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367:. According to the International Society for Plastination, the Epoxy E 12 procedure is used "for thin, transparent, and firm body and organ slices", while the Polyster P 35 (P 40) preserves "semitransparent and firm brain slices". Samples are prepared for fixation through the first method by deep freezing, while the second method works best following 4â6 weeks of preparation in a formaldehyde mixture.
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442:, uses both plastic coating (PC) and plastination (PN) to investigate and compare the difference in the two methods. The PC method was simple and inexpensive, but the PN specimens were more flexible, durable, and lifelike than those preserved by the PC method. The use of plastination allowed the use of many body parts such as muscle, nerves, bones,
522:
For the first 20 years, plastination was used to preserve small specimens for medical study. In the early 1990s, the equipment was developed to make plastinating whole body specimens possible, each specimen taking up to 1,500-man-hours to prepare. The first exhibition of whole bodies was displayed by
350:
Other methods used in modern times include the
Silicone S 10 Standard Procedure, the Cor-Tech Room temperature procedure, the Epoxy E 12 procedure, and the Polyester P 35 (P 40) procedure. The Silicone S 10 is the procedure most often used in plastination and creates opaque, natural-looking specimen.
306:
With the success of his patents, von Hagens went on to form the
Institute for Plastination in Heidelberg, Germany in 1993. The Institute for Plastination, along with von Hagens, made their first showing of plastinated bodies in Japan in 1995, which drew more than three million visitors. The institute
541:
Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds exhibitions are the original, precedent-setting public anatomical exhibitions of real human bodies, and the only anatomical exhibits that use donated bodies, willed by donors to the
Institute for Plastination for the express purpose of serving the Body Worlds mission
494:
and has signed over 9,000 donors into the plastinate program: 531 have already died. The program has reported an average of one body a day being released to the plastination process. About 90% of the donors registered are German. Von Hagens' body donations are now being managed by the
Institute for
237:(freezing point â95 °C; â139 °F) at â20 to â30 °C (â4 to â22 °F). The volume of the bath should be 10 times that of the specimen. The acetone is renewed two times over the course of six weeks. The acetone draws out all the water and replaces it inside the
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have their own plastination laboratories. The first medical school in India to have a plastination lab was A.I.I.M.S, New Delhi with others following suit like
Christian Medical College, Vellore, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida etc.
302:
applied for a German patent, proposing the idea of preserving animal and vegetable tissues permanently by synthetic resin impregnation. Since then, von Hagens has applied for further US patents regarding work on preserving biological tissues with polymers.
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courses at many universities learn animal science through collections of multispecies large-animal specimens. Plastination allows students to have hands-on experience in this field, without exposure to chemicals such as formalin. For example, plastinated
330:, an important solution to body preservation, was introduced in 1896 to help with body preservation. Soon to follow formalin, color-preserving embalming solutions were developed to preserve lifelike color and flexibility to aid in the study of the body.
867:
179:
848:
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Ottone NE (2020). Micro-Plastination. Technique for
Obtaining Slices below 250 ÎŒm for the Visualization of Microanatomy in Morphological and Pathological Morphology Protocols. International Journal of Morphology, 38( 2 ): 389â91.
967:
514:, and have tried to pass laws against unclaimed cadavers being used in research. A number of religious organizations, including Catholic and Jewish ones, object to the display of plastinated body parts at public exhibitions.
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is a widely known method which involves the removal of body fluid and wrapping the body in linens. Prior to mummification, Egyptians would lay the body in a shallow pit in the desert and allow the sun to dehydrate the body.
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of the tissues. They may also confer a degree of rigidity. This can be beneficial in maintaining the shape or arrangement of a specimen. A stomach might be inflated or a leg bent at the knee, for example.
278:
to a small piece of an animal organ, are known as 'plastinates'. Once plastinated, the specimens and bodies are further manipulated and positioned prior to curing (hardening) of the polymer chains.
534:) public exhibitions, showing whole bodies plastinated in lifelike poses and dissected to show various structures and systems of human anatomy. The earliest exhibitions were presented in the
1960:
1955:
454:
221:-based solution, and serves two functions. Dissecting the specimen to show specific anatomical elements can be time-consuming. Formaldehyde or other preserving solutions help prevent
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and in
Germany, and Gunther von Hagens' exhibitions have subsequently been hosted by museums and venues in more than 50 cities worldwide, attracting more than 29 million visitors..
