebel against Assyria, resulting in Ashkelon, Ekron,
765:
753:
721:
637:
607:
575:
537:
520:
506:
443:
328:
310:
216:
163:
126:
6058:
5003:
4963:
4861:"The History of King David in Light of New Epigraphic and Archeological Data"
3819:
3808:
3581:
2817:
2809:
2632:
1819:". The evidence for these connections is etymological and has been disputed.
1782:, Be'er Tiveon, Hurvat Hazin, Tel Risim, Tel Re'ala, Hurvat Tzror, Tel Sham,
1203:, who were of Philistine origin, serving as David's bodyguards and soldiers.
7124:
6753:
6731:
2399:
2375:
2150:
2133:
2122:
1704:
1694:
1531:
1420:
1391:
1277:
1172:
1049:
1021:. However, their de-facto control over Canaan appears to have been limited.
959:
936:
903:
892:
849:
820:
812:
808:
757:
725:
570:
503:
464:
167:
70:
6282:
Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BC
4700:
Ilya Yakubovich (2015). "Phoenician and Luwian in Early Iron Age Cilicia".
4202:
4183:
1910:" (the eastern Mediterranean coast) and at "the mouths of the rivers" (the
17:
6469:
Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.)
6104:
5482:"CHAPTER 1: The Dawn of the Bronze Age – The Aegean in the 3rd Millennium"
4739:
Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions 1. Inscriptions of the Iron Age
4317:
Shai, Itzhaq (2011). "Philistia and the Philistines in the Iron Age IIA".
2583:
https://greekreporter.com/2023/10/08/ancient-philistines-greek-origin-dna/
2214:
ancestry from the local Levantine gene pool, but with a certain amount of
1906:. They were comprehensively defeated by Ramesses III, who fought them in "
7050:
Penn State University - The Sea Peoples and the Philistines (link broken)
6392:
5940:
5898:"King Taita and his 'Palistin': philistine state or neo-hittite kingdom?"
5540:
2695:"Iron Age I Philistines: Entangled Identities in a Transformative Period"
2435:. This seems to imply a dominant female figure, which is consistent with
2307:
2275:
2252:
2219:
2170:
2121:
There is evidence that Cretans traded with Levantine merchants since the
2028:
1955:
1823:
1771:
1562:
1415:
1379:
1355:
1338:
1210:, and disappeared as a distinct ethnic group by the late 5th century BC.
988:), which means simply "other nations", is used instead of "Philistines".
932:
860:
541:
523::17. In the Septuagint, however, 269 references alternately use the term
488:
159:
6049:
6032:
5840:
5548:
4436:
4330:
3766: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2825:
2796:
Perkins, Larry (2010). "What's in a Name—Proper Names in Greek Exodus".
219:. Though the primary source of information about the Philistines is the
173:
The Philistines may have originated as a Greek immigrant group from the
6637:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Band 14
5919:
5761:
4755:
A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the Storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari
4543:
4397:
2533:
2383:
2379:
2333:
2052:
1936:
1919:
1899:
1851:
1847:
1808:
1578:
1574:
1535:
1383:
1363:
1359:
1335:, killing King Saul and his three sons Jonathan, Abinadab and Malkishua
1325:
1226:
1165:
states that the term "Philistines" means simply "non-Israelites of the
1118:
1114:
1045:
1018:
1009:
924:
733:
702:
654:
633:
238:
42:
6965:
The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age
6215:
1268:
Illustration depicting a Philistine victory over the Israelites (1896)
1040:
God also directed the Israelites away from the Philistines upon their
215:
conflict with the Canaanite peoples of the region, in particular, the
6286:
5363:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Archived from
4539:
2531:
2456:
2391:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2312:
2065:
2032:
1927:
themselves. The soldiers were quite tall and clean-shaven. They wore
1895:
1894:
the "Sea Peoples," a coalition of foreign enemies which included the
1752:
1654:
1645:
1570:
1441:
1370:
Several theories are given about the origins of the Philistines. The
1110:
1083:
1079:
1026:
975:
888:
837:
816:
800:
667:
641:
555:
549:
524:
341:
331:
224:
193:
178:
155:
6884:
Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Essays in Honor of Trude Dothan
6871:
Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Essays in Honor of Trude Dothan
6762:
4389:
4345:
2699:
The Social Archaeology of the Levant: From Prehistory to the Present
1613:
origin to Palistin; most of the discoveries at the Palistin capital
7057:
Giving Goliath his Due: New Archaeological Light on the Philistines
6895:
6866:
6559:
6509:
6207:
6033:"Philistine Cult and Religion According to Archaeological Evidence"
5918:, vol. 49, no. 3/4, Israel Exploration Society, 1999, pp. 193–202,
4665:
Hawkins, J. David (2011). "The inscriptions of the Aleppo Temple".
1744:
The location of Gath is not entirely certain, although the site of
1672:(1994) note the hearth constructions which have been discovered at
648:. Egyptian sources name one of these implicated Sea Peoples as the
185:. Over time, they gradually assimilated elements of the indigenous
7087:
7071:
4787:
2425:
2341:
2316:(thought by linguists to have been borrowed by the Greeks from an
2287:
2102:
2017:
2009:
1907:
1875:
1866:
The "Peleset" appear in four different texts from the time of the
1842:
1822:
Based on the Peleset inscriptions, it has been suggested that the
1811:" inscriptions; and since 1873, both have been connected with the
1775:
1698:
1677:
1660:
1639:
1460:
Peleset, captives of the Egyptians, from a graphic wall relief at
1455:
1399:
1375:
1349:
1263:
1074:
1060:
1053:
1013:
1005:
829:
781:
737:
715:
710:
569:
457:
212:
92:
6712:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East: Volume 4
5632:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
5428:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
5255:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
5100:"The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology"
4758:. Tell Ahmar, Volume 2. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 130.
4213:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
4135:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
3355:
Egypt and the Kingdom of Judah under Josiah and Jehoiakim, p. 218
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2570:"Ancient DNA reveals that Jews' biblical rivals were from Greece"
1153:'other nations') instead of "Philistines" throughout the
6602:. New York, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.
5939:. Vol. 1 (Revised (381) ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan:
3726:
The David Story: A Translation with Commentary of 1 and 2 Samuel
2395:
2371:
2283:
1974:
1932:
773:
69:
This article is about the ancient people. For their polity, see
6787:
Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction
5759:'Archaeologists find first-ever Philistine cemetery in Israel,'
5104:
Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies
4835:
The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology
4291:
Ancient Israel's History: An Introduction to Issues and Sources
2014:
Philistine pottery, Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture
1565:. This country extended in the 11th-10th centuries BC from the
752:, the Philistines had formed an ethnic state centered around a
313:
5506:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–229.
4786:
Rieken, Elisabeth; Yakubovich, Ilya (2010). Singer, I. (ed.).
3772:
Hirsch, Emil G.; Muller, W. Max; Ginzberg, Louis (1901–1906).
1472:
632:
defeated a massive invasion force which had already plundered
398:
236:
26:
6902:. New York: T & T Clark International. pp. 203–216.
6363:
The Philistines in Transition: A History from ca. 1000-730 BC
5645:"Ancient DNA reveals the roots of the Biblical Philistines".
3686:
3662:
2775:. Translated by Thomas H. Trapp. Fortress Press. p. 95.
2539:
1229:. In the Greek this is, instead, bringing the ἀλλόφυλοι from
451:
7044:
6865:(1998), Seymour Gitin; Amichai Mazar; Ephraim Stern (eds.),
1063:, the Philistines are almost always referred to without the
1044:
from Egypt, according to Exodus 13:17. In Genesis 21:22-17,
670:, as recorded in an inscription from his funerary temple in
196:, after having already been subjugated for centuries by the
6089:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 662.
4325:(2). Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 124–125.
4116:
Discovery of Philistine Cemetery May Solve Biblical Mystery
3169:
3167:
1121:. This differentiation was also held by the authors of the
855:
The Philistines were later occupied by the Egyptians in 609
6941:
Vandersleyen, Claude (2003). "Keftiu: A Cautionary Note".
