2565:
2000:
2839:
31:
1917:
61:
2851:
2344:
1908:, have been transferred to Roccellaceae based on these analyses. Additionally, some genera have been shown to be polyphyletic, leading to the description of new genera to accommodate distinct lineages. These molecular phylogenetic studies have thus provided a new framework for understanding the relationships and evolutionary history of Roccellaceae, challenging some traditional classifications based solely on morphological characteristics.
847:, which is a protective layer around the hymenium, suggests a shared evolutionary trend within the family, possibly related to environmental adaptations or reproductive strategies. The absence of a gelatinous sheath around ascospores, a feature often associated with spore dispersal and protection, indicates a unique developmental pathway in Roccellaceae compared to related families. The reversal of the reduced exciple in
397:: "Apothecia shield-like, stalked or embedded in the thallus, with a coloured disc that is cartilaginous (firm and somewhat flexible), initially concave and eventually becoming flat and margined, with a thin margin. Thallus erect or pendulous (hanging), branched, tufted, cartilaginous-homogeneous (uniformly firm and somewhat flexible), and in many cases compressed." Chevallier included the genus
901:) sequences. These initial studies provided important insights into the family's evolutionary history, revealing that fruticose and crustose growth forms had evolved multiple times within the family. They also suggested a broader circumscription of Roccellaceae, incorporating genera previously assigned to other families such as
1892:
These phylogenetic findings have important implications for understanding the evolution of morphological traits within the family, particularly the development of different growth forms. The research has shown that the fruticose (shrub-like) growth form has evolved independently multiple times within
1990:
These findings collectively demonstrate that the evolution of morphological, anatomical, and chemical characters in
Roccellaceae is more complex than previously thought. The repeated independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages highlights the adaptive nature of these characters and
1940:
shows evidence of both evolving the fruticose form and reverting to a crustose state. These repeated evolutions challenge the use of growth form as a primary characteristic for classification and highlight the adaptability of these lichens to various environments, suggesting that the fruticose form
1944:
Other research further illuminates the evolution of other morphological characters within the family. For instance, the carbonaceous excipulum, a feature traditionally used to define certain genera, has a complex evolutionary history. Some species now placed in
Roccellaceae based on molecular data
1758:
Building on these early findings, more recent molecular studies, particularly those using nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) gene sequences, have provided significant insights into the phylogenetic relationships within
Roccellaceae. These
889:
methods based on morphological and chemical characteristics. Tehler's 1990 study was among the first to apply cladistic analysis to relationships within
Arthoniales and Roccellaceae, using type species of genera as terminal taxa. This early work supported the monophyly of Roccellaceae within
851:
highlights the complex evolutionary history within the family and demonstrates that even synapomorphies can exhibit exceptions within a monophyletic group. These morphological traits, alongside molecular evidence, enhance the understanding of the family's evolution and help in distinguishing
1929:
The evolution of growth forms within the
Roccellaceae exemplifies convergent evolution. Molecular studies show that the fruticose (shrub-like) growth form has evolved independently multiple times within the family. This phenomenon is particularly evident in the genus
2265:
species. These
Roccellaceae-associated photobionts are part of a diverse clade that includes both free-living and lichenised trentepohlialean algae from various parts of the world, suggesting a complex evolutionary history in the family's symbiotic relationships.
1810:. Species in this group are distinguished by their black, carbonaceous hypothecia. Like the first clade, this group also displays a variety of growth forms from crustose to fruticose. The carbonaceous hypothecium clade further divides into two groups: the
3946:
Kosecka, Magdalena; Jabłońska, Agnieszka; Flakus, Adam; Rodriguez‐Flakus, Pamela; Kukwa, Martin; Guzow‐Krzemińska, Beata (2020). "Trentepohlialean algae (Trentepohliales, Ulvophyceae) show preference to selected mycobiont lineages in lichen symbioses".
2819:, which prohibits their use and commercialisation. Conservation recommendations for these species include further research on their life history, ecology, and potential additional locations, as well as habitat protection and public awareness campaigns.
913:. However, these studies also highlighted challenges in molecular analysis of the family, particularly in aligning the highly variable ITS regions. The usefulness of ITS sequences was found to vary among genera, proving more informative for some (e.g.,
729:
by number of genera. Its status as a distinct family was firmly established by genetic evidence, first demonstrated in a large-scale phylogenetic study by Damien Ertz and Anders Tehler in 2011. This study distinguished
Roccellaceae from
2760:. It is threatened by habitat alteration and deforestation due to urban expansion, industrial development, and agricultural encroachment. The species has not been rediscovered in surveys of remnant forest patches in the area.
2293:). This is the first reported case of a lichen species that can switch between these two distinct photobiont types. The choice of photobiont leads to significant morphological differences in the lichen thallus, with the
890:
Arthoniales, based on synapomorphies such as cortex plectenchyma and coastal habitat. It also suggested multiple evolutions of the fruticose habit within the family, with reversals to crustose forms in some lineages.
2808:, but there is insufficient information about its population, habitat, ecology, and potential threats to assess its conservation status. Additionally, its taxonomic affinity with the modern concept of the genus
863:, have been shown to belong to a separate, well-supported clade distinct from Roccellaceae. This was first suggested by Ertz and Tehler in 2011 and later confirmed by subsequent studies. Similarly, the genera
457:
3919:
Ertz, Damien; Tehler, Anders; Irestedt, Martin; Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; van den Boom, Pieter (2014). "A large-scale phylogenetic revision of
Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) reveals eight new genera".
2816:
2686:, once thought to be restricted to South America (Brazil), is now also found in the Northern Hemisphere in the Antilles (Martinique and Guadeloupe). Roccellaceae includes several genera that host
2482:
was thought to be predominantly
Southern Hemisphere, with only 3 of its 31 species in the Northern Hemisphere. However, recent studies have refined the understanding of the family's biogeography.
1752:
of some genera in family
Roccellaceae; based on analysis by Ertz et al. in 2014 (simplified from original). Single quote marks around a taxon name means that the species is likely misclassified.
2694:
has the highest diversity of lichenicolous fungi in the family, with nine obligately lichenicolous species and one facultatively or doubtfully lichenicolous species out of its 55 total species.