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462:
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Janick, L.; R. C. DeNovo; R. W. Henry (1997). "Plastinated Canine
Gastrointestinal Tracts Used to Facilitate Teaching of Endoscopic Technique and Anatomy".
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TTT sheet plastinates for school teaching and lay instruction provide a thorough impression of the complexity of an animal body in just one specimen.
458:
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to educate the public about health and anatomy. To date, more than 10,000 people have agreed to donate their bodies to
Institute for Plastination.
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2403:
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1847:
1812:
1747:"VerfĂŒhrerische Leichen â verbotener Verfall. "Körperwelten" als gesellschaftliches SchlĂŒsselereignis. Perspektiven Politischer Psychologie"
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553:, which ran from August through October 2004. In 2005 and 2006, the company opened their "Bodies Revealed" and "Bodies...The Exhibition" in
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584:, and the JSS Medical College Gunther von Hagens maintains a permanent exhibition of plastinates and plastination at the Plastinarium in
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air flow during the curing process, which allows them to be used to teach both endoscopic technique and gastrointestinal anatomy.
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2017:
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565:. The West Coast exhibition site opened on 22 June 2006 at the Tropicana Resort and Casino Las Vegas. As of June 2009,
1186:"Use of plastinated brains in teaching neuroanatomy at the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine"
89:
2423:
2101:
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was the first school in the United States to use this technique to prepare gross organ specimens for use in teaching. The
42:
1941:
Laboratory of
Plastination & Anatomical Techniques, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile (Dr. Nicolas E. Ottone)
486:
Concern over consent of bodies being used in the plastination process has arisen. Over 20 years ago, von Hagens set up a
61:
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827:, "PrÀparat aus biologischen verweslichen Objekten und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung", issued 14 September 1978
508:
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68:
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True Anatomy for New Ways of Teaching von Hagens Plastination offers one-of-a-kind, real human teaching specimens!
1335:
343:, which involves the cooling of the body to very low temperatures to preserve the body tissues, plastination, and
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Ottone NE et al. (2020). Extraction of DNA from plastinated tissues. Forensic Science International, 309:110199.
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and leaves the cells, it draws the liquid polymer in behind it, leaving a cell filled with liquid plastic.
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von Hagens, Gunther; Klaus Tiedemann; Wilhelm Kriz (March 1987). "The current potential of plastination".
577:
447:
1461:"Two state lawmakers want to change law requiring morgues, hospitals to give unclaimed bodies to schools"
865:, "Method for preserving large sections of biological tissue with polymers", issued 16 March 1982
57:
3120:
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impregnation was introduced in 1925, and the embedding of organs in plastic was developed in the 1960s.
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1219:"Pathology Academic Resource Center: UT Health Science Center â Graduate School of Biomedical Science"
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Plastination is useful in anatomy, serving as models and teaching tools. It is used at more than 40
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2010:
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New contributions to the development of a plastination technique at room temperature with silicone.
846:, "Animal and vegetal tissues permanently preserved by synthetic resin", issued 27 May 1980
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Other methods have been in place for thousands of years to halt the decomposition of the body.
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With the use of plastination as a teaching method of animal science, fewer animals have to be
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Bickley, Harmon C.; Robert S. Conner, Anna N. Walker and R. Lamar Jackson (January 1987).
418:
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maintains three international centres of plastination, in Germany, Kyrgyzstan, and China.
245:
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82:
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573:
in Dublin, Ireland. The exhibition was in Istanbul, Turkey, until the end of March 2011.
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technique and anatomy. The plastinated specimens retain their dilated conformation by a
355:'s Cor-Tech Room Temperature Procedure is designed to allow plastination of specimen at
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2003:
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965:, "Method for Impregnating Tissue Samples in Paraffin", issued 18 February 1992
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Plastination galleries are offered in several college medical schools, including the
562:
487:
469:, and University of Northumbria use collections of plastinates as teaching aids. The
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In the third step, the specimen is then placed in a bath of liquid polymer, such as
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218:
1102:"Life, Death, and One Man's Quest to Demystify the Inner Realms of the Human Body"
178:
685:; Klaus Tiedemann; Wilhelm Kriz (1987). "The current potential of plastination".
