1832:
130:
2303:
2061:
1882:
1897:
1441:
1753:
2196:
2417:
1738:
1998:
1983:
2147:
1953:
2116:
2028:
1676:
1429:
2548:
2672:
2177:
1661:
1968:
2352:
2043:
1937:
2263:
1414:
2086:
1691:
1707:
1857:
2328:
2131:
2101:
2288:
1807:
2367:
1912:
1795:
2240:
1402:
2013:
1390:
2459:
2392:
2162:
1765:
2443:
2750:
2225:
918:, the Reichsbank became practically the only source of short-term banking credit in the German economy, which it chose to ration (maintaining a discount rate of no more than 10 percent) rather than lending to high market-determined rates. The Reichsbank's credit rationing only ended in early 1926, after which the discount rate could be gradually lowered, reaching 56 percent in January 1927. In 1930, legislative amendments in line with the
943:
985:
President, were henceforth to be directly appointed and dismissed by the Führer. On 30 January 1937, Hitler publicly proclaimed the unlimited sovereignty of the Reich over the
Reichsbank, and a lew of 18 February 1937 formally abolished the Reichsbank's autonomous status. Another law of 15 June 1939 stipulated that the President and Direktorium should directly receive their instructions from the Führer, and renamed the bank as
2792:
966:
2594:
2711:
2633:
25:
808:
3597:
577:
1487:
in 1864). Elsewhere, it did not take over the properties of banks whose monetary role it replaced, and erected new branch buildings instead. By the end of the 19th century, it had newly built branches in most of
Germany's significant cities. In some cases, these branches were replaced by more modern
650:
were allowed to attend all meetings of the
Direktorium and to examine the books of the Reichsbank. The initial shareholders included the former shareholders of the Bank of Prussia (except a few who opted for selling their shares) and new subscribers. The bank was exempted from all income and trade
984:
promptly put an end to the independence of the
Reichsbank and made it an instrument of their policy of directing Germany's resources towards rearmament and military expansion. By amendment of 27 October 1933 to the Banking Law, the General Council was abolished and the Direktorium, including the
1025:
In April and May 1945, the remaining reserves of the
Reichsbank – gold (730 bars), cash (6 large sacks), and precious stones and metals such as platinum (25 sealed boxes) – were dispatched by Walther Funk to be buried on the Klausenhof Mountain at Einsiedl in Bavaria, where the final German
1831:
831:
that rendered the Mark practically worthless. The
Reichsbank only started raising its discount rate in July 1922, reaching 40 percent per day at the hyperinflationary peak in November 1923. By decree of 15 October 1923 on the initiative of finance minister
2060:
1026:
resistance was to be concentrated. Similarly, the Abwehr cash reserves were hidden nearby in
Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Shortly after the American forces overran the area, the reserves and money disappeared. Funk would be tried and convicted of
636:) and all its members were appointed for life by the emperor, upon nomination by the Bundesrat. The law specified that the Direktorium must obey the Chancellor's orders at all times. The shareholders were represented in a central committee (
599:
The
Reichsbank was technically a private-sector company with individual shareholders, albeit not in joint-stock form, and operated from the start under the close control of the Reich government. The bank was managed by a management board
2416:
2302:
675:), but that difference of status was insubstantial in practice. The bank's employees had the status of civil servants of the Reich, even though they were paid by the Reichsbank. The Reichsbank also sponsored the establishment of
1103:, with minimal central coordination. After some hesitancy, the French authorities rallied that vision; the British authorities were initially reluctant, but gradually aligned with U.S. views following the establishment of the
994:
On 31 December 1935, the
Reichsbank's note issuing privilege became exclusive, bringing an end to the residual central banking roles of the Bank of Baden, Bayerische Notenbank, Bank of Saxony, and Württembergische Notenbank.
1881:
991:. During most of the Nazi period the same individual was President of the Reichsbank and Minister of the Economy, namely Hjalmar Schacht from August 1934 to November 1937 and Walther Funk from January 1939 to May 1945.
2176:
2327:
854:, denominated in gold Mark and theoretically backed by a collective mortgage debt imposed upon German agriculture and industry. That confidence-building initiative succeeded against all expectations, even though the
1896:
658:
The
Reichsbank operated throughout the Reich's territory through a network of branches, which numbered 206 at its inception in 1876 and expanded to 330 by 1900. A formal distinction was made between main branches
1967:
1321:
The Reichsbank itself went into a protracted process of liquidation. In 1955, a Federal German Law allowed holders of Reichsbank common stock to exchange it for interim certificates of the Bank Deutscher Länder.
1737:
732:(other than the Bank of Prussia) relinquished issuing their own banknotes shortly after the Reichsbank's creation; four more did so in the 1880s, six in the 1890s, and three in the early 1900s, leaving only the
2195:
2115:
644:) of 15 members, which met at least every month under the chairmanship of the Reichsbank's president and could scrutinize the management but not change it or influence policy decision. Three deputies of the
922:
brought an end to the involvement of foreigners in the Reichsbank's governance. The General Council was reduced to 10 members, all German, and the role of Currency Commissioner went to the President of the
3209:
1706:
1298:
was initially established there. Plans for a separate currency for all of Berlin were considered up until June 1948, when the situation came to a head and the introduction of Western German marks into
592:
of 14 March 1875, and assumed its new role on 1 January 1876 when it succeeded the Bank of Prussia. Meanwhile, between 1873 and 1875 the Bank of Prussia assumed all the assets and liabilities of the
1752:
1982:
2351:
1334:
was completed in 1876 as the Reichsbank started activity. In 1892-1894, the Reichsbank erected a palatial southward extension on an adjacent lot facing Hausvogteiplatz, designed by its architects
872:
355:
1675:
1600:
demolished that year, was only completed in 1951. Following the disappearance of the Reichsbank in 1945, a number of its former branches were taken over by its successor entities, namely the
1997:
2027:
1936:
864:" became interchangeable with paper Mark at the rate of one to one trillion. The Rentenmark was thus in effect a transitory domestic currency, which was never convertible internationally.
