380:
358:
493:
67:
478:
387:
38:
351:
523:
grow up to 3 metres (10 ft) long and up to 125 millimetres (5 in) wide. They are usually darkish green but sometimes have coloured edges and central ribs. Cultivated varieties range from light green through pink to deep russet bronze. There are numerous variegated
696:
produces long leaf fibres that have played an important role in the culture, history and economy of New
Zealand. Both species have been widely distributed to temperate regions of the world as economic fibre and ornamental plants.
531:
The rigid flower stalks can be up to 5 metres (16 ft) long, projecting high above the foliage. In
November (in New Zealand) they produce clumps of curving tube-like
1470:
741:
1509:
879:
1418:
1055:
1483:
1431:
566:
is endemic to New
Zealand. Both species have been widely distributed to temperate regions of the world as economic fibre and ornamental plants.
1558:
446:
276:), which is native to the region extending from the eastern Mediterranean to India and has been used by humans since 30,000 B.C.
1457:
284:
Monocot classification has undergone significant revision in the past decade, and recent classification systems (including the
1488:
1635:
1625:
1496:
706:
1630:
1366:
1353:
599:
430:
1571:
849:
285:
53:
1514:
66:
898:
924:
Extraction, content, strength, and extension of
Phormium variety fibres prepared for traditional Maori weaving
1576:
426:
412:
379:
357:
164:
1296:
790:
Kvavadze, E; Bar-Yosef, O; Belfer-Cohen, A; Boaretto, E; Jakeli, N; Matskevich, Z; Meshveliani, T (2009).
1371:
1545:
1008:"Genetic and morphological evidence for localised interspecific gene flow inPhormium(Hemerocallidaceae)"
628:
492:
1524:
1436:
1019:
978:
803:
914:
Cassell's Latin
Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928
1115:
688:
621:
321:
20:
1597:
1563:
1037:
827:
735:
610:
306:
147:
61:
1550:
1532:
1475:
1379:
819:
772:
583:
364:
245:
201:
937:
1537:
1027:
986:
811:
764:
528:
with leaves marked by contrasting stripes in shades of green, red, bronze, pink and yellow.
510:
314:
299:
1269:
1244:
1219:
1194:
1169:
1140:
1090:
513:
104:
836:
1410:
1023:
982:
807:
728:
Flora of New
Zealand. Vol. II. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae
581:
The two species readily interbreed and there is part considerable regional variation in
1334:
614:
559:
477:
450:
421:
393:
320:
and many classification systems still place it there. It includes two species and many
237:
208:
184:
91:
386:
37:
1619:
1080:
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19291221.2.108
1041:
831:
791:
588:
462:
442:
416:
302:
233:
168:
137:
117:
1602:
1384:
991:
966:
454:
294:
236:. One species is endemic to New Zealand and the other is native to New Zealand and
176:
1345:
350:
1358:
1501:
1444:
1328:
544:
127:
1319:
547:, each contain hundreds of seeds which are later widely dispersed by the wind.
535:
which turn bright red when mature. These produce unusually large quantities of
1032:
1007:
768:
434:
409:
1405:
1392:
815:
317:
1589:
823:
776:
540:
485:
19:
This article is about the genus. For the fiber made from these plants, see
1584:
1313:
525:
1423:
516:
229:
627:
The following cultivars have gained the Royal
Horticultural Society's
1449:
606:
536:
532:
1290:
594:
In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of
1397:
605:
listed 75 cultivars. As early as the 1920s it was recognised that
570:
491:
476:
225:
78:
1462:
484:
flowers have the same curvature as the beak of the nectar-eating
520:
500:
269:
268:, but they are not closely related to the Northern Hemisphere's
49:
1294:
1056:"Papers Past — Evening Post — 21 December 1929 — FLAX RESEARCH"
598:
cultivars commercially available. The 2005-2006 edition of the
573:
or low-lying areas but will grow in a variety of habitats.
1006:
Smissen, R. D.; Heenan, P. B.; Houliston, G. J. (2008).
