696:
716:
26:
843:
42:
3728:
1047:
1463:. As thiolated polysaccharides can crosslink via disulfide bond formation, they form stable three-dimensional networks. Furthermore, they can bind to cysteine subunits of proteins via disulfide bonds. Because of these bonds, polysaccharides can be covalently attached to endogenous proteins such as mucins or keratins.
1296:
Aqueous solutions of the polysaccharide alone have a curious behavior when stirred: after stirring ceases, the solution initially continues to swirl due to momentum, then slows to a standstill due to viscosity and reverses direction briefly before stopping. This recoil is due to the elastic effect of
1177:
properties when dissolved in water at very low levels. This makes various liquids used in everyday life, such as some foods, lotions, cleaners, and paints, viscous when stationary, but much more free-flowing when even slight shear is applied by stirring or shaking, pouring, wiping, or brushing. This
695:
2559:
Mohammed, A.S.A., Naveed, M. & Jost, N. Polysaccharides; Classification, Chemical
Properties, and Future Perspective Applications in Fields of Pharmacology and Biological Medicine (A Review of Current Applications and Upcoming Potentialities). J Polym Environ 29, 2359–2371 (2021).
781:. With this, by end-point attaching galactogens to other polysaccharides constituting the surface of medical devices, galactogens have use as a method of capturing bioanalytes (e.g., CTC's), a method for releasing the captured bioanalytes and an analysis method.
773:
and functional polymers, galactogens have applications within hydrogel structures. These hydrogel structures can be designed to release particular nanoparticle pharmaceuticals and/or encapsulated therapeutics over time or in response to environmental stimuli.
908:
can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. Cellulose is insoluble in water. It does not change color when mixed with iodine. On hydrolysis, it yields glucose. It is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature.
2366:"A process for applying a coating comprising one or more polysaccharides with binding affinity for bioanalytes onto the surface of a medical sampling device, and the medical sampling device for capture of bioanalytes provided with the coating"
496:(80–85%). Amylose consists of a linear chain of several hundred glucose molecules, and Amylopectin is a branched molecule made of several thousand glucose units (every chain of 24–30 glucose units is one unit of Amylopectin). Starches are
1443:
By chemical modifications certain properties of polysaccharides can be improved. Various ligands can be covalently attached to their hydroxyl groups. Due to the covalent attachment of methyl-, hydroxyethyl- or carboxymethyl- groups on
453:
Not yet formally proposed as an essential macronutrient (as of 2005), dietary fiber is nevertheless regarded as important for the diet, with regulatory authorities in many developed countries recommending increases in fiber intake.
2581:
Kazachenko A.S., Akman F., Malyar Y.N., ISSAOUI N., Vasilieva N.Y., Karacharov A.A. Synthesis optimization, DFT and physicochemical study of chitosan sulfates (2021) Journal of
Molecular Structure, 1245, art. no. 131083. DOI:
1025:
Polysaccharides are major classes of biomolecules. They are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides. These complex bio-macromolecules functions as an important source of energy in
715:
407:
Nutrition polysaccharides are common sources of energy. Many organisms can easily break down starches into glucose; however, most organisms cannot metabolize cellulose or other polysaccharides like
1113:
on the bacterial surface that would otherwise provoke an immune response and thereby lead to the destruction of the bacteria. Capsular polysaccharides are water-soluble, commonly acidic, and have
620:, glycogen can compose up to 8 percent (100–120 grams in an adult) of the fresh weight soon after a meal. Only the glycogen stored in the liver can be made accessible to other organs. In the
1921:
1343:
is one of the most important cell-surface polysaccharides, as it plays a key structural role in outer membrane integrity, as well as being an important mediator of host-pathogen interactions.
1335:) and, in most cases, all the enzymes necessary for biosynthesis, assembly and transport of the completed polymer are encoded by genes organized in dedicated clusters within the genome of the
1435:
of epithelial origins stain with PAS, mucins of connective tissue origin have so many acidic substitutions that they do not have enough glycol or amino-alcohol groups left to react with PAS.
450:
as byproducts with wide-ranging physiological activities (discussion below). Although insoluble fiber is associated with reduced diabetes risk, the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown.
593:
but more extensively branched and compact than starch. Glycogen is a polymer of α(1→4) glycosidic bonds linked with α(1→6)-linked branches. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the
1718:"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) (2005), Chapter 7: Dietary, Functional and Total fiber"
1193:
1150:, often secrete polysaccharides to help them adhere to surfaces and to prevent them from drying out. Humans have developed some of these polysaccharides into useful products, including
446:
levels in the blood. Soluble fiber also attenuates the absorption of sugar, reduces sugar response after eating, normalizes blood lipid levels and, once fermented in the colon, produces
1556:
1527:
2819:
Leichner, C; Jelkmann, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2019). "Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature".
