2083:
380:
422:
1599:
355:
174:
3415:"The secondary literature often mentions that Turkish was made the official language by the Karamanid ruler of south-central Anatolia, Mehmed Beg, on his conquest of Konya in 1277. However, this derives from a statement by the Persian historian Ibn Bibi that was probably intended to discredit Mehmed Beg as a barbaric Turkmen. There is no other evidence that the Karamanids ever used Turkish for official purposes or even much for literary ones.” Andrew Peacock, personal communication, May 10, 2017.
160:
4804:
4828:
4792:
4840:
3682:
8739:
1487:
45:
4816:
1529:
2018:
Crusaders. Like all other
Islamic emirates in Anatolia, the Karamanids were accused of treason. Hence, İbrahim Bey accepted all Ottoman terms. The Karamanid state was eventually terminated by the Ottomans in 1487, as the power of their Mameluke allies was declining. Some were resettled in various
4878:
8874:
1279:
1289:
9199:
2082:
4871:
4684:
1806:. Their power rose as a result of the unification of Turkish clans that lived in the mountainous regions of Cilicia with the new Turkish population transferred there by Kayqubad.
8918:
8776:
4864:
9224:
9219:
3441:
8885:
8865:
8861:
173:
3810:
3569:
His ally the
Qaramanid Muhammad (r. 660–77/1261–78) did capture Konya in 675/1276 and attempted to replace Persian with Turkish as the official government language.
1776:
was dismissed from office in 1256 because he had failed to conquer new territories. Still, he continued to serve as a general and appeared, the same year, fighting
421:
8888:
4347:
8859:
4510:
3889:
1734:, 1248–1265); in any case it is certain that he fought against the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (and probably even died in this fight) to such extent that King
1357:
1987:. Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey pursued and captured him; according to an agreement between the two leaders, Mehmet Bey was exiled to Egypt for the rest of his life.
1515:
9254:
4483:
3884:
1852:. During the 1276 revolt of Hatıroğlu Şemseddin Bey against Mongol domination in Anatolia, Karamanids also defeated several Mongol-Seljuq armies. In the
1440:
1345:
1956:
lands. However, Mehmet Bey was captured by
Bayezid Pasha and sent to prison. He apologized for what he had done and was forgiven by the Ottoman ruler.
1761:
allowed the tribes in the border areas to live virtually independently. Karaman Bey helped
Kaykaus, but Arslan had the support of both the Mongols and
8911:
1335:
9269:
8769:
4281:
1796:, in honour of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260) in order to win him to his side. In the meantime, Bunsuz, brother of Karaman Bey, was chosen as a
8884:
5169:
3670:
4773:
3915:
3862:
1926:
to react and march on Konya, the
Karamanoğlu capital city. A treaty between the two kingdoms was formed, and peace existed until the reign of
9279:
9274:
3562:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
8904:
8840:
3793:
1259:
3499:
1780:, who had not paid the tax, and he managed to defeat the sultan a second time. Rukn al-Din Kilidj Arslan IV got rid of almost all hostile
8879:
8797:
9264:
8806:
8762:
4240:
3955:
3781:
1398:
1249:
8886:
8872:
8871:
8848:
8847:
2015:
9259:
9229:
8880:
8843:
8815:
8802:
4731:
4271:
4261:
8821:
8868:
8845:
5344:
4276:
4223:
4161:
3849:
3832:
3602:
3480:
1423:
1315:
128:
8833:
8826:
8822:
7292:
7227:
1887:. Karamanids captured Konya on two more occasions at the beginning of the 14th century but were driven out the first time by emir
8927:
4709:
4394:
4193:
4117:
3905:
3438:
1450:
8982:
8883:
8882:
8878:
8827:
8813:
8808:
8800:
8799:
9289:
9214:
4389:
3837:
1508:
8866:
8860:
8855:
4832:
8881:
4531:
4228:
4183:
4097:
4075:
3988:
3391:
1899:. An expansion of Karamanoğlu power occurred after the fall of the Ilkhanids in the 1330s. A second expansion coincided with
983:
66:
6762:
8830:
3648:
1856:
in 1277 in particular, the central power of the Seljuq was dealt a severe blow. Taking advantage of the general confusion,
8875:
8873:
8812:
6626:
5253:
4620:
4337:
4058:
1477:
1428:
1229:
7439:
109:
4704:
4399:
4030:
4010:
3594:
1445:
8796:
7180:
6734:
3584:
1963:
while Mehmet Bey was in prison. Mustafa Bey, son of Mehmet Bey, retook the city during a conflict between the Emirs of
1872:. In the end, however, Mehmed was defeated by Seljuq and Mongol forces and executed with some of his brothers in 1278.
81:
9148:
8825:
8814:
7451:
4659:
4286:
4266:
4188:
4112:
3857:
3663:
1325:
1113:
62:
9117:
8867:
7421:
7356:
8801:
7445:
9209:
7433:
6768:
6750:
6692:
5201:
5196:
4382:
4357:
4235:
4085:
3922:
3910:
3776:
1501:
1435:
1239:
401:
8852:
5185:
1598:
159:
88:
55:
9284:
8807:
8558:
8494:
7564:
7558:
4560:
4198:
4178:
3825:
3386:
2394:
2169:
2159:
1944:
fell prey to internecine strife. It was an opportunity not only for
Karamanids but also for all of the Anatolian
1735:
1727:
1681:
1460:
8836:
8862:
8846:
6901:
6602:
5218:
4758:
4424:
4122:
4051:
3820:
1976:
1743:
33:
8831:
8820:
8803:
8295:
8283:
7304:
5334:
5223:
1995:
8835:
8805:
8569:
8451:
8337:
8319:
8307:
7253:
6254:
8858:
8708:
8343:
8331:
8313:
8301:
8289:
8182:
8133:
8114:
7634:
7616:
7168:
7112:
6925:
6883:
6608:
6284:
5354:
5339:
5212:
4107:
4080:
4025:
4020:
3872:
3867:
2816:
2778:
2237:
2215:
2197:
1900:
95:
8876:
8325:
8188:
7682:
7298:
7075:
6895:
6655:
5608:
4610:
2279:
2047:
According to Mesâlik-ül-Ebsâr, written by Şehâbeddin Ömer, the
Karamanid army had 25,000 riders and 25,000
8837:
8811:
7719:
7640:
7628:
7582:
7506:
7174:
7063:
6931:
6649:
6388:
6321:
6103:
5780:
5774:
5683:
5206:
4990:
4913:
4615:
4555:
4543:
4436:
4293:
3786:
3709:
3656:
3620:
Jackson, Cailah (2020). "Reframing the Qarāmānids: Exploring
Cultural Life through the Arts of the Book".
3588:
2798:
2231:
2225:
1875:
Despite these blows, the
Karamanids continued to increase their power and influence, largely aided by the
1707:
1465:
476:
464:
449:
439:
212:
8856:
8853:
8690:
8564:
8176:
8077:
7910:
7755:
7427:
6614:
6400:
6272:
5963:
5803:
3555:
The New
Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries
2117:
built by the Karamanids survived to the present day. Notable examples of Karamanid architecture include:
9173:
8877:
8832:
8816:
8804:
8798:
8714:
8696:
8684:
8623:
7846:
7658:
7405:
6455:
6449:
5999:
5596:
5578:
5359:
5289:
4763:
4548:
4538:
4505:
4245:
4068:
3070:
2255:
893:
230:
8838:
8702:
8071:
7765:
7217:
6406:
5838:
5832:
5728:
5590:
5584:
5506:
1586:. From the mid 14th century until its fall in 1487, the Karamanid dynasty was one of the most powerful
77:
8870:
8863:
8844:
7069:
5797:
1726:(1220–1237), which seems excessively early. Karaman Bey's conquests were mainly at the expense of the
9178:
9057:
8829:
8828:
8824:
8819:
8810:
8457:
7670:
7652:
7646:
7600:
7588:
7570:
6877:
6815:
6266:
5572:
5480:
5026:
4699:
4694:
4679:
4625:
4570:
4454:
4313:
4298:
4146:
4063:
3877:
3202:
2959:
2939:
2636:
2468:
2267:
2249:
2243:
2175:
1853:
1638:
1059:
8839:
6805:
6260:
5969:
5602:
9204:
9163:
9158:
9022:
8992:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8785:
7676:
5809:
5284:
5002:
4575:
4526:
4459:
4409:
4308:
4218:
4166:
3979:
3960:
3746:
3520:
Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History c. 1071–1330
3506:. Language: Turkish. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi C.I S.3 Sivas 1999 s.,27–50
3222:
2486:
2273:
2187:
2019:
parts of Anatolia. Large groups were accommodated in northern Iran on the territory of present-day
1857:
1837:
1689:
1403:
1153:
883:
850:
742:
655:
8818:
8817:
8809:
8059:
7953:
7904:
6097:
6036:
5993:
5975:
5666:
4791:
9037:
9007:
8977:
8842:
8231:
6675:
6620:
5279:
5229:
4820:
4746:
4689:
4669:
4582:
4471:
4414:
4210:
4132:
3798:
3719:
3714:
3637:
2032:
1413:
1269:
1073:
858:
8896:
8850:
8575:
7791:
7729:
6461:
6248:
6201:
3496:
3439:
Türk Tarih Sitesi, Türk Tarihi, Genel Türk Tarihi, Türk Cumhuriyetleri, Türk Hükümdarlar – Tarih
8834:
8823:
8349:
7898:
7856:
7803:
7797:
7342:
5826:
5152:
2023:. The main part was brought to the newly conquered territories in north-eastern Bulgaria – the
1833:
army, led by the Pervane, defeated the Karamanid army and captured Karaman Bey's two brothers.