926:, New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2000, Vol. 38: pg. 469.
469:
is a Latin adjective meaning "holding fast, tenacious".
425:
collected by both
Forsters and the Swedish naturalist
240:. The two species are widely known in New Zealand as
16:
1121:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78
1303:
408:The genus was originally established by the German
938:"Integrating NZ flax into land management systems"
609:plays a role in some cultivars due to the work of
884:introduced to Norfolk Island by the Polynesians?"
587:. Where the two species co-occur, there is local
539:to attract all nectar-feeding birds such as the
755:Balter, M (2009). "Clothes make the (Hu) Man".
543:and insects. The seedpods that develop after
8:
967:"Variation inPhormium cookianum(Agavaceae)"
854:(New Zealand Flax)— Norfolk Island native?"
1291:
740:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
373:New Zealand ( South Island, North Island)
36:
27:
1031:
990:
331:
718:
733:
449:, with additional specimens from both
7:
1525:9b414e11-effa-4655-90bc-5687c72e698d
620:was isolated from the Moutoa swamp,
558:occurs naturally in New Zealand and
292:to be closely related to daylilies (
792:"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers"
14:
936:McGruddy, Elizabeth (July 2006).
1172:Phormium colensoi subsp. hookeri
402:New Zealand and Norfolk Island.
385:
378:
356:
349:
65:
1577:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24639-1
726:Moore, L.B.; Edgar, E. (1970).
429:. All of them were part of the
992:10.1080/0028825X.1979.10426888
1:
1012:New Zealand Journal of Botany
971:New Zealand Journal of Botany
897:(2): 171–175. Archived from
707:List of plants known as lily
631:for growing in UK gardens:
600:Royal Horticultural Society
1652:
837:Supporting Online Material
686:
519:. The tough, sword-shaped
419:in 1775 from specimens of
286:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
18:
1116:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1060:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
1033:10.1080/00288250809509767
769:10.1126/science.325_1329a
569:They are found mainly in
398:J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
313:formerly belonged to the
197:
192:
182:
175:
62:Scientific classification
60:
44:
35:
30:
551:Distribution and habitat
457:, New Zealand. The name
816:10.1126/science.1175404
488:seen in the photograph.
473:Description and ecology
427:Anders Erikson Sparrman
413:Johann Reinhold Forster
1270:"RHS Plant Selector -
1245:"RHS Plant Selector -
1220:"RHS Plant Selector -
1195:"RHS Plant Selector -
1170:"RHS Plant Selector -
1141:"RHS Plant Selector -
613:. The highly regarded
503:
489:
465:for a "basket", while
1546:Paleobiology Database
629:Award of Garden Merit
495:
480:
447:Queen Charlotte Sound
1636:Flora of New Zealand
1626:Asphodelaceae genera
1091:"Maori dictionary -
878:Kevin Mills (2009).
848:Peter Coyne (2009).
1024:2008NZJB...46..287S
983:1979NZJB...17..189W
965:Wardle, P. (1979).
808:2009Sci...325.1359K
730:. Wellington, N. Z.
