256:
47:
1885:
1443:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061"
31:
1546:
Smith-Warner, S. A.; Spiegelman, D; Yaun, S. S.; Albanes, D; Beeson, W. L.; Van Den Brandt, P. A.; Feskanich, D; Folsom, A. R.; Fraser, G. E.; Freudenheim, J. L.; Giovannucci, E; Goldbohm, R. A.; Graham, S; Kushi, L. H.; Miller, A. B.; Pietinen, P; Rohan, T. E.; Speizer, F. E.; Willett, W. C.;
1408:
474:
cancers. Further, in the United States, regulations exist to limit the language on product labels for how plant food consumption may affect cancers, excluding mention of any phytochemical except for those with established health benefits against cancer, such as
437:
of non-nutrient phytochemicals extracted from plants similarly benefits health. Phytochemical supplements are neither recommended by health authorities for improving health nor approved by regulatory agencies for health claims on product labels.
1416:
247:. Challenges in that field include isolating specific compounds and determining their structures, which are often complex, and identifying what specific phytochemical is primarily responsible for any given biological activity.
1548:
1596:
369:
The biological activities for most phytochemicals are unknown or poorly understood, in isolation or as part of foods. Phytochemicals with established roles in the body are classified as
509:
found insufficient evidence for its effects on any of several cancer types, resulting in limited language for how products containing lycopene can be described on labels.
933:"The Australian Phytochemical Survey: historical aspects of the CSIRO search for new drugs in Australian plants. Historical Records of Australian Science, 9(4), 335–356"
1382:
1356:
1644:"Qualified Health Claims: Letter Regarding "Tomatoes and Prostate, Ovarian, Gastric and Pancreatic Cancers (American Longevity Petition)" (Docket No. 2004Q-0201)"
517:
Phytochemicals in freshly harvested plant foods may be degraded by processing techniques, including cooking. The main cause of phytochemical loss from cooking is
490:
Phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, have been specifically discouraged from food labeling in Europe and the United States because there is no evidence for a
3020:
161:
because proof of their possible health effects has not been established yet. Phytochemicals under research can be classified into major categories, such as
547:
as a staple have traditional practices that involve some processing (soaking, cooking, fermentation, etc.), which are necessary to avoid getting sick from
454:, and nuts to improve and maintain health, evidence that such effects result from specific, non-nutrient phytochemicals is limited or absent. For example,
433:
Eating a diet high in fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes and plant-based beverages has long-term health benefits, but there is no evidence that taking
1715:
Dewanto, V; Wu, X; Adom, KK; Liu, RH (2002). "Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity".
381:
The phytochemical category includes compounds recognized as essential nutrients, which are naturally contained in plants and are required for normal
4196:
1923:
358:
tree was long known to be extremely and immediately toxic to animals that grazed on its leaves or children who ate its berries; however, in 1971,
1646:. Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration
1475:"Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 101, Food Labeleing, Subpart D, Specific Requirements for Nutrient Content Claims, Section 101.54"
3107:
1870:
1855:
1837:
1080:
1047:
3153:
1969:
540:
techniques like mechanical processing can also free carotenoids and other phytochemicals from the food matrix, increasing dietary intake.
1597:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 101.78. Health claims: fruits and vegetables and cancer"
1383:"Health claims: Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD); Title 21: Food and Drugs, Subpart E, 101.81"
1118:
4432:
2948:
122:. Regulatory agencies governing food labeling in Europe and the United States have provided guidance for industry to limit or prevent
1037:
1280:
1214:
1121:. ChooseMyPlate.gov, USDA Center for Nutrition Policy & Promotion, US Department of Agriculture. 16 January 2016. Archived from
691:
227:
and isolating compounds from the origin plant, followed by defining their structure or testing in laboratory model systems, such as
3775:
3013:
1357:"Health claims: fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables and cancer; Title 21: Food and Drugs, Subpart E, 101.76"
4263:
4974:
4379:
3590:
1752:"Traditional food-processing and preparation practices to enhance the bioavailability of micronutrients in plant-based diets"
1619:
571:
536:, which may remain stable or increase in content from cooking due to liberation from cellular membranes in the cooked food.
629:
4998:
4189:
2425:
1916:
1643:
566:
506:
118:
is generally used to describe plant compounds that are under research with unestablished effects on health, and are not
3006:
2975:
793:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. November 2015
543:
In some cases, processing of food is necessary to remove phytotoxins or antinutrients; for example societies that use
418:
from plant foods, often considered as a phytochemical, are now generally regarded as a nutrient group having approved
3915:
1670:
Palermo, M; Pellegrini, N; Fogliano, V (2014). "The effect of cooking on the phytochemical content of vegetables".
1474:
1337:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. April 2012
768:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. July 2016
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
3100:
2969:
1889:
4756:
4678:
3878:
3146:
1962:
1825:
4731:
717:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 2017
4993:
4222:
4182:
3478:
1909:
1412:
904:
765:
790:
154:
in the plant host and play a role in plant growth or defense against competitors, pathogens, or predators.
4336:
4042:
3640:
3600:
3595:
2380:
814:"KNApSAcK Family Databases: Integrated Metabolite–Plant Species Databases for Multifaceted Plant Research"
427:
1947:
1498:"Fruits, vegetables and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies"
404:
that interfere with the absorption of nutrients. Others, such as some polyphenols and flavonoids, may be
4306:
4277:
4242:
4237:
3978:
2227:
581:
518:
317:
127:
1496:
Aune, D; Chan, D. S.; Vieira, A. R.; Rosenblatt, D. A.; Vieira, R; Greenwood, D. C.; Norat, T (2012).