2042:
1856:
1440:
2146:
450:), but that was still insufficient to sustain adequate monetary conditions. By 1851, 9 banks in the whole of Germany (not including Austria) were chartered to issue banknotes, known as
2287:
1261:
for joint policy decisions. An agreement on that concept was reached among the three Western occupying forces on 30 October 1947, resulting in the establishment on 1 March 1948 of the
3460:
2366:
1330:
The Bank of Prussia had commissioned a new head office in the late 1860s, which replaced its previous building dating from the late 17th century. The structure designed by architect
1042:
extracted from the mouths of victims were found in 1945 in the vaults of the bank in Berlin. The explanation of the disappearance of the Reichsbank reserves in 1945 was uncovered by
2130:
2262:
1952:
1806:
1690:
860:
only had the status of "legally-admitted medium of exchange" while the Reichsbank's devalued paper notes remained legal tender. No fixed exchange rate was set by law, but the "
911:(RM), was set at one trillion paper Mark, restoring the prewar parity of 2790 RM for one kilogram of fine gold; the pre-reform notes ceased to be legal tender on 5 June 1925.
1660:
1413:
2380:
1389:
2085:
2239:
1428:
1764:
819:, the German government was unable to meet its expenditures and commitments by taxation and borrowing from external sources, and instead turned to the Reichsbank for
2442:
871:
on war reparations, paved the way for a restoration of monetary order. The Banking Law of 30 August 1924 was inspired by the stabilization loans orchestrated by the
2100:
129:
3515:
2391:
3660:
1911:
3217:
2161:
2509:
1717:
568:. The political compromise was to allow the latter to keep issuance activity but under such restrictions that they rapidly fell into monetary irrelevance.
3442:
3640:
3295:
1097:, the American authorities in November 1945 proposed a radically decentralized plan that would have organized a separate financial system in each of the
907:) supervising note issuance. The ability of the reformed Reichsbank to extend credit to the Reich government was strictly limited. The new currency, the
2458:
1312:
established on 20 March 1949, and initially operated under an association agreement with the Bank deutscher Länder. It was eventually converted into a
1401:
2224:
3239:
2012:
3351:
2547:
1820:
3645:
1654:
The addresses indicated below are the latest ones, which sometimes differ from original addresses due to street renaming and/or renumbering.
828:
2671:
1221:
896:
800:
3615:
526:
that law was extended to all German lands, with entry into force on 1 January 1872. These Prussian initiatives precipitated action by the
408:
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3635:
3564:
3536:
883:
in June 1924. It comprehensively reformed the Reichsbank and made it, for the first time, an explicitly independent central bank. Its
3576:
3548:
1794:
1199:
108:
3424:
399:
The monetary institutions in Germany had been unsuited for its economic development for several decades before unification. In the
3314:
3655:
1380:
772:
560:
further stimulated discussions on the creation of an integrated monetary system, which pitted advocates of centralization led by
3369:
3388:
1255:
decided, against directives from Washington, that Germany needed a central bank instead of a mere board bringing together the
3478:
1356:. In the early 1930s, the Reichsbank erected a large new facility on the other side of Kurstrasse, designed by its architect
929:
46:
1237:
1845:
3650:
958:
876:
745:
543:
285:
252:
3332:
89:
924:
767:. In the period immediately before the war erupted, the Reichsbank greatly increased its gold reserves, as also did the
2251:
1213:
998:
The Reichsbank benefited by the theft of the property of numerous governments invaded by the Germans, especially their
61:
3611:
1925:
565:
475:
Several pan-German conventions were held with the aim to simplify and rationalize the German monetary system, e.g. in
42:
3112:
2276:
1840:
1642:
1144:
489:) in 1870. They were typically private-sector entities, albeit often under hands-on government oversight, except the
1815:
1920:
895:) consisting of 7 German and 7 foreign members, which was to elect the bank's president subject to approval of the
519:
2204:
2069:
1865:
68:
35:
3630:
2400:
2246:
1449:
1372:
1062:, the Reichsbank was placed under joint Allied custodianship pending its liquidation. The four occupying powers (
625:
589:
531:
2375:
1555:
1357:
1086:, the Oesterreichische Nationalbank was re-established by the Central Bank Transition Act of 3 July 1945 of the
2559:
2311:
2074:
1681:
1087:
676:
348:
322:
3240:"Reichsbank Plan Agitates Zurich; Liquidation Bill Held Unfair to Stockholders of Discount Bank, a Subsidiary"
2316:
1262:
779:, from an equivalent US$ 184 million on 31 December 1912 to $ 336 million on 30 June 1914. At the outbreak of
263:
1560:
1362:
2943:
2749:
1617:
1514:
1035:
880:
296:
75:
2988:
412:
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1637:
1573:
1469:
1376:
1172:
824:
469:
221:
3601:
3276:
3114:
Army Service Forces Manual M356-5 / Military Government Handbook - Germany - Section 5: Money and Banking
2593:
2810:
2805:
1079:
776:
617:
457:
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57:
2710:
2632:
1474:
2945:
The German Great Banks and Their Concentration in connection with The Economic Development of Germany
2051:
1988:
1629:
1503:
1491:
The Reichsbank employed a number of specialized architects for branch design, including the prolific
1346:
1160:
1148:
1128:
816:
733:
527:
465:
3006:
2426:
1628:
branch in 1964. Many other branches have been repurposed for other uses over the years, such as the
1529:
755:, the Reichsbank produced a very stable currency, fully convertible into gold and thus known as the
2831:
2564:
2520:
1601:
1581:
1544:
1519:
837:
461:
417:
176:
1721:
3174:
2877:
2209:
1870:
1609:
1286:
1188:
1059:
950:
accelerated the pace of rearmament and as Reichsbank president banked for the SS the confiscated
899:. The General Council also elected one of its foreign members to serve as Currency Commissioner (
820:
506:
502:
400:
274:
231:
2508:
3496:
2405:
1492:
1335:
3572:
3544:
2605:
1597:
498:
183:
2895:
3166:
3127:
2869:
1525:
1331:
1047:
1031:
954:
756:
581:
561:
494:
311:
2897:
Delegated Monitors, Large and Small: The Development of Germany's Banking System, 1800-1914
1976:
branch, Taunusanlage 4-6 (arch. Amsler & Wolff), completed 1933, renovated in the 1980s
1014:
torn from dead bodies, and after cleaning, were deposited in the bank under the false-name
942:
2722:
2644:
1540:
1465:
1303:
1108:
1094:
1043:
900:
888:
841:
668:
660:
637:
629:
609:
601:
404:
316:
247:
213:
188:
3191:
2858:"The Political Calculus of Capital: Banking and the Business Class in Prussia, 1848-1856"
1248:. Each of these was fully owned and controlled by the respective provincial authorities.