2572:
Cunha L, Grenha A. Sulfated
Seaweed Polysaccharides as Multifunctional Materials in Drug Delivery Applications. Mar Drugs. 2016;14(3):42. doi: 10.3390/md14030042
2388:"The Declaration of Certain Isolated or Synthetic Non-Digestible Carbohydrates as Dietary Fiber on Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels: Guidance for Industry"
609:
reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact and more immediately available as an energy reserve than
2692:
1723:. US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library and National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Archived from
2463:
1030:
and form a structural component of a plant cell. It can be a homopolysaccharide or a heteropolysaccharide depending upon the type of the monosaccharides.
339:
on Earth. It has many uses such as a significant role in the paper and textile industries and is used as a feedstock for the production of rayon (via the
1402:, became a focus of research by several groups from about 2007, and has been shown to be important for adhesion and invasion during bacterial infection.
297:
contain three to ten monosaccharide units, but the precise cutoff varies somewhat according to the convention. Polysaccharides are an important class of
1033:
Polysaccharides can be a straight chain of monosaccharides known as linear polysaccharides, or it can be branched known as a branched polysaccharide.
321:, sometimes called "animal starch". Glycogen's properties allow it to be metabolized more quickly, which suits the active lives of moving animals. In
758:. This polysaccharide is exclusive of the reproduction and is only found in the albumen gland from the female snail reproductive system and in the
2992:
2594:"Discovery of Semi- and Fully-Synthetic Carbohydrate Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections Using a Medicinal Chemistry Approach: Focus Review"
1949:
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2446:
2387:
2260:
2077:
1512:
2860:"Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid as Versatile Mucoadhesive Polymer: From the Chemistry Behind to Product Developments-What Are the Capabilities?"
1717:
1482:
180:
Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure, these
1784:
2800:
1674:
1595:
1086:
3757:
1064:
999:-galactosyl uronic acid residues. They are present in most primary cell walls and in the nonwoody parts of terrestrial plants.
762:
of eggs. Furthermore, galactogen serves as an energy reserve for developing embryos and hatchlings, which is later replaced by
978:(a more water-soluble derivative of chitin). It is also closely related to cellulose in that it is a long unbranched chain of
430:
Even though these complex polysaccharides are not very digestible, they provide important dietary elements for humans. Called
1068:
1690:
56:
mainly linked with α(1→4) bonds. It can be made of several thousands of glucose units. It is one of the two components of
434:, these carbohydrates enhance digestion. The main action of dietary fiber is to change the nature of the contents of the
2394:
1477:
827:
2985:
1312:
and the environment, mediate host-pathogen interactions. Polysaccharides also play an important role in formation of
2696:
2649:
Misra, Swati; Sharma, Varsha; Srivastava, Ashok Kumar (2014), Ramawat, Kishan Gopal; Mérillon, Jean-Michel (eds.),
1428:
806:, a plant-derived food that human digestive enzymes cannot completely break down. The inulins belong to a class of
2960:
210:
Natural saccharides are generally composed of simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides with general formula (CH
1370:-guluronic acid residues, and is responsible for the mucoid phenotype of late-stage cystic fibrosis disease. The
3752:
3052:
1387:
671:
Glycogen is composed of a branched chain of glucose residues. It is primarily stored in the liver and muscles.
25:
2276:
Goudsmit EM (1972). "Carbohydrates and carbohydrate metabolism in
Mollusca". In Florkin M, Scheer BT (eds.).
3545:
2717:
Guo H, Yi W, Song JK, Wang PG (2008). "Current understanding on biosynthesis of microbial polysaccharides".
1057:
508:-linkages (glycosidic bonds). Both humans and other animals have amylases so that they can digest starches.
383:
157:). They range in structure from linear to highly branched. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as
3731:
3539:
2978:
628:
of one to two percent of the muscle mass. The amount of glycogen stored in the body—especially within the
447:
435:
524:
are major sources of starch in the human diet. The formations of starches are the ways that plants store
3533:
2094:
1125:. There is enormous structural diversity; nearly two hundred different polysaccharides are produced by
2136:"Glycogen Content and Release of Glucose from Red blood cells of the Sipunculan Worm Themiste Dyscrita"
880:
The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and
858:
are found in both the primary and secondary cell walls of plants and are the copolymers of two sugars:
309:(a polymer of glucose) is used as a storage polysaccharide in plants, being found in the form of both
3672:
2464:"Chitin metabolism in insects: structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases"
2343:"In situ gelling polysaccharide-based nanoparticle hydrogel compositions, and methods of use thereof"
799:
645:
641:
260:
are usually large numbers between 200 and 2500. When the repeating units in the polymer backbone are
2965:
1614:
Islam ST, Vergara
Alvarez I, Saïdi F, Guiseppi A, Vinogradov E, Sharma G, et al. (June 2020).
1099:
759:
343:
process), cellulose acetate, celluloid, and nitrocellulose. Chitin has a similar structure but has
195:
When all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type, the polysaccharide is called a
2840:
2499:
1815:
1340:
1318:
822:. Most plants that synthesize and store inulin do not store other forms of carbohydrates such as
778:
302:
196:
142:
20:
2175:
Miwa I, Suzuki S (November 2002). "An improved quantitative assay of glycogen in erythrocytes".