603:
5018:
5013:
4746:
4673:
4424:
4011:
3910:
3905:
3768:
3685:
3455:
3093:
2253:
275:
270:
Without specific knowledge of their cellular actions or mechanisms, phytochemicals have been used as
108:
4520:
4487:
4326:
3793:
3299:
3139:
1955:
1798:
434:
370:
255:
185:. Flavonoids can be further divided into groups based on their similar chemical structure, such as
158:
151:
119:
1144:
679:
5008:
5003:
3367:
3038:
1578:
1528:
1148:
462:
indicate weak or no evidence for phytochemicals from plant food consumption having an effect on
97:
4726:
4712:
4316:
4075:
4060:
4052:
3873:
3850:
3549:
3030:
2992:
1866:
1851:
1833:
1773:
1732:
1697:
1570:
1520:
1316:
1276:
1253:
1210:
1204:
1185:
1076:
1072:
1043:
992:
886:
835:
687:
649:
455:
397:
304:
283:
214:
79:
3943:
1271:
4452:
3973:
3900:
3892:
3379:
3270:
2567:
2343:
2283:
1763:
1724:
1687:
1679:
1621:
New Roles for
Polyphenols. A 3-Part Report on Current Regulations & the State of Science
1560:
1512:
1454:
1306:
1243:
1175:
1122:
982:
974:
944:
876:
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825:
714:
641:
386:
295:
4648:
4588:
4457:
4321:
4125:
4097:
4021:
3761:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3560:
2686:
2601:
2559:
2067:
537:
3948:
1791:
1011:
4916:
4899:
4861:
4663:
4638:
4552:
4539:
4477:
4247:
4119:
4103:
4047:
3620:
3490:
3446:
2952:
2906:
2819:
2814:
2804:
2781:
2743:
2733:
2314:
1334:
1065:
987:
962:
881:
854:
471:
348:
344:
244:
220:
170:
91:
90:
infections, and also consumption by insects and other animals. The name comes from
56:
1497:
494:
relationship between dietary polyphenols and inhibition or prevention of any disease.
4987:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4856:
4818:
4793:
4697:
4653:
4629:
4495:
4462:
4447:
4442:
4384:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4311:
4213:
4205:
4170:
4070:
4026:
3998:
3715:
3652:
3375:
3327:
2897:
2863:
2858:
2809:
2039:
476:
463:
459:
446:
While health authorities encourage consumers to eat diets rich in fruit, vegetables,
415:
401:
341:
234:
1582:
1311:
1294:
812:
Afendi, Farit
Mochamad; Okada, Taketo; Yamazaki, Mami; et al. (February 2012).
645:
46:
4891:
4828:
4798:
4668:
4612:
4472:
4437:
4410:
4065:
3983:
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2748:
2738:
2681:
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2618:
2578:
2548:
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2153:
2133:
1532:
447:
419:
313:
309:
210:
186:
123:
1895:
1180:
1163:
910:
An
Australian phytochemical survey : Alkaloids in Queensland flowering plants
1815:
855:"The LOTUS initiative for open knowledge management in natural products research"
146:, meaning "plant") are chemicals produced by plants through primary or secondary
4921:
4851:
4844:
4839:
4810:
4788:
4707:
4690:
4557:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4141:
4114:
3958:
3865:
3855:
3830:
3810:
3735:
3720:
3710:
3690:
3467:
3408:
3338:
3309:
3235:
3046:
2883:
2873:
2849:
2834:
2676:
2641:
2636:
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2520:
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2352:
2329:
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2217:
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2157:
2077:
657:
561:
525:
467:
405:
393:
363:
355:
291:
198:
166:
162:
87:
39:
932:
4866:
4776:
4562:
4500:
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4131:
4108:
3820:
3815:
3725:
3700:
3625:
3518:
3513:
3418:
3403:
3398:
3356:
3224:
3117:
3081:
3071:
2998:
2868:
2786:
2712:
2671:
2659:
2654:
2540:
2530:
2324:
2319:
2272:
1863:
Fruit and
Vegetable Phytochemicals: Chemistry, Nutritional Value and Stability
1516:
978:
382:
359:
194:
174:
147:
68:
35:
17:
1459:
1442:
4578:
4515:
4505:
3993:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3658:
3568:
3528:
3426:
3390:
3247:
3220:
3212:
3171:
3163:
3125:
3066:
2495:
2404:
2357:
2288:
2128:
1983:
1941:
1829:
1768:
1751:
853:
Rutz, Adriano; Sorokina, Maria; Galgonek, Jakub; et al. (26 May 2022).
576:
548:
491:
484:
480:
412:
287:
217:. In total, between 50,000 and 130,000 phytochemicals have been discovered.