5213:
5211:
5209:
3534:, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative
1390:
connects the Philistines to other biblical groups such as
1161:. Based on the LXX's regular translation as "foreigners",
1052:, the Philistine king, and his descendants. Abraham's son
1029:, making them a target for Israelite conquests as seen in
6968:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
5702:"DNA Begins to Unlock Secrets of the Ancient Philistines"
5269:"Who Were the Philistines, and Where Did They Come From?"
3051:
The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World
2595:"Who Were the Philistines, and Where Did They Come From?"
1898:, the Shekelesh, the Deyen, the Weshesh, the Teresh, the
1341:
defeats the Philistines as far as Gaza and its territory.
1141:
293:). They also left behind a distinctive material culture.
154:) were an ancient people who lived on the south coast of
141:
6087:
Ancient Near Eastern texts relating to the Old Testament
5972:. Vol. 1 (639 ed.). New York City: Doubleday.
4918:
Bronze Age Civilization: The Philistines and the Danites
4493:..., London, 1846. pp. 99, 107, 137, and Edward Hincks,
2001:
Material culture: Aegean origin and historical evolution
1584:
Due to the similarity between Palistin and Philistines,
848:, though he was unable to capture the Judahite capital,
7035:
List of Biblical References to Philistines or Philistia
6639:. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 528–536.
2917:
The Social Location of the Visions of Amram (4Q543-547)
2647:
DNA Begins to Unlock Secrets of the Ancient Philistines
2451:
There is considerable evidence for a large industry in
2328:). Although most Philistine names are Semitic (such as
1664:
may not at all be out of place. Regarding this theory,
5810:
5808:
5182:
5180:
4491:
Ancient Egypt, Her Testimony to the Truth of the Bible
4483:..., Londres 1846. p. 99. 107. 137. et Edward Hincks,
4481:
Ancient Egypt, Her Testimony to the Truth of the Bible
4456:
Ancient Egypt, Her Testimony to the Truth of the Bible
4263:
A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines
3142:
3140:
2701:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 320,
2064:
to PYGN or PYTN, which some have suggested refers to "
1748:, not far from Ekron, is currently the most favoured.
1169:" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David.
1117:
60b, the Philistines of Genesis intermingled with the
593:, an apparent confederation of seafarers known as the
389:
268:
262:
256:
244:
189:
societies, while preserving their own unique culture.
6847:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
6385:
Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (2005).
5996:
Millard, Alan R.; Marshall, I. Howard; Packer, J.I.;
5443:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
4597:, p. 55: "A slight shift occurred in 1872, when
4378:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
3530:. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration
3161:
the ethnica in Merneptahs and Ramesses inscriptions."
2282:
records that when Judean men intermarried women from
1633:
Allen Jones (1972 & 1975) suggests that the name
66:
Ancient people who lived on the south coast of Canaan
6122:. Charlotte, North Carolina: Church of the Great God
5106:, vol. 15, Society of Biblical Lit, p. 2,
3757:
3755:
3753:
3371:"The History Leading Up to the Destruction of Judah"
2515:
803:
that was not already under Assyrian rule (including
510:
417:
250:
120:
6715:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
3395:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 53–83.
784:, before regaining independence in the wake of the
6840:
6769:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 59–98.
6581:Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature.
6410:Fantalkin, Alexander; Yasur-Landau, Assaf (2008).
6257:
6192:Bonfante, G. (1946). "Who were the Philistines?".
5720:"Ancient DNA may reveal origin of the Philistines"
4211:
1258:Battles between the Israelites and the Philistines
799:, marched into the region, conquering much of the
6622:"The Philistines: Their History and Civilization"
6260:People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines
4346:"The Philistines during the Period of the Judges"
2957:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2344:) some of the Philistine names, such as Goliath,
1727:of Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Ekron, and Gath, from
1489:900 BC just as archaeological references to
1366:, and other peoples mentioned in the Hebrew Bible
923:, 10:13-14 states, with regard to descendants of
7040:Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project Website
6826:Rabin, Chaim (1963). "Hittite Words in Hebrew".
6648:. In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.).
6388:The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4: P–Sh
5504:The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age
5336:. Biblical Archaeological Review. Archived from
5334:"When Canaanites and Philistines Ruled Ashkelon"
4788:"The New Values of Luwian Signs L 319 and L 172"
4090:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11 August 2023.
3850:"Read the Bible text :: academic-bible.com"
3679:, p. 51: "The LXX's regular translation of
3054:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 76.
2526:) in Hebrew. The equivalent in the Greek of the
1854:prisoner being led by an Egyptian soldier under
1464:, in about 1185-52 BC, during the reign of
1440:or, more generally, from the area of modern-day
5968:Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1996). "Beelzebul".
4654:. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology: 199–219 .
4614:
4612:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
3393:The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment
409:has the same derivation. The native Philistine
97:Confederacy of Philistia in the 9th century BCE
6886:, Israel Exploration Society, pp. 268–275
6873:, Israel Exploration Society, pp. 292–313
6734:. In Fischer, Peter M.; Bürge, Teresa (eds.).
6493:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Greenhill Books.
6315:, Princeton University Press, pp. 48–72,
6256:Dothan, Trude Krakauer; Dothan, Moshe (1992).
5871:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
4384:(298). The University of Chicago Press: 7–32.
4265:. British Archaeological Reports. p. 41.
3698:normally appeared without a definite article."
2462:The Philistines also seemed to be experienced
2191:BC). DNA was extracted from the skeletons for
2153:Expedition, consisting of archaeologists from
832:revolting against Sargon's son and successor,
288:
282:
7045:Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project Blog
5937:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
5772:
5770:
5562:"Remains of Minoan fresco found at Tel Kabri"
2859:"Origin and meaning of the name Palestine by"
1509:"Walistina/Falistina" and "Palistin" in Syria
1354:A 1854 map showing possible locations of the
1187:, the return of the Ark to the Israelites of
8:
5745:
4977:Finkelstein, Israel; Na'aman, Nadav (1994).
4808:Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History
4618:
4564:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGreene1855 (
4531:
4509:
4472:
4350:The Old Testament in Archaeology and History
3986:
3729:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. xvii.
3693:
3680:
3656:
2739:Sea Peoples of the Bronze Age Mediterranean
2521:
2105:, where there were Philistine farmsteads at
1950:, who sailed "in the midst of the sea". The
1082:slays a thousand men with the jawbone of an
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
200:(911–605 BC), was finally destroyed by King
7025:Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture
6765:. In Kamlah, J.; Lichtenberger, A. (eds.).
6599:The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land
6070:
6068:
6026:
6024:
4590:
4588:
4425:The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy
4319:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
3707:
2736:Raffaele D'Amato; Andrea Salimbeti (2015).
2390:. The Philistines may also have worshipped
322:
6843:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times
6694:. B&H Publishing Group. pp. 41–.
6438:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
6334:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
6264:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
6234:The Philistines and Their Material Culture
5529:Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant
4289:Arnold, Bill T.; Hess, Richard S. (2014).
3640:
3424:
951:have argued for a third, Semitic origin.
6880:"The Sea Peoples, the Victorians, and Us"
6652:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 549–64.
6627:Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology
6487:Herzog, Chaim; Gichon, Mordechai (2006).
6164:Gitin, Seymour (November–December 2005).
6048:
5467:
5439:
5437:
5295:
5217:
5159:
4448:
4446:
4417:
4415:
4192:
4182:
3185:
3173:
3112:
2748:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 30–32.
2459:are among the most common pottery finds.
1414:-speaking Levantine gene pool, the early
1382:, one of the 7 sons of Ham's second son,
6118:Ritenbaugh, Richard T. (November 2006).
6000:, eds. (1996). "Baal-Zebub, Beelzebul".
4838:. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 662.
4352:. Baylor University Press. p. 332.
3493:
3491:
3489:
3211:10.1163/ej.9789004206250.i-452.64. p 202
3132:Is The Philistine Paradigm Still Viable?
3123:
3121:
3090:. Specialtyinterests.net. Archived from
2989:
2987:
2370:The deities worshipped in the area were
2101:region to the north (the area of modern
1954:are thought to have originated from the
1452:The "Peleset" from Egyptian inscriptions
6670:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History
5780:The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible
5385:
5241:
5229:
5171:
5138:
4505:
4503:
4468:
4466:
4459:. Samuel Bagster and sons. p. 107.
4237:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 287.