9112:
9082:
9072:
8841:
8660:
8097:
8065:
7988:
7576:
7036:
6919:
6889:
6081:
5378:
5349:
5274:
4844:
4753:
4716:
4602:
4587:
4404:
4342:
4329:
4303:
4171:
4102:
4046:
3965:
3758:
3733:
3694:
3598:
3558:
3476:
2504:
2181:
1688:
in the middle of the 13th century. A persistent but spurious legend, however, claims that the
1615:
1571:
1455:
1408:
1123:
1049:
933:
923:
903:
873:
410:
179:
8869:
8857:
1936:
gave control of the Karamanid lands to Mehmet Bey, the oldest son of Aleaddin Ali Bey. After
9153:
9143:
9092:
8972:
8394:
8122:
7664:
7610:
7594:
7517:
7346:
7116:
6841:
6703:
6525:
6140:
5032:
4887:
4674:
4642:
4464:
4419:
4362:
4015:
3938:
3753:
3629:
3381:
3184:
2760:
2656:
2261:
2209:
2203:
2153:
1991:
1972:
1777:
1711:
1665:
1626:
1607:
1583:
1563:
1541:
1381:
1133:
1103:
1065:
565:
360:
226:
216:
6561:
2054:
Their economic activities depended mostly on control of strategic commercial areas such as
9047:
9002:
7622:
6566:
6076:
5957:
5875:
5190:
5072:
5014:
4808:
4741:
4721:
4652:
4647:
4592:
4565:
4476:
4449:
4127:
4092:
3503:
3445:
2616:
2221:
2027:
region, another group – to what is now northern Greece and southern Bulgaria— present-day
1941:
1803:
1754:
1731:
1418:
1023:
973:
953:
913:
772:
525:
7916:
7809:
6696:
6517:
5987:
5981:
1952:. He captured the city and damaged it; this would not be the last Karamanid invasion of
102:
9122:
9067:
8967:
8864:
8668:
8595:
8430:
8404:
8267:
8194:
6643:
6496:
6429:
6351:
5084:
4996:
4664:
4444:
4367:
4000:
3768:
3729:
3550:
2036:
1953:
1841:
1221:
993:
373:
9193:
8987:
8743:
8160:
8143:
7775:
6551:
5718:
5314:
5060:
4796:
4736:
4637:
4377:
4372:
4005:
3950:
3741:
3641:
1960:
1949:
1923:
1845:
1830:
1826:
1747:
1491:
1393:
1083:
298:
8235:
9168:
9097:
9077:
8369:
7971:
7492:
6907:
6513:
5556:
5319:
5132:
5112:
5096:
5038:
5020:
4768:
4726:
4352:
3803:
3371:
2835:
2110:
2106:
1904:
1798:
1657:
1653:
1193:
1163:
1013:
8526:
8386:
7739:
7488:
6756:
5324:
3633:
3470:
9107:
9087:
9017:
8997:
8477:
8425:
8023:
8013:
7495:
7392:
7200:
7142:
7126:
6788:
6699:
6521:
6361:
6115:
6019:
5858:
5672:
5669:
5625:
5536:
5531:
5463:
5078:
4632:
3943:
2091:
1919:
1817:, who had fled to Constantinople as a result of the intrigues of the chancellor
1781:
1773:
1738:(1226–1269) had to place himself voluntarily under the sovereignty of the great
1699:
1649:
1645:
1575:
1386:
1093:
1041:
615:
274:
240:
44:
1840:, became the head of the house. He immediately negotiated alliances with other
8947:
8420:
8214:
7770:
7382:
7268:
7263:
7237:
7147:
7057:
6968:
6913:
6335:
6278:
6165:
6071:
6050:
5526:
5329:
5066:
5054:
2020:
2003:
1869:
1818:
1814:
1762:
1758:
1723:
1693:
1661:
1630:
1203:
575:
496:
431:
2090:
niche from the Karamanoglu Ibrahim Bey Imaret, Karaman, now displayed in the
1922:, which had been an Ottoman city. However, it did not take much time for the
9102:
9012:
8638:
7397:
7095:
6976:
6729:
6713:
6535:
6433:
6184:
5936:
5723:
5694:
5662:
5521:
5511:
5048:
4903:
3396:
2328:
2149:
2028:
2024:
1937:
1927:
1896:
1892:
1849:
1739:
1677:
1622:
1183:
1003:
863:
8537:
8008:
1715:
4856:
1821:, Karaman Bey and his two brothers, Zeynül-Hac and Bunsuz, marched toward
1528:
9062:
9052:
9027:
8962:
8957:
8612:
8038:
8034:
7993:
7963:
7936:
7829:
7702:
7387:
7324:
7273:
7152:
7031:
7016:
6972:
6951:
6825:
6477:
6476:
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under
6394:
6366:
6356:
6304:
6066:
6046:
5644:
5516:
5418:
5294:
5142:
5122:
5102:
5090:
4923:
4498:
4488:
3815:
2095:
2071:
2048:
2007:
1964:
1579:
1143:
943:
723:
585:
515:
250:
17:
1895:
governor of Anatolia, and the second time by Chupan's son and successor
9127:
9032:
8654:
8633:
8542:
8532:
8520:
8435:
8028:
7882:
7866:
7760:
7531:
7527:
7522:
7401:
7366:
7011:
6990:
6856:
6846:
6576:
6227:
6211:
5921:
5916:
5434:
5408:
5391:
5008:
4974:
4963:
4952:
3376:
2163:
2114:
2063:
2059:
2011:
1915:
1908:
1884:
1876:
1813:
and the Karamanids did not last. In 1261, on the pretext of supporting
1810:
1793:
1789:
1769:
1719:
1703:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1621:
The Karamanids traced their ancestry from Hodja Sad al-Din and his son
963:
752:
732:
665:
645:
605:
555:
545:
535:
203:
199:
8754:
8952:
8504:
8390:
8118:
8042:
7998:
7041:
7026:
6851:
6581:
6556:
6232:
5941:
5931:
5911:
5890:
5753:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5702:
5698:
5546:
5541:
5439:
4969:
4493:
3686:
3681:
3549:
Leiser, Gary (2010). "The Turks in Anatolia before the Ottomans". In
2102:
2087:
2067:
1999:
1940:
died in 1403, the Ottoman Empire went into a political crisis as the
1888:
1722:. The year of the conquests is reported as 1225, during the reign of
1307:
812:
782:
705:
635:
595:
8003:
5551:
8262:
8246:
8018:
7967:
7537:
7258:
7021:
7006:
6986:
6861:
6571:
6445:
6371:
6331:
5926:
5906:
5885:
5490:
5444:
4957:
4947:
4927:
3522:, trans. J. Jones-Williams (New York: Taplinger, 1968), pp. 281–2.
2191:
2081:
2055:
2051:. They could also rely on some Turkmen tribes and their warriors.
1984:
1980:
1968:
1933:
1880:
1865:
1861:
1822:
1634:
1611:
1603:
1597:
832:
822:
802:
792:
762:
695:
685:
675:
625:
207:
8942:
5748:
5269:
1785:
1765:
Sulayman Muin al-Din (who had the real power in the sultanate).
505:
8900:
8758:
8593:
8475:
8367:
8212:
8095:
7934:
7827:
7700:
7469:
7322:
7198:
7093:
6949:
6786:
6673:
6494:
6302:
6182:
6017:
5856:
5642:
5461:
5389:
5376:
4860:
3652:
3577:
The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
8795:
7542:
2006:, destroying both cities. In the meantime, the Ottoman sultan
1983:
after defeating the Karamanids, and Mehmet Bey retreated from
1587:
38:
3497:
Karamanoğulları'nın kökenleri (The Origin Of The Karamanids)
3575:
Green, Nile (2019). "Introduction". In Green, Nile (ed.).
1696:, instead established a Karamanid dynasty in these lands.
1911:, the first important contact between the two dynasties.
1975:
sent an army to retake Tarsus from the Karamanids. The
1684:, gained tenuous control over the mountainous parts of
3557:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 310.
1864:
on 12 May and placed on the throne a pretender called
6428:
First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the
9136:
8935:
8677:
8647:
8551:
8513:
8444:
8413:
8276:
8255:
8169:
8153:
8052:
7980:
7891:
7875:
7784:
7748:
7551:
7414:
7375:
7285:
7246:
7161:
7135:
7050:
6999:
6870:
6834:
6743:
6722:
6636:
6595:
6544:
6416:
6381:
6344:
6241:
6220:
6149:
6124:
6090:
6059:
5950:
5899:
5819:
5790:
5767:
5711:
5618:
5565:
5499:
5427:
5307:
5262:
5246:
5239:
5178:
5162:
4983:
4940:
4601:
4519:
4435:
4328:
4254:
4209:
4154:
4145:
4039:
3987:
3978:
3931:
3898:
3848:
3767:
3728:
3702:
3693:
318:
308:
294:
280:
268:
256:
246:
236:
222:
195:
187:
143:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
9200:States and territories disestablished in the 1480s
1825:, the Seljuq capital, with 20,000 men. A combined
1702:expanded his territories by capturing castles in
3434:
3432:
1788:except Karaman Bey, to whom he gave the town of
1652:. According to others, they were members of the
3622:Al-Masāq: Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean
1836:After Karaman Bey died in 1262, his older son,
2127:İnce Minare (Dar-ül Hadis) Medrese (1258–1279)
182:and other eastern Mediterranean states in 1450
8912:
8770:
4872:
3664:
1549:
1509:
8:
7404:transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother
6637:Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :
6114:Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of
3469:Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2009).
