49:
671:
collected in furrows until they dry and then hit with sticks. In this process, they are placed on clothing or tamped floors for threshing and sieved so that the seeds can be separated from the dead leaves. Improvement of cultivation consists in proper soil preparation and direct sowing of selected seeds at a density of 4 to 6 kg/ha in 80 cm wide furrows, using fertilizers according to the nutrient content of the soil. The yield varies between 2000 and 5000 kg/ha in
77:
752:
631:. Despite its geographical adaptability, it is a short-day plant and needs adequate moisture. Cultivation can occur at up to 3100 m. a.s.l. and once established it is drought tolerant and can handle both wet and dry conditions. If the cultivation takes place in subtropical climates, it can be harvested up to two times.
667:, the plant is grown in the traditional way on non-irrigated land without fertilizers. The seeds are very small, so soil preparation is important, such as breaking up of clods and shaking up. It is recommended to plough the soil, harrow and make furrows either in the traditional way with a yoke or by machine.
826:
Nowadays, and because of its nutritional values, some scientists explored the substitution of some vegetables by amaranth leaves in kenyan traditional dishes and investigated if the vitamins and minerals remain when boiled for instance. Depending on the vegetables used in the mix, minerals and iron
818:
is slowly making its way outside of Latin
America. Cookies and other breakfast food made of kiwicha can be found for example in stores in the United States. Even though kiwicha is gluten free, adding kiwicha flour to wheat when producing leavened food increase the nutritional value of the bread. As
646:
The crop is planted by transfer, with the help of seedlings in fields or by direct drilling at the beginning of the rainy season. They are cut at a height of 10 to 55 cm and the cultivation practices are similar to those of corn: ear emergence, two-stage fertilization and weed control. In the
670:
Weed control takes place manually with pricking out. In the absence of rain, irrigation is necessary every 30 days and especially in flowering and grain filling stages. Harvesting is done before full maturity of the plant. In this process, the plants are cut 50 cm above the ground. They are
1200:
S. Montserrat-de la Paz, A. Martinez-lopez, A. Villanueva-lazo, J. Pedroche, F. Millan, and M. C. Millan-linares, “Identification and characterization of novel antioxidant protein hydrolysates from kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus l.),” Antioxidants, vol. 10, no. 5, 2021, doi:
469:
Each panicle is self-pollinating and the fruits each contain a single small seed, no larger than 1 mm in diameter. Like quinoa, each seed has a shiny coat and the embryo is curved around the small endosperm. The panicles grow from lateral buds and from the main stem.
476:
is an annual, broad-leaved dicotyledon with a central stem that grows from a taproot system. Depending on the variety, A. caudatus can reach up to 2.5 m tall. Leaves and side branches grow outward from the central stem and may start as low as the base of the plant.
1167:
Espitia Rangel, E.; Mapes Sánchez, C.; Escobedo López, D.; De la O Olán, M.; Rivas
Valencia, P.; MartĂnez Trejo, G.; CortĂ©s Espinoza, L.; Hernández Casillas, J.M. (2010). "ConservaciĂłn y uso de los recursos genĂ©ticos de Amaranto en MĂ©xico".
806:
There are several uses of kiwicha. When ground, it can be used as flour but also as breading for sweets and main dishes when crushed. Seeds can be popped as popcorn on a pan and, like oats, can be eaten with milk as cereals.
457:
is most recognizable for its striking flowering panicles that can reach up to 90 cm (35.4”) long. The colour of these highly dense flowering panicles ranges from black, to red and more commonly white. The red varieties
797:
has also been found to have anthelmintic, antinociceptive, antipyretic, anticancer, antiallergenic, antidiabetic, immune system stimulation, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and antibacterial properties.
1270:
587:
had been a well-adapted staple in the Andean region for millennia and had offered substantial nutritional advantages to the native people, when the
Spanish came in the 1500s, they replaced
1424:
887:
to be used as non-toxic red food colouring. For some applications, this natural dye may be used to replace the use of synthetic dyes. However natural dyes tend to have a lower
611:
can easily grow between 1 and 2.5 meters and grows best in full sun within 4–6 months. However, in some highland regions they can take up to 10 months. It is a summer annual
533:
people. They believed that kiwicha had the power to give strength to people that eat it. This food was not only used for royalty diet but also in religious rituals.
1722:
739:(Loxostege bifidalis) were also found in some countries. They caused severe defoliation of the upper leaves. These pests are controlled by the application of 1.5%
1367:
2029:
1810:
1191:
A. Di Fabio and G. Parraga, “Origin, Production and
Utilization of Pseudocereals,” Pseudocereals Chem. Technol., pp. 1–27, 2016, doi: 10.1002/9781118938256.ch1.
