520:
534:
474:, the verse means that Ratnasimha cowardly fled from the battlefield. Subimal Chandra Datta points out that while describing the death of Lakshmasimha, the inscription states that he "departed for heaven". But while describing Ratnasimha's departure, it simply mentions that he "departed". This, combined with the surrender of the "Rai" described in the Muslim accounts, suggests that Ratnasimha departed from the battlefield and surrendered to Alauddin.
670:, the earliest biography of Hammira, states that Hammira appointed his minister Jajadeva as the ruler of his kingdom before marching to the battle with Alauddin. If Hammira had a son, he would have appointed his own son (rather than Jajadeva) as his successor. Moreover, Hammira had invaded Chittor in the past, and the relations between the two kingdoms were not cordial enough for Chittor to grant shelter to Hammira's son.
422:, after entrusting the defence of Mount Chitrakuta to his son Ratnasiṃha. When he had departed, Lakṣmasiṃha of the family of Khummana defended that excellent fort, (for) even though the established traditions of the family be forsaken by cowards, those who are valorous and steady do not give up their pursuit. Having thus destroyed his enemies in battle, he died purified by weapons while defending Chitrakuta.
323:
the Rai was a rebel, yet the breeze of royal mercy did not allow any hot wind to blow upon him. All the storm of the
Emperor's wrath vented itself against the other rebels. He ordered that wherever a green Hindu was found, he was to be cut down like dry grass. Owing to this stern order, thirty thousand Hindus were slain in one day. It seemed that the meadows of Khizrabad had grown men instead of grass.
127:
317:, who claims to have entered the fort with Alauddin, the ruler ("Rai") of Chittor surrendered to Alauddin. The Delhi Sultan massacred 30,000 other Hindus, but pardoned the ruler and his family. He assigned the fort to his young son Khizr Khan with Malik Shahin as the actual administrator, renamed it to Khizrabad, and then returned to Delhi.
693:, an almost contemporary work. ...... it must be admitted that there is no inherent impossibility in the kernel of the story of Padminī devoid of all embellishments, and it should not be totally rejected off-hand as a myth. But it is impossible, at the present state of our knowledge, to regard it definitely as a historical fact."
656:
Ratna, the son of Kshema, could not have fought against
Alauddin: his death is mentioned in a 1273 CE inscription, while Alauddin ascended the throne only in 1296 CE. There is no evidence that Bhimasimha, the person who died fighting alongside him, is same as the Bhim Singh mentioned in the bardic
322:
On the day the yellow-faced Rai sought refuge in the red canopy from fear of the green swords, the great
Emperor (May his prosperity continue!) was still crimson with rage. But when he saw the vegetarian Rai trembling with fear, like the trampled and withered grass under the Imperial tent — though
645:
cannot be different persons, given that both are described as kings of
Chittor who were defeated by Alauddin Khalji. Jayasi names the father of Ratan Sen as a person other than Samarasimha, but according to Singh this is simply a mistake, resulting from the fact that Jayasi wrote over 200 years
587:
and Haji-ud-Dabir were among the earliest writers to mention
Padmini as a historical figure, but their accounts differ with each other and with that of Jayasi. For example, according to Firishta, Padmini was a daughter (not wife) of Ratan Sen. Some other medieval legends written under Rajput
568:. Alauddin Khalji invaded Chittor to obtain Padmini, after hearing of her beauty. Ratan Sen was captured by the Delhi forces, but his Rajput warriors rescued him on Padmini's request. While he was in captivity, his Rajput neighbour - Devpal of
831:, p. 93: "…his rule over Chitor is conclusively proved by the Darībā inscription of Māgh Sudī 5, 1359/1301 A.D., already noted, which designates him Medāpatmanḍale Mahārajākula Śri Ratna Siṃha kalyān vijay rājye…"
297:, invaded Chittor. After reaching the foot of the Chittor hill, two wings of his army attacked the fort from two different sides. After two months of unsuccessful siege, the attackers pelted stones on the fort using
1277:
467:
interpreted this verse to suggest that
Ratnasimha bravely fought till death. Some other scholars such as Kalika Ranjan Qanungo and R. B. Haldar also accepted Ojha's translation.
352:, on the other hand, doubts this account, arguing that it seems improbable that Alauddin spared the life of Chittor's ruler while ordering a massacre of 30,000 other Hindus.
819:, p. 115: "The Dariba temple inscription, dated V.S. 1359 records the gift of 16 drammas to the temple when the Maharajakula Ratnasimha was ruling over Medapata."