689:Flax in New Zealand
274:Linum usitatissimum
21:Flax in New Zealand
1631:Hemerocallidoideae
611:John Stuart Yeates
504:
490:
307:Hemerocallidoideae
148:Hemerocallidoideae
1613:
1612:
1533:Open Tree of Life
1297:Taxon identifiers
1143:Phormium colensoi
647:Phormium colensoi
637:Phormium colensoi
584:Phormium colensoi
441:(1772–1775). The
431:second expedition
406:
405:
365:Phormium colensoi
298:), placing it in
260:and elsewhere as
217:
216:
202:Phormium colensoi
171:
31:New Zealand flax
1643:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1504:
1502:NHMSYS0000461205
1492:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1292:
1285:
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1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1149:'Cream Delight'"
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
945:www.nzpcn.org.nz
942:
933:
927:
921:
915:
912:
906:
905:
903:
888:
875:
869:
868:
858:
845:
839:
835:
787:
781:
780:
752:
746:
745:
739:
731:
723:
445:were taken from
399:
389:
382:
370:
360:
353:
332:
262:New Zealand flax
163:
70:
69:
40:
28:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1005:
1004:
1000:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
940:
935:
934:
930:
922:
918:
913:
909:
901:
886:
877:
876:
872:
856:
847:
846:
842:
789:
788:
784:
754:
753:
749:
732:
725:
724:
720:
715:
703:
691:
685:
680:
643:'Cream Delight'
579:
553:
475:
397:
368:
330:
282:
188:
162:
64:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:wfo-4000029318
1594:
1581:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1529:
1519:
1506:
1493:
1480:
1467:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1340:
1325:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1274:'Yellow Wave'"
1261:
1247:Phormium tenax
1236:
1211:
1186:
1161:
1132:
1107:
1082:
1073:
1047:
1018:(3): 287–297.
998:
977:(2): 189–196.
957:
928:
916:
907:
904:on 2011-03-11.
882:Phormium tenax
870:
852:Phormium tenax
840:
802:(5946): 1359.
782:
763:(5946): 1329.
747:
717:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
702:
699:
687:Main article:
684:
681:
679:
678:
672:
669:Phormium tenax
666:
660:
654:
644:
633:
578:
575:
560:Norfolk Island
556:Phormium tenax
552:
549:
497:Phormium tenax
482:Phormium tenax
474:
471:
451:Norfolk Island
443:type specimens
422:Phormium tenax
404:
403:
400:
394:Phormium tenax
390:
383:
375:
374:
371:
361:
354:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
329:
326:
281:
278:
238:Norfolk Island
232:in the family
215:
214:
213:
212:
209:Phormium tenax
205:
195:
194:
190:
189:
185:Phormium tenax
180:
179:
173:
172:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
89:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
56:, New Zealand
46:Phormium tenax
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1648:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1262:
1250:
1249:'Variegatum'"
1248:
1240:
1237:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1187:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1162:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
958:
946:
939:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
911:
908:
900:
896:
892:
885:
883:
874:
871:
867:(2): 167–170.
866:
862:
855:
853:
844:
841:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
751:
748:
743:
737:
729:
722:
719:
712:
708:
705:
704:
700:
698:
695:
690:
682:
677:'Yellow Wave'
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
648:
645:
642:
638:
635:
634:
632:
630:
625:
623:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
592:
590:
589:introgression
586:
585:
576:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
522:
518:
515:
512:
508:
502:
498:
494:
487:
483:
479:
472:
470:
468:
464:
463:Ancient Greek
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
417:Georg Forster
414:
411:
401:
396:
395:
391:
388:
384:
381:
377:
376:
372:
367:
366:
362:
359:
355:
352:
348:
347:
344:Distribution
343:
340:
337:
334:
333:
327:
325:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Asphodelaceae
301:
297:
296:
291:
288:) have found
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Asphodelaceae
231:
228:of two plant
227:
223:
222:
211:
210:
206:
204:
203:
199:
198:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:Asphodelaceae
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:Tracheophytes
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
55:
54:West Auckland
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1304:
1277:. Retrieved
1271:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1246:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1224:'Sundowner'"
1221:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1196:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1171:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1146:
1142:
1135:
1123:. Retrieved
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1092:
1085:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
1015:
1011:
1001:
974:
970:
960:
948:. Retrieved
944:
931:
923:
919:
910:
899:the original
894:
891:Cunninghamia
890:
881:
873:
864:
861:Cunninghamia
860:
851:
843:
799:
795:
785:
760:
756:
750:
727:
721:
693:
692:
674:
671:'Variegatum'
668:
662:
656:
650:
646:
640:
636:
626:
617:
603:Plant Finder
602:
595:
593:
582:
580:
568:
563:
555:
554:
530:
506:
505:
496:
481:
466:
458:
455:North Island
438:
420:
415:and his son
407:
392:
363:
310:
305:, subfamily
295:Hemerocallis
293:
289:
283:
273:
265:
261:
257:
256:respectively
253:
249:
241:
220:
219:
218:
207:
200:
183:
177:Type species
158:
157:
111:
98:
85:
48:in bloom in
45:
25:
1445:iNaturalist
1329:Wikispecies
1174:'Tricolor'"
665:'Sundowner'
577:Cultivation
564:P. colensoi
545:pollination
461:comes from
437:aboard the
433:of Captain
410:naturalists
165:J.R. Forst.