723:
spp. cause stem and root rot. The most common pest is
Diabrotica spp, also known as Loritos, which can damage the plant during emergence. Other pests include
793:
is high in dietary fiber and minerals such as iron, magnesium and manganese. Its frequent consumption could help to reduce hypertension and cholesterol.
1670:
2054:
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was mixed with honey and human blood and eaten during ceremonies, including human sacrifices. For these reasons, around the 1500s when the
814:
is used on sweets with honey and the dish is called "alegria" (meaning "happiness" in
Spanish), India has a similar dish called "ladoos".
1828:
2034:
1618:
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1412:
1407:
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civilizations. Because of its high nutritional value, it was culturally considered as a beneficial food for children and elderly.
1372:
384:
is referred to as kiwicha, quihuicha, inca jataco; ataco, ataku, sankurachi, jaguarcha (Ecuador), millmi, or coimi. While to the
1709:
599:
is seldom recognized outside of the Andes, significant plantings have been observed in Mexico, China, Nepal, India and Kenya.
1973:
1776:
1753:
1089:
Caselato-Sousa, Valéria Maria; Amaya-Farfán, Jaime (2012). "State of knowledge on amaranth grain: a comprehensive review".
2039:
1797:
1001:
423:.) This species, as with many other amaranths, is originally from the American tropics. The exact origin is unknown, as
489:, specific flowers had different meanings. Love-lies-bleeding stood for hopeless love or hopelessness in the Victorian
1937:
1735:
1520:
787:
is particularly beneficial for infants, children, and pregnant and lactating women, but also vegetarians and vegans.
395:
Many parts of the plant, including the leaves and seeds, are edible, and are frequently used as a source of food in
76:
1978:
1924:
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came, they prohibited the use of the plant and was almost completely banned from these regions. Around the 1800s,
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783:), and it complements the nutritional quality of foods derived from flours of corn, rice, or wheat. As a result,
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species that can grow at altitudes greater than 2,500 meters above the sea level. Despite the fact that
180:
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987:
1851:
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1377:
2024:
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1333:"Enhancing the Nutritional Quality of Vegetable Amaranth through Specific Food Preparation Methods"
1214:
Martinez-Lopez A, Millan-Linares MC, Rodriguez-Martin NM, Millan F, Montserrat-de la Paz S (2020).
860:
stover would be an essential source of animal feed for Andean farmers to maintain their livestock.
643:. In addition, the pH must be between 6-7, although the plant can still grow at a pH of up to 8.5.
490:
429:
1789:
1996:
1916:
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1988:
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RHS Vegetables for the
Gourmet Gardener: Old, new, common and curious vegetables to grow and eat
967:
Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with
Promise for Worldwide Cultivation
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cultivation is still very localized in
America. However, the interest in the cultivation of
420:
1415:
Medicinal Plant Images
Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University)
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888:
342:
114:
1903:
1502:
908:
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969:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1989 – via National Research Council.
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cultivations with wheat and barley. However, because of its great nutritional content,
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had been around since the 16th century, the name love-lies-bleeding is not unexpected.
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31:
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2018:
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2001:
775:, which are typically deficient in plant protein. In terms of nutritional content,
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511:
is originally from Central and South America and was used as a staple grain by the
1942:
1558:
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1965:
1525:
1392:"Wild Food Plants Attracting Additional Consumer Categories": Amaranthus caudatus
1802:
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that has been cultivated for thousands of years by many cultures including the
1236:
1215:
720:
1623:
1476:
1331:
Nyonje WA, Yang RY, Wu WJ, Makokha AO, Owino WO, Abukutsa-Onyango MO (2021).
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and loam-sandy soils with lots of organic matter and good drainage are best.
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is regaining popularity and returning to compete with modern crops. Although
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127:
17:
1877:
1288:
Marx, J. L. (1977). "Amaranth: A Comeback for the Food of the Aztecs?".
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388:, who are native to the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America,
30:"Kiwicha" redirects here. For the mountain in Peru named Kiwicha, see
1701:
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493:. Therefore, as the plant visually resembles droplets of blood and
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can be suitable to be used as a high-protein forage crop in the
672:
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1451:
1373:
Article about role of Amaranths in native American agriculture
891:
and therefore may not function well as a direct substitution.
1127:
Tucker, J. B. (1986). "Amaranth: the once and future crop".
1066:"Love Lies Bleeding: A Memorable Name for a Striking Plant"
771:
is very high in protein and essential amino acids, such as
844:
grains have been removed, the remaining plant material (
879:
In Peru, simple methods have been developed to extract
437:
is the Central American counterpart to South American
909:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
1460:
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707:The most common diseases affecting the seeds are
548:Because of its late reuse, due to its history,
823:is also used for pasta and noodles formation.