1390:
level, but the precise role that it plays in disease is not well understood at present. Protein
2293:"Glycogen formation in the galactogen-containing eggs of Helix pomatia during embryonal period"
1297:
the polysaccharide chains, previously stretched in solution, returning to their relaxed state.
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2475:
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2322:
May F (1932). "Beitrag zur
Kenntnis des Glykogen und Galaktogengehaltes bei Helix pomatia".
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1995:
1979:
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Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A, et al. (April 2009).
1691:"Turning Waste Into Food: Cellulose Digestion – Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science"
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in the small intestine, making them less likely to enter the body; this, in turn, lowers
2211:
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derivatives. Both materials contribute structure and strength, protecting the organism.
293:
As a rule of thumb, polysaccharides contain more than ten monosaccharide units, whereas
199:
or homoglycan, but when more than one type of monosaccharide is present, it is called a
3358:
3115:
3092:
3072:
2935:
2910:
2886:
2859:
2792:
2626:
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2000:
1967:
1642:
1616:"Modulation of bacterial multicellularity via spatio-specific polysaccharide secretion"
1615:
1502:
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Varki A, Cummings R, Esko J, Freeze H, Stanley P, Bertozzi C, Hart G, Etzler M (1999).
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1122:
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932:
814:. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in
598:
551:
233:
138:
2135:
1823:
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2844:
1888:
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481:
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391:
181:
170:
2503:
1889:"Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre"
1819:
1566:
1537:
317:. In animals, the structurally similar glucose polymer is the more densely branched
184:
can have distinct properties from their monosaccharide building blocks. They may be
41:
3551:
3432:
3414:
3062:
3002:
2662:
855:
770:
563:
416:
379:
126:
2911:"Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications"
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units. The entire globular granule may contain approximately 30,000 glucose units.
2436:
2250:
1632:
3709:
3697:
3569:
3480:
3228:
3223:
3163:
2609:
2111:
1561:
1532:
1383:
1151:
1046:
928:
590:
493:
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351:
331:
and chitin are examples of structural polysaccharides. Cellulose is used in the
314:
61:
34:
2926:
2828:
2779:
Doelker, E (1990). "Swelling
Behavior of Water-Soluble Cellulose Derivatives".
2730:
2188:
3485:
3427:
3422:
3295:
3248:
2530:
1983:
1358:
defined. The exopolysaccharide alginate is a linear copolymer of β-1,4-linked
1328:
1305:
1205:
1163:
702:
685:
617:
298:
166:
146:
2617:
2561:
2538:
2487:
2235:
1991:
1905:
1565:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1536:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1448:, for instance, high swelling properties in aqueous media can be introduced.
1121:. They are linear and consist of regularly repeating subunits of one to six
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3457:
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875:
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189:
185:
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30:
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2895:
2836:
2738:
2635:
2546:
2495:
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2196:
2009:
1945:
1874:
1865:
1849:"Metabolic effects of dietary fiber consumption and prevention of diabetes"
1848:
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1651:
959:
from the decomposition of chitin. If chitin is detected, they then produce
438:
and how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed. Soluble fiber binds to
153:
enzymes as catalyst, which produces constituent sugars (monosaccharides or
2876:
2154:
2120:
16:
Long carbohydrate polymers such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
3660:
3621:
3606:
3579:
3528:
3462:
3335:
3330:
3315:
3300:
3216:
3211:
3031:
3026:
2970:
2408:
Mendis M, Simsek S (15 December 2014). "Arabinoxylans and human health".
1460:
1431:(PAS). The list of polysaccharides that stain with PAS is long. Although
1420:
1336:
1183:
1167:
975:
944:
803:
763:
730:
537:
420:
387:
344:
322:
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3611:
3589:
3452:
3447:
3437:
3347:
3310:
3305:
3283:
3268:
3258:
3175:
3153:
3137:
1452:
1313:
1301:
1155:
1136:
1110:
1107:
1071: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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968:
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893:
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706:
629:
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571:
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489:
477:
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363:
340:
310:
225:
150:
53:
49:
45:
2814:
2812:
2479:
2227:
904:-linkages, so they do not digest cellulose. Certain animals, such as
419:. Some bacteria and protists can metabolize these carbohydrate types.
3692:
3687:
3677:
3654:
3631:
3599:
3386:
3381:
3325:
3288:
3273:
3253:
3240:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3104:
3057:
3047:
3021:
3016:
2753:
2280:. Vol. VII Mollusca. New York: Academic Press. pp. 219–244.
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1607:
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863:
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306:
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in living organisms is usually either structure- or storage-related.
261:
174:
158:
57:
1937:
681:
It is insoluble in water. It turns brown-red when mixed with iodine.