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Heidelberg plastination folder: collection of technical leaflets of plastination
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1975:
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1263:"First University to Acquire von Hagens Plastinations for University Teaching"
421:, as the plastination process allows specimens to be studied for a long time.
275:
230:
3015:
1956:
Plastination: Silicone Impregnation of Specimens (the standard S10 technique)
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Heidelberger Plastinationshefter Sammlung von MerkblÀttern zur Plastination
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Four steps are followed in the standard process of plastination: fixation,
1801:
Pushing the Limits: Encounters with Body Worlds Creator Gunther von Hagens
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987:. International Society for Plastination. 20 October 1998. Archived from
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to various degrees of flexibility using three combinations of polymer,
234:
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1307:"Medical Teaching Unit | Medical School | The University of Sheffield"
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2602:
2526:
2168:
1887:
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Henry, Robert W.; Larry Janick; Francis Paul Salmos (February 1997).
257:
191:
1945:
260:, the acetone is made to boil at a low temperature. As the acetone
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2026:
650:"Overview & General Principles of the Plastination Procedures"
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316:
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1542:"'Body Worlds' comes to Phoenix â Jewish News of Greater Phoenix"
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throughout the world as an adjunct to anatomical dissection.
1981:"Exhibit Human" a documentary on plastination by Aaron Edell
217:
The first step of plastination, fixation, frequently uses a
1950:
1834:
Body Worlds The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies
339:
Body preservation methods current to the 21st century are
162:, and even retain most properties of the original sample.
158:, yielding specimens that can be touched, do not smell or
16:
Technique used in anatomy to preserve bodies or body parts
1990:
1995:
777:"Preservation of tissue by silicone rubber impregnation"
455:
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
198:
tissues are replaced by curable polymers, which include
927:"Formaldehyde: Its Development And History Since 1868"
390:
Histological section of bovine tongue, epoxy technique
233:
have taken place, the specimen is placed in a bath of
174:
The centerpiece of plastination: "forced impregnation"
1868:
Anatomical Science International 2015; 90(2):126â35.
1407:"Religions and the Autopsy: Overview, Islam, Judaism"
1193:
Journal of the International Society for Plastination
784:
Journal of the International Society for Plastination
740:
Journal of the International Society for Plastination
146:
to preserve bodies or body parts, first developed by
1880:
E12 sheet plastination: Techniques and applications.
1745:
da Fonseca, Liselotte Hermes; Thomas Kliche (2007).
3073:
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2705:
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2484:
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2318:
2040:
2033:
1442:"Life after death: Donating your body for research"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1831:
526:Over the next two years, Von Hagens developed the
267:The plastic must then be cured with gas, heat, or
1976:The New Plastination Index on-line: Subject Index
580:(said to possess the nation's largest such lab),
1951:Plastination in India by Dr. N. M. Shama Sundar.
1523:"Archdiocese of Vancouver â Body Worlds Exhibit"
1483:"No Body World Exhibit For Catholic Field Trips"
1096:
1094:
733:"Specimen preparation for silicone plastination"
1313:. The University of Sheffield. 1 September 2020
1961:Plastination: The Sheet Plastination Technique
1330:
1328:
1079:. International Society for Plastination. 2008
1057:. International Society for Plastination. 2008
1035:. International Society for Plastination. 2008
1013:. International Society for Plastination. 2008
2011:
1648:"Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University"
1357:Singh, Debashis; Von Hagens, G (March 2003).
770:
768:
8:
1489:. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008
905:"History of Burial Beliefs in Ancient Egypt"
677:
675:
549:began their "Bodies Revealed" exhibition in
463:Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
726:
724:
406:tracts are used to help in the teaching of
2481:
2470:
2037:
2018:
2004:
1996:
1540:Deborah Sussman Susser (9 February 2007).
1936:Plastination website by Dr. Selcuk Tunali
1382:
1285:"Vienna University Plastination Facility"
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1265:. European-hospital.com. 28 October 2008
979:
977:
495:Plastination (IfP) established in 1993.