4776:
gen. et sp. nov., a genus and species of Roccellaceae (Opegraphales) from the Atacama Desert, north Chile, South America". In Daniels, Fred J. A.; Schultz, Margot; Peine, Jorg (eds.).
871:, once considered part of Roccellaceae, are now recognised as belonging to this separate clade. While Roccellaceae includes a diverse range of species, no former members of the genus
4342:
Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera".
1759:
studies have revealed that the family is divided into two main clades, each with distinct characteristics. The first clade, the "pale hypothecium clade", includes genera such as
5674:
1945:
possess a carbonaceous excipulum, despite it not being typical of the family. This suggests multiple gains or losses of this feature throughout the evolution of Roccellaceae.
807:
Roccellaceae is distinct from Arthoniaceae, the largest family in the order. This distinction is supported by both genetic and morphological differences, particularly in
3780:
Myllys, Leena; Källersjö, Mari; Tehler, Anders; Kallersjo, Mari (1998). "A Comparison of SSU rDNA data and morphological data in Arthoniales (Euascomycetes) phylogeny".
5530:
2748:
for timber extraction and expansion of industrial areas. Despite surveys in similar habitats, the species has not been rediscovered since its initial collection.
835:) and the loss of the gelatinous sheath surrounding ascospores. These characteristics are significant because they provide morphological support for the family's
734:
and laid the groundwork for further research. Additional molecular phylogenetic studies have since reinforced its position as a separate family within the order.
2394:, a purple or red dye that has been used since ancient times. The presence and distribution of these substances can vary among and within species. For instance,
1991:
the need for integrating molecular, morphological, and chemical data in understanding the evolutionary history and classification of this diverse lichen family.
5582:
5013:
Follmann, Gerhard (2001). "An integrated key to, and a critical survey of, the South American representatives of the lichen family Roccellaceae (Arthoniales)".
5426:
5413:
757:
analyses, suggesting they are closely related. However, the exact relationships among these families are not fully resolved, partly due to weakly supported
1904:
The molecular data have also led to significant taxonomic revisions within the family. Several species previously classified in other genera, particularly
344:, contributing to their ecological success in diverse habitats, especially coastal and near-coastal environments. Five species have been assessed for the
1841:
A 2014 study, based on analyses of 341 sequences representing about 114 species, has further refined the understanding of these relationships. The genus
2633:
is typically found on rocks but can also grow on branches, twigs, and cactus spines in Chile and Peru. Several species prefer tree bark; for example,
2245:
species from various European locations, including Spain's Canary Islands and Portugal, form a distinct phylogenetic lineage within a larger group of
1979:
Additionally, the evolution of chemical characters is significant in some lineages. For example, the presence of specific lichen substances, such as
5504:
2663:, adapt to extreme environments like the Chilean coast, growing on vertical, south-exposed rock and cliff faces. In contrast, most species in genus
2553:, are more related to North American and Caribbean species than to those in South America, suggesting a complex evolutionary history influenced by
5543:
5130:
4626:
4603:
3815:
Myllys, L.; Lohtander, K.; Källersjö, M.; Tehler, A. (1999). "Applicability of ITS data in Roccellaceae (Arthoniales, Euascomycetes) phylogeny".
3555:
3485:
3511:
5351:
5248:
4997:
4785:
4061:
3605:
3580:
3460:
4606:[Lichenes Brisbanenses, or lichens collected by F.M. Bailey, Government Botanist, near Brisbane (Queensland) in eastern Australia].
2564:
3859:
Tehler, Anders; Irestedt, Martin (2007). "Parallel evolution of lichen growth forms in the family Roccellaceae (Arthoniales, Ascomycota)".
2776:. It is threatened by land-use changes for recreational areas and deforestation. The species has not been recorded in recent inventories.
2792:, but there is insufficient information about its population, habitat, ecology, and potential threats to assess its conservation status.
2862:
As of 2016, the Roccellaceae was the 20th-largest among the 115 fungal families that contain lichen-formers. As of September 2024,
2690:(lichen-dwelling) fungi. About a dozen species of lichenicolous fungi are reported within this family, distributed across five genera.
877:
are currently classified within it. This taxonomic separation aligns with morphological and genetic distinctions between the families.
5208:[Processing of the lichens collected by O. Simony in 1898 and 1899 in South Arabia, on Socotra, and the neighboring islands].
3455:. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. p. 44.
1779:. This group is characterised by species with pale-coloured hypothecia and has a range of growth forms from crustose to fruticose.
5631:
768:
Within Roccellaceae in the strict sense, Ertz and Tehler identified five main lineages with significant support: the sister pair
5679:
2410:, erythrin and protocetraric acid have been identified. The chemistry can also be important for species identification. In the
3659:
Ertz, Damien; Tehler, Anders (2011). "The phylogeny of Arthoniales (Pezizomycotina) inferred from nucLSU and RPB2 sequences".
719:
of the Arthoniales, showing the division of Arthoniales into seven families, based on Hodkinson and Lendemer's 2013 analysis.
5548:
3693:
Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Ertz, Damien; Grube, Martin (2014). "The Arthonialean challenge: Restructuring Arthoniaceae".
4498:"First checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Mauritius, with phylogenetic analyses and description of new taxa"
1976:-like structures. This diversity indicates multiple evolutionary transitions in reproductive structures within the family.
796:. Roccellaceae was the only family in their analysis to include large genera that had been exhaustively sequenced, such as
5569:
4870:
Ertz, Damien; Tehler, Anders; Fischer, Eberhard; Killmann, Dorothee; Razafindrahaja, Tahina; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2014). "
2133:(thickened inner apex) and narrow ocular chamber (small space at the tip), often with an amyloid ring-structure. Asci are
366:
234:
1934:, where the fruticose form has emerged at least three separate times from crustose ancestors. Similarly, the small genus
5669:
5206:"Bearbeitung der von O. Simony 1898 und 1899 in Südarabien, auf Sokotra undden benachbarten Inseln gesammelten Flechten"
4673:[Lichens of Manipur, collected by Dr. G. Watt around Manipur, at the eastern borders of East India, 1881–1882].