2136:Mader-i Mevlana (Aktekke) mosque in Karaman
1994:against the Ottomans in 1443–44, Karamanid
1948:. Mehmet Bey assembled an army to march on
9225:States and territories established in 1277
9220:States and territories established in 1250
8919:
8905:
8897:
8777:
8763:
8755:
8590:
8472:
8364:
8209:
8092:
7931:
7824:
7697:
7466:
7319:
7195:
7090:
6946:
6783:
6670:
6491:
6299:
6179:
6014:
5853:
5639:
5458:
5386:
5373:
5243:
4937:
4879:
4865:
4857:
4598:
4151:
3984:
3699:
3671:
3657:
3649:
2290:
1516:
1502:
395:
172:
140:
27:1250–1487 beylik in south-central Anatolia
6444:Second period of Beylik reconstituted by
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2043:Power of the Karamanid state in Anatolia
1918:, Aleaddin Ali Bey captured the city of
1527:
6156:Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
5170:Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
3514:
3512:
3428:
3408:
2039:from former territories of Karamanids.
1742:, in order to protect his kingdom from
1680:worked there as a woodcutter. His son,
409:
398:
5768:Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:
2139:Ibrahim Bey Mosque (Imaret) in Karaman
1532:The Beylik of Karaman (orange) in 1300
3456:
3353:
3351:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3218:
3200:
3198:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3132:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2957:
2955:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2834:
2814:
2812:
2796:
2794:
2776:
2774:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2722:
2720:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2654:
2652:
2634:
2632:
2614:
2612:
2596:
2558:
2556:
2522:
2502:
2500:
2484:
2482:
2466:
2438:
2436:
2412:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2302:
1907:, the daughter of the Ottoman sultan
317:
307:
303:
279:
267:
263:
255:
7:
6627:Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second
6131:Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
4827:
4815:
1664:and afterwards moved to the western
67:adding citations to reliable sources
7440:Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey
3475:. Infobase Publishing. p. 40.
1914:As Ottoman power expanded into the
1844:clans to raise an army against the
1644:The Karamanids were members of the
3472:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1971:. After that, the Egyptian sultan
1819:Mu'in al-Din Suleyman, the Pervane
1578:origin, centered in South-Central
25:
7649:(1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
7181:Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second
5791:Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:
5345:Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras
3590:The Origins of the Ottoman Empire
3579:. University of California Press.
2246:(1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
1883:, especially during the reign of
1629:(roughly encompassing modern-day
1064:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as
8928:States in late medieval Anatolia
8737:
8648:Important centers and extension:
8514:Important centers and extension:
8414:Important centers and extension:
8256:Important centers and extension:
8154:Important centers and extension:
7876:Important centers and extension:
7749:Important centers and extension:
7452:Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey
7376:Important centers and extension:
7247:Important centers and extension:
7136:Important centers and extension:
7000:Important centers and extension:
6835:Important centers and extension:
6723:Important centers and extension:
6545:Important centers and extension:
6345:Important centers and extension:
6221:Important centers and extension:
6060:Important centers and extension:
5900:Important centers and extension:
5712:Important centers and extension:
5500:Important centers and extension:
5428:Important centers and extension:
4838:
4826:
4814:
4803:
4802:
4790:
4194:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
3680:
2133:Mevlana Mosque and Tomb in Konya
2124:Şerafettin Mosque (13th century)
1485:
1028:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
420:
378:
353:
158:
43:
7981:Important centers and extension
7422:Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
7357:Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
4941:Important centers and extension
4839:
3340:
3229:
3211:
3191:
3077:
2966:
2948:
2825:
2805:
2787:
2767:
2665:
2643:
2623:
2605:
2511:
2493:
2475:
2401:
2335:
1868:, who claimed to be the son of
1730:(and perhaps at the expense of
1672:, where they came to serve the
54:needs additional citations for
7446:Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey
7293:Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
7228:Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
3392:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
2222:Hacı Sûfi Burhâneddin Musa Bey
1901:Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Ali Bey's
884:Kingdom of Alexander the Great
1:
7434:Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey
5254:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
3634:10.1080/09503110.2020.1813484
3593:. Translated by Gary Leiser.
1959:Ramazanoğlu Ali Bey captured
454:
229:,
9280:History of Osmaniye Province
9270:History of Nevşehir Province
9255:History of Kırşehir Province
4685:Intangible cultural heritage
4031:Southeastern Anatolia Region
3863:Proclamation of the republic
3595:State University of New York
3495:Boyacıoğlu, Ramazan (1999).
1656:, which participated in the
9250:History of Kayseri Province
9245:History of Karaman Province
9240:History of Antalya Province
9235:History of Aksaray Province
9149:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
6763:Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan
6516:, commander descended from
3956:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
2190:(1308–1312) (Capital City:
2014:with a victory against the
1809:Good relations between the
1732:Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV
1399:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
1114:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
9306:
9265:History of Mersin Province
5202:Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)
5197:Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
3787:Conquest of Constantinople
2130:Hatuniye Medrese (Karaman)
31:
9275:History of Niğde Province
9260:History of Konya Province
9230:History of Adana Province
8792:
8732:
8603:
8589:
8485:
8471:
8377:
8363:
8222:
8208:
8105:
8091:
7944:
7930:
7837:
7823:
7710:
7696:
7479:
7465:
7332:
7318:
7208:
7194:
7103:
7089:
6959:
6945:
6902:Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey
6796:
6782:
6683:
6669:
6603:Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha
6504:
6490:
6312:
6298:
6192:
6178:
6125:Erzincan and Kemah Branch
6027:
6013:
5866:
5852:
5652:
5638:
5471:
5457:
5399:
5385:
5372:
4936:
4894:
4786:
4294:The constitutional system
3826:Second Constitutional Era
3811:Decline and modernization
3387:Anatolian Turkish Beyliks
3285:
3283:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3022:
3020:
2903:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2832:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2366:
2364:
2244:Sultanzâde II. Mehmed Bey
2238:Damad I. Alâeddin Ali Bey
1728:Kingdom of Lesser Armenia
1280:Decline and modernization
1230:Periods of Ottoman Empire
332:
328:
304:
290:
264:
171:
155:
150:
7345:, frontier rulers under
7305:Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah
6971:, brother-in-law of the
6524:in the imperial army of
5219:Battle of Iconium (1190)
4277:Ministry of the Interior
4262:Administrative divisions
3821:First Constitutional Era
2268:Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed Bey
2204:Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey
2198:Bedreddin I. İbrahim Bey
2062:and the ports of Lamos,
34:Karaman (disambiguation)
8570:Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey
8452:Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali
8395:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
8387:Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali
8195:Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi
8123:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
7347:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
7254:Kula (District), Manisa
7117:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
6975:governor for Anatolia,
6704:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
6526:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
6141:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
6139:Incorporation into the
5213:Battle of Myriokephalon
4888:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
4224:Parliamentary elections
4026:Eastern Anatolia Region
4021:Central Anatolia Region
3703:Ancient and Middle Ages
2969: 1398–1399,
2646: 1312–1333,
2626: 1312–1333,
2170:Şemseddin I. Mehmed Bey
1582:around the present-day
1568:Karamanoğulları Beyliği
1551:Karamanoğulları Beyliği
9290:Former empires in Asia
9215:1487 disestablishments
8709:Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey
8332:Giyas al-Din Halil Bey
8183:Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey
8115:Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî
7507:Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
7169:Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
7113:Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
7064:Giyath al-Din Muhammad
6926:Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey
6884:Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey
6609:Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey
6514:Şemseddin Yaman Candar
6285:Melikshah bin Muhammed
5207:Battle of Mount Cadmus
5179:Wars and major battles
4395:Science and technology
4229:Presidential elections
3710:Prehistory of Anatolia
2232:Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
