33:
55:
1156:
Chabain, Jules; Pierre-Olivier
Antoine; Ali J. Altamirano-Sierra; Laurent Marivaux; François Pujos; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Sylvain Adnet (2017). Cenozoic batoids from Contamana (Peruvian Amazonia) with focus on freshwater potamotrygonins and their paleoenvironmental significance. Geobios 50:
992:
Systematic revision of the "Potamotrygon scobina" Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and
975:
Oddone, M.C., G. Velasco & G. Rincon (2008). Occurrence of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the
Uruguay River and its tributaries, Uruguay, South America. International Journal of Ichthyology 14 (2):
958:
Carvalho, M.R.d., Rosa, R.S. & Araújo, M.L.G. (2016): A new species of
Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of
1037:(Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae).
1288:
1090:
Silva, J.P.C.B.; T.S. Loboda (2019). "Potamotrygon marquesi, a new species of neotropical freshwater stingray (Potamotrygonidae) from the
Brazilian Amazon Basin".
1314:
1120:, a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the middle and upper rio Tocantins, Brazil, closely allied to
1373:
1262:
1301:
1388:
279:
bottom feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions. Many species of stingray have been bred in
1077:, sp. nov., a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Madeira River system, Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae).
545:
940:
915:
568:
1340:
1039:
1378:
641:
466:
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743:
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611:
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54:
1236:
1061:(Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray from Surinam.
385:
1015:
endemic to the rio Tapajós basin, Brazil (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), with notes on other Tapajós stingrays.
783:
761:
747:
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659:
553:
513:
451:
381:
363:
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313:
237:
are dangerous to humans. It is said that the natives of South
America fear the stingray more than they do fear the
1319:
696:
247:
vary considerably in color, pattern and size, with the maximum disc width ranging from 31 cm (1 ft) in
841:
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with other animals and can be kept in groups, provided a large enough aquarium is provided. They are
268:
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1140:, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to
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1032:
1362:
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873:
729:
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582:
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153:
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There are currently more than 30 recognized extant (living) species in this genus:
219:
162:
1254:
1162:
1011:
Description of two extraordinary new species of freshwater stingrays of the genus
263:
Though freshwater stingray of other genera do appear in the trade, most are from
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276:
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271:, in which they bury themselves, often with only the eyes visible. They are not
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and is virtually present in all South
American countries, except for
76:
1170:
1073:
Fontenelle, J.P., Silva, J.P.C.B.d. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2014):
230:
223:
210:, and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade. It inhabits rivers of
189:
1136:
Carvalho, M.R.d., Sabaj Pérez, M.H. & Lovejoy, N.R. (2011):
1174:
1057:
Rosa, R.S., Carvalho, M.R.d. & Wanderley, C.d.A. (2008):
1144:
Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae).
229:
Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have
1183:
990:Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R. (2017):
332:(Itaituba river stingray or Tapajós river stingray)
986:
984:
982:
908:Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium
1005:
1003:
283:and males can be determined by the presence of
954:
952:
823:Three species are extinct and only known from
8:
1031:Loboda, T.S. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2013):
1027:
1025:
233:barbs at the base of their tails, and their
901:
899:
897:
1171:
868:
866:
31:
20:
1047:Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (4): 693–737.
267:. They are best kept with a deep, sandy
862:
692:(Flower ray or rosette river stingray)
7:
1063:Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (1): 1–8.
368:(Upper Amazon raspy river stingray)
218:climates, especially those of the
14:
1374:Freshwater fish of South America
53:
910:. New York: Firefly Books Ltd.
536:(White-blotched river stingray)
176:J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841
1:
1163:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.10.003
631:(Red-blotched river stingray)
405:(Short-tailed river stingray)
251:to 1.5 m (5 ft) in
16:Genus of cartilaginous fishes
646:(Smooth-back river stingray)
1389:Taxa named by Samuel Garman
1126:Zootaxa, 4150 (5): 537–565.