1455:.) Thiol groups are covalently attached to polysaccharides such as
347:-containing side branches, increasing its strength. It is found in
3278:
3081:
2212:"Muscle glycogen and cell function – Location, location, location"
1432:
1424:
1395:
1147:
1143:
1106:, a thick, mucus-like layer of polysaccharide. The capsule cloaks
1019:
993:
are a family of complex polysaccharides that contain 1,4-linked α-
956:
948:
885:
841:
830:
approved inulin as a dietary fiber ingredient used to improve the
701:
Schematic 2-D cross-sectional view of glycogen. A core protein of
657:
653:
633:
582:
567:
555:
547:
521:
517:
501:
375:
355:
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of plants and other organisms and is said to be the most abundant
40:
24:
1416:
1386:
is a biosurfactant whose production is tightly regulated at the
1378:
loci are two recently discovered gene clusters that also encode
900:-linkages. Humans and many animals lack an enzyme to break the
815:
722:
678:
It is the chief form of carbohydrate stored in animal organisms.
513:
130:
2974:
2255:(6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 12.
1018:
Polysaccharides containing sulfate groups can be isolated from
951:
and produced by some plants. Some of these microorganisms have
1040:
935:
in the natural environment. Its breakdown may be catalyzed by
264:, as is often the case, the general formula simplifies to (C
2693:"XYdatasource - Fundamental Research Data at Your Fingertips"
2252:
Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance
1300:
Cell-surface polysaccharides play diverse roles in bacterial
668:
also stores glycogen during pregnancy to nourish the embryo.
542:
Glycogen serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in
325:, they play an important role in bacterial multicellularity.
1922:"Are functional foods redefining nutritional requirements?"
1316:
and the structuring of complex life forms in bacteria like
927:. It forms a structural component of many animals, such as
110:
104:
89:
2657:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–24,
1354:(heteropolymeric) O-antigens have been identified and the
777:
Galactogens are polysaccharides with binding affinity for
83:
866:. They may also have beneficial effects on human health.
236:. Polysaccharides, meanwhile, have a general formula of C
98:
2216:
Scandinavian
Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
1007:
Acidic polysaccharides are polysaccharides that contain
427:, for example, use microorganisms to process cellulose.
2517:
MOHNEN, D (2008). "Pectin structure and biosynthesis".
1748:(2005). "Dietary fiber: how did we get where we are?".
2909:
Federer, C; Kurpiers, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2021).
2858:
Griesser, J; Hetényi, G; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2018).
1131:
alone. Mixtures of capsular polysaccharides, either
101:
95:
77:
896:
made with repeated glucose units bonded together by
550:
cells, with the primary energy stores being held in
113:
107:
86:
80:
3560:
3517:
3499:
3471:
3413:
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3346:
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3174:
3136:
3103:
3080:
3071:
3040:
3009:
2690:Viscosity of Welan Gum vs. Concentration in Water.
1669:(4th ed.). NY: Benjamin Cummings. p. 23.
1451:Another example is thiolated polysaccharides. (See
92:
2462:Merzendorfer, Hans; Zimoch, Lars (December 2003).
2095:"Glycogen metabolism in the normal red blood cell"
224:is three or more. Examples of monosaccharides are
1966:Pfister, Barbara; Zeeman, Samuel C. (July 2016).
1406:Chemical identification tests for polysaccharides
846:Some important natural structural polysaccharides
2072:. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.
2061:
2059:
2093:Moses SW, Bashan N, Gutman A (December 1972).
2986:
2966:European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence
2066:Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006).
1926:Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
1382:found to be important for biofilm formation.
1173:Most of these polysaccharides exhibit useful
648:. Small amounts of glycogen are found in the
8:
2134:Ingermann RL, Virgin GL (January 20, 1987).
1586:Matthews CE, Van Holde KE, Ahern KG (1999).
1142:Bacteria and many other microbes, including
967:in order to convert it to simple sugars and
769:Formed by crosslinking polysaccharide-based
2755:Pseudomonas: Genomics and Molecular Biology
1327:These polysaccharides are synthesized from
3410:
3077:
2993:
2979:
2971:
2562:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02052-2
1739:
1737:
1712:
1710:
923:Chitin is one of many naturally occurring
892:are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a
145:. This carbohydrate can react with water (
2934:
2885:
2875:
2625:
2110:
1999:
1904:
1864:
1641:
1631:
1087:Learn how and when to remove this message
974:Chemically, chitin is closely related to
725:structure of a single branched strand of
601:types and plays an important role in the
488:-linkages. It is made up of a mixture of
2758:(1st ed.). Caister Academic Press.
2651:"Bacterial Polysaccharides: An Overview"
1190:
798:is a naturally occurring polysaccharide
2249:McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL (2006).
1847:Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AF (March 2008).
1507:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
1493:
691:
504:. They can be digested by breaking the
358:. It also has multiple uses, including
169:and structural polysaccharides such as
1308:. They serve as a barrier between the
1182:; the study of such matters is called
1178:property is named pseudoplasticity or
1022:or obtained by chemical modification.
2719:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
1920:Jones PJ, Varady KA (February 2008).
1762:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.121304.131658
1117:on the order of 100,000 to 2,000,000
943:, secreted by microorganisms such as
834:value of manufactured food products.
7:
1972:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1968:"Formation of starch in plant cells"
1483:Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
1069:adding citations to reliable sources
826:. In the United States in 2018, the
750:that functions as energy storage in
675:It is an energy reserve for animals.