4604:"Lichenes Brisbanenses a cl. F.M. Bailey, Government Botanist, prope Brisbane (Queensland) in Australia orientali lecti"
490:
402:
4079:"The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa"
60:
1999:
894:
418:
Three genera in the Roccellaceae were previously placed in distinct families. These are the Lecanactidaceae for genus
303:
from different chemical classes, some of which have been historically important as sources of purple or red dyes like
3560:. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelman (Druck von Breitkopf & Härtel in Leipzig). pp. 102, 105.
3725:"A new approach to the phylogeny of Euascomycetes with a cladistic outline of Arthoniales focussing on Roccellaceae"
3976:"Photobiont switching causes changes in the reproduction strategy and phenotypic dimorphism in the Arthoniomycetes"
828:
362:
230:
5587:
4650:[Lichenes Wilsoniani, or lichens collected by Rev. F.R.M. Wilson in the province of Victoria, Australia].
2422:, show a C+ (red) reaction in the thallus but not in the soralia. The presence of psoromic acid has been noted in
4671:"Lichenes Manipurenses, a cl. Dr. G. Watt circa Manipur, ad limites orientales Indiæ Orientalis 1881–1882, lecti"
2764:
2461:
885:
Phylogenetic studies of Roccellaceae have advanced significantly in recent decades. Early work in the 1990s used
311:
2569:
737:
The family is part of one of the three major evolutionary lines identified within Arthoniales, specifically the
5664:
2838:
2671:
2599:
2235:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2173:
2161:
2153:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2105:
2097:
2085:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
1970:
1958:
1950:
841:
821:
813:
377:
267:
259:
251:
30:
3621:
Hodkinson, B.P.; Lendemer, J. (2013). "Next-generation sequencing reveals sterile crustose lichen phylogeny".
2732:
2362:
important to their biology and historical significance. Many species in the family, particularly in the genus
1916:
48:
2796:
2780:
2659:
2541:
is also found in the Southern Hemisphere on Mauritius. Notably, some Galapagos Roccellaceae species, such as
2406:
1948:
The evolution of ascomata types also shows distinct patterns within the family. While many Roccellaceae have
2741:
2682:
2597:
Roccellaceae species occupy diverse habitats, primarily coastal and near-coastal. Many species prefer rocky
2558:
2424:
274:
5366:
5184:
4440:
3448:
2756:(Critically Endangered, 2023) is known from a single location in the Cerros Orientales (Eastern Hills) of
2752:
2635:
2543:
2416:
complex, the lack of reaction of soredia to chlorine (C−) is a distinguishing feature. Some species, like
2319:
2004:
1921:
1873:
461:
435:
2843:
5659:
2855:
2827:
2737:
2653:
2621:
inhabits rocks and cliffs in Macaronesia and the western Mediterranean. Some species are more flexible;
2549:
2433:
2396:
2271:
2257:
2251:
758:
5243:]. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in Spanish). Vol. 54. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 165.
4801:
Tavares, C.N. (1964). "Contributions to the lichen flora of Macaronesia III. New or interesting taxa".
2629:
893:
Molecular phylogenetic studies of Roccellaceae began in the late 1990s, with early work utilising both
5042:"Botanische und Zoologische Ergebnisse einer wissenschaftlichen Forschungsreise nach den Samoa-Inseln"
5636:
5597:
5452:
5044:[Botanical and Zoological Results of a Scientific Research Expedition to the Samoa Islands].
4530:
2805:
2773:
2687:
1894:
811:
type. Roccellaceae typically has cylindrical asci, whereas Arthoniaceae have more or less spherical (
384:
295:
groups, each characterised by distinct internal structures. These findings have prompted significant
284:
5496:
5205:
3532:
2521:
2429:
2418:
287:
in the Roccellaceae has led to multiple independent developments of similar traits, particularly in
2721:
2607:
2583:
2486:
has been shown to be restricted entirely to the Southern Hemisphere. The species formerly known as
2230:
761:
nodes within the Roccellaceae clade. This phylogenetic uncertainty may explain some differences in
738:
407:
340:
288:
238:
4670:
4582:
1782:
The second major clade, known as the "carbonaceous hypothecium clade", encompasses genera such as
4359:
3797:
3235:
2623:
2617:
2412:
2401:
2335:
to use a wider range of tree hosts and potentially expand its ecological niche and distribution.
2179:. Spores often have slightly thickened walls and an enlarged upper median cell. They are usually
1445:
750:
642:
445:
425:
331:
327:
296:
171:
55:
3356:
5404:
5210:
Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien) Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse
5046:
Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Wien) Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse
5605:
5439:
5347:
5244:
4993:
4781:
4382:
4057:
4007:
3761:
and three new or reinstated genera, a re-assessment of generic relationships in Arthoniales".
3601:
3576:
3466:
3456:
3268:
2867:
2850:
2823:
2554:
2375:
1851:
to the rest of the Roccellaceae. The first major clade was expanded to include genera such as
1396:
762:
554:
519:
393:
323:
278:
150:
144:
39:
5535:
4648:"Lichenes Wilsoniani, s. lichenes a cl. Rev. F.R.M.Wilson in Australiae prov. Victoria lecti"
2533:
is found on both sides of the equator around the Indian Ocean, including northern Australia.
5610:
5321:
5165:
5088:
5022:
4962:
4883:
4833:
4509:
4478:
4391:
4351:
4322:
4090:
4034:
3997:
3987:
3956:
3928:
3868:
3824:
3789:
3736:
3702:
3668:
3630:
3224:
3191:
2883:
2863:
2400:
exhibits chemical variability, with some individuals producing a dotty red medulla C+ (red)
2359:
2343:
2286:
2246:
2021:
742:
666:
569:
300:
246:
214:
4992:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 100. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 85–121.
4274:
4235:
4196:
4155:
4114:
2789:
2197:(asexual spores) are non-septate to transversely septate, varying in shape from oblong to
2017:
242:
102:
44:
2261:, another Roccellaceae member from Bolivia, were found to be closely related to those of
5483:
5491:
5092:
4002:
3975:
3974:
Ertz, Damien; Guzow-Krzemińska, Beata; Thor, Göran; Łubek, Anna; Kukwa, Martin (2018).