588:
patronage state that the contemporary ruler of
Chittor was Lakhamsi (Lakshmasimha), and Ratan Sen (Ratnasimha) was his younger brother. Another version, compiled by
604:(1960), proposed that there were actually four distinct people with similar names. According to him, the medieval bards confused and linked these four individuals:
1303:
664:, which is a 19th-century work based on historically unreliable bardic tales. None of the contemporary sources suggest that Hammira had a son named Ratnasimha.
653:
could not have been a king of present-day Uttar
Pradesh, because the text explicitly refers to Chittor of Mewar region, describing Kumbhalgarh as its neighbour.
679:
660:
It is a mere conjecture that
Alauddin attacked Chittor because Lakshmasimha sheltered Hammira's son Ratnasimha. The source for this claim is Surajmal's
519:
284:
637:
Other historians, such as
Jogendra Prasad Singh (1964) and Ram Vallabh Somani (1976) have criticized Qanungo's theory based on the following points:
843:, p. 120:"...the ruling prince Ratna Simha is found to have been qualified in his inscription as a Maharajakula coloqualised as Maharawal."
1668:
1630:
1606:
1563:
1542:
1341:
1225:
572:- sent a marriage proposal to Padmini. Ratan Sen fought with Devpal to avenge this insult, and the two Rajput kings killed each other in a
357:
1426:
748:
576:. Alauddin then invaded Chittor, but before he could capture the fort, Padmini (Padmavati) and other women immolated themselves.
795:, p. 5: "He died in 1302 A.D. leaving Mewar to his son Ratnasimha (1302-1303 A.D.) to face the brunt of the Khalji attack."
592:, states that Padmini was the wife of Lakhamsi's uncle Bhimsi (Bhimasimha); this version does not mention Ratan Sen at all.
1251:
366:
He captured the lord of Citrakūṭa fort, took away his property, and made him move like a monkey from one city to another.
743:
626:
622:
Ratna, the son of Kshema; he and another warrior named Bhimasimha were killed in a battle at the foot of the Chittor hill
1351:
Akshaya Keerty Vyas (1937). "First and Third Slabs of Kumbhalgarh Inscription V.S. 1517". In N. P. Chakravarti (ed.).
464:
278:
169:
1742:
687:
definitely says that he gives the story of Padminī from "ancient chronicles", which cannot obviously refer to the
1200:
684:
239:
around 1302 CE. He belonged to the Rawal branch of the family, which ruled from Chitrakuta fort (now known as
305:), but still failed to capture the fort. Finally, on 26 August 1303, the invaders managed to enter the fort.
1757:
1747:
616:
1362:
345:
772:
725:
720:
703:
547:
191:
633:. Lakshmasimha, the ruler of Chittor, gave him shelter at Chittor, prompting Alauddin to attack Chittor
387:: Citrakūṭa i.e. Chittor) survived the siege, and corroborates the accounts of the Muslim chroniclers.
1723:
1752:
739:
495:, who wrote under Rajput patronage, states that Ratnasimha ("Ratan Singh") died on the battlefield.
1370:
232:
157:
732:
In 1988, Rajender Gupta played the role of Ratan Sen in an episode (26) of the Hindi drama series
533:
1534:
Aspects of Indian history and historiography: Professor Kalyan Kumar Dasgupta felicitation volume
1464:
463:) in this verse has been variously interpreted as "died" or "deserted the defenders". Historian
1704:
1685:
1664:
1626:
1616:
1602:
1596:
1580:
1559:
1538:
1519:
1486:
1455:
Jogendra Prasad Singh (1964). "Ratna the Son of the Cāhamāṇa Hammīra and the Sack of Chitor".
1443:
1422:
1412:
1392:
1380:
1337:
1331:
666:
380:
349:
341:
251:
1658:
762:
228:
200:. According to this poem, Alauddin Khalji attacked Chittorgarh to obtain his beautiful wife
145:
60:
1278:"Rohit Bakshi who played Raja Ratan Singh before Shahid reacts to the new Padmavati poster"
1379:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
557:
492:
404:
337:
294:
290:
165:
1501:
Muslim Expansion in Rajasthan: The Relations of Delhi Sultanate with Rajasthan, 1206-1526
1592:
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1366:
1196:
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471:
247:
100:
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504:
442:", thus indicating that they belonged to the Rawal branch. However, Lakshmasimha (
314:
240:
201:
161:
130:
78:
1660:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One
204:; Alauddin captured the fort after Ratan Sen died in a combat with king Devpal of
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1679:
1620:
1574:
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1532:
1513:
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736:, which was based on the book The Discovery of India (1946) by Jawaharlal Nehru.