652:and even smaller amounts in certain
554:. Glycogen is made primarily by the
2468:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2435:Bhardwaj, Uma; Bhardwaj, Ravindra.
2210:Ørtenblad, N.; Nielsen, J. (2015).
1590:(3rd ed.). Benjamin Cummings.
1567:heteropolysaccharide (heteroglycan)
2793:10.1016/B978-0-444-88654-5.50011-X
2592:Seeberger, Peter H. (2021-04-14).
1785:"Health benefits of dietary fiber"
1562:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1533:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
585:, and is sometimes referred to as
14:
1415:Polysaccharides with unprotected
3727:
3726:
2519:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
1804:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00189.x
1411:Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS)
1045:
714:
694:
640:—varies with physical activity,
589:, having a similar structure to
73:
2177:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
2143:Journal of Experimental Biology
1538:homopolysaccharide (homoglycan)
1056:needs additional citations for
362:. Polysaccharides also include
2663:10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_68-1
2582:10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131083
2364:Wiegman, Peter; Mulder, Hans.
1331:-activated precursors (called
354:and in the cell walls of some
1:
2422:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.07.022
963:to digest it by cleaving the
705:is surrounded by branches of
624:, glycogen is found in a low
2395:Food and Drug Administration
2291:May, F; Weinland, H (1953).
1633:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000728
1478:Oligosaccharide nomenclature
1419:or amino sugars (where some
828:Food and Drug Administration
644:, and eating habits such as
2610:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01210
2441:. Pearson Education India.
2112:10.1182/blood.V40.6.836.836
1899:(3): 1462. March 25, 2010.
3774:
2927:10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663
2829:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007
2781:Studies in Polymer Science
2731:10.2174/156802608783378873
2189:10.1258/000456302760413432
1750:Annual Review of Nutrition
1504:Essentials of Glycobiology
1429:periodic acid-Schiff stain
1346:The enzymes that make the
1011:, phosphate groups and/or
916:
873:
838:Structural polysaccharides
788:
684:It also yields glucose on
562:, but can also be made by
535:
466:
262:six-carbon monosaccharides
137:carbohydrates composed of
18:
3722:
2531:10.1016/j.pbi.2008.03.006
2341:Hoare, Todd; Babar, Ali.
1984:10.1007/s00018-016-2250-x
1423:groups are replaced with
1037:Bacterial polysaccharides
766:in juveniles and adults.
577:Glycogen is analogous to
3053:Cyclohexane conformation
2961:Polysaccharide Structure
2752:Cornelis P, ed. (2008).
2297:Zeitschrift für Biologie
1906:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1462
1853:The Journal of Nutrition
141:units bound together by
125:, are the most abundant
3546:Isomaltooligosaccharide
2438:Biochemistry for Nurses
2069:Biology: Exploring Life
1575:10.1351/goldbook.H02812
1546:10.1351/goldbook.H02856
1135:or native, are used as
746:is a polysaccharide of
581:, a glucose polymer in
458:Storage polysaccharides
448:short-chain fatty acids
3758:Carbohydrate chemistry
3540:Galactooligosaccharide
2025:Anatomy and Physiology
1194:Viscosity of Welan gum
1003:Acidic polysaccharides
847:
436:gastrointestinal tract
133:. They are long-chain
65:
38:
3534:Fructooligosaccharide
2877:10.3390/polym10030243
2155:10.1242/jeb.129.1.141
1364:-mannuronic acid and
845:
44:
28:
19:Further information:
2823:. 151–152: 191–221.
2474:(Pt 24): 4393–4412.
1866:10.1093/jn/138.3.439
1665:Campbell NA (1996).
1350:(homopolymeric) and
1065:improve this article
800:complex carbohydrate
729:units in a glycogen
646:intermittent fasting
642:basal metabolic rate
605:. Glycogen forms an
484:units are bonded by
201:heteropolysaccharide
2023:Saladin KS (2007).
1695:sites.dartmouth.edu
1197:
1102:commonly produce a
1100:Pathogenic bacteria
760:perivitelline fluid
597:/cytoplasm in many
299:biological polymers
143:glycosidic linkages
2821:Adv Drug Deliv Rev
2410:Food Hydrocolloids
1427:) give a positive
1394:, particularly of
1380:exopolysaccharides
1356:metabolic pathways
1341:Lipopolysaccharide
1319:Myxococcus xanthus
1191:
931:. Over time it is
848:
282:, where typically
197:homopolysaccharide
66:
60:, the other being
39:
21:Homopolysaccharide
3740:
3739:
3718:
3717:
3402:
3401:
2915:Biomacromolecules
2765:978-1-904455-19-6
2672:978-3-319-03751-6
2480:10.1242/jeb.00709
2448:978-81-317-9528-6
2262:978-0-7817-4990-9
2228:10.1111/sms.12599
2079:978-0-13-250882-7
1978:(14): 2781–2807.