459:New York University College of Dentistry
122:
1986:Learn About PCOM's Plastination Process
1626:"Plastination at the Vienna University"
1241:"Virtual Campus Tour: PCOM Anatomy Lab"
618:
1966:International Society for Plastination
1500:
1423:
1412:
274:Specimens, which can vary from a full
2368:List of ways people dishonor the dead
1563:Chambless, Ross (19 September 2008).
1409:. 30 June 2020 – via eMedicine.
438:'s College of Veterinary Medicine in
7:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
182:Hardening and posing of plastinates
2373:List of ways people honor the dead
629:. Institute for Plastination. 2006
394:Students enrolled in introductory
142:is a technique or process used in
14:
2404:GompertzâMakeham law of mortality
1971:The New Plastination Index Online
1882:Clinical Anatomy, 31(5):742â756.
805:from the original on 24 June 2015
3361:
3352:
3351:
1666:"The Plastinarium â What is it?"
1163:"KSUCVM Plastination Laboratory"
23:
3362:
1909:10.4067/S0717-95022020000200389
1898:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110199
1184:Holladay SD, Hudson LC (1989).
1033:"The COR-TECH Room Temperature"
436:North Carolina State University
135:, mounted for teaching purposes
34:needs additional citations for
1842:: Institute fĂŒr Plastination.
882:"Preservation by Plastination"
627:"The Idea behind plastination"
431:TTT sheet plastinate of a fish
294:, the inventor of plastination
1:
2424:Maternal mortality in fiction
1165:. Vet.ksu.edu. 8 January 2009
523:von Hagens in Japan in 1995.
507:. Ultra-Orthodox Jews oppose
371:Uses of plastinated specimens
2338:Expressions related to death
2291:Medical declaration of death
1830:von Hagens, Gunther (2006).
985:"Other Plastination Methods"
503:A number of religious sects
311:Related preservation methods
2358:Preventable causes of death
1565:"TheLeonardo Podcast no. 1"
571:Ambassador Theatre (Dublin)
194:, and hardening. Water and
190:, forced impregnation in a
3414:
1799:Whalley, Angelina (2005).
3347:
2725:Consciousness after death
2648:
2212:
1878:Ottone NE et al. (2018).
1874:10.1007/s12565-014-0258-6
1864:Ottone NE et al. (2015).
1672:. Gubener Plastinate GmbH
1507:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
934:Museum of Funeral Customs
3126:Personification of death
2348:People by cause of death
1946:Plastination Models Inc.
1730:University of Heidelberg
1375:10.1136/bmj.326.7387.468
648:Weiglein, A. H. (2005).
567:BODIES... The Exhibition
518:Plastination exhibitions
154:are replaced by certain
3388:Anatomical preservation
3203:Death-positive movement
3048:Post-mortem photography
2328:Causes of death by rate
2256:Death by natural causes
1807:: Arts & Sciences.
1487:Fox Television Stations
1359:"Scientist or showman?"
1221:. pathology.uthscsa.edu
1077:"The Polyester P35/P40"
505:prohibit organ donation
475:University of Sheffield
440:Raleigh, North Carolina
353:Dow Corning Corporation
150:in 1977. The water and
3238:Fascination with death
2876:Reincarnation research
2871:Out-of-body experience
2333:Notable deaths by year
2174:Immunogenic cell death
2090:Temporal lobe necrosis
1991:https://plastodur.com/
1926:Plastination technique
1764:Anatomy and Embryology
1422:Cite journal requires
687:Anatomy and Embryology
654:8th Interim Conf Plast
578:University of Michigan
448:central nervous system
432:
391:
295:
183:
175:
136:
3043:Post-mortem chemistry
2856:Near-death experience
2752:Desecration of graves
2688:Postmortem caloricity
2653:Beating heart cadaver
2097:Programmed cell death
2065:Liquefactive necrosis
963:US patent 5089288
863:US patent 4320157
844:US patent 4205059
825:DE patent 2710147
467:University of Warwick
430:
389:
289:
181:
173:
133:diseased horse's hoof
126:
3233:Festival of the Dead
3131:Dying-and-rising god
3086:Chinese burial money
2975:Prohibition of dying
2927:Death-qualified jury
2693:Post-mortem interval
2353:Premature obituaries
2060:Coagulative necrosis
1751:Deutsches Ărzteblatt
1129:Cells Tissues Organs
499:Religious opposition
471:University of Vienna
229:After any necessary
43:improve this article
3293:Philosophy of death
3158:Death from laughter
2458:Perinatal mortality
2199:Mitotic catastrophe
2179:Ischemic cell death
2122:Intrinsic apoptosis
2070:Gangrenous necrosis
1718:von Hagens, Gunther
1715:First published as
1705:: Biodur Products.