206:
202:
178:
51:
1777:
1736:
1701:
1574:
1524:
1320:
1257:
1248:
1231:
996:
890:
839:
748:
653:
1901:
1884:
1189:
4931:
4768:
4751:
4643:
4583:
4510:
4467:
4405:
4344:
4137:
3988:
3920:
3825:
3741:
3537:
3463:
3352:
3343:
3323:
3314:
3243:
3197:
3061:
2839:
2824:
2796:
2725:
2691:
2490:
2362:
2263:
2237:
2222:
2173:
2163:
2123:
2048:
1987:
1692:
1549:"Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer: A pooled analysis of cohort studies"
948:
908:
830:
813:
529:
502:
333:
321:
229:
190:
1861:
Rosa, L.A. de la / Alvarez-Parrilla, E. / González-Aguilar, G.A. (eds.)
871:
157:
Phytochemicals are generally regarded as research compounds rather than
4938:
4909:
4781:
4736:
4702:
4685:
4547:
3968:
3953:
3505:
3201:
3189:
2717:
2707:
2628:
2449:
2444:
2372:
2367:
2309:
2304:
2258:
2232:
2168:
2107:
2102:
2028:
2019:
1979:
544:
451:
337:
325:
299:
279:
239:
224:
182:
64:
60:
1728:
1683:
1565:
684:
Phytochemical dictionary a handbook of bioactive compounds from plants
4955:
4950:
4943:
4926:
4904:
4741:
4721:
4607:
4525:
3785:
3749:
3666:
3545:
3284:
3251:
3056:
2878:
2420:
2278:
2212:
2178:
2149:
2062:
678:
Harborne, Jeffrey B.; Baxter, Herbert; Moss, Gerard P., eds. (1999).
533:
498:
423:
271:
104:
30:
3938:
1039:
Alkaloids : biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications
628:
Molyneux, RJ; Lee, ST; Gardner, DR; Panter, KE; James, LF (2007).
329:
254:
139:
83:
45:
29:
1793:
Contents: Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition
1441:
EFSA Panel on
Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2010).
1295:"Dietary polyphenols: Good, bad, or indifferent for your health?"
1164:"Natural organic compounds that affect to microtubule functions"
290:
properties, was originally extracted from the bark of the white
4178:
3757:
3135:
3089:
3002:
1951:
1905:
332:, who is rumored to have used it to kill her husband Emperor
4975:
List of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent
686:(2nd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. p. vii.
34:
Red, blue, and purple colors of berries derive mainly from
362:
was isolated from it, subsequently becoming an important
931:
Price, J. R.; Lamberton, J. A.; Culvenor, C.C.J (1992),
1272:
Oxford
Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
1067:
The poison paradox : chemicals as friends and foes
294:
and later synthetically produced to become the common,
1848:
An
Evidence – Based Approach to Dietary Phytochemicals
400:
is carcinogenic at low doses. Some phytochemicals are
1896:
103: 'plant'. Some phytochemicals have been used as
2947:
Terpene synthase enzymes (many), having in common a
86:, generally to help them resist fungi, bacteria and
4966:
4890:
4827:
4809:
4767:
4628:
4597:
4571:
4538:
4486:
4423:
4398:
4335:
4276:
4256:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4169:
4150:
4090:
4035:
4010:
3929:
3891:
3864:
3801:
3792:
3748:
3734:
3699:
3665:
3651:
3581:
3559:
3536:
3527:
3504:
3477:
3454:
3445:
3417:
3389:
3366:
3337:
3308:
3292:
3283:
3261:
3234:
3211:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3124:
3080:
3037:
2991:
2962:
2940:
2923:
2896:
2848:
2795:
2780:
2763:
2700:
2627:
2617:
2600:
2539:
2513:
2483:
2458:
2437:
2413:
2403:
2342:
2297:
2246:
2200:
2191:
2142:
2116:
2095:
2076:
2038:
1995:
1940:
1389:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 5 January 2017
1363:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 5 January 2017
1209:(2nd ed.). Burlington: Elsevier. p. 124.
63:, typically have high content of the phytochemical
1119:"Why is it important to eat vegetables? Nutrients"
1064:
754:. University of California Cooperative Extension.
630:"Phytochemicals: the good, the bad and the ugly?"
1599:. US Government Printing Office. 9 February 2017
1203:Bjeldanes, Leonard; Shibamoto, Takayuki (2009).
747:Heneman, Karrie; Zidenberg-Cherr, Sheri (2008).
1477:. US Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2016
2025:Iridoid glycosides (iridoids bound to a sugar)
1672:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
1031:
1029:
943:(4), Australian Academy of Science: 335, 336,
4190:
3769:
3147:
3101:
3014:
1963:
1917:
8:
308:were used as poisons, and early humans made
4227:
4218:
4197:
4183:
4175:
3798:
3776:
3762:
3754:
3533:
3451:
3289:
3185:
3176:
3154:
3140:
3132:
3108:
3094:
3086:
3021:
3007:
2999:
2792:
2624:
2410:
2197:
2092:
1970:
1956:
1948:
1924:
1910:
1902:
1717:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1665:
1663:
1661:
785:
783:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
604:"The Chemical Composition of Green Plants"
1898:– United States Department of Agriculture
1767:
1691:
1564:
1458:
1310:
1247:
1179:
1012:"From a tree, a 'miracle' called aspirin"
986:
963:"The discovery of aspirin: A reappraisal"
880:
870:
829:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
1409:"Common questions about diet and cancer"
937:Historical Records of Australian Science
1436:
1434:
594:
422:for reducing the risk of some types of
1232:"Toxicological risks of Chinese herbs"
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1042:. New York: Plenum Press. p. 20.