1792:Nutrition Reviews
1514:978-0-87969-560-6
1333:nucleotide sugars
1292:
1291:
1201:Shear rate (rpm)
1166:, diutan gum and
1115:molecular weights
1104:bacterial capsule
1097:
1096:
1089:
662:white blood cells
480:polymer in which
313:and the branched
123:polycarbohydrates
3765:
3730:
3729:
3521:oligosaccharides
3501:Tetrasaccharides
3411:
3126:Dihydroxyacetone
3078:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2879:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2695:. Archived from
2688:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2604:(7): 3598–3626.
2598:Chemical Reviews
2589:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2278:Chemical Zoology
2273:
2267:
2266:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1948:. Archived from
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1822:. Archived from
1789:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1583:
1577:
1554:
1548:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1498:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1198:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1049:
1041:
998:
997:
965:glycosidic bonds
754:snails and some
718:
698:
360:surgical threads
337:organic molecule
295:oligosaccharides
289:
155:oligosaccharides
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
29:3D structure of
3773:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3753:Polysaccharides
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3714:
3575:Oat beta-glucan
3562:Polysaccharides
3556:
3519:
3513:
3495:
3467:
3398:
3392:Neuraminic acid
3370:
3342:
3235:
3170:
3132:
3099:
3073:Monosaccharides
3067:
3036:
3005:
2999:
2957:
2952:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2655:Polysaccharides
2648:
2647:
2643:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2397:. 14 June 2018.
2390:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2183:(Pt 6): 612–3.
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2043:Merriam Webster
2039:"Animal starch"
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1938:10.1139/H07-134
1919:
1918:
1914:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1626:(6): e3000728.
1613:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1555:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1469:
1457:hyaluronic acid
1441:
1413:
1408:
1388:transcriptional
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1123:monosaccharides
1093:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1062:
1050:
1039:
1009:carboxyl groups
1005:
995:
994:
988:
921:
915:
878:
872:
853:
840:
793:
787:
756:Caenogastropoda
741:
734:
719:
710:
699:
638:red blood cells
540:
534:
471:
465:
460:
405:
400:
372:chrysolaminarin
283:
281:
275:
271:
267:
251:
245:
241:
219:
213:
76:
72:
69:Polysaccharides
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3771:
3769:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Levan beta 2→6
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3618:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3473:Trisaccharides
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3359:Mannoheptulose
3352:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:Glyceraldehyde
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3093:Glycolaldehyde
3086:
3084:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2955:External links
2953:
2951:
2950:
2901:
2850:
2808:
2801:
2787:(3): 125–145.
2771:
2764:
2744:
2709:
2683:
2671:
2641:
2584:
2574:
2565:
2552:
2525:(3): 266–277.
2509:
2454:
2447:
2427:
2400:
2379:
2356:
2333:
2314:
2303:(5): 339–347.
2283:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2202:
2167:
2126:
2085:
2078:
2055:
2030:
2027:. McGraw-Hill.
2015:
1958:
1955:on 2011-10-13.
1912:
1880:
1839:
1798:(4): 188–205.
1775:
1733:
1730:on 2011-10-27.
1706:
1682:
1675:
1657:
1603:
1596:
1578:
1549:
1520:
1513:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1440:
1437:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1180:shear thinning
1095:
1094:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1013:sulfuric ester
1004:
1001:
987:
984:
933:bio-degradable
917:Main article:
914:
911:
874:Main article:
871:
868:
852:
849:
839:
836:
808:dietary fibers
789:Main article:
786:
783:
740:
737:
736:
735:
721:A view of the
720:
713:
711:
700:
693:
690:
689:
682:
679:
676:
552:adipose tissue
536:Main article:
533:
530:
467:Main article:
464:
461:
459:
456:
404:
401:
399:
396:
277:
273:
269:
265:
247:
243:
237:
234:glyceraldehyde
215:
211:
182:macromolecules
139:monosaccharide
37:polysaccharide
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3770:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3733:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:Hemicellulose
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3415:Disaccharides
3412:
3409:
3405:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3364:Sedoheptulose
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:Ketoheptoses
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:Deoxy sugars
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:Ketopentoses
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:Aldopentoses
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:Aldotetroses
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:carbohydrates
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:9780444886545
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:(2): 141–51.
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2699:on 2011-07-18
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2376:(1): 101–104.
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:(S4): 34–40.
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2105:(6): 836–43.
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:(1): 118–23.
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1859:(3): 439–42.
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1829:on 2017-08-10
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:Kritchevsky D
1740:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1676:0-8053-1957-3
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:0-8053-3066-6
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:vicinal diols
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:glycosylation
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1175:visco-elastic
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1088:
1080:
1077:February 2021
1070:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1054:This section
1052:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1000:
992:
985:
983:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
920:
912:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
877:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
856:Arabinoxylans
851:Arabinoxylans
850:
844:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
784:
782:
780:
775:
772:
771:nanoparticles
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
732:
728:
724:
717:
712:
708:
704:
697:
692:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
667:
663:
659:
656:cells in the
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:concentration
623:
619:
616:In the liver
614:
612:
611:triglycerides
608:
604:
603:glucose cycle
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:animal starch
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
539:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:(15–20%) and
491:
487:
483:
482:glucopyranose
479:
475:
470:
462:
457:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:dietary fiber
428:
426:
422:
418:
417:arabinoxylans
414:
410:
402:
397:
395:
393:
392:galactomannan
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
280:
263:
259:
255:
250:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
171:hemicellulose
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:carbohydrates
124:
118:
70:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
27:
22:
3649:
3638:
3620:
3561:
3552:Maltodextrin
3433:Isomaltulose
3224:Deoxy sugars
3160:Ketotetrose
3063:Mutarotation
2921:(1): 24–56.