1079:Zootaxa, 3765 (3): 249–268.
1033:Systematic revision of the
965:Zootaxa, 4107 (4): 566-586.
504:(Rough-back river stingray)
438:(Large-spot river stingray)
390:(Boeseman's river stingray)
1405:
842:Potamotrygon contamanensis
814:(Maracaibo river stingray)
752:(Tatiana's river stingray)
573:(Magdalena river stingray)
490:(Porcupine river stingray)
471:(Big-tooth river stingray)
1116:Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016):
1009:Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016):
890:. September 2019 version.
734:(Parnaiba river stingray)
697:Potamotrygon schuhmacheri
664:(Pantanal river stingray)
616:(Ocellate river stingray)
587:(Marina's river stingray)
456:(Garman's river stingray)
350:(Amanda's river stingray)
323:Potamotrygon albimaculata
168:
161:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1018:Zootaxa, 4167 (1): 1–63.
996:Zootaxa, 4310 (1): 1–63.
876:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
850:Potamotrygon rajachloeae
819:Extinct (fossil) species
651:Potamotrygon pantanensis
596:Silva & Loboda, 2019
558:(Zé Lima river stingray)
410:Potamotrygon constellata
206:native to the rivers of
1142:Potamotrygon schroederi
1092:Journal of Fish Biology
935:. T.F.H. Publications.
834:Potamotrygon canaanorum
706:(Parana river stingray)
683:Potamotrygon schroederi
563:Potamotrygon magdalenae
420:(Thorny river stingray)
318:(Branco river stingray)
1379:Freshwater fish genera
1059:Potamotrygon boesemani
933:Exotic Tropical Fishes
931:Axelrod, H.R. (1996).
774:(Tiger river stingray)
720:(Raspy river stingray)
678:(Great river stingray)
518:(Pearl river stingray)
395:Potamotrygon brachyura
373:Potamotrygon boesemani
305:Potamotrygon adamastor
779:Potamotrygon wallacei
739:Potamotrygon tatianae
636:Potamotrygon orbignyi
621:Potamotrygon ocellata
592:Potamotrygon marquesi
523:Potamotrygon leopoldi
495:Potamotrygon humerosa
425:Potamotrygon falkneri
1146:Zootaxa, 2827: 1–30.
1138:Potamotrygon tigrina
757:Potamotrygon tigrina
725:Potamotrygon signata
711:Potamotrygon scobina
578:Potamotrygon marinae
476:Potamotrygon histrix
443:Potamotrygon garmani
355:Potamotrygon amazona
337:Potamotrygon amandae
1124:(Castelnau, 1855).
1122:Potamotrygon henlei
1035:Potamotrygon motoro
801:Potamotrygon yepezi
602:Potamotrygon motoro
509:Potamotrygon jabuti
461:Potamotrygon henlei
42:Potamotrygon motoro
1075:Potamotrygon limai
1042:2013-12-26 at the
906:Dawes, J. (2001).
878:"Species in genus
541:Potamotrygon limai
452:de Carvalho, M. R.
364:de Carvalho, M. R.
314:de Carvalho, M. R.
1356:
1355:
1328:Open Tree of Life
1177:Taxon identifiers
1104:10.1111/jfb.14050
813:
795:
784:M. R. de Carvalho
773:
762:M. R. de Carvalho
751:
748:M. R. de Carvalho
744:J. P. C. B. Silva
733:
719:
705:
691:
677:
674:M. R. de Carvalho
663:
660:M. R. de Carvalho
645:
630:
615:
597:
586:
572:
557:
554:M. R. de Carvalho
550:J. P. C. B. Silva
535:
517:
514:M. R. de Carvalho
503:
489:
470:
455:
448:Fontenelle, J. P.
437:
419:
404:
389:
382:M. R. de Carvalho
367:
360:Fontenelle, J. P.
349:
346:M. R. de Carvalho
331:
328:M. R. de Carvalho
317:
310:Fontenelle, J. P.