1695:von Hagens, Gunther
1670:www.plastinarium.de
1448:. 17 February 2009.
1311:www.sheffield.ac.uk
1011:"The Silicone S 10"
683:von Hagens, Gunther
547:Premier Exhibitions
419:killed for research
3393:1990 introductions
3339:Thanatosensitivity
3243:Hierarchy of death
3183:Death notification
3091:Coins for the dead
3023:Forensic pathology
2907:Capital punishment
2861:Near-death studies
2453:Mortality salience
2085:Fibrinoid necrosis
2055:Avascular necrosis
1776:10.1007/BF00309677
1628:. Meduniwien.ac.at
1481:(28 August 2007).
1287:. Meduniwien.ac.at
907:. History Link 101
699:10.1007/BF00309677
569:is showing at the
551:Blackpool, England
433:
392:
300:Gunther von Hagens
298:In November 1979,
296:
292:Gunther von Hagens
184:
176:
148:Gunther von Hagens
137:
127:A plastinated and
3375:
3374:
3111:Death anniversary
3106:Death and culture
2950:Dying declaration
2932:Death certificate
2839:
2838:
2701:
2700:
2553:Neuropreservation
2343:Natural disasters
2314:
2313:
1849:978-3-937256-04-7
1814:978-3-937256-07-8
1652:www.jssuni.edu.in
1529:on 13 April 2014.
1141:10.1159/000147910
582:Vienna University
450:to be preserved.
412:positive pressure
321:ancient Egyptians
290:German anatomist
269:ultraviolet light
119:
118:
111:
93:
3405:
3365:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3335:
3320:Assisted suicide
3218:Death trajectory
3033:Mortuary science
3028:Funeral director
3019:
2985:Suspicious death
2757:Eternal oblivion
2543:Cryopreservation
2482:
2471:
2409:Infant mortality
2399:Excess mortality
2301:Terminal illness
2286:Lazarus syndrome
2271:End-of-life care
2222:Accidental death
2075:Caseous necrosis
2038:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1888:10.1002/ca.23008
1861:
1837:
1826:
1795:
1758:
1741:
1714:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:. Archived from
1519:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1338:. Bodyworlds.com
1332:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1055:"The Epoxy E 12"
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
981:
972:
971:
970:
966:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
942:
936:. Archived from
931:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
878:
872:
871:
870:
866:
859:
853:
852:
851:
847:
840:
834:
833:
832:
828:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
804:
781:
772:
763:
762:
760:
758:
737:
728:
719:
718:
679:
670:
669:
667:
665:
656:. Archived from
645:
639:
638:
636:
634:
623:
482:Ethical concerns
404:gastrointestinal
357:room temperature
341:cryopreservation
271:, to harden it.
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3343:
3329:
3273:Museum of Death
3223:Dignified death
3178:Death messenger
3153:Death education
3069:
3013:
2999:
2937:Declared death
2885:
2835:
2792:Online mourning
2697:
2663:Cadaveric spasm
2644:
2589:
2531:
2522:Skeletonization
2462:
2394:Child mortality
2389:Birthday effect
2377:
2310:
2306:Unnatural death
2237:Brainstem death
2208:
2147:Pseudoapoptosis
2029:
2024:
1917:
1850:
1829:
1815:
1798:
1761:
1744:
1716:
1693:
1690:
1688:Further reading
1685:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1606:. Med.umich.edu
1602:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1465:nydailynews.com
1458:
1457:
1453:
1446:The Independent
1440:
1439:
1435:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
983:
982:
975:
968:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
943:on 6 March 2005
940:
929:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
880:
879:
875:
868:
861:
860:
856:
849:
842:
841:
837:
830:
823:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
779:
774:
773:
766:
756:
754:
735:
730:
729:
722:
681:
680:
673:
663:
661:
647:
646:
642:
632:
630:
625:
624:
620:
616:
594:
520:
501:
484:
373:
313:
284:
256:. In a partial
246:silicone rubber
168:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Apparent death
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2912:Cause of death
2909:
2904:
2902:Administration
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:Death erection
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:Natural burial
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2479:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2441:Mortality rate
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2419:Maternal death
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Unusual deaths
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Organ donation
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2244:Clinical death
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1916:
1915:External links
1913:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1890:
1876:
1862:
1848:
1827:
1813:
1796:
1759:
1742:
1697:(March 1986).