3389:
2960:
2905:
2785:
2491:
2371:
2269:
Research has revealed an unexpected level of photobiont flexibility within the family.
2125:, in which spore discharge involves separation of wall layers. The asci have an apical
2025:
1154:
1007:
482:
5431:
4988:(Arthoniales) proposed". In Thell, Arne; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Feuerer, Tassilo (eds.).
4702:] (in French). Paris: Firmin Didot père et fils 1824–1837. pp. xxxii, cx, 57.
2815:
All five species are protected under Colombian Resolution 0213 of 1977, issued by the
2728:. All five species are native to Colombia and face various threats to their survival.
5653:
5418:
4746:
4719:
4283:
4244:
4205:
4164:
4123:
4078:
3872:
3724:
3301:
3257:
3213:
3059:
3037:
3015:
2768:(Critically Endangered, 2023) is known from a single location in the municipality of
2745:
2725:
2387:
1980:
1216:
990:
746:
731:
618:
345:
5288:
4902:
4693:
4647:
4584:Énumération Méthodique des Champignons Recueillis à la Guadeloupe et à la Martinique
4551:
2651:
bark in Europe and North America. In tropical and subtropical regions, species like
5107:
5041:
4387:
4377:
3634:
3537:
Bericht über die Thätigkeit der St. Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft
3312:
3081:
3026:
2949:
2894:
2702:
2473:
2449:
2383:
1936:
1848:
1602:
1324:
1033:
754:
681:
412:
292:
2147:
typically number eight per ascus, sometimes reduced to 2–4. They are transversely
5444:
5063:
Henssen, A.; Thor, G. (1998). "Studies in taxonomy and development morphology in
4591:] (in French). Lons-le-Saunier: Impr. et lithographie L. Duclume. p. 20.
831:
for Roccellaceae include the reduction of the proper exciple (with a reversal in
249:
thalli, and diverse reproductive structures. Roccellaceae species typically have
5574:
5517:
5398:
4482:
4355:
4094:
3367:
3290:
3246:
3202:
3169:
3136:
3114:
2993:
2971:
2769:
2589:
2469:
2290:
2282:
2186:
2092:
2075:
1885:
1192:
1130:
726:
541:
335:
319:
226:
112:
5389:
3992:
2504:, known only from Asia (Japan, Taiwan), has been found to be nested within the
842:
5169:
4966:
4887:
4751:, a new genus and species from Socotra, Yemen (Roccellaceae; Euascomycetidae)"
4514:
4497:
4273:
Moncada, B.; Simijaca, D.; Soto-Medina, E.; Coca, L.F.; Jaramillo, M. (2023).
4234:
Moncada, B.; Simijaca, D.; Soto-Medina, E.; Coca, L.F.; Jaramillo, M. (2023).
4195:
Moncada, B.; Simijaca, D.; Soto-Medina, E.; Coca, L.F.; Jaramillo, M. (2023).
4154:
Moncada, B.; Simijaca, D.; Soto-Medina, E.; Coca, L.F.; Jaramillo, M. (2023).
4113:
Simijaca, D.; Moncada, B.; Soto-Medina, E.; Coca, L.F.; Jaramillo, M. (2023).
4038:
3932:
3672:
3400:
3334:
3279:
3147:
3103:
3092:
3070:
2938:
2927:
2574:
2496:
2478:
2306:
2120:
1879:
1569:
1543:
1526:
1495:
1259:
1233:
1106:
469:
430:
420:
388:
136:
92:
3470:
2476:
patterns, with certain genera preferring specific hemispheres. Historically,
2059:
299:
revisions, clarifying their evolutionary relationships. Roccellaceae produce
5623:
5478:
5465:
5308:, a new genus with byssoid thallus in the order Arthoniales and new data on
3180:
3125:
2875:
2672:
2379:
2277:
2236:
2168:
2144:
2106:
2086:
2035:
1959:
1951:
1843:
1749:
1745:
1462:
886:
836:
716:
252:
72:
5325:
5026:
4778:
Flechten Follmann Contributions To Lichenology In Honour Of Gerhard Follman
4327:
4310:
4011:
3828:
2757:
2740:, 2023) is known from only a single location in the municipality of Honda,
2611:
is found on rocks along the western Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts from
2600:
2098:
2067:
268:
2680:
The distribution of some species has been expanded by recent discoveries.
2358:
The chemistry of Roccellaceae is characterised by the presence of various
2275:
has been found to associate with two very different types of photobionts:
2111:(partially reacting with iodine) or amyloid (fully reacting with iodine).
2051:
2043:
378:
260:
5618:
5556:
5383:
5193:] (in Italian). Verona: Dalla tipografia di A. Frizierio. p. 55.
3378:
3345:
3323:
3048:
2708:
2208:
2200:
2190:
2162:
2154:
2029:
1619:
1082:
898:
873:
315:
182:
127:
4874:, a new genus of Roccellaceae (Arthoniales), from southern Madagascar".
4363:
3520:] (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Chez H. Agasse. p. 334.
3453:
Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
2216:
2136:
822:
814:
3801:
3158:
3004:
2916:
2822:
In China, where of 2,164 lichen species evaluated for inclusion on its
2801:
2696:
2665:
2641:
2612:
2578:
2465:
2367:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2128:
1971:
1355:
959:
191:
4941:
Lücking, Robert; Gutiérrez, Martha Cecilia; Moncada, Bibiana (2016). "
4589:
Methodical Enumeration of Fungi Collected in Guadeloupe and Martinique
3960:
2826:, only 23 were members of the Roccellaceae; 3 of those were listed as
2657:
colonise tree bark and shrub bark near the sea. Some species, such as
2448:, a mixture of dyes extracted from lichens, and the basis of a common
2350:
paper is made from dyes obtained from several lichens, including some
5522:
3494:] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Chez Ferra Jeune. p. 604.
2982:
2445:
2391:
2347:
2148:
2091:(tissue between spore-producing structures) consists of branched and
2013:
1379:
440:
348:, highlighting the need for further research and habitat protection.
304:
218:
82:
5561:
5509:
5360:
4837:
4824:(Opegraphales), a new endolithic lichenoid from corals and snails".