3554:"Genesis 10 Matthew Poole's Commentary"
3480:
3341:
3329:
3196:
3194:
3074:
2561:
2507:
1225:, he also brought the Philistines from
1059:Unlike most other ethnic groups in the
6926:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 39–54.
6646:"Philistines and Israelites/Judahites"
6332:(1998), "Canaanites and Philistines",
6168:. Biblical Archaeology Society Library
6145:. Biblical Archaeology Society Library
5741:
5739:
5455:
4559:
4546:" identified (Champollion, Monuments,
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
2772:Isaiah 13-27: A Continental Commentary
2671:
2424:, dating to the 6th century BC, calls
1935:, and their superior weapons included
1398:, which have been identified with the
1048:agrees to a covenant of kindness with
5814:
5307:
5188:"Philistines | Follow The Rabbi"
5126:
4921:. Public Affairs Press. pp. VI.
4902:
4794:. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology.
4594:
4579:
3676:
3652:
3548:
3546:
3386:
3384:
3364:
3362:
3317:
3146:
1958:coast and their association with the
1637:represents a corruption of the Greek
1331:The Philistines defeat Israelites on
652:, generally transliterated as either
554:(term for the laboring population of
7:
6919:"Le dossier egyptien des Philistins"
6143:"What We Know About the Philistines"
5920:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27926893
5319:
5190:. followtherabbi.com. Archived from
4741:. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 2.366.
4233:Young, Ian; Rezetko, Robert (2016).
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2606:
2604:
1870:. Two of these, the inscriptions at
476:(4Q543-7), which is dated "prior to
211:The Philistines are known for their
4235:Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts
3694:
3681:
3657:
2522:
1183:and held it for several months; in
1125:(LXX), who translated (rather than
867:BC, following a Philistine revolt,
381:
369:
357:
249:), accepted as cognate with Hebrew
110:
6141:Dothan, Trude (July–August 1982).
5700:St Fleur, Nicholas (3 July 2019).
5404:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader
5053:Trevor Bryce (10 September 2009).
4832:Ann E. Killebrew (21 April 2013).
3048:Paine, Lincoln (27 October 2015).
2919:. Peter Lang. pp. 17, 89, 99.
2408:Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription
2209:Genetic history of the Middle East
1946:together with a people called the
1545:In 2003, a statue of a king named
970:'s most dangerous enemies. In the
25:
5444:Fantalkin & Yasur-Landau 2008
4859:Salner, Omri (17 December 2014).
2448:Israel's present-day production.
2068:", the title given to an ancient
1129:) its base text as "foreigners" (
5970:The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary
5883:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00055.x
5502:Shelmerdine, Cynthia W. (2010).
5400:"Ethnicity and Material Culture"
5361:"Recent Discoveries at Ashkelon"
5029:The History of Ancient Palestine
3786:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
3761:
2973:Ancient Languages of the Balkans
2937:), in Fincke, Andrew, ed. 2001.
2136:. Dr. Assaf Yasur-Landau of the
2038:The proposed connection between
1526:texts already variantly spelled
1426:modern people living in Sardinia
1181:captured the Ark of the Covenant
456:) occurs 12 times, again in the
255:; the parallel Assyrian term is
223:, they are first attested to in
31:
6667:Masalha, Nur (15 August 2018).
6548:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
6231:Dothan, Trude Krakauer (1982).
6195:American Journal of Archaeology
5359:Schloen, David (30 July 2007).
5032:. Fortress Press. p. 311.
4293:. Baker Academic. p. 152.
2625:10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0925
1086:(watercolor circa 1896–1902 by
544:(a class of unfree laborers in
235:, in which they are called the
73:. For the derogatory term, see
6898:. In Grabbe, Lester L. (ed.).
6839:Redford, Donald Bruce (1992).
6790:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 145–.
6395:: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
6289:: Israel Exploration Society.
5862:Weeden, Mark (December 2013).
5489:Unisa International Repository
5026:Gösta Werner Ahlström (1993).
4942:Vogazianos, Stephanos (1994).
4639:. Ankara: Anıt Matbaa: 651–60.
467:" is further mentioned in the
1:
6955:10.1111/1468-0092.t01-1-00005
6943:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
6917:Vandersleyen, Claude (1985).
5935:, ed. (2002) . "Baal-Zebub".
5728:. 3 July 2019. Archived from
5612:Dwyer, Colin (10 July 2016).
4805:Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014).
4261:Brug, John Frederick (1978).
2958:Fahlbusch & Bromiley 2005
2740:
2182:
1969:were "reduced to ashes." The
1486:
1482:
1286:, Philistines capture the Ark
619:
579:
442:version of the Bible, called
7015:Resources in other libraries
6962:Yasur-Landau, Assaf (2010).
6921:. In Edward Lipiński (ed.).
5896:Emanuel, Jeffrey P. (2015).
5406:. Eisenbrauns. p. 146.
5402:. In Suzanne Richard (ed.).
4735:Inscription TELL TAYINAT 1:
4210:Clare Wilson (3 July 2019).
3453:Geschichte des Volkes Israel
3088:"Text of the Papyrus Harris"
2532:
2514:"Lords" is a translation of
2476:Museum of Philistine Culture
2422:sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II
2060:. Further evidence concerns
1751:The identity of the city of
1473:
1289:Philistines defeated at the
1223:he brought Israel from Egypt
1142:
976:
840:, Phoenicia, Philistia, and
550:
525:
399:
390:
342:
332:
269:
263:
257:
237:
142:
79:Philistines (disambiguation)
7030:National Geographic article
6650:The Ancient Israelite World
6120:"Who Were the Philistines?"
5725:National Geographic Society
5244:, p. 8 (Footnote #42).
4811:. OUP Oxford. p. 111.
2863:Online Etymology Dictionary
2845:Online Etymology Dictionary
2645:St. Fleur, Nicholas. 2019."
2516:
2306:speakers from the coast of
2278:13:23-24 writing under the
2022:Philistine pottery patterns
1758:In the western part of the
1282:Israelites defeated at the
844:, and entered the northern
511:
484:," possibly to the time of
430:(of which 152 times are in
418:
375:
363:
351:
251:
121:
40:It has been suggested that
7171:
6575:Killebrew, Ann E. (2005).
6531:: Hendrickson Publishers.
6508:Hitchcock, Louise (2011),
6466:Grabbe, Lester L. (2008).
6451:10.1177/030908920202700201
6346:10.1177/030908929802308104
6031:Ben-Shlomo, David (2019).
5916:Israel Exploration Journal
5783:, vol. 4, Zondervan,
5659:10.1038/d41586-019-02081-x
5653:(7764): 149. 4 July 2019.
5098:Killebrew, Ann E. (2013),
5081:"Butler, Trent C, editor.
5059:. Routledge. p. 249.
4737:Hawkins, J. David (2000).
4556:John Baker Stafford Greene
4344:Killebrew, Ann E. (2017).
3687:
3663:
3505:, in Mark G. Brett (ed.),
3501:; Rose, Catherine (1996),
2970:Katičić, Radoslav (1976).
2540:
2363:
2262:
2206:
2035:, in the 12th century BC.
1862:, around 1185–1152 BC
1692:
1396:Cherethites and Pelethites
1201:Cherethites and Pelethites
1134:
1098:(the series of books from
597:are recorded as attacking
495:46:1-47:1 might have used
463:In secondary literature, "
452:
434:). It also appears in the
289:
283:
278:
245:
192:In 604 BC, the Philistine
134:
83:
68:
7010:Resources in your library
6805:Oren, Eliezer D. (2000).
6630:, Oxford University Press
6618:Macalister, R. A. Stewart
6521:Jastrow, Marcus (2005) .
6360:Ehrlich, Carl S. (1996).
6241:: Yale University Press.
6085:Pritchard, James (1969).
4714:10.1017/s0066154615000010
4679:10.1017/s0066154600008772
4475:, pp. 40–41 n.9: : "
4124:. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
3503:"Reading as a Philistine"
3221:Stager, Lawrence (2008).
3027:. SBL Press. p. 58.
2769:Hans Wildberger (1979) .
2707:10.1017/9781316661468.018
2242:the consumption of pork.
1703:Land of the Philistines,
1542:had held sway before it.
985:
768:during the period of the
385:). There are cognates in
181:circa 1175 BC during the
166:generally referred to as
57:Proposed since July 2024.