181:
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1128:
1118:Potamotrygon rex
1114:
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827:fossil remains:
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669:Potamotrygon rex
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569:A. H. A. Duméril
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204:Potamotrygonidae
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792:M. L. G. Araújo
688:Fernández-Yépez
297:
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261:
259:In the aquarium
177:
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127:Myliobatiformes
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993:biogeography.
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1369:Potamotrygon
1229:Potamotrygon
1215:Potamotrygon
1185:Potamotrygon
1184:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1137:
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1125:
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1017:
1013:Potamotrygon
1012:
995:
971:
964:
961:Potamotrygon
960:
932:
926:
907:
885:
880:Potamotrygon
879:
848:
840:
832:
822:
799:
796:(Cururu ray)
777:
755:
737:
723:
709:
695:
681:
667:
649:
634:
619:
608:J. P. Müller
600:
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482:J. P. Müller
474:
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423:
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321:
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298:
287:as in other
265:Potamotrygon
264:
262:
253:P. brachyura
252:
248:
245:Potamotrygon
244:
243:
228:
220:Amazon basin
185:Potamotrygon
184:
183:
182:
170:
163:Type species
148:Potamotrygon
147:
146:
113:Superorder:
40:
25:Potamotrygon
24:
18:
1276:iNaturalist
1209:Wikispecies
766:Sabaj Pérez
277:carnivorous
273:territorial
249:P. wallacei
216:subtropical
1384:Ray genera
1363:Categories
857:References
788:R. S. Rosa
627:Engelhardt
546:Fontenelle
378:R. S. Rosa
194:freshwater
103:Subclass:
1157:389–400.
642:Castelnau
467:Castelnau
386:Wanderley
281:captivity
269:substrate
197:stingrays
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1194:Wikidata
1040:Archived
887:FishBase
825:Tertiary
810:Castello
532:Castello
416:Vaillant
285:claspers
231:venomous
212:tropical
133:Family:
117:Batoidea
87:Chordata
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1294:1021092
1268:2419329
1200:Q139492
770:Lovejoy
644:, 1855)
629:, 1912)
614:, 1841)
571:, 1865)
488:, 1834)
469:, 1855)
418:, 1880)
403:, 1880)
401:Günther
295:Species
239:piranha
199:in the
143:Genus:
123:Order:
93:Class:
1346:270496
1333:151424
1307:161005
1242:179891
976:69-76.
939:
914:
812:, 1970
808:&
806:Castex
794:, 2016
790:&
772:, 2011
768:&
750:, 2011
746:&
732:, 1913
730:Garman
718:, 1913
716:Garman
704:, 1964
702:Castex
690:, 1958
676:, 2016
662:, 2013
658:&
656:Loboda
610:&
585:, 2006
583:Deynat
556:, 2014
552:&
534:, 1970
530:&
528:Castex
516:, 2016
502:, 1913
500:Garman
484:&
454:, 2017
450:&
436:, 1963
434:Maciel
432:&
430:Castex
388:, 2008
384:&
366:, 2017
362:&
348:, 2013
344:&
342:Loboda
330:, 2016
316:, 2017
312:&
235:stings
201:family
156:, 1877
154:Garman
1341:WoRMS
1320:86372
1289:IRMNG
1281:91280
1098:(2).
612:Henle
486:Henle
224:Chile
190:genus
188:is a
1315:NCBI
1302:ITIS
1263:GBIF
1255:6V72
1237:BOLD
937:ISBN
912:ISBN
214:and
1250:CoL
1224:ADW
1159:doi
1100:doi
192:of
1365::
1343::
1330::
1317::
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1291::
1278::
1265::
1252::
1239::
1226::
1211::
1196::
1096:95
1094:.
1024:^
1002:^
981:^
963:.
951:^
896:^
884:.
865:^
786:,
764:,
548:,
380:,
291:.
255:.
241:.
226:.
1161::
1106:.
1102::
945:.
920:.
882:"
847:†
839:†
831:†
640:(
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