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431:
427:
400:
391:
205:
483:
legend claims that Ratnasimha ("Ratan Sen") died in a combat with the ruler of
126:
336:
Khusrau's account is also corroborated by the 14th century Muslim chroniclers
258:(coins) to the temple during his reign. The inscription mentions his title as
133:
was the capital of Mewar and is located in the present-day town of Chittorgarh
1490:
1447:
674:
Most modern historians have rejected the authenticity of the Padmini legend.
1689:
1523:
1476:
1384:
767:
759:
589:
395:
149:
1708:
1584:
438:
The inscription mentions the title of Ratnasimha and his predecessors as "
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1008:
708:
689:
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552:
479:
460:
448:
407:, who were a rival of Ratnasimha's Rawal branch. The inscription states:
302:
196:
118:
85:
1468:
1304:"Padmavati row: Who was Rani Padmavati's husband Maharawal Ratan Singh?"
866:
864:
677:
Regarding the historicity of Padmini's story, historian S. Roy wrote in
1202:
History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate
1025:
1023:
893:
891:
95:
74:
1143:
1141:
1139:
487:, before Alauddin's conquest of the fort. The 17th century chronicler
1457:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1376:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
947:
945:
851:
849:
608:
Ratnasimha, the Guhila ruler mentioned in the Kumbhalgarh inscription
470:
However, according to other historians such as Akshay Kirti Vyas and
418:
212:
to protect their honour. The historicity of this legend is disputed.
209:
176:
1622:
The Many Lives of a Rajput Queen: Heroic Pasts in India C. 1500-1900
1333:
Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379-1545
399:(eulogistic inscription) of 1460 CE. This inscription was issued by
1357:. Vol. XXIV. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 313–314.
1114:
1112:
1110:
932:
930:
565:
413:
236:
153:
39:
285:
List of wars between the Kingdom of Mewar and the Delhi Sultanate
583:
legend appeared in the later years. The 16th century historians
443:
384:
141:
1252:"Shyam Benegal on How He Shot 'Padmavati' for 'Bharat Ek Khoj'"
546:
A legendary account of Ratan Singh (as Ratan Sen) appears in
269:
A few coins issued by Ratnasimha have also been discovered.
452:", thus indicating that he belonged to the Rana branch.
412:
That ruler with all his sins removed by the worship of
1640:
Subimal Chandra Datta (1931). Narendra Nath Law (ed.).
1041:
870:
975:
897:
828:
160:
dynasty, which ruled from the Chitrakuta fort (modern
1515:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period
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1159:
1147:
1130:
1029:
963:
882:
855:
164:). The last ruler of this branch, he was defeated by
840:
144:: Ratna-Siṃha, r. c. 1302–03 CE) was a ruler of the
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987:
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106:
94:
70:
66:
56:
45:
37:
23:
1576:History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.
1118:
208:; subsequently, Padmini and other women committed
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
999:
951:
936:
804:
619:in modern Uttar Pradesh, not Chittor in Rajasthan
1724:Amir Khusrau's account of the conquest of Chitor
1700:Mewar Under Maharana Kumbha, 1433 A.D.-1468 A.D.
1205:. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 26–27
792:
641:The Guhila king Ratnasimha and the Ratan Sen of
1199:; A. D. Pusalker; A. K. Majumdar, eds. (1967).
410:
390:The earliest Hindu account of the event is the
364:
320:
254:temple inscription, which records a gift of 16
1183:
909:
383:, this suggests that the ruler of Chitrakuta (
1397:"New Light on Alauddin Khalji's Achievements"
8:
1365:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In
816:
680:The History and Culture of the Indian People
556:. According to this account, he married the
348:believes that Khusrau's account is correct.
246:Ratnasimha is attested by the 1302 CE (1359
186:. A fictionalized version of him appears as
921:
175:The Rajasthani legends mention him as the
20:
602:A Critical Analysis of the Padmini Legend
156:. He belonged to the Rawal branch of the
600:Historian Kalika Ranjan Qanungo, in his
125:
1421:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 39–40.
785:
446:: Lakṣmasiṃha) is explicitly called a "
1418:Lectures on Rajput history and culture
1302:Palat, Lakshana N (21 November 2017).
758:portrayed Ratan Singh (Ratnasimha) in
222:Delhi and Chittor in present-day India
7:
611:Ratnasen, mentioned as Ratan Sen in
1681:Rise and Fall of Khilji Imperialism
1276:Shah, Shravan (25 September 2017).
1250:Khateeb, Almas (21 November 2017).