82:
2189:) branch, Grosser Domplatz, erected in the late 18th century, destroyed in World War II
1783:
1778:
1585:
1508:
1351:
1252:
1071:
768:
741:
621:
593:
490:
1034:, not least for receiving money and goods stolen from Jewish and other victims of the
965:
3624:
2431:
2215:
2182:
1958:
1837:
1534:
1480:
1233:
1168:
1075:
737:
700:
557:
535:
523:
384:
209:
2797:
2761:
2337:
1613:
1605:
1589:
1549:
1419:
1395:
The Reichsbank (upper right) in a display or recent Berlin architecture, late 1880s
1368:
1180:
1067:
1015:
1007:
999:
947:
799:
760:
652:
497:
which were comparatively independent. Twelve of these were in Prussia, four in the
486:
388:
380:
305:
268:
217:
198:
2018:
3607:
3516:"Architektur und Kunst: Deutsche Bundesbank Hauptverwaltung in Baden-Württemberg"
3259:"Das Herzog-Max-Palais: Ein Abriss zugunsten der "Hauptstadt der Deutschen Kunst"
2926:
1726:
564:
against the incumbent local banks of issue and defenders of state rights, led by
3008:
A historical perspective on international monetary arrangements: opening address
2683:
2186:
1577:
1569:
1299:
1282:
1152:
1140:
981:
833:
780:
752:
576:
193:
24:
1592:, a number of branches were destroyed and not subsequently rebuilt. The one in
1468:, including buildings it had purchased from others (e.g. the palace erected by
759:. In 1909, an amendment to the Banking Act of 1875 made the Rischsbank's notes
628:; it was to meet every three months. The Direktorium was led by the President (
472:- issued government paper money without the intermediation of an issuing bank.
3258:
2873:
2787:
2357:
2124:
branch, Herrenstrasse 30 (arch. Hasak, Havestadt & Contag), completed 1893
2091:
1697:
1265:. On 21 May 1948, the Soviet occupation authorities replied by establishing a
1039:
1027:
1011:
919:
908:
868:
861:
784:
783:, however, the link between the mark and gold was abandoned, resulting in the
327:
236:
2296:
branch, Kaiserstraße 52 (arch. Hasak, Havestadt & Contag), completed 1892
1208:
were established in May 1947 in each of the zone's five Provinces, namely in
1002:
and much personal property of the Third Reich's many victims, especially the
2422:
2268:
2121:
1973:
1902:
1812:
1713:
1648:
1245:
1132:
1124:
969:
915:
788:
720:
688:
684:
547:
2372:
2230:
1943:
1774:
1497:
1340:
3596:
807:
3192:"1945-1998: The Oesterreichische Nationalbank during the Second Republic"
2449:
2360:
branch, Domplatz 36 (arch. Hasak, Havestadt & Contag), completed 1894
2137:
2106:
1917:
1887:
1625:
1484:
667:), whose head was appointed directly by the emperor, and other branches (
539:
512:
On 27 March 1870, a law was passed that forbade the formation of further
3352:"Bank opuszcza zabytkowy budynek przy 1 Maja. Kupiec pilnie poszukiwany"
411:, five additional banks had been granted a note-issuance privilege (the
3178:
3154:
2881:
2857:
2201:
2167:
2066:
2048:
2033:
1862:
1743:
1633:
1371:
and eventually demolished in 1960, the 1930s extension survives as the
1272:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1192:
1176:
1120:
1083:
1019:
973:
712:
708:
704:
696:
692:
441:
300:
290:
2654:
22 December 1923 (appointed Currency Commissioner on 12 November 1923)
3461:"Königsberg (Pr.), Großer Domplatz, Reichsbank (Schindelmeißer-Haus)"
2397:
2333:
2079:, Georgsplatz 5 (arch. Hasak, Havestadt & Contag), completed 1896
1770:
1666:
1621:
1593:
1241:
1229:
1164:
1116:
1104:
1063:
716:
680:
476:
143:
134:
Reichsbank head office at Jägerstraße in Berlin, photographed in 1933
3170:
3132:
Gold Is Where You Hide It; What Happened to the Reichsbank Treasure?