7145:Ancient Israel and Judah
6709:Meyers, Eric M. (1997).
6596:Levy, Thomas E. (1998).
5829:Near Eastern Archaeology
5777:Tenney, Merrill (2010),
4915:Jones, Allen H. (1975).
4532:Dothan & Dothan 1992
4453:Osburn, William (1846).
3987:Herzog & Gichon 2006
2960:, "Philistines", p. 185.
2941:. Leiden: Brill. p. 144.
2810:10.1163/157006310X503630
2302:, either from Greece or
2049:Philistine Bichrome ware
1549:bearing inscriptions in
1309:, Philistines routed by
591:Late Bronze Age collapse
422:occurs 286 times in the
183:Late Bronze Age collapse
84:Not to be confused with
7095:Encyclopædia Britannica
6784:Naʼaman, Nadav (2005).
6688:Mathews, K. A. (2005).
6644:Maeir, Aren M. (2022).
5083:Holman Bible Dictionary
4114:Romey, Kristin. 2016. "
3783:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3507:Ethnicity and the Bible
2999:Encyclopædia Britannica
2915:Robert R. Duke (2010).
2437:Ancient Aegean religion
2062:an inscription in Ekron
1709:twelve tribes of Israel
1684:Archaeological evidence
1301:agricultural implements
1197:Deuteronomistic history
1096:Deuteronomistic history
1071:Deuteronomistic history
956:Deuteronomistic history
314:
7098:(11th ed.). 1911.
6924:and Prof. Ch. Perelman
6761:Millek, Jesse (2021).
6730:Millek, Jesse (2017).
6673:. Zed Books, Limited.
5398:Gloria London (2003).
4497:, Dublin, 1847, p. 47"
4487:, Dublin, 1847, p. 47"
4184:10.1126/sciadv.aax0061
3854:www.academic-bible.com
3780:; et al. (eds.).
3509:, Brill, p. 404,
3353:Bernd Schipper, 2010,
2744: 1400 BC-1000 BC
2495:Ashkelon National Park
2481:Archaeological sites:
2300:Indo-European-speakers
2233:, an archaeologist at
2023:
2015:
1888:Onomasticon of Amenope
1863:
1716:
1707:(lower left), and the
1557:. The new readings of
1468:
1367:
1269:
1091:
745:
686:with the Philistines.
586:
529:('of another tribe').
446:, the equivalent term
373:), meaning 'people of
323:
162:in a confederation of
151:
98:
77:. For other uses, see
7079:Catholic Encyclopedia
5933:Bromiley, Geoffrey W.
4752:Bunnens, Guy (2006).
4514:Dictionnaire égyptien
3836:12 March 2016 at the
3369:Kahn, Dan'el (2023).
3019:Cohen, Yoram (2021).
2294:, not Judean Hebrew (
2195:population analysis.
2021:
2013:
1846:
1840:to settle Philistia.
1799:Egyptian inscriptions
1715:, around 1200–1050 BC
1702:
1559:Anatolian hieroglyphs
1459:
1353:
1267:
1078:
724:cities shown in red:
719:
603:Eastern Mediterranean
573:
486:High Priest of Israel
206:Neo-Babylonian Empire
96:
7118:5 April 2018 at the
7064:5 April 2018 at the
6490:Battles of the Bible
6002:New Bible dictionary
5541:10.1553/AEundL18s221
4956:University of Cyprus
4519:Grammaire égyptienne
4479:William Osburn Jr.,
3798:Encyclopedia Biblica
2092:Geographic evolution
1737:(a "port city") and
1573:in the east down to
962:in the south to the
676:Great Harris Papyrus
532:The Serbian scholar
436:Samaritan Pentateuch
50:into this article. (
7089:"Philistines"
7073:"Philistines"
6691:Genesis 11:27-50:26
6050:10.3390/rel10020074
5841:10.1086/NEA25754026
5817:, pp. 113–139.
5798:Cypro-Minoan script
5757:Philippe Bohstrom,
5686:The Times of Israel
5310:, pp. 528–536.
5220:, pp. 204–205.
4948:Archaeologia Cypria
4905:, pp. 343–350.
4552:John Beasley Greene
4175:2019SciA....5...61F
4121:National Geographic
4088:"Philistine people"
3968:on 23 November 2021
3710:, pp. 131–167.
2485:Archaeology in Gaza
2354:Hieroglyphic Luwian
2272:Cypro-Minoan script
2265:Philistine language
2235:Bar-Ilan University
2138:University of Haifa
2082:technology transfer
1886:). The fourth, the
1860:Medinet Habu temple
1432:Scholarly consensus
1291:Battle of Eben-Ezer
1236:The Bible books of
797:Neo-Assyrian Empire
793:Tiglath-Pileser III
762:old canonical books
628:BC), where pharaoh
616:Battle of the Delta
346:), ultimately from
198:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6309:"Four: Migrations"
5706:The New York Times
5332:Stager, Lawrence.
5085:, "Ziklag" (1991)"
3999:2 Chronicles 28:18
3796:Cheyne and Black,
3437:Friedrich Schwally
3408:"Genesis 10:13-14"
3262:, pp. 120–122
3238:, pp. 125–126
3128:Israel Finkelstein
3094:on 1 February 2013
2652:The New York Times
2388:Canaanite pantheon
2366:Canaanite religion
2318:Anatolian language
2155:Harvard University
2045:Late Helladic IIIC
2024:
2016:
1864:
1837:Israel Finkelstein
1828:Nineteenth Dynasty
1717:
1666:Israel Finkelstein
1469:
1368:
1307:Battle of Michmash
1270:
1092:
1000:Torah (Pentateuch)
941:Friedrich Schwally
795:, the king of the
778:Samuel the prophet
746:
587:
246:𓊪𓏲𓂋𓏤𓏤𓐠𓍘𓇋𓍑
99:
6991:Library resources
6975:978-0-521-19162-3
6933:978-90-6831-031-3
6909:978-0-567-02726-9
6797:978-1-57506-108-5
6776:978-3-447-11742-5
6745:978-3-7001-7963-4
6701:978-0-8054-0141-7
6680:978-1-78699-273-4
6659:978-1-000-77324-8
6479:978-0-567-02726-9
6427:978-90-04-15282-3
6096:978-0-691-03503-1
6011:978-0-8308-1439-8
5979:978-0-300-14081-1
5950:978-0-8028-3785-1
5790:978-0-310-87699-1
5746:Yasur-Landau 2010
5513:978-1-139-00189-2
5413:978-1-57506-083-5
5285:. 27 August 2024.
5113:978-1-58983-721-8
5066:978-1-134-15907-9
5039:978-0-8006-2770-6
4990:978-1-880317-20-4
4928:978-0-685-57333-4
4871:on 1 October 2018
4845:978-1-58983-721-8
4818:978-0-19-100292-2
4765:978-90-429-1817-7
4702:Anatolian Studies
4667:Anatolian Studies
4619:Yasur-Landau 2010
4510:Vandersleyen 1985
4473:Vandersleyen 1985
4359:978-1-4813-0743-7
4300:978-1-4412-4634-9
4272:978-0-86054-337-4
4244:978-1-134-93578-9
4104:1 Chronicles 1:12
4032:1 Samuel 13:19–21
3878:on 2 October 2021
3736:978-0-393-07025-5
3516:978-0-391-04126-4
3307:1 Chronicles 18:1
3296:1 Samuel 13:19–22
3061:978-1-101-97035-5
3034:978-0-88414-484-7
2980:. pp. 69–70.
2782:978-1-4514-0934-5
2755:978-1-4728-0683-3
2716:978-1-107-15668-5
2216:Southern-European
2117:Early connections
2006:Aegean connection
1555:Citadel of Aleppo
1479:All five of these
1208:Achaemenid Empire
1152:
1140:
1109:According to the
968:Kingdom of Israel
910:Biblical accounts
869:Nebuchadnezzar II
227:at the Temple of
202:Nebuchadnezzar II
140:
119:
64:
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
7162:
7155:Book of Jubilees
7099:
7091:
7083:
7075:
6979:
6958:
6937:
6913:
6892:Ussishkin, David
6887:
6874:
6858:
6846:
6835:
6822:
6801:
6780:
6757:
6726:
6705:
6684:
6663:
6640:
6631:
6613:
6592:
6571:
6542:
6517:
6504:
6483:
6462:
6431:
6406:
6391:. Grand Rapids,
6381:
6356:
6325:
6322:978-0-69102591-9
6300:
6275:
6263:
6252:
6227:
6178:
6177:
6175:
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6155:
6154:
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6028:
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5603:
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5591:
5590:
5579:
5573:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5271:. 16 April 2023.