4190:
4188:
4186:
3793:
3740:
3706:
2870:) accepts 48 genera and 287 species in Roccellaceae. The largest is
5470:
4395:
2529:
species restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, found on Mauritius.
5293:. Vol. 2. Dublin: William Curry Jun and Company. p. 103.
2849:
2837:
2647:
2563:
2342:
2114:
1998:
1987:, distinguishes some newly recognised genera within Roccellaceae.
1915:
808:
500:
222:
4108:
4106:
4104:
3141:
Ertz, Tehler, Eb.Fisch., Killmann, Razafindr. & Sérus. (2014)
2436:
is otherwise nearly absent in the other families of Arthoniales.
2323:. Meanwhile, its trentepohlioid photobiont is closely related to
1877:
was resolved as sister to the rest of the group, with the genera
4911:] (in German). Breslau: Trewendt & Granier. p. 275.
4268:
4266:
4229:
4227:
5364:
5270:
Publicações do Instituto de Micologia da Universidade do Recife
2390:. These compounds were historically important as the source of
2297:-associated form previously recognized as a separate species, "
401:
in the family, which was erected in 1805 by the Swiss botanist
2724:
of five Roccellaceae species has been assessed for the global
2016:(the main body of the lichen) ranging in form from crust-lie (
1289:
5457:
5110:[Further information on the lichen tribe Roccellei].
4635:] (in Latin). Lundin: Typographia Academica. p. 244.
4439:
Sparrius, Laurens B.; Elix, John A.; Archer, Alan W. (2013).
4149:
4147:
4145:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
2183:(translucent and colourless), rarely brown, and non-amyloid.
2309:
belong to at least three different phylogenetic clades, and
1889:
forming a well-supported group near the base of this clade.
4695:
Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales
4025:
Kok, Annette (1966). "A short history of the orchil dyes".
2378:. Other type of chemicals commonly found in the family are
753:. These four families are consistently grouped together in
5304:
Egea, J.M.; Tehler, A.; Torrente, P.; Sipman, H. (1995). "
4780:. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. pp. 287–299.
4745:
Mies, Bruno; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Tehler, Anders (1995).
2249:. This lineage is closely related to photobionts found in
291:. Molecular studies have divided the family into two main
855:
Some genera previously assigned to Roccellaceae, such as
839:, complementing the molecular data. The reduction of the
4465:
Tehler, Anders; Irestedt, Martin; Ertz, Damien (2013). "
4077:
Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018).
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
5264:
Upadhyay, H.B.P. (1964). "Three new hyperparasites for
4539:] (in Latin). Lundin: Svanborg et soc. p. 108.
3575:. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. p. 39.
2064:(flask-shaped). Ascomata usually have distinct, mostly
1901:, where the fruticose form has appeared several times.
5346:. Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 1–380.
4820:
Kohlmeyer, Jan; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, Brigitte (1988). "
4311:"Threatened categories assessment of lichens in China"
4056:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 248.
3447:
Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert;
2432:
is produced by many species of the Roccellaceae; this
281:
and complex evolutionary histories within the family.
4953:(lichenized Ascomycota: Arthoniales: Roccellaceae)".
4469:, a new fruticose genus in the family Roccellaceae".
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
2229:
Members of the Roccellaceae typically associate with
1968:, have evolved perithecioid ascomata aggregated into
852:
Roccellaceae from other families within Arthoniales.
444:(Zahlbruckner, 1905). These families have since been
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
725:
The Roccellaceae is the largest family in the order
499:, meaning a type of lichen, itself derived from the
5373:
4949:, with an updated phylogeny and notes on the genus
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
2817:
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
2241:. A study of these algae found that photobionts of
493:in 1805, probably originates from the Italian word
3505:
3503:
3501:
2812:is unclear, requiring further taxonomic revision.
2587:, is a member of the entirely lichenicolous genus
4700:Essay on the Cryptogams of Exotic Medicinal Barks
2404:reaction, while others show no reaction (C−). In
5108:"Weiteres über die Flechtentribus der Roccellei"
4930:] (in Latin). Tip. Ramanzini. pp. 1–10.
2464:, although the majority of species occur in the
5112:Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft
4564:Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft
4309:Xinli, Wei; Hong, Deng; Jiangchun, Wei (2020).
3600:. St. Paul, Minnesota: APS press. p. 322.
2605:, especially cliffs and boulders near the sea.
237:in 1826. Species in the family exhibit various
3752:
3750:
3718:
3716:
3596:Ulloa, Miguel; Aguirre-Acosta, Elvira (2020).
3535:[Contribution to lichen systematics].
2048:(elongated, slit-like). More rarely, they are
4990:Diversity of Lichenology – Anniversary Volume
494:
8:
5191:Research on the autonomy of crustose lichens
5186:Ricerche sull'autonomia dei licheni crostosi
5156:, a new genus of byssoid lichenized fungi".
4713:
4711:
4709:
3442:
3440:
2712:each have one lichenicolous fungus species.
2331:species. This photobiont flexibility allows
370:
5015:Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
2032:(spore-producing structures) are typically
1964:(elongated) ascomata, some genera, such as
503:
5361:
3492:General Flora of the Surroundings of Paris
2494:, has been reclassified into a new genus,
2255:from Sweden. Additionally, photobionts of
29:
20:
5268:(Nyl.) A. Zahlbr. from Amazonas valley".
4513:
4326:
4052:Lücking, Robert; Spribille, Toby (2024).
4001:
3991:
2800:(Data Deficient, 2023) is known from dry
2627:grows on trees, shrubs, and rocks, while
2289:) and trentepohlioid algae (in the class
2189:(asexual spore-producing structures) are
2008:is a fruticose member of the Roccelaceae.
1925:is a crustose member of the Roccellaceae.
334:. They form symbiotic relationships with
265:ascomata, often with distinct blackened (
5675:Taxa named by François Fulgis Chevallier
5079:(Arthoniales, lichenized Ascomycetes)".
5227:Egea, José M.; Torrente, Pilar (1994).
3416:
2874:, with 66 species. Eighteen genera are
2519:are mostly Northern Hemisphere genera.
2072:(blackened) proper margins and often a
897:(ITS) and small subunit ribosomal DNA (
428:, 1862); the Chiodectonaceae for genus
5342:Aptroot, André; Schumm, Felix (2011).