2200:(1312–1333, 1348–1349)
2160:Kerîmeddin Karaman Bey
2098:
2078:Karamanid architecture
1724:Ala al-Din Kaykubadh I
1682:Kerîmeddin Karaman Bey
1618:
1567:
1550:
1545:
1533:
1451:Constitutional history
1336:Provisional government
1290:Defeat and dissolution
440:Prehistory of Anatolia
320:• Disestablished
9174:Philaretos Brachamios
8189:Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey
7683:Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey
7299:Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey
7076:Mehmed Bey the Second
6896:Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey
6656:Kemaleddin Ismail Bey
5609:Muhammed bin Begtimur
5360:Shams al-Din Isfahani
5335:Shams al-Din Altınapa
5290:Karim al-Din Aqsarayi
5186:Byzantine–Seljuk wars
4390:Free trade agreements
4272:Intelligence Services
4069:North Anatolian Fault
3532:Encyclopedia of Islam
3502:19 March 2013 at the
2280:Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey
2256:Damad II. İbrahim Bey
2121:Hasbey Medrese (1241)
2085:
1772:governor and general
1759:Izz al-Din Kaykaus II
1625:, who emigrated from
1601:
1554:), also known as the
1531:
894:Kingdom of Cappadocia
450:Palaeolithic Anatolia
231:Old Anatolian Turkish
223:Common languages
8454:(1275–1288) and sons
7720:Melik Danişmend Gazi
7671:Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed
7647:Sultanzâde Mehmet II
7641:Nasreddin Mehmed Bey
7595:Alâeddin Halil Mirza
7175:Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey
6932:Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey
6878:Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
6816:Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
6769:Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey
6751:Hüsamettin Çoban Bey
6693:Hüsamettin Çoban Bey
6650:Taceddin Ibrahim Bey
6462:İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey
6389:Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
6322:Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
6164:Beylik destroyed by
6104:Mengücekli Ishak Bey
5781:Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey
5775:Müinüddin Sökmen Bey
5684:Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
5355:Mu'in al-Din Parwana
5308:Other notable people
5263:Writers and scholars
4774:World heritage sites
4299:Turkish Armed Forces
4184:Constitutional Court
4098:Flora and vegetation
4076:Environmental issues
4064:East Anatolian Fault
4011:Mediterranean Region
3444:24 July 2011 at the
2262:Sultanzâde İshak Bey
2182:Bedreddin Mahmut Bey
1802:, or bodyguard, for
1753:The rivalry between
1690:Seljuq Sultan of Rum
1606:manuscript made for
1060:Eastern Roman Empire
63:improve this article
32:For other uses, see
9164:Knights Hospitaller
9159:Empire of Trebizond
8786:History of Anatolia
8691:Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey
8565:Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
7911:Inançoğlu Ishak Bey
7601:Bedreddin Ibrahim I
7589:Bedreddin Ibrahim I
7428:Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey
6615:Candaroğlu Adil Bey
6401:Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey
6374:(between 1336–1344)
6273:Nâsırüddin Muhammed
6255:Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım
5804:Hüsameddin Timurtaş
5758:temporarily in 1117
5285:Siraj al-Din Urmavi
4343:Banking and Finance
3961:History of Anatolia
3858:War of Independence
3850:Republic of Türkiye
3747:Battle of Manzikert
3585:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
2250:Damad Bengi Ali Bey
2210:Fahreddin Ahmed Bey
2035:. Ottomans founded
2010:was returning from
1838:Mehmet I of Karaman
1668:, near the town of
1639:the Mongol invasion
1404:History of Anatolia
1326:War of Independence
1154:Empire of Trebizond
1018:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
465:Mesolithic Anatolia
310:• Established
9038:Kadi Burhan al-Din
8715:Tekeoğlu Osman Bey
8697:Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey
8685:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
8624:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
7966:castle and nearby
7847:Germiyanlı Ali Bey
7653:Bengi Alâeddin Ali
7629:Seyfeddin Süleyman
7559:Kerîmeddin Karaman
7406:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
7341:Hamid and his son
6621:Celaleddin Bayezid
6456:Aydınoğlu Umur Bey
6450:Aydınoğlu Musa Bey
6000:Nasreddin Muhammed
5693:Three branches in
5661:Eksük and his son
5597:Seyfeddin Begtimur
5579:Ibrahim bin Sökmen
5280:Fakhr al-Din Iraqi
5230:Battle of Elbistan
5224:Battle of Köse Dağ
4400:Telecommunications
4189:Court of Cassation
3890:Multi-party period
3799:Ottoman Old Regime
3720:Byzantine Anatolia
3715:Classical Anatolia
3534:vol. IV, page 643.
2294:Karamanid dynasty
2099:
1619:
1556:Emirate of Karaman
1534:
1446:Diplomatic history
1358:Multi-party period
1308:Republic of Turkey
1084:Great Seljuk State
1074:Rashidun Caliphate
859:Classical Anatolia
477:Neolithic Anatolia
9210:Anatolian beyliks
9187:
9186:
8894:
8893:
8752:
8751:
8744:Turkey portal
8728:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8703:Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey
8663:between 1361–1373
8661:Kingdom of Cyprus
8585:
8584:
8467:
8466:
8359:
8358:
8204:
8203:
8087:
8086:
8045:between 1300–1314
7926:
7925:
7819:
7818:
7692:
7691:
7461:
7460:
7314:
7313:
7276:between 1300–1368
7218:Kerimüddin Alişir
7190:
7189:
7085:
7084:
6941:
6940:
6778:
6777:
6695:, commander from
6665:
6664:
6486:
6485:
6407:Aydınoğlu Isa Bey
6294:
6293:
6174:
6173:
6009:
6008:
5848:
5847:
5839:Sökmen the Second
5833:Nureddin Muhammed
5634:
5633:
5591:Sökmen the Second
5585:Ahmed bin Ibrahim
5453:
5452:
5379:Anatolian beyliks
5368:
5367:
5350:Manuel Maurozomes
5340:Sa'd al-Din Köpek
5303:
5302:
5275:Haji Bektash Veli
4854:
4853:
4782:
4781:
4324:
4323:
4267:Foreign relations
4241:Political parties
4141:
4140:
3974:
3973:
3966:History of Thrace
3868:Atatürk's reforms
3759:Anatolian beyliks
3564:978-0-521-83957-0
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3345:
3234:
3216:
3196:
3082:
2976:
2953:
2830:
2810:
2792:
2772:
2670:
2650:
2630:
2610:
2516:
2498:
2480:
2406:
2340:
2150:Nûreddin Sûfi Bey
1778:the Sultan of Rum
1560:Beylik of Karaman
1526:
1525:
1492:Turkey portal
1409:History of Thrace
1366:
1365:
1316:Periods of Turkey
1298:
1297:
1212:
1211:
1124:Anatolian beyliks
1050:Medieval Anatolia
1032:
1031:
934:Kingdom of Pontus
924:Ptolemaic Kingdom
874:Achaemenid Empire
841:
840:
714:
713:
487:
486:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
366:
365:
282:• 1483–1487
145:Beylik of Karaman
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
9297:
9285:History of Konya
9154:Empire of Nicaea
9144:Byzantine Empire
9137:Christian states
9093:Sultanate of Rum
8921:
8914:
8907:
8898:
8779:
8772:
8765:
8756:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8591:
8473:
8365:
8210:
8177:Süleyman Pervâne
8134:Süleyman Pervâne
8093:
7932:
7907:(~1314 - ?)
7825:
7698:
7665:Sultanzâde Ishak
7623:Burhaneddin Musa
7577:Bedreddin Mahmut
7467:
7320:
7196:
7115:, regent to the
7091:
7070:Alâeddin Ali Bey
6947:
6784:
6671:
6492:
6300:
6180:
6015:
5964:Gazi Gümüshtigin
5854:
5798:Necmeddin Ilgazi
5640:
5619:Important works:
5459:
5387:
5374:
5244:
5033:Kilij Arslan III
4938:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4858:
4842:
4841:
4830:
4829:
4818:
4817:
4806:
4805:
4794:
4599:
4484:Cities and towns
4465:Turkish language
4420:Turkish Airlines
4236:Electoral system
4199:Council of State
4152:
4086:Waste management
4016:Black Sea Region
3994:
3985:
3939:Turkic migration
3885:One-party period
3754:Sultanate of Rum
3700:
3685:
3684:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3650:
3645:
3608:
3580:
3571:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3436:
3416:
3413:
3382:Karaman Province
3344:
3343: 1483–1487
3342:
3338:
3233:
3232: 1474–1483
3231:
3227:
3215:
3214: 1465–1474
3213:
3209:
3195:
3194: 1464–1465
3193:
3189:
3081:
3080: 1424–1464
3079:
3075:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2952:
2951: 1423–1424
2950:
2946:
2829:
2828: 1361–1398
2827:
2823:
2809:
2808: 1356–1361
2807:
2803:
2791:
2790: 1350–1351
2789:
2785:
2771:
2770: 1349–1350
2769:
2765:
2669:
2668: 1333–1348
2667:
2663:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2609:
2608: 1308–1312
2607:
2603:
2515:
2514: 1300–1308
2513:
2509:
2497:
2496: 1261–1277
2495:
2491:
2479:
2478: 1277–1300
2477:
2473:
2405:
2404: 1256–1261
2403:
2399:
2339:
2338: 1250–1256
2337:
2333:
2300:
2299:
2291:
1992:Crusade of Varna
1977:Egyptian Mamluks
1973:Sayf ad-Din Inal
1666:Taurus Mountains
1608:Halil of Karaman
1584:Karaman Province
1572:Anatolian beylik
1553:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1456:Cultural history
1441:Military history
1436:Economic history
1382:Turkic migration
1346:One-party period
1322:
1321:
1236:
1235:
1134:County of Edessa
1104:Sultanate of Rum
1066:Empire of Nicaea
1056:
1055:
870:
869:
864:Classical Thrace
729:
728:
566:Achaeans (Homer)
502:
501:
469:c. 11,000–
456:
446:
445:
424:
414:
396:
382:
381:
370:
369:
361:Sultanate of Rum
357:
356:
350:
349:
334:
333:
176:
162:
141:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
9305:
9304:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9295:
9294:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9183:
9179:Zaccaria family
9132:
8931:
8925:
8895:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8788:
8783:
8753:
8748:
8738:
8736:
8720:
8711:(~1360 - ~1375)
8673:
8643:
8599:
8581:
8547:
8509:
8481:
8463:
8458:Nusreddin Ahmed
8440:
8409:
8373:
8355:
8272:
8251:
8218:
8200:
8165:
8149:
8146:
8101:
8083:
8080:(~1340 - ~1360)
8074:(~1320 - ~1340)
8068:(~1282 - ~1320)
8062:(~1261 - ~1282)
8048:
7976:
7940:
7922:
7901:(~1300 - ~1314)
7887:
7871:
7833:
7815:
7780:
7744:
7706:
7688:
7611:Fahreddin Ahmed
7547:
7475:
7457:
7410:
7371:
7328:
7310:
7281:
7274:Beylik of Lâdik
7242:
7204:
7186:
7157:
7131:
7099:
7081:
7046:
6995:
6955:
6937:
6866:
6830:
6792:
6774:
6753:(1309 - ?)