3083:
Geschichte der deutschen Notenbanken vor Einführung der Mark-Währung
1746:
branch, Unter Sachsenhausen 1-3 (arch. Hasak), at completion in 1896
485:
kept growing, reaching 31 (in the territories that would become the
1596:, whose construction had started in 1938 on the site of the former
1464:
In Prussia, the Reichsbank kept the branches it inherited from the
3210:"50 Jahre Landeszentralbank in Berlin und Brandenburg 1949 - 1999"
2464:
2293:
2003:
1156:
1136:
964:
941:
848:) redeemable in a kind of non-interest-bearing mortgage bond, the
806:
798:
575:
372:
2452:) branch, Plac Mariana Rapackiego (arch. Habicht), completed 1906
2385:, al. Marcinkowskiego 12 (arch. Habicht), completed 1912 or 1913
2308:
2152:
1184:
1003:
951:
764:
456:. In addition, most German states - with the only exceptions of
1890:
branch, Düsseldorfer Strasse 21 (arch. Stiller), completed 1897
1483:, acquired in 1843) and those it had built for itself (e.g. in
3443:"150 lat Katowic. Kocur dostał dwa lwy i wypalił fajkę pokoju"
3296:"AC Hotel by Marriott powstanie w gmachu dawnego Banku Rzeszy"
279:
18:
3064:
Early French and German central bank charters and regulations
1624:; some in East Germany were demolished later on, such as the
811:
A 10000 Mark banknote issued by the German Reichsbank in 1922
2054:, Rathausmarkt 2 (arch. Habicht & Nitze), completed 1919
873:
Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations
534:
to create note-issuing banks of their own, respectively the
479:
on 24 January 1857, but to no avail. Instead, the number of
2321:, 10-12 avenue Foch (arch. Curjel et Moser), completed 1907
1850:, Heinrich-Heine-Allee 8/9 (arch. Emmerich), completed 1894
1758:
The same building in 2009, following damage in World War II
620:
and included four additional members, one appointed by the
3155:"The Post-War Reorganization of the German Banking System"
3040:
2170:
branch, Friedrichsplatz 20 (arch. Stiller), completed 1906
1875:, St. Petersburger Strasse 2 (arch. Wolff), completed 1930
505:, and the other 14 in various duchies, principalities and
407:
had been established in 1847 and, in the aftermath of the
1946:) branch, ulica 1 Maja 16 (arch. Habicht), completed 1910
1825:, Kasinostraße 5 (arch. Curjel and Moser), completed 1904
1684:
branch, Neustädter Markt 10 (arch. Hasak), completed 1902
763:
and redeemable at the rate of 2790 Marks per kilogram of
596:, which was a major monetary anchor in Northern Germany.
2036:(Duisburg) branch, Duisburger Straße 216, completed 1908
2006:
branch, Rabanusstrasse 12 (arch. Hasak), completed 1902
1669:
branch, Theaterstrasse 17 (arch. Hasak), completed 1889
2903:, New Haven CT: Yale University Economic Growth Center
2233:
branch, Königsstrasse 45 (arch. Hasak), completed 1895
1115:) were created on 1 January 1947 in American-occupied
2410:, Spandauer Straße 40 (arch. Habicht), completed 1911
1367:. While the main building was heavily damaged during
791:
pressure and the mark started to decrease in value..
588:
The Reichsbank was established by legislation of the
3407:"LZB Landeszentralbank in Hessen, Frankfurt am Main"
2467:
branch, Kochstrasse 13 (arch. Hasak), completed 1903
2155:
branch, Fleethörn 29 (early 20th century photograph)
1905:
branch, Bankstrasse 23 (arch. Hasak), completed 1892
1572:, the former Reichsbank branches in what became the
3569:
The Most Powerful Bank: Inside Germany's Bundesbank
3541:
The Most Powerful Bank: Inside Germany's Bundesbank
2140:) branch, Bankowa 5 (arch. Habicht), completed 1911
1991:
branch, Leopoldring 9 (arch. Hasak), completed 1902
259:
243:
227:
205:
172:
164:
149:
139:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1407:Extension on Hausvogteiplats, photographed in 1903
2256:, Holstentorplatz 2 (arch. Wolff), completed 1936
2109:(Dortmund) branch, Penningskamp 7, completed 1909
1788:, Karrenwall 10 (arch. Hasak), completed ca. 1904
1167:on 1 April 1947, and eventually British-occupied
827:by France and Belgium, this triggered a dramatic
679:which were established in the 1880s and 1890s in
1251:In 1947, newly appointed U.S. Military Governor
584:banknote issued by the German Reichsbank in 1908
2094:branch, Zingel 34 (arch. Hasak), completed 1897
1078:) initially continued to issue Reichsmarks and
867:The success of the Rentenmark, followed by the
748:as residual note-issuing institutions by 1906.
1568:Due to Germany's territorial losses following
1422:of the Reichsbank, part of the 1890s extension
836:, the government created a separate bank, the
3411:Jourdain & Müller Steinhauser Architekten
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
2951:, Washington DC: National Monetary Commission
1107:on 1 January 1947. Thus, Land central banks (
8:
2931:. New York & London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
2341:
2336:branch, Ludwigstrasse 13 (arch. Wolff, then
1700:) branch, 10 Wolności Square, completed 1890
1447:
1313:
1307:
1293:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1203:
1098:
986:
855:
849:
727:
645:
551:
513:
480:
451:
445:
435:
429:
423:
121:
3029:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
2281:, Domplatz 15 (arch. Nitze), completed 1923
361:
2476:
2021:branch, Berliner Strasse 5, completed 1909
651:taxes, but also had to act as the Reich's
550:(est. 1871), bringing the total number of
128:
120:
3313:Walter Buschmann and Alexander Kierdorf.
3117:, Washington DC: U.S. Army Service Forces
840:, endowed with the right to issue notes (
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3608:Documents and clippings about Reichsbank
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
1306:. Only after the blockade ended was the
1139:), followed in March by French-occupied
815:Following Germany's defeat and the 1919
3389:"Die Baukunst zwischen den Weltkriegen"
3277:"Reichsbank – Hier ist ihr Geld sicher"
3165:(3), Oxford University Press: 322–341,
2982:
2980:
2978:
2822:
2484:
1656:
1385:
437:Ritterschaftliche Privatbank in Pommern
3238:George H. Morison (12 December 1955).