4675:Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany
4496:Diederich, Paul; Ertz, Damien (2020).
3510:de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1805).
2899:Sparrius, Elix & A.W.Archer (2013)
2830:, and the other 20 as data deficient.
1897:is particularly striking in the genus
5152:Rogers, R.W.; Hafellner, J. (2007). "
3317:Flot. & Körb. ex A.Massal. (1852)
7:
5598:159ae505-10f8-4e09-89e7-a3ef072c411e
3487:Flore Générale des Environs de Paris
3484:Chevallier, François Fulgis (1826).
3174:M.Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot (2016)
2317:photobionts from other lichens like
2305:photobionts found in this sorediate
1941:offers specific habitat advantages.
372:Flore Générale des Environs de Paris
4945:, a new name for the lichen fungus
4284:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
4245:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
4206:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
4165:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
4124:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1594:
1518:
1511:
1487:
1437:
1430:
1371:
1347:
1340:
1316:
1208:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1146:
1122:
1098:
1074:
1067:
982:
975:
951:
944:
936:
598:
591:
584:
547:
537:
310:Roccellaceae species have a nearly
5093:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1998.tb01105.x
3598:Illustrated Generic Names of Fungi
3394:Egea, Torrente & Sipman (1995)
2456:Habitat, distribution, and ecology
2080:(formed from the thallus itself).
438:, 1905); and Dirinaceae for genus
277:studies have revealed significant
14:
5229:El género de hongos liquenizados
3306:R.W.Rogers & Hafellner (1987)
3119:Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. (1988)
3053:Mies, Lumbsch & Tehler (1995)
2472:areas. The family shows distinct
2117:(spore sacs) in Roccellaceae are
2024:). Crustose forms are often also
765:structure among various studies.
489:, assigned by the Swiss botanist
4608:Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano
3873:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00156.x
3557:Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
3554:Zahlbruckner, Alexander (1905).
3533:"Beitrag zur Flechtensystematik"
59:
5237:The genera of lichenised fungi
5135:Annales de Cryptogamie Exotique
4859:]. Vol. 3. p. 65.
4772:Peine, J.; Werner, B. (1995). "
2878:, containing a single species.
2788:, 2023) is associated with the
2103:(sterile filaments). These are
2028:(wispy, like teased wool). The
4984:resurrected and the new genus
4652:Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier
4537:Methodical Synopsis of Lichens
3451:(2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.).
2573:(blackened areas), shown here
16:Family of lichen-forming fungi
1:
5131:"A new genus of Roccellaceae"
3571:Hawksworth, David L. (1974).
2171:, euseptate with rectangular
1871:. In the second major clade,
4909:System of Lichens of Germany
4851:Handel-Mazzetti, H. (1930).
4803:Revista de Biologia (Lisboa)
4556:, eine neue Flechtengattung"
4502:Plant and Fungal Systematics
3531:Stizenberger, Ernst (1862).
491:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
485:as a family. The genus name
403:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
4562:, a new lichen genus].
4532:Synopsis Methodica Lichenum
4483:10.1639/0007-2745-116.2.162
4390:: Leiden, the Netherlands.
4356:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361
4199:Ancistrosporella leucophila
4095:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340
3262:Henssen & G.Thor (1998)
3218:Follmann ex Follmann (2001)
2921:Ertz & Diederich (2020)
2765:Ancistrosporella leucophila
2460:Roccellaceae has an almost
1847:was identified as possibly
895:internal transcribed spacer
322:regions. Species typically
5696:
4904:Systema lichenum Germaniae
4826:Canadian Journal of Botany
4420:nom. nov. (Arthoniales)".
3993:10.1038/s41598-018-23219-3
3729:Canadian Journal of Botany
3350:Egea & Torrente (1993)
2570:Phacographa protoparmeliae
2313:appears able to "capture"
2012:Roccellaceae species have
367:François Fulgis Chevallier
314:but predominantly inhabit
235:François Fulgis Chevallier
5183:Massalongo, A.B. (1852).
5170:10.1017/S0024282987000379
5129:Darbishire, O.V. (1932).
5106:Darbishire, O.V. (1898).
4967:10.1017/s0024282916000207
4922:Massalongo, A.B. (1854).
4888:10.1017/S002428291300090X
4633:System of the Plant World
4628:Systema Orbis Vegetabilis
4550:Darbishire, O.V. (1895).
4515:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0003
4441:"Nomenclatural novelties"
4039:10.1017/S002428296600029X
3933:10.1007/s13225-014-0286-5
3673:10.1007/s13225-010-0080-y
3064:Peine & Werner (1995)
2462:cosmopolitan distribution
2444:) is a common source for
1912:Evolution of growth forms
1616:
1599:
1592:
1566:
1540:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1492:
1485:
1459:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1393:
1376:
1369:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1321:
1314:
1282:
1256:
1230:
1213:
1206:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1151:
1144:
1127:
1120:
1103:
1096:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1030:
1004:
987:
980:
973:
956:
949:
942:
940:Roccellaceae
679:
664:
640:
616:
603:
596:
589:
582:
567:
552:
545:
312:cosmopolitan distribution
177:
170:
163:
158:
142:
135:
56:Scientific classification
54:
37:
28:
23:
5081:Nordic Journal of Botany
4117:Schismatomma leucopsarum
3635:10.5943/mycosphere/4/6/1
3251:Ertz & Tehler (2014)
3240:Ertz & Tehler (2014)
3196:Ertz & Tehler (2011)
3185:Ertz & Tehler (2014)
3108:Ertz & Tehler (2014)
3097:Ertz & Tehler (2014)
3086:(Redinger) G.Thor (1991)
3009:Ertz & Tehler (2014)
2943:Tehler & Ertz (2014)
2910:Tehler & Ertz (2013)
2733:Schismatomma leucopsarum
4980:Hafellner, J. (2009). "
4774:Follmaniella scutellata
4724:and five allied genera"
4529:Acharius, Erik (1814).
4277:Chiodecton subordinatum
4238:Chiodecton inconspicuum
3723:Tehler, Anders (1990).