144:Subfamily:
128:Asparagales
105:Angiosperms
1620:Categories
1066:24 October
713:References
653:'Tricolor'
511:herbaceous
439:Resolution
435:James Cook
1406:FloraBase
1042:205448164
832:206520793
736:cite book
526:cultivars
514:perennial
322:cultivars
318:Agavaceae
266:flax lily
250:wharariki
244:or their
169:G. Forst.
75:Kingdom:
1590:40007172
1585:Tropicos
1335:Phormium
1320:Q1639799
1314:Wikidata
1305:Phormium
1272:Phormium
1222:Phormium
1197:Phormium
1125:25 April
824:19745144
777:19745126
701:See also
694:Phormium
675:Phormium
663:Phormium
657:Phormium
596:Phormium
562:, while
507:Phormium
459:Phormium
311:Phormium
290:Phormium
280:Taxonomy
254:harakeke
221:Phormium
193:Species
159:Phormium
134:Family:
118:Monocots
1476:1349547
1463:24639-1
1424:2770758
1199:'Duet'"
1147:hookeri
1145:subsp.
1020:Bibcode
979:Bibcode
804:Bibcode
796:Science
757:Science
651:hookeri
649:subsp.
641:hookeri
639:subsp.
533:flowers
517:monocot
369:Hook.f.
328:Species
230:species
154:Genus:
124:Order:
79:Plantae
1559:PLANTS
1551:323486
1538:550810
1522:NZOR:
1489:500483
1372:351319
1346:193664
1343:APDB:
1279:26 May
1254:26 May
1229:26 May
1204:26 May
1179:26 May
1154:26 May
1100:26 May
1062:. 2011
1040:
950:18 May
830:
822:
775:
659:'Duet'
622:Foxton
607:ploidy
571:swamps
537:nectar
521:leaves
509:is an
335:Flower
315:family
300:family
248:names
167:&
1564:PHORM
1515:51474
1471:IRMNG
1450:51756
1411:43502
1398:1PHMG
1385:8W2CQ
1359:84497
1119:(PDF)
1093:ngaro
1038:S2CID
941:(PDF)
902:(PDF)
887:(PDF)
880:"Was
857:(PDF)
828:S2CID
618:Ngaro
615:sport
467:tenax
338:Plant
246:Māori
226:genus
224:is a
112:Clade
99:Clade
86:Clade
1572:POWO
1510:NCBI
1484:ITIS
1458:IPNI
1437:9276
1432:GRIN
1419:GBIF
1393:EPPO
1367:BOLD
1354:APNI
1281:2013
1256:2013
1231:2013
1206:2013
1181:2013
1156:2013
1127:2018
1102:2013
1068:2011
952:2019
820:PMID
773:PMID
742:link
683:Uses
501:MHNT
453:and
341:Name
270:flax
252:and
242:flax
50:Piha
1598:WFO
1497:NBN
1380:CoL
1028:doi
987:doi
812:doi
800:325
765:doi
761:325
541:tūī
486:tūī
264:or
1622::
1600::
1587::
1574::
1561::
1548::
1535::
1512::
1499::
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1058:.
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1026:.
1016:46
1014:.
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985:.
975:17
973:.
969:.
943:.
895:11
893:.
889:.
865:11
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859:.
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810:.
798:.
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771:.
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738:}}
734:{{
624:.
591:.
499:-
324:.
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114::
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272:(
258:,
23:.
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