5265:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5245:
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5088:
5077:
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5023:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4867:. Archived from
4865:Haifa University
4856:
4850:
4849:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4749:
4743:
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4733:
4727:
4725:
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4366:
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4314:
4308:
4307:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4206:
4196:
4186:
4163:Science Advances
4154:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4125:
4112:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4078:
4073:
4067:
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4045:
4040:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3964:. Archived from
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3934:. Archived from
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3904:. Archived from
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3874:. Archived from
3864:
3858:
3857:
3846:
3840:
3828:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3717:
3711:
3708:Finkelstein 2002
3705:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3630:Genesis 26:28–29
3627:
3621:
3619:Genesis 21:22–27
3616:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:Deuteronomy 2:23
3594:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3571:Genesis 15:18–21
3568:
3562:
3561:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3523:Midrash Tehillim
3495:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3462:
3456:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3286:, pp. 67–70
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3144:
3135:
3125:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2942:
2935:2 Samuel 4:9–6:3
2927:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2855:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2745:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2690:
2675:
2669:
2656:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2597:. 16 April 2023.
2591:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2203:Genetic evidence
2190:
2187:
2184:
2145:Burial practices
2058:cultic functions
2056:building served
1971:Papyrus Harris I
1884:Papyrus Harris I
1876:Rhetorical Stela
1832:Papyrus Harris I
1793:Battle of Gilboa
1522:is mentioned in
1488:
1485:1150 BC to
1484:
1477:" inscriptions.
1476:
1328:in single combat
1260:
1259:
1147:
1145:
1139:romanized:
1138:
1136:
1065:definite article
987:
979:
929:Table of Nations
866:
858:
627:
624:
621:
584:
581:
558:), the Illyrian
553:
528:
514:
482:Hasmonean revolt
473:Visions of Amram
455:
454:
421:
416:The Hebrew term
402:
393:
384:
383:
378:
372:
371:
366:
360:
359:
354:
345:
335:
326:
317:
292:
291:
286:
285:
280:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
247:
242:
177:that settled in
145:
139:romanized:
138:
136:
124:
114:
112:
55:
35:
34:
27:
21:
7170:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7150:Ancient peoples
7130:
7129:
7120:Wayback Machine
7086:
7070:
7066:Wayback Machine
7055:Neal Bierling,
7021:
7020:
7019:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6961:
6940:
6934:
6916:
6910:
6890:
6877:
6863:Sherratt, Susan
6861:
6855:
6838:
6825:
6819:
6804:
6798:
6783:
6777:
6760:
6746:
6729:
6723:
6708:
6702:
6687:
6681:
6666:
6660:
6643:
6634:
6616:
6610:
6595:
6589:
6574:
6545:
6539:
6520:
6507:
6501:
6486:
6480:
6465:
6434:
6428:
6409:
6403:
6384:
6378:
6359:
6328:
6323:
6303:
6297:
6278:
6272:
6255:
6249:
6230:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6181:
6171:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6112:
6097:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6066:
6030:
6029:
6022:
6012:
5998:Wiseman, Donald
5995:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5951:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5913:
5909:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5813:
5806:
5791:
5776:
5775:
5768:
5756:
5752:
5744:
5737:
5732:on 3 July 2019.
5718:
5717:
5713:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5572:7 December 2009
5560:
5556:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5514:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5484:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5454:
5450:
5442:
5435:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5367:on 2 April 2009
5358:
5357:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5232:, pp. 7–8.
5228:
5224:
5216:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5194:on 14 July 2014
5186:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5158:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4872:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4610:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4563:
4530:
4526:
4508:
4501:
4488:
4471:
4464:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4390:10.2307/1357082
4375:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4209:
4169:(7): eaax0061.
4156:
4155:
4142:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4098:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4021:1 Samuel 7:3–14
4019:
4015:
4010:1 Samuel 4:1–10
4008:
4004:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3958:"Zephaniah 2:5"
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3938:on 3 March 2022
3926:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3908:on 26 July 2021
3898:"Ezekiel 25:16"
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3868:"Jeremiah 47:4"
3866:
3865:
3861:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3838:Wayback Machine
3829:
3825:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3778:Singer, Isidore
3771:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3675:
3671:
3651:
3647:
3641:Macalister 1911
3639:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3591:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3517:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3463:
3459:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3425:Macalister 1911
3423:
3419:
3412:www.sefaria.org
3406:
3405:
3401:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3145:
3138:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2945:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2837:
2833:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2692:
2691:
2678:
2670:
2659:
2644:
2640:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2472:
2453:fermented drink
2445:
2368:
2362:
2267:
2261:
2248:
2211:
2205:
2188:
2185:
2179:Lawrence Stager
2167:Troy University
2163:Wheaton College
2147:
2119:
2094:
2008:
2003:
1880:Deir al-Medinah
1801:
1711:, based on the
1697:
1691:
1686:
1644:('tribe of the
1631:
1603:
1569:in the west to
1530:. This implies
1516:
1511:
1454:
1434:
1400:island of Crete
1348:
1284:Battle of Aphek
1262:
1257:
1256:
1216:
1155:Books of Judges
1073:
1002:
921:Book of Genesis
917:
912:
864:
856:
786:United Monarchy
680:Peleset/Pulasti
646:Southern Levant
625:
622:
582:
568:
515:is attested at
502:Outside of pre-
320:Classical Latin
299:
89:
82:
67:
60:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7168:
7166:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7084:
7068:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:External links
6983:
6981:
6980:
6974:
6959:
6949:(2): 209–212.
6938:
6932:
6914:
6908:
6888:
6875:
6859:
6853:
6836:
6823:
6817:
6802:
6796:
6781:
6775:
6758:
6744:
6727:
6721:
6706:
6700:
6685:
6679:
6664:
6658:
6641:
6632:
6614:
6608:
6593:
6587:
6572:
6560:10.1086/372205
6554:(4): 343–350.
6543:
6537:
6518:
6505:
6499:
6484:
6478:
6463:
6432:
6426:
6407:
6401:
6382:
6376:
6370:: E.J. Brill.
6357:
6326:
6321:
6301:
6295:
6276:
6270:
6253:
6247:
6228:
6208:10.2307/499052
6188:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6156:
6133:
6110:
6095:
6077:
6064:
6020:
6010:
5988:
5978:
5960:
5956:oikodespótēs).
5949:
5924:
5907:
5888:
5854:
5835:(4): 174–189.
5819:
5804:
5789:
5766:
5750:
5735:
5711:
5692:
5672:
5637:
5623:
5604:
5592:
5574:
5554:
5519:
5512:
5494:
5472:
5468:Killebrew 2005
5460:
5458:, p. 213.
5448:
5433:
5419:
5412:
5390:
5378:
5351:
5340:on 19 May 2011
5324:
5312:
5300:
5298:, p. 230.
5296:Killebrew 2005
5288:
5274:
5260:
5246:
5234:
5222:
5218:Killebrew 2005
5205:
5176:
5164:
5162:, p. 202.
5160:Killebrew 2005
5143:
5141:, p. 289.
5131:
5119:
5112:
5090:
5072:
5065:
5045:
5038:
5018:
5007:
4996:
4989:
4969:
4934:
4927:
4907:
4895:
4882:
4851:
4844:
4824:
4817:
4797:
4778:
4764:
4744:
4728:
4692:
4657:
4642:
4623:
4608:
4584:
4572:
4524:
4499:
4462:
4442:
4411:
4368:
4358:
4336:
4309:
4299:
4281:
4271:
4253:
4243:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4140:
4126:
4107:
4096:
4079:
4076:2 Kings 18:5–8
4068:
4057:
4046:
4035:
4024:
4013:
4002:
3991:
3979:
3949:
3919:
3889:
3859:
3841:
3823:
3812:
3801:
3789:
3749:
3735:
3712:
3700:
3669:
3645:
3633:
3622:
3611:
3600:
3589:
3574:
3563:
3542:
3515:
3499:Jobling, David
3485:
3473:
3465:Cornelis Tiele
3457:
3449:Bernhard Stade
3441:
3429:
3417:
3399:
3380:
3358:
3346:
3344:, p. 145.