2797:Chiodecton subordinatum
2781:Chiodecton inconspicuum
2742:Cundinamarca Department
2660:Pentagenella fragillima
2559:long-distance dispersal
2506:Dendrographa decolorans
2440:(historically known as
2407:Pentagenella fragillima
881:Molecular phylogenetics
365:by the French botanist
275:Molecular phylogenetics
233:by the French botanist
5680:Taxa described in 1826
5344:Fruticose Roccellaceae
5326:10.1006/lich.1995.0033
5040:Rechinger, K. (1908).
5027:10.18968/jhbl.90.0_251
4328:10.17520/biods.2019154
3829:10.1006/lich.1999.0221
2859:
2847:
2744:. It is threatened by
2683:Roccellina leptothalla
2636:Schismatomma pericleum
2594:
2544:Roccella galapagoensis
2425:Pentagenella corallina
2355:
2327:strains isolated from
2320:Chrysothrix candelaris
2009:
2005:Roccella galapagoensis
1926:
504:
495:
462:botanical nomenclature
436:Alexander Zahlbruckner
371:
5287:Mackay, J.T. (1836).
4928:New Genera of Lichens
4901:Körber, G.W. (1855).
3573:Mycologist's Handbook
3543:(1861–1862): 124–182.
3361:H.B.P.Upadhyay (1964)
2853:
2841:
2828:least-concern species
2738:Critically Endangered
2567:
2555:continental movements
2434:long-chain fatty acid
2346:
2299:Buellia violaceofusca
2272:Lecanographa amylacea
2252:Lecanographa amylacea
2040:(open, disc-like) or
2002:
1919:
921:) than others (e.g.,
49:Galápagos Archipelago
5204:Steiner, J. (1902).
4718:Thor, Göran (1990).
4692:Fée, A.L.A. (1825).
4625:Fries, E.M. (1825).
4315:Biodiversity Science
4158:Lecanactis proximans
4054:The Lives of Lichens
3949:Journal of Phycology
3757:Tehler, A. (1993). "
3449:Lumbsch, H. Thorsten
2806:Santander Department
2774:Santander Department
2753:Lecanactis proximans
2502:Roccellina nipponica
2221:. They are hyaline.
1922:Sigridea californica
1895:convergent evolution
1874:Sigridea californica
778:Chiodecton natalense
749:, Roccellaceae, and
468:is derived from the
285:Convergent evolution
5670:Ascomycota families
4669:Müller, J. (1892).
4646:Müller, J. (1893).
4602:Müller, J. (1891).
4581:Duss, R.P. (1903).
4422:Systema Ascomycetum
2844:Chiodecton montanum
2722:conservation status
2608:Roccella fuciformis
2584:Protoparmelia badia
448:with Roccellaceae.
408:Roccella fuciformis
357:Historical taxonomy
5266:Mazosia phyllosema
5075:and the new genus
4749:Feigeana socotrana
4720:"The lichen genus
4416:Thor, G. (1994). "
3980:Scientific Reports
3763:Cryptogamic Botany
3236:Pseudoschismatomma
2860:
2856:Mazosia phyllosema
2848:
2654:Syncesia farinacea
2624:Roccella montagnei
2618:Roccella phycopsis
2615:to England, while
2595:
2531:Roccella montagnei
2488:Roccellina cinerea
2442:Roccella tinctoria
2438:Roccella phycopsis
2413:Roccella montagnei
2397:Roccella hypomecha
2356:
2258:Syncesia farinacea
2010:
1927:
1446:Pseudoschismatomma
819:) to club-shaped (
751:Roccellographaceae
643:Roccellographaceae
475:, with the suffix
426:Ernst Stizenberger
387:characters of the
43:growing on twigs,
5647:
5646:
5606:Open Tree of Life
5367:Taxon identifiers
5353:978-3-00-033689-8
5314:The Lichenologist
5250:978-3-443-58033-9
5158:The Lichenologist
4999:978-3-443-58079-7
4955:The Lichenologist
4924:Neagenea lichenum
4876:The Lichenologist
4787:978-3-87429-380-8
4383:Catalogue of Life
4063:978-0-691-24727-4
4027:The Lichenologist
3961:10.1111/jpy.12994
3817:The Lichenologist
3735:(11): 2458–2492.
3607:978-0-89054-618-5
3582:978-0-85198-300-4
3462:978-3-443-01089-8
2868:Catalogue of Life
2677:(leaf-dwellers).
2630:Roccellina mollis
2550:R. lirellina
2468:and in semi-arid
2360:lichen substances
2095:(interconnected)
1893:the family. This
1867:, in addition to
1818:subgroup and the
1756:
1755:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1581:
1580:
1555:
1554:
1474:
1473:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1303:
1302:
1271:
1270:
1245:
1244:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1019:
1018:
723:
722:
710:
709:
701:
700:
692:
691:
653:
652:
629:
628:
555:Andreiomycetaceae
520:diminutive suffix
458:standard practice
369:in his 1826 work
301:lichen substances
279:genetic diversity
207:
206:
131:
40:Roccella gracilis
5687:
5640:
5639:
5627:
5626:
5614:
5613:
5601:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5578:
5577:
5575:NHMSYS0001496523
5565:
5564:
5552:
5551:
5539:
5538:
5526:
5525:
5513:
5512:
5500:
5499:
5487:
5486:
5474:
5473:
5461:
5460:
5448:
5447:
5435:
5434:
5422:
5421:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5362:
5357:
5330:
5329:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4857:Symbols of China
4848:
4842:
4841:
4832:(6): 1138–1141.
4817:
4811:
4810:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4715:
4704:
4703:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4192:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4151:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4110:
4099:
4098:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3995:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3921:Fungal Diversity
3916:
3877:
3876:
3856:
3833:
3832:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3661:Fungal Diversity
3656:
3639:
3638:
3629:(6): 1028–1039.