779:protein is virtually similar to milk protein (
695:set but a different number of chromosomes. In
627:mostly in mild areas or in the valleys of the
571:is an indigenous crop from the high Peruvian
8:
1448:
47:
38:
1348:
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1172:. Celaya, Guanjuato, MĂ©xico: INIFAP: 200.
1368:Information from University of Wisconsin
1162:
1160:
1158:
1122:
1120:
1170:Centro de InvestigaciĂłn Regional Centro
1006:United States Department of Agriculture
997:Germplasm Resources Information Network
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545:slowly started to be cultivated again.
217:
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433:aggregate. In indigenous agriculture,
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2030:Crops originating from South America
1979:4b79b7c5-5750-4ea5-bca1-64c8bae80482
1852:e098d8e0-f1ef-4623-b2cf-7d2f853629de
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1408:University of California, Berkeley
25:
1216:"Nutraceutical value of kiwicha (
403:, where it is the most important
234:Hochst. ex A.Br. & C.D.Bouché
1930:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316347-2
1103:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02645.x
75:
1425:Crops for the Future: Kiwicha (
2055:Garden plants of South America
675:and 900 to 4000 kg/ha in
639:soils are not recommended for
607:In most parts of its habitat,
1:
1002:Agricultural Research Service
715:spp. Fungal diseases such as
462:are due to a high content of
2050:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1394:(Famine Food Guide website)
1302:10.1126/science.198.4312.40
1224:Journal of Functional Foods
2081:
852:. During dry seasons when
29:
27:Species of flowering plant
2035:Flora of Southern America
1269:Sunflower (May 7, 2021).
1237:10.1016/j.jff.2019.103735
755:Amaranthus caudatus grain
427:is believed to be a wild
341:) is a species of annual
339:Amaranthus mantegazzianus
280:Amaranthus mantegazzianus
210:
203:
186:
179:
72:Scientific classification
70:
55:
46:
41:
2045:Plants described in 1753
1337:Journal of Food Research
856:is limited, fodder from
827:uptake can be improved.
735:(Epicauta adspersa) and
1378:Jepson Manual Treatment
1201:10.3390/antiox10050645.
1091:Journal of Food Science
1026:Akeroyd, Simon (2014).
802:Culinary use and dishes
699:the number is 2n = 32.
529:was very important for
380:of South America,
271:Amaranthus leucospermus
1413:Amaranthus caudatus L.
1387:Amaranthus caudatus L.
883:from red varieties of
756:
263:Amaranthus leucocarpus
223:Amaranthus abyssinicus
1435:"Amaranthus caudatus"
754:
560:is increasing again.
421:Andean ancient plants
296:Amaranthus pendulinus
231:Amaranthus alopecurus
2040:Flora of the Cerrado
1350:10.5539/jfr.v10n4p42
737:red weed caterpillar
564:Natural distribution
392:is known as qamasa.
1829:Amaranthus~caudatus
1585:Amaranthus_caudatus
1492:Amaranthus caudatus
1462:Amaranthus caudatus
1440:Plants for a Future
1427:Amaranthus caudatus
1399:Amaranthus caudatus
1218:Amaranthus caudatus
990:Amaranthus caudatus
764:The flavourful and
491:language of flowers
430:Amaranthus hybridus
330:Amaranthus caudatus
304:Amaranthus pendulus
190:Amaranthus caudatus
57:Amaranthus caudatus
42:Love-lies-bleeding
1230:(103735): 103735.
848:) can be used for
757:
741:diatomaceous earth
703:Pests and diseases
693:diploid chromosome
351:love-lies-bleeding
288:Amaranthus maximus
2012:
2011:
1886:Open Tree of Life
1454:Taxon identifiers
579:. It is the only
335:Amaranthus edulis
326:
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316:
308:
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255:Amaranthus edulis
251:
247:Amaranthus dussii
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239:Amaranthus cararu
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417:amaranth seed
414:
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401:South America
398:
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386:Aymara people
383:
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363:velvet flower
360:
359:tassel flower
356:
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345:. It goes by
344:
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181:Binomial name
178:
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149:
148:Amaranthaceae
146:
143:
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133:
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129:
126:
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120:
119:
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107:
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102:Tracheophytes
100:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1461:
1438:
1426:
1420:(in English)
1417:(in Chinese)
1398:
1386:
1343:(4): 42–55.
1340:
1336:
1326:
1296:(4312): 40.
1293:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1264:
1247:10261/202021
1227:
1223:
1217:
1196:
1169:
1132:
1128:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
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1021:
1009:. Retrieved
995:
989:
966:
912:. Retrieved
903:
884:
878:
864:
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839:
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820:
815:
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623:to northern
616:
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584:
568:
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556:outside the
553:
549:
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542:
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526:
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508:
507:
498:virtue names
484:
473:
472:
468:
459:
454:
453:
445:Introduction
438:
434:
428:
424:
415:. (See also
412:
408:
394:
389:
381:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
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347:common names
338:
334:
329:
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315:Rojas Acosta
311:
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279:
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189:
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171:
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108:
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56:
36:
1904:kew-2632762
1785:NatureServe
1697:iNaturalist
1486:Wikispecies
1135:(1): 9–13.