3334:
3322:
3320:, p. 557.
3310:
3299:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3225:. p. 257.
3213:
3203:
3190:
3188:, p. 202.
3186:Killebrew 2005
3178:
3174:Ussishkin 2008
3163:
3136:
3117:
3115:, p. 204.
3113:Killebrew 2005
3105:
3079:
3067:
3060:
3040:
3033:
3011:
2983:
2962:
2943:
2922:
2907:
2895:
2875:
2850:
2831:
2804:(4): 447–471.
2788:
2781:
2761:
2754:
2728:
2715:
2676:
2674:, p. 313.
2657:
2638:
2600:
2586:
2575:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2444:
2441:
2364:Main article:
2361:
2358:
2263:Main article:
2260:
2257:
2247:
2244:
2204:
2201:
2193:archaeogenetic
2159:Boston College
2146:
2143:
2118:
2115:
2093:
2090:
2078:Helga Weippert
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1800:
1797:
1760:Jezreel Valley
1713:Book of Joshua
1693:Main article:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1630:
1624:
1602:
1599:
1581:in the south.
1540:Amurru kingdom
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1453:
1450:
1438:Aegean Islands
1433:
1430:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1318:Valley of Elah
1314:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1276:The Battle of
1261:
1254:
1215:
1212:
1191:is described.
1127:transliterated
1072:
1069:
1067:in the Torah.
1035:2 Samuel 21:20
1001:
998:
949:Cornelis Tiele
945:Bernhard Stade
916:
913:
911:
908:
885:Murasu Archive
871:, the king of
756:consisting of
692:Jezreel Valley
567:
564:
562:, and others.
424:Masoretic Text
298:
295:
65:
62:
61:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7167:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7090:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7074:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6984:
6977:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6854:0-691-03606-3
6850:
6845:
6844:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6820:
6818:0-924171-80-4
6814:
6810:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6722:0-19-506512-3
6718:
6714:
6713:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6642:
6638:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6609:0-8264-6996-5
6605:
6601:
6600:
6594:
6590:
6588:1-58983-097-0
6584:
6580:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6540:
6538:1-56563-860-3
6534:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6506:
6502:
6500:1-85367-681-0
6496:
6492:
6491:
6485:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6445:(2): 131–67.
6444:
6440:
6439:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6404:
6402:0-8028-2416-1
6398:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6383:
6379:
6377:90-04-10426-7
6373:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6340:(81): 39–61,
6339:
6335:
6331:
6330:Drews, Robert
6327:
6324:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6305:Drews, Robert
6302:
6298:
6296:965-221-036-6
6292:
6288:
6285:. Jerusalem,
6284:
6283:
6277:
6273:
6271:0-02-532261-3
6267:
6262:
6261:
6254:
6250:
6248:0-300-02258-1
6244:
6240:
6237:. New Haven,
6236:
6235:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6202:(2): 251–62.
6201:
6197:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6167:
6160:
6157:
6144:
6137:
6134:
6121:
6114:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6078:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5889:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5792:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5764:10 July 2016.
5763:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5596:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5570:ScienceDaily,
5567:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5495:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5379:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5352:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5015:1 Samuel 6:17
5011:
5008:
5005:
5000:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4973:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4886:
4883:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4779:
4767:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4732:
4729:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4219:
4218:New Scientist
4214:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3774:"Cherethites"
3769:
3768:public domain
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3721:Alter, Robert
3716:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3695:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
3682:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
3678:
3673:
3670:
3658:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
3654:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3483:, p. 41.
3482:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3427:, p. 14.
3426:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3375:The Torah.com
3372:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3250:, p. 125
3249:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2903:Genesis 10:13
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:Genesis 10:13
2879:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2732:
2729:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:Human Biology
2607:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:Edward Hincks
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:According to
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:Nadav Na'aman
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1648:'), with the
1647:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:Itamar Singer
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:Gershon Galil
1591:
1587:
1586:Hittitologist
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:variation, a
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1446:acculturation
1443:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:genetic study
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:Promised Land
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
997:
994:
993:Matthew Poole
989:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
909:
907:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
880:
878:
874:
870:
862:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:Aram-Damascus
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
599:ancient Egypt
596:
592:
577:
572:
565:
563:
561:
557:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Milan Budimir
530:
527:
522:
518:
513:
508:
505:
500:
499:as a source.
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
414:
412:
408:
407:
401:
397:
392:
388:
377:
370:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
365:
353:
349:
344:
339:
334:
330:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
296:
294:
276:
271:
265:
259:
253:
241:
240:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
132:
128:
123:
117:
111:פְּלִשְׁתִּים
108:
104:
95:
91:
87:
80:
76:
72:
58:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
29:
28:
19:
7125:Ashkelon dig
7093:
7077:
7056:
7005:Online books
6995:
6964:
6946:
6942:
6922:
6899:
6883:
6870:
6842:
6831:
6827:
6807:
6786:
6766:
6754:j.ctt1v2xvsn
6735:
6711:
6690:
6669:
6649:
6636:
6625:
6598:
6577:
6551:
6547:
6523:
6516:, p. 20
6513:
6489:
6468:
6442:
6436:
6412:
6387:
6362:
6337:
6333:
6312:
6281:
6259:
6233:
6199:
6193:
6170:. Retrieved
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6136:
6124:. Retrieved
6113:
6086:
6080:
6040:
6036:
6015:
6001:
5991:
5983:
5969:
5963:
5954:
5936:
5927:
5915:
5910:
5901:
5891:
5874:
5870:
5857:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5794:
5779:
5753:
5730:the original
5723:
5714:
5705:
5695:
5684:
5675:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5626:
5617:
5607:
5595:
5586:
5577:
5569:
5557:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5503:
5497:
5488:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5422:
5403:
5393:
5386:Ehrlich 1996
5381:
5369:. Retrieved
5365:the original
5354:
5342:. Retrieved
5338:the original
5327:
5315:
5303:
5291:
5277:
5263:
5249:
5242:Ehrlich 1996
5237:
5230:Ehrlich 1996
5225:
5198:25 September
5196:. Retrieved
5192:the original
5174:, p. 9.
5172:Ehrlich 1996
5167:
5139:Redford 1992
5134:
5122:
5103:
5093:
5082:
5075:
5055:
5048:
5028:
5021:
5010:
4999:
4979:
4972:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4917:
4910:
4898:
4885:
4873:. Retrieved
4869:the original
4854:
4834:
4827:
4807:
4800:
4791:
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4754:
4747:
4738:
4731:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4651:
4645:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4575:
4536:Plate CCXXII
4527:
4517:
4513:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4455:
4428:
4424:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4363:
4349:
4339:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4304:
4290:
4284:
4276:
4262:
4256:
4248:
4234:
4228:
4217:
4166:
4162:
4129:
4119:
4110:
4099:
4091:
4082:
4071:
4060:
4049:
4038:
4027:
4016:
4005:
3994:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3966:the original
3962:Mechon-Mamre
3961:
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3936:the original
3932:Mechon-Mamre
3931:
3922:
3910:. Retrieved
3906:the original
3902:Mechon-Mamre
3901:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3876:the original
3872:Mechon-Mamre
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3826:
3815:
3804:
3792:
3781:
3740:. Retrieved
3725:
3715:
3703:
3672:
3648:
3636:
3625:
3614:
3608:Exodus 13:17
3603:
3592:
3577:
3566:
3557:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3506:
3481:Mathews 2005
3476:
3460:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3392:
3374:
3354:
3349:
3342:Naʼaman 2005
3337:
3330:Masalha 2018
3325:
3313:
3302:
3291:
3279:
3274:, p. 62
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3222:
3216:
3206:
3181:
3155:Medinet Habu
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:the original
3082:
3075:Masalha 2018
3070:
3050:
3043:
3024:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2998:
2995:"Sea People"
2972:
2965:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2916:
2910:
2898:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2862:
2853:
2843:
2834:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2771:
2764:
2738:
2731:
2720:, retrieved
2698:
2650:
2641:
2616:
2612:
2589:
2578:
2564:
2510:
2464:metalworkers
2461:
2450:
2446:
2432:
2430:
2415:
2412:
2403:
2369:
2311:
2295:
2291:
2268:
2249:
2240:
2228:
2224:
2212:
2197:
2175:
2171:Tel Ashkelon
2148:
2131:
2120:
2095:
2086:
2075:
2037:
2025:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1929:breastplates
1923:
1916:Medinet Habu
1903:
1892:
1872:Medinet Habu
1865:
1856:Ramesses III
1821:
1802:
1757:
1750:
1746:Tell es-Safi
1743:
1733:
1718:
1659:
1653:
1652:spelling of
1638:
1634:
1632:
1627:phyle histia
1626:
1615:Tell Tayinat
1604:
1590:Syro-Hittite
1583:
1567:Amouq Valley
1544:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1494:
1490:
1481:appear from
1470:
1466:Ramesses III
1462:Medinet Habu
1435:
1372:Hebrew Bible
1369:
1333:Mount Gilboa
1271:
1235:
1217:
1214:The Prophets
1205:
1193:
1189:Beth Shemesh
1179:, they even
1171:
1163:Robert Drews
1108:
1093:
1088:James Tissot
1058:
1039:
1003:
990:
964:Yarqon River
953:
918:
897:
881:
863:. In 604/603
854:
790:
747:
696:
688:
683:
679:
672:Medinet Habu
666:to southern
663:
659:
653:
649:
630:Ramesses III
588:
578:, beginning
531:
501:
496:
478:Antiochus IV
471:
462:
447:
428:Hebrew Bible
415:
413:is unknown.