6739:
6718:
6679:
6661:
6632:
6591:
6540:
6500:
6482:
6436:the Thunderbolt
6412:
6377:
6340:
6308:
6290:
6267:Izzeddin Saltuk
6237:
6216:
6188:
6170:
6145:
6120:
6086:
6055:
6023:
6005:
5958:Danishmend Gazi
5946:
5895:
5876:Danishmend Gazi
5862:
5844:
5820:Harput Dynasty:
5815:
5786:
5763:
5707:
5648:
5630:
5614:
5573:Sökmen el Kutbi
5561:
5495:
5481:Sökmen el Kutbi
5467:
5449:
5423:
5395:
5381:
5364:
5299:
5258:
5235:
5191:Siege of Nicaea
5174:
5158:
5073:Kilij Arslan IV
5027:Süleymanshah II
5015:Kilij Arslan II
4979:
4932:
4890:
4885:
4855:
4850:
4778:
4597:
4593:Women in Turkey
4561:Law enforcement
4515:
4511:Life expectancy
4477:Islam in Turkey
4431:
4320:
4282:National Police
4250:
4205:
4137:
4128:Turkish Riviera
4035:
3992:
3991:
3970:
3927:
3894:
3873:Language reform
3844:
3763:
3724:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3619:
3616:
3614:Further reading
3611:
3605:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3551:Fierro, Maribel
3548:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3518:Cahen, Claude,
3517:
3510:
3504:Wayback Machine
3494:
3490:
3483:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3446:Wayback Machine
3437:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3368:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3228:
3226:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3190:
3188:
3076:
3074:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2804:
2802:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2766:
2764:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2510:
2508:
2492:
2490:
2474:
2472:
2400:
2398:
2334:
2332:
2289:
2224:(Capital City:
2162:(Capital City:
2152:(Capital City:
2146:
2080:
2045:
1854:Battle of Göksu
1804:Kilij Arslan IV
1755:Kilij Arslan IV
1596:
1546:Karamanoğulları
1522:
1486:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1461:Genetic history
1376:
1368:
1367:
1351:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1024:Sasanian Empire
984:Armenian Empire
974:Parthian Empire
954:Attalid kingdom
914:Seleucid Empire
868:
853:
843:
842:
726:
716:
715:
526:Akkadian Empire
499:
489:
488:
482:
481:c. 8,000–
470:
458:
444:
434:
412:
405:
379:
354:
321:
311:
283:
271:
215:
211:
206:
202:
183:
167:
164:
163:
146:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9303:
9301:
9293:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9192:
9191:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9068:Ottoman Empire
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8968:Candaroğulları
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8939:
8937:
8933:
8932:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8916:
8909:
8901:
8892:
8891:
8794:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8782:
8781:
8774:
8767:
8759:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8718:
8712:
8706:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8681:
8679:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8669:Teke Peninsula
8666:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8610:
8608:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8594:
8587:
8586:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8579:
8573:
8567:
8562:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8523:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8476:
8469:
8468:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8455:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8405:Afyonkarahisar
8402:
8400:
8397:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8368:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8317:
8311:
8305:
8299:
8293:
8287:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8259:
8257:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8213:
8206:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8163:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8096:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8075:
8069:
8063:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7989:Muğla Province
7984:
7982:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7935:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7828:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7750:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7717:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7701:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7525:
7520:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7470:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7449:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7425:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7339:
7337:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7323:
7316:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7199:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7178:
7172:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7094:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7037:Şebinkarahisar
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6950:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6881:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:Hasan Dulkadir
6803:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6787:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6674:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6644:Isfendiyar Bey
6640:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6605:(1309 - ~1340)
6599:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6497:Candaroğulları
6495:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6466:with intervals
6459:
6453:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6430:Ottoman Empire
6426:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6303:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6261:Ziyâüddin Gazi
6258:
6257:(1102 - ~1124)
6252:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6183:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6151:
6150:Divriği Branch
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6101:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6082:Şebinkarahisar
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6018:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5778:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5643:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5390:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5140:
5130:
5120:
5110:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5085:Kaykhusraw III
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4997:Kilij Arslan I
4994:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4710:Radio stations
4707:
4702:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:Turkish people
4441:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4410:Transportation
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4118:National parks
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4052:Climate change
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4001:Marmara Region
3997:
3995:
3993:(west to east)
3982:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3906:Constitutional
3902:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3794:Transformation
3791:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3769:Ottoman Empire
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3738:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3628:(3): 257–281.
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3508:
3488:
3481:
3461:
3449:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3219:
3217:
3199:
3197:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3071:Ibrahim II Bey
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2956:
2954:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2813:
2811:
2795:
2793:
2775:
2773:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2653:
2651:
2633:
2631:
2613:
2611:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2501:
2499:
2483:
2481:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2166:) (1256?–1261)
2157:
2145:
2144:List of rulers
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2079:
2076:
2044:
2041:
2037:Karaman Eyalet
1942:Ottoman family
1616:Mevlâna Museum
1602:Page from the
1595:
1592:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:(1945–present)
1360:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:Transformation
1256:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
994:Roman Republic
990:
989:
986:
980:
979:
976:
970:
969:
966:
960:
959:
956:
950:
949:
946:
940:
939:
936:
930:
929:
926:
920:
919:
916:
910:
909:
906:
900:
899:
896:
890:
889:
886:
880:
879:
876:
867:
866:
861:
855:
854:
849:
848:
845:
844:
839:
838:
835:
829:
828:
825:
819:
818:
817:859–595/585 BC
815:
809:
808:
805:
799:
798:
795:
789:
788:
785:
779:
778:
775:
769:
768:
765:
759:
758:
755:
749:
748:
745:
739:
738:
735:
727:
722:
721:
718:
717:
712:
711:
710:859–595/585 BC
708:
702:
701:
698:
692:
691:
688:
682:
681:
678:
672:
671:
668:
662:
661:
658:
652:
651:
648:
642:
641:
638:
632:
631:
628:
622:
621:
618:
612:
611:
608:
602:
601:
598:
592:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
572:
571:
568:
562:
561:
558:
552:
551:
548:
542:
541:
538:
532:
531:
528:
522:
521:
518:
512:
511:
508:
500:
495:
494:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
473:
472:
467:
461:
460:
457:500,000–
452:
443:
442:
436:
435:
430:
429:
426:
425:
417:
416:
407:
406:
399:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
376:
374:Ottoman Empire
367:
364:
363:
358:
346:
345:
340:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
295:Historical era
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
224:
220:
219:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
178:The Karamanid
177:
169:
168:
165:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
144:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9302:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9195:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9135:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8988:Danishmendids
8986:
8984:
8983:Çubukoğulları
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8936:Muslim states
8934:
8929:
8922:
8917:
8915:
8910:
8908:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8791:
8787:
8780:
8775:
8773:
8768:
8766:
8761:
8760:
8757:
8745:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8716:
8713:
8710:
8707:
8704:
8701:
8698:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8588:
8577:
8574:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8550:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8512:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8470:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8412:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8392:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8362:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8336:
8333:
8330:
8327:
8324:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8309:
8306:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8207:
8196:
8193:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8090:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8051:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7970:, later also
7969:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7890:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7822:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:successively
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7317:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7277:
7275:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7182:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7088:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6934:(1507- ~1525)
6933:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6791:(1348- ~1525)
6790:
6785:
6781:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6668:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6479:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6297:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6049:, later also
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5851:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5810:Necmeddin Alp
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5394:(1081 - 1092)
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5315:Gevher Nesibe
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5151:
5149:) (1303–1307)
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:) (1301–1303)
5138:
5134:
5131:
5129:) (1294–1301)
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:) (1293–1294)
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:) (1284–1293)
5108:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5061:Kaykhusraw II
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5045:) (1205–1211)
5044:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4847:
4846:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Air pollution
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Aegean Region
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:Turkification
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:Classical Age
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:Seljuk Empire
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3604:0-7914-0819-1
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3482:9781438110257
3478:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3462:
3459:, p. 62.