2918:
2914:
2904:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2820:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2754:
2747:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:the original
2686:
2676:, retrieved
2654:
2644:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2568:
2555:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2437:
2430:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2251:
2244:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2146:
2142:
2129:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2068:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2033:
2024:
2018:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1950:the original
1929:
1925:
1915:
1896:
1893:EFSA Journal
1892:
1883:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1795:
1791:
1778:
1753:
1749:
1744:Eastwood M,
1725:the original
1698:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1666:
1660:
1623:
1620:PLOS Biology
1619:
1588:Biochemistry
1587:
1581:
1560:
1552:
1531:
1523:
1503:
1496:
1450:
1442:
1414:
1375:
1371:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1299:
1295:
1192:
1172:
1141:
1126:
1098:
1083:
1074:
1063:Please help
1058:verification
1055:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1006:
989:
973:
929:exoskeletons
922:
901:
897:
879:
854:
802:composed of
794:
776:
768:
743:
742:
670:
615:
586:
576:
564:glycogenesis
541:
505:
485:
472:
452:
429:
406:
380:arabinoxylan
352:exoskeletons
327:
292:
285:
278:
257:
253:
248:
238:
221:
216:
209:
205:heteroglycan
204:
200:
194:
179:
122:
68:
67:
48:is a linear
3710:Xanthan gum
3698:Amylopectin
3570:Beta-glucan
3481:Maltotriose
3296:Ketohexoses
3249:Aldohexoses
3229:Deoxyribose
3164:Erythrulose
3122:Ketotriose
3112:Aldotriose
2416:: 239–243.
2149:: 141–149.
1439:Derivatives
1384:Rhamnolipid
1204:Viscosity (
1152:xanthan gum
1028:animal cell
832:nutritional
779:bioanalytes
618:hepatocytes
591:amylopectin
566:within the
494:amylopectin
444:cholesterol
315:amylopectin
62:amylopectin
35:beta-glucan
3747:Categories
3486:Melezitose
3428:Isomaltose
3423:Cellobiose
3089:Aldodiose
2870:(3): 243.
2703:2009-10-02
2678:2024-06-01
2330:: 319–324.
1833:2017-10-25
1700:2021-09-18
1489:References
1329:nucleotide
1306:physiology
1208:or mPa⋅s)
1164:gellan gum
1133:conjugated
955:to simple
941:chitinases
744:Galactogen
739:Galactogen
703:glycogenin
686:hydrolysis
613:(lipids).
440:bile acids
333:cell walls
192:in water.
167:galactogen
147:hydrolysis
3640:Galactose
3595:Cellulose
3585:Sizofiran
3509:Stachyose
3491:Raffinose
3458:Trehalose
3443:Lactulose
3264:Galactose
3187:Arabinose
3149:Erythrose
3001:Types of
2845:135464452
2618:0009-2665
2539:1369-5266
2488:0022-0949
2236:0905-7188
1992:1420-682X
1446:cellulose
1400:flagellin
1310:cell wall
1160:welan gum
1108:antigenic
953:receptors
876:Cellulose
870:Cellulose
860:arabinose
810:known as
752:pulmonate
748:galactose
498:insoluble
421:Ruminants
409:cellulose
403:Structure
368:laminarin
349:arthropod
329:Cellulose
190:insoluble
186:amorphous
135:polymeric
129:found in
31:cellulose
3732:Category
3661:Glycogen
3644:Galactan
3622:Fructose
3607:Chitosan
3580:Lentinan
3529:Acarbose
3463:Turanose
3407:Multiple
3348:Heptoses
3336:Rhamnose
3331:Fuculose
3316:Tagatose
3301:Fructose
3217:Xylulose
3212:Ribulose
3176:Pentoses
3138:Tetroses
3041:Geometry
3032:Pyranose
3027:Furanose
2945:32567846
2896:30966278
2864:Polymers
2837:31028759
2739:18289083
2636:33794090
2547:18486536
2504:27291096
2496:14610026
2309:13078807
2197:12564847
2160:July 21,
2010:27166931
1946:18347661
1875:18287346
1820:11762029
1812:19335713
1770:16011456
1652:32516311
1467:See also
1461:chitosan
1453:thiomers
1421:hydroxyl
1337:organism
1314:biofilms
1184:rheology
1168:pullulan
1137:vaccines
1111:proteins
1015:groups.