404:
358:פְּלִשְׁתִּי
340:Φυλιστιειμ (
306:
300:
233:Medinet Habu
229:Ramesses III
221:Hebrew Bible
210:
191:
172:
102:
100:
90:
86:Palestinians
75:Philistinism
56:
41:
7140:Philistines
6996:Philistines
6527:. Peabody,
6126:22 December
5877:(2): 1–20.
5587:www.msn.com
5535:: 221–244.
5480:Kieser, D.
5456:Grabbe 2008
5004:Joshua 13:3
4562:, p. 4
4560:Greene 1855
4544:Schaïratana
4516:et dans sa
4431:(21): 176.
4065:1 Samuel 31
4054:1 Samuel 17
4043:1 Samuel 14
3972:23 November
3942:23 November
3912:23 November
3882:23 November
3664:Παλαιστίνοι
3284:Millek 2021
3272:Millek 2021
3260:Millek 2017
3248:Millek 2017
3236:Millek 2017
3098:11 December
3004:8 September
2933:column 35 (
2672:Meyers 1997
2541:σατραπείαις
2280:Achaemenids
2186: 1175
1868:New Kingdom
1780:Tel Qashish
1768:Tel Yokneam
1764:Tel Megiddo
1735:Tell Qasile
1725:city-states
1674:Tell Qasile
1619:Neo-Hittite
1617:indicate a
1532:dialectical
1313:and his men
1297:disarmament
1143:allóphylloi
1131:Koinē Greek
1023:Joshua 13:3
991:Theologian
974:, the term
904:Phoenicians
898:During the
877:Mesopotamia
834:Sennacherib
750:Iron Age II
720:Philistine
623: 1175
595:Sea Peoples
589:During the
583: 1200
512:ha-Pəlištīm
448:Phulistieím
403:; the term
338:Koine Greek
333:Philistinoi
324:Philistinus
309:comes from
164:city-states
158:during the
143:Phulistieím
131:Koinē Greek
103:Philistines
18:Philisteins
7134:Categories
6834:: 113–139.
6828:Orientalia
6416:. Leiden,
6366:. Leiden,
6172:22 October
6149:22 October
5815:Rabin 1963
5308:Maeir 2005
5127:Drews 1995
4903:Jones 1972
4771:9 December
4595:Drews 1995
4580:Drews 1998
3928:"Amos 1:8"
3677:Drews 1998
3653:Drews 1998
3536:allophuloi
3532:phulistiim
3318:Maeir 2022
3147:Drews 1995
2840:Philistine
2619:(6): 925.
2551:References
2528:Septuagint
2490:Ashdod-Yam
2417:Beth Dagon
2404:Baal-zebub
2378:(that is,
2320:, such as
2308:Asia Minor
2246:Population
2231:Aren Maeir
2207:See also:
2107:Tel Gerisa
1931:and short
1912:Nile Delta
1902:, and the
1817:Pelasgians
1784:Midrakh Oz
1635:Philistine
1503:Pelasgians
1388:Septuagint
1231:Cappadocia
1185:1 Samuel 6
1177:1 Samuel 5
1123:Septuagint
1031:Judges 3:3
977:allophiloi
972:Septuagint
935:, and the
859:BC, under
766:Israelites
754:pentapolis
722:pentapolis
674:, and the
644:, and the
638:Carchemish
610:, and the
601:and other
576:Bronze Age
538:Pelasgians
526:allophylos
521:2 Samuel 5
458:Pentateuch
453:Φυλιστιείμ
444:Septuagint
343:Philistiim
329:Late Greek
311:Old French
307:Philistine
217:Israelites
152:Philistaei
135:Φυλιστιείμ
6568:161766215
6459:170636773
6420:: Brill.
6354:144074940
6224:191379950
6059:2077-1444
6043:(2): 74.
6037:Religions
5849:166706357
5667:195847736
5320:Levy 1998
4964:0257-1951
4875:1 October
4722:162771440
4708:: 35–53.
4687:162387945
4673:: 35–54.
4599:F. Chabas
4406:155280448
3688:ἀλλόφυλοι
3201:Research.
2868:6 October
2818:0047-2212
2633:0018-7143
2556:Citations
2400:Beelzebub
2376:Ashteroth
2330:Ahimelech
2151:Leon Levy
2134:Tel Kabri
2123:Neolithic
2070:Mycenaean
2040:Mycenaean
1956:Anatolian
1824:Casluhite
1729:Wadi Gaza
1705:Philistia
1695:Philistia
1689:Territory
1528:Palistina
1520:Walistina
1421:gene flow
1392:Caphtorim
1360:Caphtorim
1316:Near the
1278:Shephelah
1250:Zephaniah
1173:Judges 13
1135:ἀλλόφυλοι
1050:Abimelech
986:ἀλλόφυλοι
960:Wadi Gaza
937:Caphtorim
927:, in the
893:Babylonia
850:Jerusalem
821:Sargon II
813:Sargon II
809:Phoenicia
507:Israelite
504:Maccabean
465:Philistia
438:. In the
406:Palestine
382:פְּלֶשֶׁת
361:; plural
315:Philistin
297:Etymology
187:Canaanite
168:Philistia
116:romanized
71:Philistia
7116:Archived
7062:Archived
6894:(2008).
6620:(1911),
6307:(1995),
5941:Eerdmans
5549:23788614
4548:page 368
4437:30079013
4331:41304095
4203:31281897
3834:Archived
3820:Amos 9:7
3809:Amos 1:8
3723:(2009).
3582:Deut 7:1
3558:Biblehub
3528:pĕlištim
3397:, p. 64.
2887:21:32–34
2826:24670934
2722:24 March
2523:סַרְנֵ֣י
2470:See also
2360:Religion
2313:tyrannos
2276:Nehemiah
2259:Language
2253:toponyms
2220:Sardinia
2029:Anatolia
1937:chariots
1874:and the
1772:Tel Qiri
1575:Mehardeh
1563:Palistin
1495:Ka-na-na
1416:Iron Age
1394:and the
1384:Miṣrayim
1380:Casluhim
1356:Casluhim
1339:Hezekiah
1324:defeats
1311:Jonathan
1238:Jeremiah
933:Casluhim
861:Necho II
734:Ashkelon
703:Ashkelon
684:pwrꜣsꜣtj
664:pwrꜣsꜣtj
650:pwrꜣsꜣtj
560:Pirustae
551:Pelastai
546:Thessaly
542:Penestai
493:Jubilees
489:Onias II
480:and the
432:1 Samuel
419:Pəlištīm
400:Palusata
396:Egyptian
387:Akkadian
364:Pəlištīm
290:𒉿𒇷𒅖𒌓
284:𒉿𒇷𒅖𒋾
279:𒉺𒆷𒀸𒌓
275:Akkadian
252:Peleshet
213:biblical
160:Iron Age
122:Pəlīštīm
7082:. 1913.