396:that are toxic to humans; for example
205:. Flavanols are further classified as
1087:poisons used by the wife of Claudius.
709:
707:
705:
703:
328:, a lady specialized in poisons, and
27:Chemical compounds produced by plants
7:
1505:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
1071:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Pr. pp.
142:origin. Phytochemicals (from Greek
2949:terpene synthase N terminal domain
1824:]. Translated by Erik Butler.
749:"Publication 8313: Phytochemicals"
25:
1415:. 5 February 2016. Archived from
1275:. Oxford University Press, 2006.
524:A converse exists in the case of
1883:
1145:"What is an essential nutrient?"
551:present in unprocessed cassava.
138:Phytochemicals are chemicals of
4264:p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside
1750:Hotz, C; Gibson, R. S. (2007).
1553:International Journal of Cancer
1312:10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.10.004
1206:Introduction to Food Toxicology
646:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.004
385:, so must be obtained from the
4433:α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
4380:Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid
3591:List of phytochemicals in food
572:List of phytochemicals in food
497:Among carotenoids such as the
442:Consumer and industry guidance
392:Some phytochemicals are known
223:study phytochemicals by first
1:
1814:Ellena, Jean-Claude (2022) .
1181:10.1248/yakushi1947.118.4_111
316:, it was used as a poison by
126:about phytochemicals on food
2426:Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
1642:Schneeman BO (9 July 2015).
606:. Sciencing, Leaf Group Ltd.
567:List of antioxidants in food
507:Food and Drug Administration
3916:Pyrocatecollic type tannins
2976:Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
1822:Atlas de botanique parfumée
1799:Chapter 7: Cassava toxicity
967:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
905:Webb, L. J. (Leonard James)
302:. The tropane alkaloids of
128:product or nutrition labels
5035:
513:Effects of food processing
408:in high ingested amounts.
4302:3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
4297:2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
4292:2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
4286:2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
3638:
2970:Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
2924:Norisoprenoids (modified)
1865:. 2010. Wiley-Blackwell.
1517:10.1007/s10549-012-2118-1
1230:Shaw, D (December 2010).
1162:Iwasaki, S (April 1998).
979:10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1591
818:Plant and Cell Physiology
4757:Syn-propanethial-S-oxide
4679:Phenethyl Isothiocyanate
4223:Monohydroxybenzoic acids
3879:1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose
2963:Activated isoprene forms
2764:Sesquarterpenes/oids (7)
2013:Monocyclic (single ring)
1817:Atlas of Perfumed Botany
1756:The Journal of Nutrition
1618:Gross P (1 March 2009),
1460:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489
1147:. NetBiochem Nutrition,
1010:Landau E (22 Dec 2010).
602:Breslin, Andrew (2017).
4836:Saturated cyclic acids
4337:Trihydroxybenzoic acids
3601:O-methylated flavonoids
3596:C-methylated flavonoids
2586:Secodehydroabietic acid
1413:American Cancer Society
1299:Cardiovascular Research
1063:Timbrell, John (2005).
383:physiological functions
4278:Dihydroxybenzoic acids
3641:Flavonoid biosynthesis
3479:3-hydroxyanthocyanidin
2381:Farnesyl pyrophosphate
1624:, Nutraceuticals World
1547:Hunter, D. J. (2003).
1249:10.1055/s-0030-1250533
680:"General Introduction"
428:coronary heart disease
267:
150:. They generally have
72:
43:
38:phytochemicals called
4732:3,3'-Diindolylmethane
4660:Aglycone derivatives
4425:Hydroxycinnamic acids
4307:Ethyl protocatechuate
4243:4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
4238:3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
4012:Flavono-ellagitannins
4003:Phlorofucofuroeckol B
3979:Phlorofucofuroeckol A
3911:Catechol-type tannins
3906:Polyflavonoid tannins
3456:3-deoxyanthocyanidins
2583:Sandaracopimaric acid
2228:Geranyl pyrophosphate
1769:10.1093/jn/137.4.1097
1293:Halliwell, B (2007).
582:Secondary metabolites
549:cyanogenic glycosides
519:thermal decomposition
336:. Other uses include
318:Agrippina the Younger
258:
49:
33:
4999:Dietary antioxidants
4747:Allyl isothiocyanate
4674:Allyl isothiocyanate
4488:Aromatic amino acids
4399:Other phenolic acids
3794:Hydrolysable tannins
3686:Secoisolariciresinol
2773:Tetraprenylcurcumene
2254:Grapefruit mercaptan
1892:at Wikimedia Commons
961:Sneader, W. (2000).
949:10.1071/hr9930940335
276:traditional medicine
109:traditional medicine
4521:5-hydroxytryptophan
4327:Protocatechuic acid
4036:Other Miscellaneous
3039:Natural monophenols
2556:Dehydroabietic acid
2022:(cyclopentane ring)
973:(7276): 1591–1594.
872:10.7554/eLife.70780
435:dietary supplements
371:essential nutrients
312:from the plant. In
159:essential nutrients
152:biological activity
120:essential nutrients
4608:Phenolic compounds
3851:Tellimagrandin IIs
3031:phenolic compounds
2993:Phenolic compounds
2016:Bicyclic (2 rings)
1796:. Rome: FAO. 1990.
1149:University of Utah
831:10.1093/pcp/pcr165
640:(22–24): 2973–85.