3458:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3412:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3336:
3294:
3292:
3244:
3242:
3225:
3224:
3207:
3206:
3187:
3186:
3169:
3166:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3031:
3029:
2981:
2979:
2962:
2961:
2960:Mehmet II Bey
2944:
2943:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2821:
2820:
2801:
2800:
2783:
2782:
2763:
2762:
2749:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2708:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2675:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2639:
2638:
2637:Ibrahim I Bey
2619:
2618:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2507:
2506:
2489:
2488:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2375:
2373:
2345:
2343:
2331:
2330:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:) (1351–1356)
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:Şemseddin Bey
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:Yahşı Han Bey
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:) (1250–1256)
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:caravanserais
2108:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:Nure Sufi Bey
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1590:in Anatolia.
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Turkification
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:Classical Age
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:190 BC–428 AD
987:
985:
982:
981:
978:247 BC–224 AD
977:
975:
972:
971:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
955:
952:
951:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
935:
932:
931:
927:
925:
922:
921:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
905:
902:
901:
897:
895:
892:
891:
887:
885:
882:
881:
877:
875:
872:
871:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
851:Classical Age
847:
846:
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
823:Median Empire
821:
820:
816:
814:
811:
810:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
725:
720:
719:
709:
707:
704:
703:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
687:
684:
683:
679:
677:
674:
673:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
647:
644:
643:
639:
637:
634:
633:
629:
627:
624:
623:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
577:
574:
573:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
554:
553:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
527:
524:
523:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
507:
504:
503:
498:
493:
492:
480:
478:
475:
474:
468:
466:
463:
462:
453:
451:
448:
447:
441:
438:
437:
433:
428:
427:
423:
419:
418:
415:
408:
403:
397:
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
362:
359:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
327:
323:
313:
300:
299:Late Medieval
297:
293:
289:
285:
276:
273:
270:• 1256?
259:
252:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
175:
170:
161:
154:
149:
142:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
9169:Latin Empire
9098:Sahib Ataids
9078:Qara Qoyunlu
9042:
8930:(after 1071)
8717:(~1375–1390)
8699:(? - ?)
8659:lost to the
8658:
8370:Sahib Ataids
8322:(? - ?)
8316:(? - ?)
8060:Menteshe Bey
8033:temporarily
7987:present-day
7954:Menteshe Bey
7939:(~1261–1424)
7917:Süleyman Bey
7905:Murad Arslan
7832:(~1300–1368)
7810:Süleyman Bey
7635:Alâeddin Ali
7604:
7474:(~1250–1487)
7471:
7448:(? - ?)
7442:(? - ?)
7436:(? - ?)
7424:(~1280–1324)
7327:(~1280–1374)
7272:
6908:Melik Arslan
6765:(? - ?)
6759:(? - ?)
6702:clan of the
6585:
6499:(~1300–1461)
6465:
6403:(? - ?)
6263:(~1124–1132)
6098:Mengücek Bey
6037:Mengücek Bey
5994:Melik Ismail
5982:Melik Zünnun
5976:Melik Mehmed
5841:(? - ?)
5835:(? - ?)
5757:
5587:(? - ?)
5581:(? - ?)
5320:Gurju Khatun
5146:
5136:
5133:Kayqubad III
5126:
5116:
5113:Kayqubad III
5106:
5097:Kayqubad III
5042:
5039:Kaykhusraw I
5021:Kaykhusraw I
4843:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4680:Illumination
4616:Architecture
4544:Human rights
4532:Universities
4450:Ethnic Kurds
4437:Demographics
4348:Construction
3625:
3621:
3589:
3576:
3568:
3554:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3491:
3471:
3464:
3452:
3411:
3372:Karamanlides
3332:
3221:
3201:
3183:
3069:
2958:
2938:
2836:Nefise Hatun
2815:
2799:Suleyman Bey
2797:
2777:
2759:
2655:
2635:
2615:
2597:
2503:
2487:Mehmet I Bey
2485:
2467:
2393:
2327:
2100:
2053:
2046:
1989:
1958:
1945:
1932:
1913:
1905:Nefise Hatun
1903:marriage to
1874:
1835:
1808:
1797:
1767:
1752:
1698:
1654:Afshar tribe
1643:
1620:
1559:
1555:
1537:
1535:
1466:LGBT history
1424:Christianity
1194:Kara Koyunlu
1173:
1164:Latin Empire
1042:Medieval Age
1014:Ancient Rome
1008:163 BC–72 AD
743:Neo-Hittites
656:Neo-Hittites
640:1300–1250 BC
620:1500–1290 BC
610:1500–1300 BC
600:1500–1320 BC
590:1680–1220 BC
580:1650–1450 BC
570:1700–1300 BC
560:1780–1680 BC
550:1950–1750 BC
540:2300–1400 BC
530:2400–2150 BC
520:2500–2000 BC
343:Succeeded by
342:
337:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:"Karamanids"
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
29:
9118:Tanrıbermiş
9113:Tacettinids
9108:Sarukhanids
9088:Shah-Armens
9073:Pervâneoğlu
9058:Mengüjekids
9018:Germiyanids
8998:Dulkadirids
8598:(1301–1423)
8578:(1388–1390)
8561:(1302–1345)
8559:Saruhan Bey
8495:Saruhan Bey
8480:(1302–1410)
8478:Sarukhanids
8460:(1288–1341)
8372:(1275–1341)
8340:(1511–1516)
8334:(1490–1511)
8304:(1417–1427)
8298:(1416–1417)
8296:Ibrahim Bey
8284:Ibrahim Bey
8232:Ramazan Bey
8217:(1352–1516)
8197:(1300–1326)
8191:(1296–1300)
8185:(1277–1296)
8179:(1261–1277)
8100:(1261–1322)
8098:Pervâneoğlu
7919:(1345–1368)
7913:(? - ~1360)
7812:(1345–1360)
7806:(1328–1345)
7800:(1328–1345)
7794:(1307–1328)
7705:(1303–1360)
7685:(1483–1487)
7679:(1469–1483)
7673:(1464–1469)
7661:(1424–1464)
7655:(1418–1424)
7643:(1398–1399)
7637:(1357–1398)
7631:(1356–1357)
7625:(1351–1356)
7619:(1350–1351)
7613:(1349–1350)
7607:(1348–1349)
7597:(1333–1348)
7591:(1312–1333)
7585:(1308–1312)
7579:(1300–1308)
7573:(1283–1300)
7567:(1261–1283)
7561:(1256–1261)
7430:(1324–1330)
7307:(1361–1387)
7301:(1340–1361)
7295:(1300–1340)
7203:(1300–1429)
7201:Germiyanids
7183:(1320–1326)
7177:(1302–1320)
7171:(1288–1302)
7098:(1288–1326)
7078:(1380–1381)
7072:(1365–1380)
7066:(1352–1365)
7060:(1328–1352)
6954:(1328–1381)
6928:(1492–1507)
6904:(1443–1454)
6898:(1396–1443)
6892:(1386–1396)
6886:(1348–1386)
6880:(1348–1348)
6789:Dulkadirids
6678:(1227–1309)
6658:(1443–1461)
6652:(1440–1443)
6646:(1385–1440)
6629:(1384–1392)
6623:(1361–1385)
6617:(1340–1361)
6611:(1340–1345)
6586:temporarily
6522:Oghuz Turks
6464:(1405–1425
6458:(1403–1405)
6452:(1402–1403)
6397:(1334–1348)
6391:(1307–1334)
6372:Sakız/Chios
6307:(1307–1425)
6287:(1200–1202)
6281:(1191–1200)
6275:(1168–1191)
6269:(1132–1168)
6251:(1072–1102)