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1657:
1639:
1617:
1604:"Plastination"
1595:
1584:
1555:
1544:. Jewishaz.com
1532:
1514:
1470:
1459:Blain, Glenn.
1451:
1433:
1424:|journal=
1398:
1349:
1324:
1298:
1276:
1254:
1232:
1210:
1176:
1154:
1119:
1090:
1068:
1046:
1024:
1002:
991:on 15 May 2009
973:
954:
918:
895:
873:
854:
835:
816:
764:
720:
671:
660:on 6 July 2011
640:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
605:
600:
593:
590:
519:
516:
512:organ donation
500:
497:
483:
480:
396:animal science
381:dental schools
372:
369:
312:
309:
283:
280:
167:
164:
117:
116:
99:September 2009
58:"Plastination"
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3410:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Death anxiety
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Darwin Awards
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:Biostratinomy
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Necropolitics
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:Reincarnation
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2707:Other aspects
2704:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Body donation
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Dismemberment
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Mummification
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2527:Fossilization
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Decomposition
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Pallor mortis
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:(4): 411â21.
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1753:(in German).
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:(in German).
1723:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:(7387): 468.
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1264:
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60: â
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54:Find sources:
48:
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37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3213:Death threat
3096:Dark tourism
3038:Necrobiology
2980:Right to die
2938:
2897:Abortion law
2821:Resurrection
2809:Palingenesis
2706:
2668:Coffin birth
2575:Plastination
2574:
2536:Preservation
2512:Putrefaction
2507:Rigor mortis
2502:Algor mortis
2497:Livor mortis
2474:
2430:Memento mori
2428:
2281:Lazarus sign
2261:Death rattle
2204:Suicide gene
2189:Karyorrhexis
2080:Fat necrosis
1879:
1865:
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1800:
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1698:
1674:. Retrieved
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1630:. Retrieved
1620:
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1598:
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1558:
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1535:
1527:the original
1517:
1493:17 September
1491:. Retrieved
1473:
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1415:cite journal
1401:
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1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1235:
1225:22 September
1223:. Retrieved
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
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1157:
1135:(1): 48â53.
1132:
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1105:
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1005:
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989:the original
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938:the original
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790:(1): 30â39.
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662:. Retrieved
658:the original
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631:. Retrieved
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219:formaldehyde
216:
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140:Plastination
139:
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65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3330: [
3288:Necrophobia
3283:Necrophilia
3253:Immortality
3208:Death squad
3188:Death panel
3173:Death march
3168:Death knell
3148:Death drive
3121:Death deity
3065:Thanatology
3014: [
2960:Legal death
2939:in absentia
2917:Civil death
2762:Examination
2747:Crematorium
2630:Excarnation
2467:After death
2266:Dysthanasia
2232:Brain death
2164:Autoschizis
2142:Phenoptosis
2137:Parthanatos
2127:Necroptosis
2034:In medicine
1930:Body Worlds
1548:25 February
1336:"Institute"
1317:5 September
1112:13 February
1108:. Fall 2004
588:, Germany.