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2436:& Theodor Bulling), completed 1923
1961:branch, Wesselswerth 9, completed 1902
875:that had entailed the creation of the
3571:. New York: Times Books. p. 84.
3543:. New York: Times Books. p. 85.
3027:A Financial History of Western Europe
2987:National Monetary Commission (1910).
1930:, Karl-Marx-Straße 53, completed 1905
1292:Given Berlin's special situation, no
1202:, ostensibly similar entities dubbed
1010:were confiscated from prisoners, and
616:). The Curatorium was chaired by the
347:
7:
3661:German companies established in 1876
3111:Federal Reserve Board (March 1945),
1006:. Personal possessions such as gold
823:. Combined with its reaction to the
608:) reporting to a supervisory board (
522:. Following the promulgation of the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1513:from the 1880s to the early 1900s,
1434:The bank's Hausvogtei front in 1928
1058:In line with decisions made at the
887:was replaced by a General Council (
3387:Gottfried Kiesow (December 2011).
3294:Jacek Kulesza (11 December 2015).
3070:, Frankfurt: European Central Bank
3061:Ulrich Bindseil (September 2019),
2928:A History of Modern Banks of Issue
1379:after having been the home of the
925:Rechnungshof des Deutschen Reiches
14:
3641:1945 disestablishments in Germany
3514:Iris Cramer and Sabine Muschler.
2425:branch, Marstallstrasse 3 (arch.
787:. The expenses of the war caused
3595:
3014:, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
2790:
2748:
2709:
2670:
2631:
2592:
2546:
2507:
2457:
2441:
2415:
2390:
2365:
2350:
2326:
2301:
2286:
2261:
2238:
2223:
2218:43 (arch. Hasak), completed 1887
2194:
2175:
2160:
2145:
2129:
2114:
2099:
2084:
2059:
2041:
2026:
2011:
1996:
1981:
1966:
1951:
1935:
1910:
1895:
1880:
1855:
1830:
1805:
1793:
1763:
1751:
1736:
1705:
1689:
1674:
1659:
1439:
1427:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1381:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
1285:, and in 1968 was rebranded the
1268:Deutsche Emissions- und Girobank
138:
23:
3497:"Die Reichsbank am Breiten Weg"
3350:Adrian Sajko (13 August 2014).
1720:, Jagiellońska street 8 (arch.
1383:in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
34:needs additional citations for
3159:Quarterly Journal of Economics
2925:Charles Arthur Conant (1915).
2480:
1524:in the 1890s and early 1900s,
1:
3196:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
3153:Hans A. Adler (August 1949),
3025:Charles Kindleberger (1993).
2994:. Washington DC: U.S. Senate.
1488:ones in the interwar period.
1018:accounts, and melted down as
905:Komissar für die Notenausgabe
877:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
803:Stamp of the Reichsbank, 1922
286:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
253:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
3646:Economy of the German Empire
3333:"Reichsbankgebäude Eisenach"
2894:Timothy W. Guinnane (2001),
2836:wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de
2343:Bayerische Landeszentralbank
1554:in the 1910s and 1920s, and
1281:in July, later relocated to
914:In the subsequent period of
460:and the Hanseatic cities of
3612:20th Century Press Archives
3479:"Reichsbank-Gebäude Lübeck"
2830:Budzinski, Prof Dr Oliver.
879:in January 1923 and of the
624:and the other three by the
387:from 1876 until the end of
3677:
3319:Rheinische Industriekultur
3085:, Regenstauf: Gietl Verlag
2989:"The Reichsbank 1876-1900"
2340:), completed 1951 for the
1163:), then American-occupied
946:As Minister of Economics,
746:Württembergische Notenbank
544:Württembergische Notenbank
520:North German Confederation
447:Städtische Bank in Breslau
16:Former German central bank
3636:Banks established in 1876
3281:chemnitz-gestern-heute.de
2874:10.1017/S0008938900020306
1800:The same building in 2010
1450:Haus am Werderschen Markt
1373:Haus am Werderschen Markt
1205:Emissions- und Girobanken
1054:Aftermath and liquidation
829:episode of hyperinflation
222:Nazi-occupied territories
206:Central bank of
127:
2862:Central European History
2856:James M. Brophy (1992),
2832:"Definition: Reichsbank"
1565:in the 1920s and 1930s.
1543:in the 1900s and 1910s,
1145:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
1088:Second Austrian Republic
1036:Nazi concentration camps
323:National Bank of Belgium
181:Richard Koch (1890-1908)
153:1 January 1876
3656:Economy of Nazi Germany
2488:President of Reichsbank
1618:National Bank of Poland
1195:by the Spring of 1948.
1050:, in post-war Germany.
881:Hungarian National Bank
297:National Bank of Poland
3483:Architektur Bildarchiv
3465:Ostpreussen Bildarchiv
3425:"Ehemalige Reichsbank"
3370:"Ehemalige Reichsbank"
3337:Architektur Bildarchiv
3081:Heinz Fengler (1992),
2942:Jacob Riesser (1911),
2342:
1574:Second Polish Republic
1515:Havestadt & Contag
1448:
1377:Federal Foreign Office
1314:
1308:
1294:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1204:
1200:Soviet occupation zone
1173:North Rhine-Westphalia
1112:
1099:
987:
977:
962:
904:
892:
856:
850:
845:
825:occupation of the Ruhr
812:
804:
728:
672:
665:Reichsbankhauptstellen
664:
655:without compensation.