456:systematic reviews
320:, wife of Emperor
268:
245:laboratory animals
80:chemical compounds
73:
55:fruits, including
44:
4981:
4980:
4727:Indole-3-carbinol
4713:Diallyl disulfide
4622:
4621:
4534:
4533:
4419:
4418:
4317:Homogentisic acid
4288:(Hypogallic acid)
4272:
4271:
4165:
4164:
4086:
4085:
4053:Synthetic tannins
4015:(complex tannins)
3901:Proanthocyanidins
3893:Condensed tannins
3887:
3886:
3874:Digalloyl glucose
3784:Types of natural
3647:
3646:
3634:
3633:
3577:
3576:
3550:Isoliquiritigenin
3500:
3499:
3441:
3440:
3279:
3278:
2985:
2984:
2933:7,8-dihydroionone
2892:
2891:
2759:
2758:
2596:
2595:
2564:Lambertianic acid
2338:
2337:
2187:
2186:
2002:Acyclic (linear,
1888:Media related to
1871:978-0-8138-0320-3
1856:978-1-58890-408-9
1839:978-0-262-04673-2
1729:10.1021/jf0115589
1684:10.1002/jsfa.6478
1566:10.1002/ijc.11490
1125:on 16 August 2019
1101:, pp. 12–15.
1082:978-0-19-280495-2
1049:978-0-306-45465-3
398:aristolochic acid
305:Atropa belladonna
284:anti-inflammatory
265:deadly nightshade
261:Atropa belladonna
215:proanthocyanidins
16:(Redirected from
5026:
4589:Alkylresorcinols
4453:Chlorogenic acid
4228:
4219:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4176:
4126:Phenylpropanoids
4098:Diarylheptanoids
3974:Fucophlorethol A
3799:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3755:
3616:Prenylflavonoids
3611:Pyranoflavonoids
3606:Furanoflavonoids
3534:
3452:
3380:Leucodelphinidin
3368:Flavan-3,4-diols
3290:
3271:Dalbergichromene
3186:
3177:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2793:
2625:
2602:Sesterterpenoids
2568:Levopimaric acid
2430:Geranyl-linalool
2411:
2344:Sesquiterpenoids
2284:Perillyl alcohol
2198:
2093:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1887:
1850:. 2007. Thieme.
1843:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1568:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1290:
1284:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1115:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1070:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1036:Michael (1998).
1033:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:
958:
952:
951:
928:
922:
921:
920:
918:
901:
895:
894:
884:
874:
850:
844:
843:
833:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
787:
778:
777:
775:
773:
762:
756:
755:
753:
744:
727:
726:
724:
722:
715:"Phytochemicals"
711:
698:
697:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
656:. Archived from
625:
608:
607:
599:
492:cause-and-effect
310:poisonous arrows
296:over-the-counter
169:, which include
21:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5023:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4962:
4917:Polysaccharides
4900:Monosaccharides
4886:
4823:
4805:
4763:
4664:Isothiocyanates
4649:Gluconasturtiin
4639:isothiocyanates
4624:
4623:
4618:
4593:
4567:
4540:Phenylethanoids
4530:
4482:
4458:Diferulic acids
4415:
4394:
4331:
4322:Orsellinic acid
4268:
4252:
4208:
4203:
4161:
4146:
4120:Naphthoquinones
4082:
4031:
4022:Epicutissimin A
4014:
4006:
3925:
3883:
3860:
3788:
3782:
3744:
3730:
3703:
3695:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3643:
3630:
3573:
3561:Dihydrochalcone
3555:
3523:
3496:
3473:
3437:
3413:
3385:
3362:
3341:
3333:
3312:
3304:
3275:
3257:
3230:
3207:
3166:
3160:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3076:
3033:
3027:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2958:
2936:
2919:
2888:
2844:
2784:
2782:Tetraterpenoids
2776:
2755:
2696:
2687:Cholecalciferol
2613:
2610:Geranylfarnesol
2592:
2575:Neoabietic acid
2560:Isopimaric acid
2535:
2509:
2479:
2454:
2433:
2399:
2334:
2293:
2242:
2193:
2192:Monoterpenoids
2183:
2138:
2112:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:Isovaleric acid
2058:
2054:
2034:
1991:
1976:
1936:
1930:
1880:
1840:
1813:
1810:
1808:Further reading
1805:
1804:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1762:(4): 1097–100.