6187:(1072–1202)
6116:Danishmends
6106:(1118–1120)
6100:(1071–1118)
6022:(1071–1277)
6020:Mengujekids
6002:(1175-1178)
5996:(1164–1175)
5990:(1143–1164)
5984:(1142–1143)
5978:(1134–1142)
5972:(1104–1134)
5966:(1084–1104)
5960:(1071–1084)
5861:(1071–1178)
5859:Danishmends
5829:(1112–1124)
5812:(1154–1176)
5806:(1122–1154)
5800:(1106–1122)
5783:(1104–1131)
5777:(1102–1104)
5626:Ahlat Tombs
5611:(1185–1207)
5605:(1193–1197)
5599:(1185–1193)
5593:(1128–1185)
5575:(1100–1112)
5466:(1100–1207)
5464:Shah-Armens
5093:(1282–1284)
5087:(1265–1282)
5081:(1249–1257)
5079:Kayqubad II
5075:(1248–1265)
5069:(1246–1260)
5063:(1237–1246)
5057:(1220–1237)
5051:(1211–1220)
5035:(1204–1205)
5029:(1196–1204)
5023:(1192–1196)
5017:(1156–1192)
5011:(1116–1156)
5005:(1107–1116)
4999:(1092–1107)
4993:(1077–1086)
4833:WikiProject
4764:Video games
4556:Individuals
4549:LGBT rights
4539:Health care
4506:Immigration
4287:Gendarmerie
4246:Referendums
4162:Legislative
4059:Earthquakes
3944:Oghuz Turks
3833:Dissolution
2395:Karaman Bey
2287:Family tree
2282:(1483–1487)
2276:(1469–1483)
2270:(1464–1469)
2258:(1424–1464)
2252:(1423–1424)
2240:(1361–1398)
2234:(1357–1361)
2218:(1350–1351)
2212:(1349–1350)
2206:(1333–1348)
2184:(1300–1308)
2178:(1277–1300)
2172:(1261–1277)
2092:Tiled Kiosk
2031:region and
1998:marched on
1996:İbrahim Bey
1990:During the
1700:Karaman Bey
1650:Oghuz Turks
1646:Salur tribe
1637:because of
1576:Salur tribe
1387:Oghuz Turks
1352:(1930–1945)
1350:(1923–1930)
1340:(1920–1923)
1330:(1919–1922)
1294:(1908–1922)
1284:(1789–1908)
1274:(1703–1789)
1264:(1566–1703)
1254:(1453–1566)
1244:(1299–1453)
1222:Ottoman Era
1208:(1378–1501)
1198:(1375–1468)
1188:(1256–1335)
1178:(1250–1487)
1168:(1204–1261)
1158:(1204–1461)
1148:(1101–1409)
1138:(1098–1150)
1128:(1081–1423)
1118:(1078–1375)
1108:(1077–1307)
1098:(1071–1178)
1094:Danishmends
1088:(1037–1194)
807:1000–545 BC
797:1000–700 BC
787:1000–560 BC
777:1100–560 BC
767:1150–547 BC
757:1200–700 BC
747:1200–800 BC
737:1200–800 BC
700:1000–545 BC
690:1000–700 BC
680:1150–547 BC
670:1200–700 BC
660:1200–800 BC
650:1200–800 BC
630:1450–350 BC
616:Hayasa-Azzi
510:3000–700 BC
411:History of
338:Preceded by
275:Karaman Bey
241:Sunni Islam
210:(1307–1468)
9205:Karamanids
9194:Categories
9083:Ramadanids
9043:Karamanids
8993:Dilmachids
8948:Aq Qoyunlu
8576:Hızır Shah
8338:Hahmud Bey
8320:Dündar Bey
8308:Mehmed Bey
8238:Oghuz clan
8215:Ramadanids
8039:Güzelhisar
7792:Karesi Bey
7730:Karesi Bey
7659:Ibrahim II
7472:Karamanids
7454:(? - 1391)
7269:Yenicekent
7264:Yenicekent
7058:Eretna Bey
6969:Eretna Bey
6914:Shah Budak
6771:(? - 1309)
6520:branch of
6279:Mama Hatun
6249:Saltuk Bey
6202:Saltuk Bey
5719:Diyarbakır
5330:Baba Ishak
5163:Chronology
5067:Kaykaus II
5055:Kayqubad I
4991:Suleyman I
4914:Suleyman I
4705:Newspapers
4690:Literature
4670:Folk dance
4571:Corruption
4455:Minorities
4383:Renewables
4338:Automotive
4147:Government
3878:Secularism
3457:Green 2019
3423:References
3335:Mahmut Bey
3333:Turgutoglu
3239:Turgut Bey
2779:Shemseddin
2505:Mahmut Bey
2469:Guneri Bey
2176:Güneri Bey
2021:Azerbaijan
1858:Mehmed Bey
1815:Kaykaus II
1694:Kayqubad I
1662:Baba Ishak
1631:Azerbaijan
1570:), was an
1538:Karamanids
1270:Old Regime
1204:Ak Koyunlu
1174:Karamanids
958:282–129 BC
908:306–168 BC
904:Antigonids
898:322–130 BC
888:334–301 BC
878:559–331 BC
837:685–547 BC
827:678–549 BC
576:Kizzuwatna
497:Bronze Age
432:Prehistory
286:Mahmud Bey
247:Government
89:newspapers
9103:Saltukids
9013:Eshrefids
8978:Chobanids
8639:Korkuteli
8613:Hamidoğlu
8607:Ancestors
8527:Kemalpaşa
8350:Kubad Bey
8344:Selim Bey
8314:Eyluk Bey
8302:Hamza Bey
8290:Ahmed Bey
7899:Inanç Bey
7857:Inanç Bey
7804:Yahşı Han
7798:Demir Han
7740:Balıkesir
7617:Şemseddin
7605:2nd reign
7583:Yahşı Han
7489:Nure Sûfi
7398:Korkuteli
7343:Ilyas Bey
7336:Ancestors
7096:Eshrefids
6977:Timurtash
6757:Alp Yürek
6730:Kastamonu
6714:Kastamonu
6676:Chobanids
6536:Kastamonu
6446:Tamerlane
6439:1402–1414
6434:Bayezid I
6185:Saltukids
6109:1120–1142
5988:Yağıbasan
5970:Emir Gazi
5937:Kastamonu
5827:Belek Bey
5724:Hasankeyf
5695:Hasankeyf
5656:Ancestors
5647:(1102 - )
5522:Adilcevaz
5512:Malazgirt
5325:Sâhib Ata
5153:Mesud III
5147:4th reign
5137:3rd reign
5127:3rd reign
5117:2nd reign
5107:2nd reign
5049:Kaykaus I
5043:2nd reign
5003:Melikshah
4904:Qutalmish
4759:TV series
4717:Miniature
4660:Festivals
4576:Terrorism
4527:Education
4460:Languages
4304:Air Force
4219:Elections
4167:Executive
4113:Mountains
3980:Geography
3899:Overviews
3838:Partition
3804:Tulip era
3642:229485605
3397:Caramania
3223:Kasim Bey
3203:Pir Ahmad
3185:Ishak Bey
2975:1421–1423
2971:1402–1420
2761:Ahmet Bey
2659:Mirza Bey
2648:1348–1349
2628:1351–1356
2274:Kasım Bey
2033:Macedonia
2029:Kardzhali
2025:Ludogorie
2016:Hungarian
1938:Bayezid I
1928:Bayezid I
1897:Timurtash
1860:captured
1850:Ilkhanids
1770:Mongolian
1678:Nure Sofi
1641:in 1230.
1184:Ilkhanate
1078:(637–656)
1004:Commagene
998:133–27 BC
968:281–64 BC
948:297–74 BC
938:302–64 BC
928:305–30 BC
918:305–64 BC
459:10,000 BC
237:Religion
151:1250–1487
119:June 2011
18:Qaramanid
9063:Menteshe
9048:Karasids
9028:Hamidids
9023:Hacıemir
9008:Erzincan
9003:Eretnids
8963:Aydinids
8958:Artuqids
8693:(?-1327)
8687:(1301-?)
8678:Dynasty:
8628:Capitals
8431:Sandıklı
8426:Beyşehir
8352:(1517-?)
8328:(?-1490)
8326:Omer Bey
8310:(1427-?)
8292:(?-1416)
8286:(1344-?)
8277:Dynasty:
8241:Capitals
8170:Dynasty:
8109:Ancestor
8053:Dynasty:
8024:Bozdoğan
8014:Acıpayam
7958:Capitals
7937:Menteshe
7892:Dynasty:
7841:Ancestor
7785:Dynasty:
7756:Aydıncık
7714:Ancestor
7703:Karasids
7565:Mehmet I
7552:Dynasty:
7511:Capitals
7483:Ancestor
7415:Dynasty:
7393:Gölhisar
7388:Uluborlu
7325:Hamidids
7286:Dynasty:
7212:Ancestor
7162:Dynasty:
7153:Bolvadin
7143:Beyşehir
7127:Beyşehir
7051:Dynasty:
7032:Erzincan
6989:, later
6973:Ilkhanid
6952:Eretnids
6920:Şahsuvar
6916:(?-1492)
6890:Sûli Bey
6871:Dynasty:
6826:Elbistan
6800:Ancestor
6744:Dynasty:
6735:Taşköprü
6596:Dynasty:
6478:Murad II
6409:(- 1390)
6395:Umur Beg
6382:Dynasty:
6362:Alaşehir
6334:, later
6326:Capitals
6305:Aydinids
6242:Dynasty:
6091:Dynasty:
6067:Erzincan
6047:Erzincan
6041:Capitals
5951:Dynasty:
5880:Capitals
5688:Capitals
5645:Artuqids
5603:Aksungur
5566:Dynasty:
5532:Eleşkirt
5295:Ibn Bibi
5143:Mesud II
5123:Mesud II
5103:Mesud II
5091:Mesud II
4898:Ancestor
4809:Category
4747:Football
4732:Painting
4675:Folklore
4583:Marriage
4489:Istanbul
4472:Religion
4425:Railways
4415:Aviation
4353:Currency
4211:Politics
4179:Judicial
4155:Branches
4133:Wildlife
3923:Military
3911:Economic
3816:Tanzimat
3587:(1992).
3500:Archived
3442:Archived
3366:See also
2817:Alaeddin
2617:Musa Bey
2329:Sufi Bey
2115:medreses
2096:Istanbul
2072:Manavgat
2049:saracens
2008:Murad II
1979:damaged
1924:Ottomans
1920:Beyşehir
1893:Ilkhanid
1750:(1244).
1736:Hethum I
1614:, 1314.