914:February 7,
885:A. caudatus
875:Natural dye
865:A. caudatus
858:A. caudatus
842:A. caudatus
836:Animal feed
821:A. caudatus
816:A. caudatus
812:A. caudatus
810:In Mexico,
795:A. caudatus
791:A. caudatus
785:A. caudatus
777:A. caudatus
769:A. caudatus
766:gluten-free
717:Sclerotinia
697:A. caudatus
641:A. caudatus
619:grows from
617:A. caudatus
609:A. caudatus
603:Cultivation
597:A. caudatus
593:A. caudatus
589:A. caudatus
585:A. caudatus
569:A. caudatus
554:A. caudatus
550:A. caudatus
543:A. caudatus
535:A. caudatus
527:A. caudatus
509:A. caudatus
485:During the
474:A. caudatus
464:betacyanins
460:A. caudatus
455:A. caudatus
450:Description
439:A. caudatus
435:A. cruentus
425:A. caudatus
411:, known as
407:species of
390:A. caudatus
382:A. caudatus
276:nom. illeg.
115:Angiosperms
2025:Amaranthus
2019:Categories
1986:WisFlora:
1899:Plant List
1543:Calflora:
1129:BioScience
1075:2016-11-26
895:References
840:After the
831:Other uses
721:Alternaria
409:Amaranthus
226:L.H.Bailey
159:Amaranthus
1663:200006980
1650:200006980
1632:FloraBase
1404:CalPhotos
1275:Lima easy
1271:"Kiwicha"
1256:214389327
760:Nutrition
727:spp. and
719:spp. and
711:spp. and
665:Argentina
625:Argentina
481:Etymology
166:Species:
85:Kingdom:
18:Quehuisha
1974:VicFlora
1963:VASCAN:
1951:Tropicos
1824:NSWFlora
1790:2.141802
1728:10765587
1715:316347-2
1580:eFloraSA
1533:BioLib:
1471:Wikidata
1318:33605799
1310:17741884
1111:22515252
881:Betalain
729:Eupicata
713:Fusarium
689:amaranth
683:Genetics
613:C4 plant
581:Amaranth
458:of
349:such as
274:S.Watson
266:S.Watson
250:Sprenger
205:Synonyms
144:Family:
128:Eudicots
1956:1100004
1842:1049572
1837:NTFlora
1772:MoBotPF
1676:6109611
1567:Ecocrop
1477:Q162791
1402:in the
1290:Science
1149:1309789
1011:31 July
869:tropics
819:flour,
725:Agrotis
709:Pythium
691:have a
677:Ecuador
661:Ecuador
657:Bolivia
621:Ecuador
504:History
495:Puritan
413:kiwicha
376:To the
371:quelite
154:Genus:
134:Order:
89:Plantae
1943:143016
1912:PLANTS
1891:317802
1849:NZOR:
1777:275660
1624:150894
1598:585504
1510:APDB:
1500:AoFP:
1316:
1308:
1254:
1147:
1109:
1044:
854:forage
850:fodder
846:stover
781:casein
773:lysine
405:Andean
369:, and
65:Bremen
1966:27768
1917:AMCA3
1860:NZPCN
1754:20726
1723:IRMNG
1702:75392
1619:EUNIS
1611:AMACA
1536:38738
1526:85104
1314:S2CID
1252:S2CID
1145:JSTOR
731:spp.
649:Andes
629:Andes
577:Incas
573:Andes
558:Andes
531:Aztec
521:Aztec
397:India
291:Mill.
283:Pass.
258:Speg.
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
1989:2496
1925:POWO
1878:6369
1865:2516
1816:3567
1811:NCBI
1749:ITIS
1741:4642
1710:IPNI
1689:2789
1684:GRIN
1671:GBIF
1637:2656
1606:EPPO
1572:2187
1559:CGZ8
1521:APNI
1503:4132
1385:for
1306:PMID
1220:L.)"
1107:PMID
1042:ISBN
1013:2014
916:2014
747:Food
673:Peru
663:and
653:Peru
637:Clay
633:Loam
519:and
517:Maya
513:Inca
419:and
337:and
307:Moq.
299:Moq.
242:Moq.
214:List
1997:WFO
1938:RHS
1798:NBN
1736:ISC
1658:FoC
1645:FNA
1593:EoL
1554:CoL
1546:275
1513:296
1345:doi
1298:doi
1294:198
1242:hdl
1232:doi
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651:of
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