1749:
1748:
1744:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1419:on Dec 27, 2016
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1269:
1265:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1168:Yakugaku Zasshi
1161:
1160:
1156:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1004:
960:
959:
955:
930:
929:
925:
916:
914:
903:
902:
898:
852:
851:
847:
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
789:
788:
781:
771:
769:
764:
763:
759:
751:
746:
745:
730:
720:
718:
713:
712:
701:
694:
677:
676:
672:
663:
661:
627:
626:
611:
601:
600:
596:
591:
586:
557:
538:Food processing
515:
501:phytochemical,
444:
379:
278:. For example,
253:
251:History of uses
136:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5032:
5030:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4994:Phytochemicals
4986:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4862:Anacardic acid
4859:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4698:Organosulfides
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4634:
4632:
4630:Glucosinolates
4626:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4553:Hydroxytyrosol
4550:
4544:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4478:Sinapinic acid
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4248:Salicylic acid
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4216:
4214:Phenolic acids
4210:
4209:
4206:Aromatic acids
4204:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4179:
4173:
4171:Aromatic acids
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:Anthraquinones
4101:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4048:Pseudo tannins
4045:
4043:Tannin sources
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3653:Flavonolignans
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3621:Methylenedioxy
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3540:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3491:Guibourtinidin
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3447:Anthocyanidins
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3349:
3347:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3320:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2953:protein domain
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2907:Natural rubber
2903:
2901:
2898:Polyterpenoids
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Delta-Carotene
2817:
2815:Gamma-Carotene
2812:
2807:
2805:Alpha-Carotene
2801:
2799:
2790:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2744:Betulinic acid
2741:
2736:
2734:Oleanolic acid
2728:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:Citrostadienol
2644:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2589:Palustric acid
2587:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Bornyl acetate
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2040:Hemiterpenoids
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:phytochemicals
1931:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1890:Phytochemicals
1879:
1878:External links
1876:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1783:
1742:
1723:(10): 3010–4.
1707:
1678:(6): 1057–70.
1657:
1634:
1610:
1588:
1559:(6): 1001–11.
1538:
1488:
1466:
1430:
1400:
1374:
1348:
1326:
1285:
1263:
1242:(17): 2012–8.
1222:
1215:
1195:
1154:
1136:
1103:
1091:
1081:
1055:
1048:
1025:
1002:
953:
923:
896:
845:
804:
779:
757:
728:
699:
692:
670:
634:Phytochemistry
609:
593:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
558:
556:
553:
514:
511:
443:
440:
416:dietary fibers
378:
375:
340:, such as the
288:pain-relieving
263:, also called
252:
249:
243:studies using
233:studies using
171:phenolic acids
135:
132:
116:phytochemicals
107:and others as
76:Phytochemicals
26:
24:
18:Phytochemicals
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5031:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4892:Carbohydrates
4889:
4883:
4882:Fertaric acid
4880:
4878:
4877:Coutaric acid
4875:
4873:
4872:Caftaric acid
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Tartaric acid
4855:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4829:Organic acids
4826:
4820:
4819:Chlorophyllin
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Indicaxanthin
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4654:Glucoraphanin
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:Precursor to
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4614:
4613:Phlorotannins
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:phenylalanine
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Coumaric acid
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Cinnamic acid
4446:
4444:
4443:Chicoric acid
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Syringic acid
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Eudesmic acid
4358:
4356:
4355:Ethyl gallate
4353:
4351:
4350:Chebulic acid
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Gentisic acid
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4027:Acutissimin A
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3999:7-Phloroeckol
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3931:Phlorotannins
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3803:Ellagitannins
3800:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Pterostilbene
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3583:Miscellaneous
3580:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3377:
3376:Leucocyanidin
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3328:Gallocatechol
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3300:Luteoliflavan
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3263:Neoflavonoids
3260:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Anthoxanthins
3178:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Benzenetriols
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:3-oxo-α-ionol
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Cryptoxanthin
2862:
2860:
2859:Canthaxanthin
2857:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Beta-Carotene
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:Ferrugicadiol
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:Serratenediol
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:Triterpenoids
2616:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:Mercusic acid
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:Communic acid
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:11381/2677278
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1611:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:(2): 479–93.
1510:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:0-19-852917-1
1278:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:Planta Medica
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1216:9780080921532
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1174:(4): 112–26.
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
924:
912:
911:
906:
900:
897:
892:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
846:
841:
837:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
805:
792:
786:
784:
780:
767:
766:"Carotenoids"
761:
758:
750:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
729:
716:
710:
708:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:9780203483756
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
660:on 2023-07-03
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
610:
605:
598:
595:
588:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
554:
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
477:dietary fiber
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:meta-analyses
457:
453:
449:
441:
439:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
420:health claims
417:
414:
409:
407:
403:
402:antinutrients
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
376:
374:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:on advice of
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
266:
262:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:Phytochemists
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
131:
129:
125:
124:health claims
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4967:
4811:Chlorophylls
4799:Vulgaxanthin
4789:Betaxanthins
4708:Polysulfides
4691:Thiocyanates
4669:Sulforaphane
4598:
4473:Ferulic acid
4438:Caffeic acid
4411:Ellagic acid
4151:
4142:isocoumarins
4115:Kavalactones
4057:Tannin uses
3984:Tetrafucol A
3964:Diphlorethol
3949:6,6'-Bieckol
3944:8,8′-Bieckol
3866:Gallotannins
3831:Casuarictins
3811:Punicalagins
3736:Curcuminoids
3681:Matairesinol
3582:
3487:Apigeninidin
3432:Aromadendrin
3339:Flavan-4-ols
3310:Flavan-3-ols
3047:Benzenediols
2916:Gutta-balatá
2912:Gutta percha
2850:Xanthophylls
2830:Neurosporene
2749:Moronic acid
2739:Ursolic acid
2682:Testosterone
2665:Stigmasterol
2650:Cycloartenol
2637:Phytosterols
2579:Pimaric acid
2549:Abietic acid
2500:Manoyl oxide
2475:Salvinorin A
2465:
2405:Diterpenoids
2269:Thujaplicins
2194:(2,modified)
2134:Phellandrene
2078:Monoterpenes
2007:
2003:
1996:Basic forms:
1933:
1862:
1847:
1821:
1816:
1792:
1786:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1675:
1671:
1648:. Retrieved
1637:
1626:, retrieved
1620:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1591:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1469:
1450:
1447:EFSA Journal
1446:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1360:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1329:
1305:(2): 341–7.