646:
641:
633:
613:
605:
585:
552:
532:Kingdom of Württemberg
514:
481:
452:
446:
436:
431:Magdeburger Privatbank
430:
424:
191:(1923-1930, 1933-1939)
3005:Harold James (1999),
2811:List of central banks
2806:Austro-Hungarian Bank
1580:, and the one in the
1375:, hosting the German
1263:Bank deutscher Länder
1080:Allied military marks
968:
945:
810:
802:
777:Austro-Hungarian Bank
579:
413:Berliner Kassenverein
349:[ˈʁaɪçsˌbank]
264:Bank deutscher Länder
3651:Former central banks
3604:at Wikimedia Commons
3315:"Bankenviertel Köln"
3134:, Andre Deutsch 1959
1989:Freiburg im Breisgau
1638:Dommuseum Ottonianum
1630:Bucerius Kunst Forum
1470:David Schindelmeißer
1309:Berliner Zentralbank
1275:, which was renamed
1161:Rhineland-Palatinate
1149:Freiburg im Breisgau
897:President of Germany
817:Treaty of Versailles
734:Bayerische Notenbank
542:(est. 1870) and the
528:Grand Duchy of Baden
425:Kölnische Privatbank
43:improve this article
3523:Deutsche Bundesbank
3501:Ottostadt Magdeburg
3214:Deutsche Bundesbank
2521:Hermann von Dechend
1602:Deutsche Bundesbank
1582:Free City of Danzig
1576:were taken over by
1258:Landeszentralbanken
1113:Landeszentralbanken
988:Deutsche Reichsbank
838:Deutsche Rentenbank
634:Reichsbankpräsident
618:Imperial Chancellor
177:Hermann von Dechend
124:
3374:Essener Ruhrperlen
2602:Havenstein, Rudolf
1610:Staatsbank der DDR
1287:Staatsbank der DDR
1278:Deutsche Notenbank
1189:Schleswig-Holstein
1060:Potsdam Conference
978:
963:
821:monetary financing
813:
805:
586:
503:Kingdom of Bavaria
409:revolution of 1848
401:Kingdom of Prussia
275:Deutsche Notenbank
3600:Media related to
2781:
2780:
2768:
2729:
2690:
2651:
2612:
2606:Rudolf Havenstein
2573:
2527:
1731:), completed 1864
1598:Herzog-Max-Palais
1446:1930s extension (
1302:precipitated the
1129:Württemberg-Baden
1093:In line with the
1044:Bill Stanley Moss
857:Rentenbankscheine
846:Rentenbankscheine
673:Reichsbankstellen
566:Ludolf Camphausen
499:Kingdom of Saxony
335:
334:
184:Rudolf Havenstein
119:
118:
111:
93:
3668:
3631:Banks of Germany
3599:
3583:
3582:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3449:. 1 August 2015.
3439:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3263:Munich Art To Go
3254:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3216:. Archived from
3206:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3150:
3135:
3128:Moss, W. Stanley
3125:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2827:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2727:
2720:
2719:Schacht, Hjalmar
2713:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2649:
2642:
2641:Schacht, Hjalmar
2635:
2618:11 November 1923
2610:
2603:
2596:
2571:
2568:
2557:
2550:
2525:
2518:
2517:Dechend, Hermann
2511:
2482:
2477:
2461:
2445:
2435:
2419:
2409:
2394:
2384:
2369:
2354:
2345:
2330:
2320:
2305:
2290:
2280:
2265:
2255:
2242:
2227:
2213:
2198:
2179:
2164:
2149:
2133:
2118:
2103:
2088:
2078:
2063:
2045:
2030:
2015:
2000:
1985:
1970:
1955:
1939:
1929:
1914:
1899:
1884:
1874:
1859:
1849:
1834:
1824:
1809:
1797:
1787:
1767:
1755:
1740:
1730:
1709:
1693:
1678:
1663:
1646:
1564:
1553:
1538:
1526:Curjel and Moser
1523:
1512:
1501:
1478:
1453:
1443:
1431:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1366:
1355:
1344:
1332:Friedrich Hitzig
1317:
1315:Landezentralbank
1311:
1297:
1295:Landezentralbank
1280:
1270:
1260:
1207:
1102:
1032:Nuremberg trials
990:
933:
859:
853:
757:German gold mark
731:
649:
647:Zentralausschuss
642:Zentralausschuss
562:Ludwig Bamberger
555:
517:
495:Frankfurter Bank
484:
455:
449:
439:
433:
427:
421:
378:
375:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:
357:
351:
346:
331:
320:
312:Banque de France
309:
294:
283:
272:
160:
158:
132:
125:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
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3592:
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3579:
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3535:
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3518:
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3495:
3494:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3459:
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3440:
3436:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3257:Thomas Müller.