6185:Sources
5762:Haaretz
5618:NPR.org
5371:4 April
5344:4 April
4604:Maspero
4542:" and "
4540:Fekkaro
4398:1357082
4194:6609216
4171:Bibcode
3770::
3560:. 2023.
3151:Maspero
2534:satraps
2457:kraters
2443:Economy
2433:Ashdoda
2384:Asherah
2380:Astarte
2334:Mitinti
2296:Yehūdīṯ
2292:Ašdōdīṯ
2053:megaron
1991:Peleset
1987:Tjekker
1983:Sherden
1967:Peleset
1960:Peleset
1944:Peleset
1924:Peleset
1920:reliefs
1900:Sherden
1852:Sherden
1848:Peleset
1809:Peleset
1642:-histia
1579:Shaizar
1536:phoneme
1491:Kinaḫḫu
1474:Peleset
1412:Semitic
1364:Misraim
1326:Goliath
1242:Ezekiel
1227:Caphtor
1151:
1119:Avvites
1115:Chullin
1104:2 Kings
1046:Abraham
1019:Avvites
1010:Abraham
925:Mizraim
919:In the
915:Origins
900:Persian
873:Babylon
660:Pulasti
655:Peleset
634:Hattusa
612:islands
566:History
548:), the
469:Aramaic
426:of the
411:endonym
391:Palastu
376:Pəlešeṯ
352:Pəlištī
336:; from
327:; from
318:; from
303:English
270:Pilistu
264:Pilišti
258:Palastu
239:Peleset
225:reliefs
204:of the
118::
52:Discuss
43:Peleset
7059:(1992)
6993:about
6972:
6930:
6906:
6851:
6815:
6794:
6773:
6752:
6742:
6719:
6698:
6677:
6656:
6606:
6585:
6566:
6535:
6497:
6476:
6457:
6424:
6399:
6374:
6352:
6319:
6293:
6268:
6245:
6222:
6216:499052
6214:
6105:382005
6103:
6093:
6057:
6008:
5976:
5947:
5847:
5787:
5665:
5647:Nature
5547:
5510:
5410:
5110:
5063:
5036:
4987:
4962:
4958:: 31.
4954:(14).
4925:
4892:p. 7+8
4842:
4815:
4762:
4720:
4685:
4435:
4404:
4396:
4356:
4329:
4297:
4269:
4241:
4201:
4191:
3733:
3513:
3471:, 1893
3455:, 1881
3058:
3031:
2978:Mouton
2905:, etc.
2893:, etc.
2824:
2816:
2779:
2752:
2713:
2631:
2517:sarnei
2392:Qudshu
2350:Phicol
2348:, and
2346:Achish
2340:, and
2326:Lydian
2322:Luwian
2304:Luwian
2189:
2126:Minoan
2099:Yarkon
2066:Potnia
2033:Cyprus
1995:Khurma
1952:Teresh
1948:Teresh
1896:Tjeker
1813:Aegean
1803:Since
1789:Judges
1753:Ziklag
1721:Joshua
1668:&
1655:hestia
1646:hearth
1629:theory
1611:Aegean
1601:Contra
1571:Aleppo
1551:Luwian
1524:Luwian
1499:Aegean
1442:Greece
1404:Aegean
1386:. The
1346:Origin
1159:Samuel
1111:Talmud
1100:Joshua
1080:Samson
1042:Exodus
1027:Anakim
947:, and
889:Nippur
865:
857:
838:Aramea
828:, and
817:Iamani
801:Levant
770:Judges
740:, and
730:Ashdod
709:, and
699:Ashdod
668:Canaan
642:Cyprus
626:
608:Aegean
556:Attica
540:, the
517:Qumran
348:Hebrew
287:, and
194:polity
179:Canaan
175:Aegean
156:Canaan
107:Hebrew
48:merged
6750:JSTOR
6564:S2CID
6455:S2CID
6350:S2CID
6220:S2CID
6212:JSTOR
5867:(PDF)
5845:S2CID
5663:S2CID
5545:JSTOR
5485:(PDF)
4718:S2CID
4683:S2CID
4554:with
4433:JSTOR
4402:S2CID
4394:JSTOR
4327:JSTOR
3776:. In
3742:6 May
3685:into
3586:20:17
2929:4QSam
2891:26:1f
2822:JSTOR
2503:Notes
2426:Jaffa
2342:Dagon
2338:Hanun
2288:Ammon
2111:Aphek
2103:Jaffa
1933:kilts
1908:Djahy
1776:Afula
1739:Aphek
1678:Ekron
1661:phyle
1650:Ionic
1640:phyle
1547:Taita
1493:, or
1376:Minoa
1322:David
1061:Bible
1054:Isaac
1014:Moses
1006:Torah
982:Greek
846:Sinai
842:Judah
830:Sidon
826:Judah
782:David
738:Ekron
711:Ekron
497:Amram
440:Greek
305:term
267:, or
148:Latin
6970:ISBN
6928:ISBN
6904:ISBN
6849:ISBN
6813:ISBN
6792:ISBN
6771:ISBN
6740:ISBN
6717:ISBN
6696:ISBN
6675:ISBN
6654:ISBN
6604:ISBN
6583:ISBN
6533:ISBN
6495:ISBN
6474:ISBN
6422:ISBN
6397:ISBN
6372:ISBN
6317:ISBN
6291:ISBN
6266:ISBN
6243:ISBN
6174:2021
6151:2021
6128:2011
6101:OCLC
6091:ISBN
6055:ISSN
6006:ISBN
5974:ISBN
5945:ISBN
5785:ISBN
5508:ISBN
5408:ISBN
5373:2011
5346:2011
5200:2014
5108:ISBN
5061:ISBN
5034:ISBN
4985:ISBN
4960:ISSN
4923:ISBN
4877:2018
4840:ISBN
4813:ISBN
4773:2020
4760:ISBN
4726:, 38
4566:help
4354:ISBN
4295:ISBN
4267:ISBN
4239:ISBN
4199:PMID
3974:2021
3944:2021
3914:2021
3884:2021
3744:2020
3731:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3100:2011
3056:ISBN
3029:ISBN
3006:2012
2870:2018
2814:ISSN
2777:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2724:2024
2711:ISBN
2629:ISSN
2396:Anat
2394:and
2372:Baal
2284:Moab
2222:."
2165:and
2149:The
2109:and
2031:and
1975:Amun
1904:PRST
1850:and
1676:and
1577:and
1248:and
1246:Amos
1219:Amos
1157:and
1149:lit.
1033:and
1004:The
807:and
776:and
774:Saul
758:Gaza
742:Gath
726:Gaza
707:Gath
519:for
394:and
301:The
101:The
6951:doi
6556:doi
6447:doi
6342:doi
6204:doi
6075:CA.
6045:doi
5879:doi
5837:doi
5655:doi
5651:571
5537:doi
4710:doi
4675:doi
4386:doi
4382:298
4323:127
4189:PMC
4179:doi
4118:."
3661:as
2842:."
2806:doi
2703:doi
2649:."
2621:doi
2530:is
2382:),
2324:or
1878:at
1514:Pro
1428:."
1106:).
1102:to
1084:ass
887:at
748:By
658:or
379:' (
231:at
127:LXX
46:be
7136::
7092:.
7076:.
6947:22
6945:.
6882:,
6869:,
6832:32
6830:.
6748:.
6624:,
6562:.
6552:31
6550:.
6529:MA
6512:,
6453:.
6443:27
6441:.
6418:NL
6393:MI
6368:NL
6348:,
6338:23
6336:,
6311:,
6287:IL
6239:CT
6218:.
6210:.
6200:50
6198:.
6099:.
6067:^
6053:.
6041:10
6039:.
6035:.
6023:^
6014:.
5982:.
5953:.
5943:.
5900:.
5875:56
5873:.
5869:.
5843:.
5833:72
5831:.
5807:^
5793:,
5769:^
5738:^
5722:.
5704:.
5683:.
5661:.
5649:.
5616:.
5585:.
5568:,
5564:;
5543:.
5533:18
5531:.
5487:.
5436:^
5208:^
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