1302:
1298:
1288:
1270:
1266:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1205:
1198:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:the original
1094:
1086:
1066:
1058:
1038:
1016:. Retrieved
1005:
970:
966:
956:
940:
936:
926:
915:, retrieved
909:
899:
862:
858:
848:
821:
817:
807:
795:. Retrieved
791:"Flavonoids"
770:. Retrieved
760:
719:. Retrieved
683:
673:
662:. Retrieved
658:the original
637:
633:
597:
542:
523:
516:
496:
489:
448:whole grains
445:
432:
410:
406:pro-oxidants
391:
380:
368:
353:
342:sequiterpene
314:Ancient Rome
303:
269:
264:
260:
238:
228:
219:
211:epicatechins
187:anthocyanins
156:
143:
137:
115:
113:
100:
95:
82:produced by
75:
74:
50:
40:anthocyanins
5019:Carotenoids
5014:Polyphenols
4922:Beta-glucan
4852:Oxalic acid
4845:Quinic acid
4840:Phytic acid
4777:Betacyanins
4558:Oleocanthal
4375:Norbergenin
4370:Tannic acid
4365:Gallic acid
4159:Polyphenols
4132:Xanthonoids
4109:Chalconoids
3959:Eckstolonol
3856:Terflavin B
3821:Vescalagins
3816:Castalagins
3721:Piceatannol
3711:Resveratrol
3701:Stilbenoids
3691:Pinoresinol
3626:Castavinols
3468:Delphinidin
3419:Flavanonols
3409:Eriodictyol
3236:Isoflavones
3118:polyphenols
3082:Polyphenols
2884:Rubixanthin
2874:Astaxanthin
2835:Phytofluene
2787:Carotenoids
2677:Cholesterol
2672:Tocopherols
2642:Campesterol
2541:Resin acids
2526:Gibberellin
2521:Aphidicolin
2514:Tetracyclic
2389:Longifolene
2353:Artemisinin
2330:Umbellulone
2218:Citronellol
2208:Citronellal
1846:Higdon, J.
1650:12 February
1628:12 February
1603:12 February
1481:12 February
1453:(2): 1489.
1341:12 February
1129:12 February
1099:Ellena 2022
797:12 February
772:12 February
721:12 February
562:Allelopathy
532:present in
526:carotenoids
394:phytotoxins
389:in humans.
364:cancer drug
356:English yew
292:willow tree
259:Berries of
199:isoflavones
167:polyphenols
163:carotenoids
114:As a term,
88:plant virus
69:carotenoids
4988:Categories
4867:Malic acid
4563:Oleuropein
4501:tryptophan
4390:Theogallin
4257:Glycosides
4134:(C6-C1-C6)
4111:(C6-C3-C6)
4100:(C6-C7-C6)
4061:Enological
3841:Punicalins
3836:Grandinins
3726:Pinosylvin
3704:(C6-C2-C6)
3519:Leptosidin
3514:Aureusidin
3404:Naringenin
3399:Hesperidin
3391:Flavanones
3357:Luteoforol
3225:Kaempferol
3172:Flavonoids
3164:flavonoids
3129:(C6-C3-C6)
3126:Flavonoids
3072:Dillapiole
2869:Zeaxanthin
2713:Lanosterol
2660:Sitosterol
2655:Sitostanol
2531:Paclitaxel
2438:Monocyclic
2325:Ascaridole
2320:Eucalyptol
2273:Hinokitiol
2247:Monocyclic
2117:Monocyclic
1984:terpenoids
1942:Terpenoids
913:, Brisbane
865:: e70780.
664:2017-02-10
589:References
528:, such as
413:digestible
360:paclitaxel
349:sandalwood
235:cell lines
225:extracting
195:flavanones
175:flavonoids
148:metabolism
134:Definition
36:polyphenol
5009:Nutrition
5004:Nutrients
4769:Betalains
4579:Capsaicin
4516:thyroxine
4506:histidine
4231:Aglycones
4138:Coumarins
3994:Bifuhalol
3921:Flavolans
3846:Roburin A
3826:Castalins
3659:Silymarin
3569:Phloretin
3538:Chalcones
3529:Chalcones
3427:Taxifolin
3344:flavanols
3315:flavanols
3248:Genistein
3221:Quercetin
3213:Flavonols
3162:Types of
3116:Types of
3067:Carvacrol
3029:Types of
2941:Synthesis
2797:Carotenes
2692:Ecdysones
2496:Forskolin
2484:Tricyclic
2471:Epimanool
2396:Nootkatin
2393:Muurolene
2385:Juniperol
2377:Chanootin
2358:Bisabolol
2289:Carvacrol
2129:Terpinene
2031:(4 rings)
1978:Types of
1932:Types of
1830:MIT Press
1826:Cambridge
1423:8 January
1393:8 January
1367:8 January
824:(2): e1.