3256:
3255:
3251:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3223:
3221:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3171:10.2307/1882258
3152:
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3138:
3126:
3122:
3110:
3109:
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3080:
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3067:
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3034:
3024:
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3019:
3011:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2956:
2948:
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2924:
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2908:
2900:
2893:
2892:
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2854:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2771:20 January 1939
2765:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2735:19 January 1939
2726:
2723:Hjalmar Schacht
2718:
2715:
2714:
2687:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2648:
2645:Hjalmar Schacht
2640:
2637:
2636:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2497:Time in office
2475:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2378:
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2314:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2141:
2136:Kattowitz (now
2134:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1789:
1781:
1768:
1759:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1732:
1724:
1710:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1640:
1558:
1547:
1541:Hermann Stiller
1532:
1517:
1506:
1504:Julius Emmerich
1495:
1472:
1466:Bank of Prussia
1462:
1455:
1444:
1435:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1360:
1349:
1347:Julius Emmerich
1338:
1328:
1304:Berlin Blockade
1095:Morgenthau Plan
1056:
940:
927:
797:
795:Weimar Republic
677:clearing houses
574:
415:
405:Bank of Prussia
397:
376:
370:
367:
364:
354:
353:
352:
344:
325:
321:
317:Alsace-Lorraine
314:
310:
303:
299:
295:
288:
284:
277:
273:
266:
251:
248:Bank of Prussia
235:
220:
216:
214:Weimar Republic
212:
197:
192:
189:Hjalmar Schacht
187:
182:
180:
156:
154:
135:
122:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3605:
3591:
3590:External links
3588:
3585:
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3556:
3549:
3528:
3506:
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3470:
3452:
3434:
3416:
3398:
3379:
3361:
3356:info.elblag.pl
3342:
3324:
3305:
3286:
3268:
3249:
3244:New York Times
3230:
3201:
3183:
3136:
3120:
3088:
3073:
3053:
3041:"German Notes"
3032:
3017:
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2868:(2): 149–176,
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2427:Hans Herkommer
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1980:
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1963:
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1711:
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1702:
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1686:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1586:Bank of Danzig
1556:Heinrich Wolff
1530:Julius Habicht
1528:in the 1900s,
1461:
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1358:Heinrich Wolff
1327:
1324:
1253:Lucius D. Clay
1072:United Kingdom
1055:
1052:
1048:Andrew Kennedy
939:
936:
796:
793:
773:Bank of Russia
769:Bank of France
742:Bank of Saxony
594:Hamburger Bank
573:
570:
491:Bank of Bremen
396:
393:
333:
332:
261:
257:
256:
245:
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240:
229:
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3578:0-8129-2158-5
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3550:0-8129-2158-5
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2758:Funk, Walther
2756:
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2732:18 March 1933
2731:
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2216:Petersstrasse
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1994:
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1959:Werden, Essen
1954:
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1938:
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1238:Saxony-Anhalt
1235:
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1076:United States
1073:
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1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
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1008:wedding rings
1005:
1001:
1000:gold reserves
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739:
738:Bank of Baden
735:
730:
726:15 of the 32
724:
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718:
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710:
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701:Petersstrasse
698:
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572:German Empire
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:panic of 1873
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Badische Bank
533:
529:
525:
524:German Empire
521:
516:
510:
508:
504:
501:, one in the
500:
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385:German Empire
382:
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208:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3568:
3565:Marsh, David
3559:
3540:
3537:Marsh, David
3531:
3522:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3308:
3299:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3252:
3243:
3233:
3222:. Retrieved
3218:the original
3213:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3162:
3158:
3131:
3123:
3113:
3082:
3076:
3063:
3056:
3045:. Retrieved
3043:. 2018-01-06
3035:
3026:
3020:
3007:
3000:
2944:
2937:
2927:
2896:
2889:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2840:. Retrieved
2835:
2825:
2798:Banks portal
2762:Walther Funk
2760:
2721:
2693:7 March 1930
2682:
2680:Luther, Hans
2657:6 March 1930
2643:
2604:
2560:Richard Koch
2558:
2519:
2338:Carl Sattler
1942:Elbing (now
1722:Hermann Cuno
1653:
1614:East Germany
1606:West Germany
1590:World War II
1567:
1490:
1463:
1420:Banking hall
1369:World War II
1329:
1320:
1291:
1250:
1197:
1181:Lower Saxony
1092:
1068:Soviet Union
1057:
1024:
1016:Max Heiliger
997:
993:
979:
948:Walther Funk
913:
884:
866:
814:
789:inflationary
761:legal tender
750:
725:
657:
653:fiscal agent
598:
587:
511:
487:German Reich
474:
398:
389:Nazi Germany
381:central bank
371:Bank of the
339:
338:
336:
306:East Prussia
269:West Germany
260:Succeeded by
218:Nazi Germany
199:Walther Funk
140:Headquarters
105:
99:January 2008
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:"Reichsbank"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3447:wyborcza.pl
3429:duisburg.de
3300:wyborcza.pl
2838:(in German)
2767:(1890–1960)
2728:(1877–1970)
2689:(1879–1962)
2684:Hans Luther
2650:(1877–1970)
2621:14–15 years
2611:(1857–1923)
2582:13–14 years
2572:(1834–1910)
2563: [
2536:13–14 years
2526:(1814–1890)
2494:Left office
2491:Took office
2448:Thorn (now
2430: [
2404: [
2379: [
2315: [
2275: [
2250: [
2208: [
2187:Kaliningrad
2073: [
1924: [
1869: [
1844: [
1819: [
1782: [
1725: [
1682:Brandenburg
1641: [
1584:became the
1578:Bank Polski
1570:World War I
1559: [
1548: [
1533: [
1518: [
1507: [
1496: [
1473: [
1361: [
1350: [
1339: [
1326:Head office
1300:West Berlin
1283:East Berlin
1222:Mecklenburg
1214:Brandenburg
1153:South Baden
982:Nazi regime
938:Nazi period
928: [
851:Rentenbrief
834:Hans Luther
781:World War I
753:World War I
729:Notenbanken
606:Direktorium
556:to 33. The
553:Notenbanken
515:Notenbanken
507:free cities
482:Notenbanken
453:Notenbanken
416: [
244:Preceded by
239:(1924-1945)
234:(1876-1924)
232:German mark
201:(1939-1945)
196:(1930-1933)
194:Hans Luther
186:(1908-1923)
179:(1876-1890)
150:Established
3625:Categories
3602:Reichsbank
3224:2023-12-30
3047:2021-08-31
2842:2020-01-06
2817:References
2774:8 May 1945
2473:Presidents
2247:new branch
2183:Königsberg
2092:Hildesheim
1838:Düsseldorf
1616:, and the
1481:Königsberg
1169:Düsseldorf
1040:Gold teeth
1028:war crimes
1012:gold teeth
959:Buchenwald
920:Young Plan
909:Reichsmark
893:Generalrat
885:Kuratorium
869:Dawes Plan
862:Rentenmark
785:Papiermark
614:Curatorium
395:Background
379:) was the
340:Reichsbank
328:Luxembourg
237:Reichsmark
157:1876-01-01
123:Reichsbank
69:newspapers
3393:Monumente
2423:Stuttgart
2269:Magdeburg
2122:Karlsruhe
2019:Göttingen
1974:Frankfurt
1903:Elberfeld
1813:Darmstadt
1714:Bydgoszcz
1649:Magdeburg
1588:. During
1493:Max Hasak
1336:Max Hasak
1318:in 1957.