532:Body Worlds
510:post mortem
490:program in
361:crosslinker
254:epoxy resin
231:dissections
188:dehydration
3382:Categories
3258:Last rites
3228:Extinction
3198:Death pose
3193:Death poem
3163:Death hoax
3143:Death camp
3136:Psychopomp
3011:Death tech
2866:Necromancy
2844:Paranormal
2826:Underworld
2678:Dissection
2640:Resomation
2635:Promession
2613:Sky burial
2580:Prosection
2565:Maceration
2276:Euthanasia
2194:Karyolysis
2152:Pyroptosis
2132:Paraptosis
2042:Cell death
1840:Heidelberg
1805:Heidelberg
1726:Heidelberg
1703:Heidelberg
1243:. PCOM.edu
1199:(1): 15â17
757:27 January
664:27 January
614:References
408:endoscopic
276:human body
69:newspapers
3303:Sacrifice
3298:Predation
3263:Longevity
3053:Taphonomy
2990:Trust law
2945:Death row
2730:Afterlife
2683:Gibbeting
2620:Cremation
2585:Taxidermy
2560:Embalming
2436:Micromort
2382:Mortality
2159:Autolysis
2117:Autophagy
2112:Apoptosis
1738:174501422
1711:256499636
1676:17 August
1503:cite news
796:1090-2171
752:1090-2171
545:In 2004,
444:ligaments
345:embalming
262:vaporizes
250:polyester
212:copolymer
208:polyester
129:sectioned
3357:Category
3327:Thanabot
3278:Necronym
3248:Homicide
2799:Obituary
2787:Mourning
2777:Internet
2720:Cemetery
2595:Disposal
2548:Cryonics
2217:Abortion
2184:Pyknosis
2050:Necrosis
1858:69257041
1823:61119531
1792:21077765
1720:(1985).
1632:18 March
1610:18 March
1393:12609939
1342:18 March
1291:18 March
1269:18 March
1169:18 March
884:. BIODUR
800:Archived
715:21077765
592:See also
536:Far East
473:and the
365:catalyst
334:Paraffin
328:Formalin
200:silicone
156:plastics
3367:Outline
3315:Suicide
2955:Inquest
2922:Coroner
2814:SaáčsÄra
2782:Midwife
2767:Funeral
2742:Customs
2715:Carrion
2414:Karoshi
2227:Autopsy
2107:Anoikis
1784:3555158
1384:1125369
1247:29 July
1149:9293297
888:5 March
707:3555158
608:Moulage
598:ĂcorchĂ©
492:Germany
377:medical
282:History
235:acetone
166:Process
144:anatomy
83:scholar
3268:Martyr
3004:Fields
2965:Murder
2881:SĂ©ance
2851:Ghosts
2735:Tukdam
2603:Burial
2485:Stages
2169:Eschar
1856:
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1821:
1811:
1790:
1782:
1736:
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1381:
1203:19 May
1147:
1083:19 May
1061:19 May
1039:19 May
1017:19 May
995:19 May
969:
947:11 May
911:11 May
869:
850:
831:
809:10 May
794:
750:
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561:, and
446:, and
401:canine
363:, and
258:vacuum
206:, and
192:vacuum
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64:
56:
3398:Death
3334:]
3308:human
3074:Other
3018:]
2890:Legal
2831:Vigil
2772:Grief
2320:Lists
2027:Death
1928:, on
1788:S2CID
1757:(38).
1577:8 May
1189:(PDF)
1106:Nexus
941:(PDF)
930:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
746:(1).
736:(PDF)
711:S2CID
633:1 May
586:Guben
559:Tampa
555:Seoul
252:, or
239:cells
204:epoxy
196:lipid
160:decay
90:JSTOR
76:books
2995:Will
2476:Body
2446:RAMR
2102:AICD
1932:page
1854:OCLC
1844:ISBN
1819:OCLC
1809:ISBN
1780:PMID
1734:OCLC
1707:OCLC
1678:2018
1634:2010
1612:2010
1579:2009
1550:2010
1509:link
1495:2008
1479:KTVI
1428:help
1389:PMID
1344:2010
1319:2020
1293:2010
1271:2010
1249:2015
1227:2010
1205:2009
1171:2010
1145:PMID
1114:2009
1085:2009
1063:2009
1041:2009
1019:2009
997:2009
949:2009
913:2009
890:2009
811:2009
792:ISSN
759:2009
748:ISSN
703:PMID
666:2009
635:2012
453:The
379:and
62:news
2249:DOA
1905:doi
1894:doi
1884:doi
1870:doi
1772:doi
1768:175
1755:104
1570:MP3
1379:PMC
1371:doi
1367:326
1363:BMJ
1137:doi
1133:158
695:doi
691:175
152:fat
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