577:Nutrition
505:, the US
485:vitamin C
481:vitamin A
377:Functions
345:santolols
282:, having
207:catechins
203:flavanols
179:stilbenes
52:Cucurbita
4932:Lentinan
4910:Pentoses
4752:Piperine
4703:Sulfides
4686:Nitriles
4644:Sinigrin
4584:Gingerol
4511:tyrosine
4468:Coumarin
4406:Vanillin
4345:Bergenin
4066:Drilling
3989:Trifucol
3742:Curcumin
3670:((C6-C3)
3464:Cyanidin
3353:Apiforol
3324:Catechin
3244:Daidzein
3198:Apigenin
3190:Flavones
3062:Carnosol
2840:Phytoene
2825:Lycopene
2726:Squalane
2718:Saponins
2629:Steroids
2491:Cembrene
2468:-Abienol
2459:Bicyclic
2363:Cadinene
2298:Bicyclic
2264:p-Cymene
2238:Linalool
2223:Geraniol
2174:Sabinene
2164:Camphene
2143:Bicyclic
2124:Limonene
2108:Myrcenes
2049:Isoprene
2029:Steroids
2020:Iridoids
1988:isoprene
1980:terpenes
1778:17374686
1737:11982434
1702:24227349
1583:28381529
1575:14601062
1525:22706630
1321:17141749
1258:21077025
997:11124191
917:25 March
907:(1950),
891:35616633
840:22123792
654:17950388
555:See also
534:tomatoes
530:lycopene
503:lycopene
338:perfumes
334:Augustus
322:Claudius
230:in vitro
191:flavones
101:(phyton)
65:pigments
4944:Inulins
4939:Fructan
4905:Hexoses
4782:Betanin
4737:Allicin
4722:Indoles
4548:Tyrosol
4128:(C6-C3)
4122:(C6-C4)
4076:Tanning
3969:Difucol
3954:Dieckol
3786:tannins
3750:Tannins
3667:Lignans
3552:, et.c.
3506:Aurones
3493:, et.c.
3470:, et.c.
3434:, et.c.
3382:, et.c.
3359:, et.c.
3330:, et.c.
3285:Flavans
3227:, et.c.
3204:, et.c.
3202:Chrysin
2978:(DMAPP)
2708:Betulin
2506:Pimarol
2503:Pimaral
2450:Retinal
2445:Retinol
2414:Acyclic
2373:Cedrene
2368:Cadinol
2310:Borneol
2305:Camphor
2259:Menthol
2233:Halomon
2201:Acyclic
2169:Thujene
2103:Ocimene
2096:Acyclic
1533:6984786
1335:"Fiber"
1190:9564789
1018:18 June
988:1119266
882:9135406
545:cassava
472:bladder
458:and/or
452:legumes
347:, from
326:Locusta
300:aspirin
280:salicin
274:and in
240:in vivo
183:lignans
105:poisons
67:called
61:pumpkin
4956:Pectin
4951:Lignin
4927:Chitin
4742:Alliin
4572:Others
4526:L-DOPA
4091:Others
3546:Butein
3293:Flavan
3252:Orobol
3057:Apiole
2900:(many)
2879:Lutein
2730:Acids
2421:Phytol
2279:Thymol
2213:Citral
2179:Carene
2150:Pinene
2063:Prenol
2010:forms)
1990:units)
1986:(# of
1869:
1854:
1836:
1776:
1735:
1700:
1581:
1573:
1531:
1523:
1319:
1279:
1256:
1213:
1188:
1079:
1046:
995:
985:
889:
879:
838:
690:
652:
499:tomato
483:, and
464:breast
424:cancer
272:poison
213:, and
201:, and
84:plants
57:squash
3939:Eckol
3254:et.c.
2972:(IPP)
2789:) (8)
2701:Other
2008:trans
1820:[
1579:S2CID
1529:S2CID
1501:(PDF)
1014:. CNN
859:eLife
752:(PDF)
470:, or
330:Livia
298:drug
144:phyto
140:plant
98:φυτόν
94:
92:Greek
4968:Misc
4599:Misc
4152:Misc
4140:and
2156:and
2089:)(2)
2006:and
1982:and
1867:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1774:PMID
1733:PMID
1698:PMID
1652:2017
1630:2017
1605:2017
1571:PMID
1521:PMID
1483:2017
1425:2017
1395:2017
1387:eCFR
1369:2017
1361:eCFR
1343:2017
1317:PMID
1277:ISBN
1254:PMID
1211:ISBN
1186:PMID
1131:2017
1077:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1020:2014
993:PMID
919:2022
887:PMID
836:PMID
799:2017
774:2017
723:2017
688:ISBN
650:PMID
468:lung
426:and
411:Non-
387:diet
354:The
286:and
165:and
78:are
59:and
4071:Ink
2621:(6)
2604:(5)
2466:cis
2407:(4)
2346:(3)
2042:(1)
2004:cis
1764:doi
1760:137
1725:doi
1688:hdl
1680:doi
1561:doi
1557:107
1513:doi
1509:134
1455:doi
1307:doi
1244:doi
1176:doi
1172:118
983:PMC
975:doi
971:321
945:doi
877:PMC
867:doi
826:doi
642:doi
237:or
181:or
4990::
3548:,
3489:,
3466:,
3378:,
3355:,
3326:,
3250:,
3246:,
3223:,
3200:,
2087:16
2083:10
2081:(C
2051:(C
1832:.
1828::
1772:.
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3317:)
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2275:)
2271:(
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1957:v
1925:e
1918:t
1911:v
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1858:.
1842:.
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1739:.
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1133:.
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