1246:Thuringia
1133:Wiesbaden
1125:Stuttgart
976:Salt Mine
970:Nazi gold
961:prisoners
916:deflation
721:Elberfeld
689:Stuttgart
685:Frankfurt
626:Bundesrat
590:Reichstag
548:Stuttgart
391:in 1945.
173:President
168:dispersed
165:Ownership
3567:(1992).
3539:(1992).
2784:See also
2485:Picture
2138:Katowice
1918:Eisenach
1888:Duisburg
1626:Chemnitz
1485:Bromberg
1460:Branches
1141:Tübingen
1074:and the
582:Goldmark
540:Mannheim
228:Currency
3614:of the
3610:in the
3179:1882258
2882:4546258
2777:6 years
2738:5 years
2699:3 years
2660:6 years
2358:Münster
2245:Lübeck
2202:Leipzig
2168:Krefeld
2067:Hanover
2049:Hamburg
2034:Hamborn
1863:Dresden
1744:Cologne
1698:Wrocław
1636:or the
1634:Hamburg
1273:Potsdam
1226:Dresden
1218:Rostock
1210:Potsdam
1198:In the
1193:Hamburg
1177:Hanover
1131:), and
1121:Bavaria
1084:Austria
1030:at the
1020:bullion
974:Merkers
713:Breslau
709:Hamburg
705:Dresden
697:Leipzig
693:Cologne
622:emperor
518:in the
466:Hamburg
442:Stettin
383:of the
365:
345:German:
301:Gosbank
291:Austria
155: (
83:scholar
3575:
3547:
3177:
2880:
2401:branch
2398:Siegen
2376:branch
2373:Poznań
2334:Munich
2312:branch
2272:branch
2231:Lübeck
2205:branch
2070:branch
2052:branch
1944:Elbląg
1921:branch
1866:branch
1841:branch
1816:branch
1779:branch
1775:Gdańsk
1771:Danzig
1718:branch
1667:Aachen
1622:Poland
1608:, the
1594:Munich
1242:Erfurt
1240:, and
1230:Saxony
1191:) and
1165:Bremen
1155:, and
1117:Munich
1109:German
1105:Bizone
1100:Länder
1070:, the
1066:, the
1064:France
901:German
889:German
842:German
751:Until
719:, and
717:Bremen
681:Berlin
669:German
661:German
638:German
630:German
610:German
602:German
580:A 100-
477:Vienna
470:Lübeck
462:Bremen
444:, and
403:, the
255:(1938)
250:(1876)
144:Berlin
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3519:(PDF)
3175:JSTOR
3068:(PDF)
3012:(PDF)
2992:(PDF)
2949:(PDF)
2901:(PDF)
2878:JSTOR
2567:]
2465:Trier
2450:Toruń
2434:]
2408:]
2383:]
2319:]
2294:Mainz
2279:]
2254:]
2212:]
2185:(now
2107:Hörde
2077:]
2004:Fulda
1928:]
1873:]
1848:]
1823:]
1786:]
1773:(now
1729:]
1645:]
1563:]
1552:]
1537:]
1522:]
1511:]
1500:]
1477:]
1365:]
1354:]
1343:]
1234:Halle
1187:(for
1179:(for
1171:(for
1159:(for
1157:Mainz
1151:(for
1143:(for
1137:Hesse
1135:(for
1127:(for
1119:(for
1082:. In
955:rings
932:]
458:Lippe
420:]
373:Reich
90:JSTOR
76:books
3573:ISBN
3545:ISBN
2615:1908
2579:1908
2576:1890
2533:1890
2530:1876
2309:Metz
2153:Kiel
1539:and
1502:and
1345:and
1244:for
1236:for
1228:for
1220:for
1212:for
1185:Kiel
1046:and
1004:Jews
980:The
952:gold
775:and
765:gold
744:and
530:and
493:and
468:and
362:lit.
337:The
62:news
3616:ZBW
3167:doi
2870:doi
2704:(4)
2481:No.
1647:in
1632:in
1620:in
1612:in
1604:in
1479:in
1271:in
1183:),
1175:),
1147:),
1123:),
972:in
957:of
703:),
546:in
538:in
440:at
280:GDR
45:by
3627::
3521:.
3499:.
3481:.
3463:.
3445:.
3427:.
3409:.
3391:.
3372:.
3354:.
3335:.
3317:.
3298:.
3279:.
3261:.
3242:.
3212:.
3194:.
3173:,
3163:63
3161:,
3157:,
3139:^
3130:,
3091:^
2957:^
2909:^
2876:,
2866:25
2864:,
2860:,
2834:.
2565:de
2432:de
2406:de
2381:pl
2317:fr
2277:de
2252:de
2214:,
2210:de
2075:de
1926:de
1871:de
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1821:de
1784:de
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1727:de
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1341:de
1289:.
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1038:.
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934:.
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418:de
360:;
3581:.
3553:.
3525:.
3503:.
3485:.
3467:.
3431:.
3413:.
3395:.
3376:.
3358:.
3339:.
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3302:.
3283:.
3265:.
3246:.
3227:.
3198:.
3169::
3050:.
2872::
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267:(
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