702:Ratnasimha appears as Ratan Sen in
355:The Jain writer Kakka Suri, in his
1625:. University of Washington Press.
1482:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
372:Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha
14:
358:Nabhinandana-Jinoddhara-Prabandha
1552:Rajendra Singh Kushwaha (2003).
749:Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur
532:
518:
227:Ratnasimha succeeded his father
1646:The Indian Historical Quarterly
1498:Manjit Singh Ahluwalia (1978).
1485:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
1401:The Indian Historical Quarterly
273:Defeat against Alauddin Khalji
1:
1555:Glimpses of Bhāratiya history
1518:. People's Publishing House.
1439:Cultural History Of Rajasthan
1436:Kalyan Kumar Ganguli (1983).
1226:"Chitoor Rani Padmini (1963)"
744:Sony Entertainment Television
615:; he was actually a ruler of
49:
16:Ruler of Mewar from 1302–1303
1224:Guy, Randor (13 June 2015).
1042:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar 1977
871:Rajendra Singh Kushwaha 2003
715:Ratnasimha was portrayed by
170:Siege of Chittorgarh in 1303
1573:Ram Vallabh Somani (1976).
1407:(1). Ramanand Vidya Bhawan.
1336:. Oxford University Press.
976:Manjit Singh Ahluwalia 1978
898:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
829:Manjit Singh Ahluwalia 1978
625:Ratnasimha, the son of the
465:Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha
279:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)
266:in colloquial literature).
1774:
1678:Syama Prasad Basu (1963).
1663:. Har-Anand Publications.
1531:P. K. Mishra, ed. (1996).
1172:Jogendra Prasad Singh 1964
1160:Jogendra Prasad Singh 1964
1148:Jogendra Prasad Singh 1964
1131:Jogendra Prasad Singh 1964
1030:Subimal Chandra Datta 1931
964:Subimal Chandra Datta 1931
883:Subimal Chandra Datta 1931
856:Jogendra Prasad Singh 1964
550:'s 16th century epic poem
512:Padmini's purported palace
502:
282:
276:
1697:Upendra Nath Day (1978).
841:Kalyan Kumar Ganguli 1983
579:Several adaptions of the
28:
1015:Akshaya Keerty Vyas 1937
988:Akshaya Keerty Vyas 1937
742:portrayed Ratnasimha in
1657:Satish Chandra (2004).
1601:. Motilal Banarsidass.
1593:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar
1119:Ram Vallabh Somani 1976
403:of the Guhila family's
379:According to historian
1363:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
1102:Ramya Sreenivasan 2007
1090:Syama Prasad Basu 1963
1078:Ramya Sreenivasan 2007
1066:Ramya Sreenivasan 2007
1054:Ramya Sreenivasan 2007
1000:Dasharatha Sharma 1970
952:Dasharatha Sharma 1956
937:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
805:Dasharatha Sharma 1956
424:
368:
346:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
325:
134:
1642:"First Saka of Citod"
1442:. Sundeep Prakashan.
793:Upendra Nath Day 1978
773:Sanjay Leela Bhansali
726:Chittoor Rani Padmini
721:Chitrapu Narayana Rao
704:Malik Muhammad Jayasi
548:Malik Muhammad Jayasi
499:The legend of Padmini
455:The word "departed" (
192:Malik Muhammad Jayasi
129:
1330:Aditya Behl (2012).
746:'s historical drama
374:by Kakka Suri (1336)
1371:Khaliq Ahmad Nizami
1184:Satish Chandra 2004
1104:, pp. 139–140.
1068:, pp. 207–209.
1017:, pp. 313–314.
910:Mohammad Habib 1981
885:, pp. 291–292.
771:(2018) directed by
416:became the lord of
52:1302–26 August 1303
1092:, p. 139-141.
697:In popular culture
361:(1336 CE) states:
262:(which appears as
135:
1743:Monarchs of Mewar
1728:Khaza'in ul-Futuh
1670:978-81-241-1064-5
1632:978-0-295-98760-6
1617:Ramya Sreenivasan
1608:978-81-208-0436-4
1565:978-81-88322-40-4
1544:978-81-7479-009-5
1477:Kishori Saran Lal
1413:Dasharatha Sharma
1393:Dasharatha Sharma
1354:Epigraphia Indica
1343:978-0-19-514670-7
1133:, pp. 95–96.
1002:, pp. 39–40.
954:, pp. 96–98.
817:P. K. Mishra 1996
667:Hammira Mahakavya
539:A 2010 photograph
477:The 16th century
381:Dasharatha Sharma
350:Kishori Saran Lal
309:Fate after defeat
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1718:External links
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1684:. U. N. Dhur.