976:chitosan
945:bacteria
925:polymers
906:termites
884:, while
820:rhizomes
812:fructans
804:fructose
764:glycogen
731:molecule
558:and the
538:Glycogen
532:Glycogen
425:termites
398:Function
388:fucoidan
345:nitrogen
323:bacteria
319:glycogen
303:function
301:. Their
230:fructose
188:or even
163:glycogen
149:) using
3703:Amylose
3651:Glucose
3626:Fructan
3616:Dextran
3612:Dextrin
3590:Zymosan
3453:Sucrose
3448:Maltose
3438:Lactose
3387:Nonoses
3382:Octoses
3375:Above 7
3311:Sorbose
3306:Psicose
3284:Mannose
3269:Glucose
3259:Altrose
3241:Hexoses
3154:Threose
3105:Trioses
3010:General
2936:7805012
2887:6414859
2627:8154330
2393:. U.S.
2370:PubChem
2347:PubChem
2324:Z. Biol
2121:5083874
2048:May 11,
2001:4919380
1756:: 1–8.
1667:Biology
1643:7310880
1302:ecology
1156:dextran
1128:E. coli
1119:daltons
991:Pectins
986:Pectins
980:glucose
969:ammonia
961:enzymes
939:called
937:enzymes
894:polymer
727:glucose
707:glucose
650:kidneys
630:muscles
622:muscles
595:cytosol
572:stomach
560:muscles
526:glucose
490:amylose
478:glucose
364:callose
341:viscose
311:amylose
226:glucose
151:amylase
54:glucose
50:polymer
46:Amylose
3693:Starch
3688:Pectin
3683:Mannan
3678:Lignin
3655:Glucan
3632:Inulin
3600:Chitin
3326:Fucose
3289:Talose
3274:Gulose
3254:Allose
3202:Xylose
3197:Ribose
3192:Lyxose
3082:Dioses
3058:Epimer
3048:Anomer
3022:Ketose
3017:Aldose
2943:
2933:
2894:
2884:
2843:
2835:
2799:
2762:
2737:
2669:
2634:
2624:
2616:
2545:
2537:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2445:
2307:
2259:
2234:
2195:
2119:
2076:
2008:
1998:
1990:
1944:
1873:
1818:
1810:
1768:
1673:
1650:
1640:
1594:
1511:
1473:Glycan
1433:mucins
1425:amines
1352:B-band
1348:A-band
1232:11000
1224:16000
1216:23330
957:sugars
919:Chitin
913:Chitin
890:cotton
882:lignin
864:xylose
824:starch
796:Inulin
791:Inulin
785:Inulin
723:atomic
666:uterus
664:. The
636:, and
607:energy
583:plants
579:starch
548:fungal
544:animal
520:, and
510:Potato
474:Starch
469:Starch
463:Starch
415:, and
413:chitin
384:mannan
307:Starch
288:≤ 3000
252:where
232:, and
220:where
175:chitin
159:starch
121:), or
58:starch
3548:(IMO)
3542:(GOS)
3536:(FOS)
3518:Other
3279:Idose
2841:S2CID
2500:S2CID
2391:(PDF)
2139:(PDF)
2099:Blood
1953:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1816:S2CID
1788:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1721:(PDF)
1557:IUPAC
1528:IUPAC
1396:pilin
1264:1700
1256:2900
1248:3250
1240:5500
1148:algae
1144:fungi
1020:algae
949:fungi
886:paper
816:roots
658:brain
654:glial
634:liver
568:brain
556:liver
522:maize
518:wheat
506:alpha
502:water
486:alpha
476:is a
376:xylan
356:fungi
284:40 ≤
2941:PMID
2892:PMID
2833:PMID
2797:ISBN
2760:ISBN
2735:PMID
2667:ISBN
2632:PMID
2614:ISSN
2543:PMID
2535:ISSN
2492:PMID
2484:ISSN
2443:ISBN
2353:(1).
2305:PMID
2257:ISBN
2232:ISSN
2193:PMID
2162:2017
2117:PMID
2074:ISBN
2050:2014
2006:PMID
1988:ISSN
1942:PMID
1871:PMID
1808:PMID
1766:PMID
1671:ISBN
1648:PMID
1592:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1398:and
1374:and
1304:and
1288:310
1285:100
1280:520
1272:900
1221:0.5
1213:0.3
1146:and
947:and
902:beta
898:beta
888:and
862:and
660:and
599:cell
570:and
546:and
514:rice
423:and
390:and
256:and
173:and
165:and
131:food
33:, a
2931:PMC
2923:doi
2882:PMC
2872:doi
2825:doi
2789:doi
2727:doi
2659:doi
2622:PMC
2606:doi
2602:121
2527:doi
2476:doi
2472:206
2418:doi
2301:105
2224:doi
2185:doi
2151:doi
2147:129
2107:doi
1996:PMC
1980:doi
1934:doi
1901:doi
1861:doi
1857:138
1800:doi
1758:doi
1638:PMC
1628:doi
1571:doi
1569:".
1542:doi
1540:".
1459:or
1376:psl
1372:pel
1277:50
1269:20
1261:10
1067:by
818:or
500:in
366:or
203:or
52:of
3749::
3653:/
3642:/
3624:/
3614:/
2939:.
2929:.
2919:22
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2913:.
2890:.
2880:.
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2041:.
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1976:73
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1930:33
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