1580:Anatolia
1478:Timeline
1414:Religion
1375:By topic
1144:Artuqids
944:Bithynia
793:Tuwanuwa
724:Iron Age
686:Tuwanuwa
586:Hittites
516:Hattians
483:5,500 BC
471:9,000 BC
402:a series
400:Part of
251:Monarchy
9128:Tzachas
9033:Inalids
8655:Antalya
8634:Antalya
8618:Founder
8615:dynasty
8572:(-1388)
8552:Dynasty
8543:Menemen
8533:Akhisar
8521:Demirci
8499:Capital
8489:Founder
8445:Dynasty
8436:Denizli
8421:Akşehir
8399:Capital
8393:of the
8381:Founder
8236:Yüreğir
8226:Founder
8138:Capital
8128:Founder
8121:of the
8078:Ibrahim
8041:, also
7948:Founder
7883:Denizli
7867:Denizli
7861:Capital
7851:Founder
7771:Bigadiç
7766:Edremit
7761:Bergama
7734:Capital
7724:Founder
7532:Karaman
7528:Larende
7523:Ermenek
7501:Founder
7402:Antalya
7383:Eğirdir
7367:Isparta
7361:Capital
7351:Founder
7238:Kütahya
7232:Capital
7222:Founder
7148:Akşehir
7121:Capital
7107:Founder
7012:Kayseri
6991:Kayseri
6981:Capital
6963:Founder
6857:Kayseri
6847:Malatya
6820:Capital
6810:Founder
6708:Capital
6687:Founder
6567:Kalecik
6562:Çankırı
6530:Capital
6508:Founder
6336:Ayasluğ
6316:Founder
6228:Erzurum
6212:Erzurum
6206:Capital
6196:Founder
6072:Divriği
6051:Divriği
6031:Founder
5922:Kayseri
5917:Malatya
5870:Founder
5678:Founder
5673:Türkmen
5665:, from
5527:Başkale
5485:Capital
5475:Founder
5435:Ephesus
5413:Capital
5409:Tzachas
5403:Founder
5392:Tzachas
5240:Culture
5009:Mesud I
4984:Dynasty
4975:Antalya
4964:Malatya
4953:Kayseri
4926:, then
4918:Capital
4908:Founder
4845:Outline
4821:Commons
4754:Theater
4737:Pottery
4653:Ottoman
4648:Cuisine
4626:Ottoman
4603:Culture
4588:Poverty
4520:Society
4405:Tourism
4358:Defense
4330:Economy
4172:Cabinet
4103:Geology
4047:Climate
3989:Regions
3916:Ottoman
3734:Beyliks
3730:Seljuks
3695:History
3597:Press.
3553:(ed.).
3542:Sources
3377:Karaman
2942:Ali Bey
2819:Ali Bey
2600:Han Bey
2164:Ermenek
2107:hammams
2103:mosques
2064:Silifke
2060:Karaman
2012:Rumelia
2004:Kütahya
1954:Ottoman
1946:beyliks
1916:Balkans
1909:Murat I
1885:Baybars
1877:Mamluks
1870:Kaykaus
1846:Seljuqs
1842:Turkmen
1811:Seljuqs
1794:Karaman
1790:Larende
1763:Pervâne
1748:Seljuks
1744:Mamluks
1720:Silifke
1704:Ermenek
1686:Cilicia
1674:Seljuks
1670:Larende
1660:led by
1594:History
1588:beyliks
1564:Turkish
1542:Turkish
1429:Judaism
964:Galatia
783:Aeolis
753:Phrygia
733:Diauehi
666:Phrygia
646:Diauehi
606:Mitanni
556:Kussara
546:Assyria
536:Luwians
227:Persian
204:Ermenek
200:Larende
196:Capital
103:scholar
8953:Alaiye
8538:Gördes
8505:Manisa
8391:vizier
8268:Tarsus
8119:vizier
8043:Rhodes
8009:Çameli
7999:Finike
7667:(1464)
7571:Güneri
7518:Ereğli
7493:Afshar
7042:Niksar
7027:Amasya
6852:Harput
6582:Samsun
6557:Eflani
6432:under
6417:Events
6233:Tercan
5942:Ankara
5932:Amasya
5912:Niksar
5891:Niksar
5754:Aleppo
5744:Harput
5739:Midyat
5734:Mardin
5729:Silvan
5703:Harput
5699:Mardin
5547:Bitlis
5542:Tatvan
5507:Silvan
5440:Lesbos
5419:İzmir
5232:(1277)
5226:(1243)
5215:(1176)
5209:(1148)
5193:(1097)
5155:(1307)
5099:(1284)
4970:Alanya
4966:(1178)
4960:(1175)
4797:Portal
4742:Sports
4643:Cinema
4638:Carpet
4621:Seljuk
4611:Anthem
4494:Ankara
4363:Energy
4255:Topics
4123:Rivers
4040:Topics
3932:Topics
3687:Turkey
3640:
3601:
3561:
3479:
2598:Yahshi
2264:(1464)
2154:Ereğli
2113:and 3
2088:mihrab
2086:Tiled
2070:, and
2068:Anamur
2000:Ankara
1961:Tarsus
1891:, the
1889:Chupan
1831:Mongol
1827:Seljuq
1799:Candar
1718:, and
1716:Gülnar
1712:Ereğli
1658:revolt
813:Urartu
773:Doris
706:Urartu
636:Assuwa
596:Arzawa
413:Turkey
404:on the
260:
217:Ereğli
191:Beylik
188:Status
180:beylik
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
9053:Ladik
8973:Canik
8705:(?-?)
8525:Nif (
8346:(?-?)
8263:Adana
8247:Adana
8234:from
8161:Sinop
8144:Sinop
8072:Orhan
8066:Mesut
8035:Aydın
8019:Tavas
7994:Muğla
7972:Balat
7968:Milas
7964:Beçin
7830:Ladik
7776:Ezine
7677:Kasım
7538:Konya
7496:Oghuz
7491:from
7259:Simav
7022:Tokat
7017:Niğde
7007:Sivas
6987:Sivas
6922:(?-?)
6910:(?-?)
6862:Antep
6842:Maraş
6700:Oghuz
6572:Tosya
6552:Sinop
6367:Aydın
6357:İzmir
6332:Birgi
6166:Abaka
6077:Kemah
5927:Tokat
5907:Sivas
5886:Sivas
5670:Oghuz
5667:Döğer
5663:Artuk
5517:Erciş
5491:Ahlat
5445:Chios
4958:Sivas
4948:Konya
4928:Konya
4924:İznik
4727:Names
4722:Music
4695:Media
4566:Crime
4499:İzmir
4108:Lakes
4093:Fauna
3638:S2CID
3403:Notes
2940:Bengi
2657:Halil
2192:Konya
2056:Konya
1985:Konya
1981:Konya
1969:Egypt
1950:Bursa
1934:Timur
1881:Egypt
1866:Jimri
1862:Konya
1823:Konya
1792:(now
1786:amirs
1774:Baiju
1635:Sivas
1633:) to
1627:Arran
1612:Konya
1604:Quran
1419:Islam
833:Lydia
803:Ionia
763:Caria
696:Ionia
676:Caria
626:Lycia
208:Konya
110:JSTOR
96:books
9123:Teke
8943:Ahis
8596:Teke
8037:and
8029:Çine
7498:clan
7400:and
6697:Kayı
6577:Araç
6518:Kayı
6471:1425
6423:1390
6352:Tire
6159:1277
6134:1228
5749:Palu
5701:and
5675:clan
5557:Hani
5270:Rumi
5247:Arts
4769:Wine
4665:Flag
4368:Coal
4314:Navy
4309:Land
3777:Rise
3732:and
3599:ISBN
3559:ISBN
3477:ISBN
2109:, 2
2105:, 8
2002:and
1967:and
1965:Sham
1848:and
1829:and
1784:and
1782:begs
1768:The
1757:and
1746:and
1740:Khan
1558:and
1536:The
1240:Rise
506:Troy
324:1487
314:1250
166:Flag
82:news
8004:Kaş
7543:Mut
6448:to
5552:Muş
5537:Van
4633:Art
4378:Oil
4373:Gas
3630:doi
3205:Bey
2781:Bey
2226:Mut
2101:66
2094:of
1879:of
1708:Mut
1648:of
1574:of
1548:or
257:Bey
213:Mut
65:by
9196::
8389:,
7603:,
5697:,
4700:TV
3636:.
3626:33
3624:.
3567:.
3511:^
3431:^
3341:r.
3230:r.
3212:r.
3192:r.
3078:r.
2967:r.
2949:r.
2826:r.
2806:r.
2788:r.
2768:r.
2666:r.
2644:r.
2624:r.
2606:r.
2512:r.
2494:r.
2476:r.
2402:r.
2336:r.
2074:.
2066:,
2058:,
1930:.
1714:,
1710:,
1706:,
1692:,
1676:.
1610:.
1566::
1544::
455:c.
8920:e
8913:t
8906:v
8778:e
8771:t
8764:v
8665:)
8657:(
8529:)
8125:)
8117:(
7534:)
7530:(
7278:)
7271:(
6588:)
6584:(
6468:)
5760:)
5756:(
5145:(
5135:(
5125:(
5115:(
5105:(
5041:(
4880:e
4873:t
4866:v
3672:e
3665:t
3658:v
3644:.
3632::
3607:.
3485:.
2973:,
2194:)
1562:(
1540:(
1517:e
1510:t
1503:v
1068:)
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