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966:, p. 288.
956:
941:
939:, p. 120.
926:
924:, p. 177.
914:
912:, p. 189.
902:
900:, p. 368.
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873:, p. 273.
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845:
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734:Bharat Ek Khoj
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717:Sivaji Ganesan
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83:(according to
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1598:Ancient India
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1306:. India Today
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683:that "......
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1323:Bibliography
1308:. Retrieved
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1201:
1191:
1179:
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1126:
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766:
763:period drama
747:
740:Rohit Bakshi
724:
707:
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678:
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665:
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505:Rani Padmini
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344:. Historian
335:
329:
326:
321:
315:Amir Khusrau
312:
298:
288:
268:
263:
260:Maharajakula
259:
255:
245:
226:
202:Rani Padmini
195:
187:
183:
180:
174:
137:
136:
131:Chittor Fort
84:
30:Maharajakula
29:
18:
1753:1303 deaths
1504:. Yugantar.
1235:23 November
1209:15 November
685:Abu-'l Fazl
596:Historicity
457:tasmin gate
432:Kumbhakarna
428:Kumbhalgarh
405:Rana branch
401:Kumbhakarna
392:Kumbhalgarh
241:Chittorgarh
229:Samarasimha
184:Ratan Singh
168:during the
162:Chittorgarh
110:Samarasimha
61:Samarasimha
57:Predecessor
1737:Categories
1537:. Kaveri.
1310:24 January
780:References
617:Chitrakoot
570:Kumbhalner
485:Kumbhalner
283:See also:
206:Kumbhalner
138:Ratnasimha
24:Ratnasimha
1652:. Caxton.
1558:. Ocean.
1491:685167335
1448:461886025
1287:8 January
1230:The Hindu
768:Padmaavat
627:Chahamana
590:James Tod
560:princess
396:prashasti
303:mangonels
289:In 1303,
264:Maharawal
235:ruler of
216:Ascension
188:Ratan Sen
150:Rajasthan
1703:Rajesh.
1690:28839991
1619:(2007).
1595:(1977).
1524:32230117
1512:(1981).
1479:(1950).
1469:25202760
1415:(1970).
1395:(1956).
1385:31870180
1282:TimesNow
1261:22 April
1256:TheQuint
723:'s film
709:Padmavat
690:Padmāvat
657:legends.
651:Padmavat
643:Padmavat
613:Padmavat
585:Firishta
581:Padmavat
564:after a
553:Padmavat
480:Padmavat
461:Sanskrit
449:Mahārāṇā
299:manjaniq
197:Padmavat
119:Hinduism
115:Religion
86:Padmavat
38:King of
1709:4983676
1585:2929852
1373:(ed.).
729:(1963).
712:(1540).
631:Hammira
562:Padmini
558:Sinhala
491:in his
256:drammas
231:as the
96:Dynasty
79:Padmini
75:Nagmati
1707:
1688:
1667:
1629:
1605:
1583:
1562:
1541:
1522:
1489:
1467:
1446:
1425:
1383:
1340:
646:later.
629:ruler
419:svarga
414:Maheśa
293:, the
252:Dariba
233:Guhila
210:Jauhar
179:ruler
177:Rajput
158:Guhila
107:Father
101:Guhila
71:Spouse
1465:JSTOR
765:film
566:quest
440:Rāula
342:Isami
237:Mewar
181:Rawal
154:India
46:Reign
40:Mewar
32:Rawal
1705:OCLC
1686:OCLC
1665:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1581:OCLC
1560:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1520:OCLC
1487:OCLC
1444:OCLC
1423:ISBN
1381:OCLC
1369:and
1338:ISBN
1312:2018
1289:2018
1263:2022
1237:2017
1211:2021
760:epic
444:IAST
385:IAST
340:and
172:CE.
142:IAST
1726:in
1461:3/4
719:in
459:in
301:s (
243:).
194:'s
190:in
1739::
1648:.
1644:.
1459:.
1405:32
1403:.
1399:.
1280:.
1254:.
1228:.
1138:^
1109:^
1022:^
1007:^
944:^
929:^
890:^
863:^
848:^
250:)
248:VS
152:,
50:c.
1711:.
1692:.
1673:.
1650:7
1635:.
1611:.
1587:.
1568:.
1547:.
1526:.
1493:.
1471:.
1450:.
1431:.
1387:.
1346:.
1314:.
1291:.
1265:.
1239:.
1213:.
775:.
752:.
140:(
89:)
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