3618:
3612:
3611:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3507:
3496:
3495:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3444:
3406:
3395:
3384:
3373:
3362:
3351:
3340:
3339:J.Steiner (1902)
3329:
3318:
3307:
3296:
3285:
3274:
3263:
3252:
3241:
3230:
3225:Pseudolecanactis
3219:
3208:
3207:Hafellner (2009)
3197:
3192:Paralecanographa
3186:
3175:
3164:
3163:A.Massal. (1854)
3153:
3142:
3131:
3120:
3109:
3098:
3087:
3076:
3065:
3054:
3043:
3032:
3021:
3020:Müll.Arg. (1892)
3010:
2999:
2998:Müll.Arg. (1893)
2988:
2977:
2976:Müll.Arg. (1891)
2966:
2955:
2944:
2933:
2922:
2911:
2900:
2889:
2884:Ancistrosporella
2864:Species Fungorum
2674:
2602:
2428:. The substance
2333:L. amylacea
2311:L. amylacea
2287:Trebouxiophyceae
2247:Trentepohliaceae
2238:
2231:trentepohlialean
2218:
2210:
2202:
2193:(flask-shaped).
2176:
2164:
2156:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2108:
2100:
2088:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2020:) to bush-like (
1973:
1961:
1953:
1595:
1519:
1512:
1488:
1438:
1431:
1372:
1348:
1341:
1317:
1209:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1147:
1123:
1099:
1075:
1068:
983:
976:
952:
945:
937:
932:
931:
844:
824:
816:
743:Lecanographaceae
667:Lecanographaceae
599:
592:
585:
570:Chrysotrichaceae
548:
538:
533:
532:
517:
514:
511:
507:
498:
480:
380:
374:
330:, although some
270:
262:
254:
201:
195:
189:Chiodectonaceae
186:
180:Lecanactidaceae
126:
64:
63:
33:
21:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5665:Lichen families
5650:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5635:
5630:
5622:
5617:
5609:
5604:
5596:
5594:
5586:
5581:
5573:
5568:
5560:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5534:
5529:
5521:
5516:
5508:
5503:
5495:
5490:
5482:
5477:
5469:
5464:
5456:
5451:
5443:
5438:
5430:
5425:
5417:
5412:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5369:
5354:
5341:
5338:
5336:Further reading
5333:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5290:Flora Hibernica
5286:
5285:
5281:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5141:(3–4): 153–159.
5128:
5127:
5123:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4853:Symbolae Sinica
4850:
4849:
4845:
4838:10.1139/b88-163
4819:
4818:
4814:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4717:
4716:
4707:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4681:(201): 217–231.
4668:
4667:
4663:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4418:Ancistroporella
4415:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4194:
4193:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4153:
4152:
4143:
4133:
4131:
4112:
4111:
4102:
4089:(3): 340–425 .
4076:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4024:
4023:
4019:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3918:
3917:
3880:
3858:
3857:
3836:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3794:10.2307/3244075
3779:
3778:
3774:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3741:10.1139/b90-312
3722:
3721:
3714:
3707:10.12705/634.20
3692:
3691:
3680:
3658:
3657:
3642:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3513:Flore française
3509:
3508:
3499:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3463:
3446:
3445:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3393:
3382:
3371:
3360:
3349:
3338:
3327:
3316:
3305:
3294:
3283:
3272:
3261:
3250:
3239:
3228:
3217:
3206:
3195:
3184:
3173:
3162:
3151:
3140:
3129:
3118:
3107:
3096:
3085:
3074:
3063:
3052:
3041:
3030:
3019:
3008:
2997:
2986:
2975:
2964:
2953:
2942:
2931:
2920:
2909:
2898:
2887:
2836:
2790:Magdalena River
2718:
2676:
2604:
2535:Dirina paradoxa
2474:biogeographical
2458:
2341:
2240:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2178:
2166:
2158:
2141:(club-shaped).
2140:
2132:
2124:
2110:
2102:
2090:
2079:
2076:thalline margin
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
1997:
1975:
1963:
1956:(disc-like) or
1955:
1914:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1582:
1556:
1475:
1418:
1409:
1304:
1272:
1246:
1055:
1046:
1020:
883:
846:
826:
818:
711:
702:
693:
654:
630:
531:
515:
512:
509:
476:
454:
383:included basic
382:
375:. His original
361:The family was
359:
354:
272:
264:
256:
199:
190:
181:
154:
148:
125:
103:Arthoniomycetes
58:
45:Santa Fe Island
17:
12:
11:
5:
5693:
5691:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5652:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5628:
5615:
5602:
5592:
5579:
5566:
5553:
5540:
5527:
5514:
5501:
5488:
5475:
5462:
5449:
5436:
5423:
5410:
5395:
5379:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5352:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5320:(5): 351–359.
5296:
5279:
5256:
5249:
5241:(Ascomycotina)
5233:(Ascomycotina)
5219:
5196:
5175:
5164:(4): 401–408.
5144:
5121:
5098:
5069:Dichosporidium
5055:
5032:
5005:
4998:
4972:
4961:(4): 269–273.
4951:Dichosporidium
4933:
4914:
4893:
4882:(2): 159–167.
4862:
4843:
4812:
4793:
4786:
4764:
4737:
4728:Opera Botanica
4705:
4684:
4661:
4638:
4617:
4594:
4573:
4542:
4521:
4488:
4477:(2): 162–168.
4471:The Bryologist
4467:Austroroccella
4457:
4448:Index Fungorum
4431:
4408:
4396:10.48580/dgbqz
4378:"Roccellaceae"
4369:
4350:(4): 361–416.
4344:The Bryologist
4334:
4301:
4262:
4223:
4182:
4141:
4100:
4083:The Bryologist
4069:
4062:
4044:
4033:(2): 248–272.
4017:
3966:
3955:(4): 979–993.
3938:
3878:
3867:(5): 432–454.
3834:
3823:(5): 461–476.
3807:
3782:The Bryologist
3772:
3746:
3712:
3701:(4): 727–744.
3678:
3640:
3613:
3606:
3588:
3581:
3563:
3546:
3523:
3497:
3476:
3461:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3386:
3375:
3364:
3353:
3342:
3331:
3320:
3309:
3298:
3287:
3276:
3265:
3254:
3243:
3232:
3229:Zahlbr. (1907)
3221:
3210:
3199:
3188:
3177:
3166:
3155:
3144:
3133:
3130:Zahlbr. (1930)
3122:
3111:
3100:
3089:
3078:
3067:
3056:
3045:
3034:
3023:
3012:
3001:
2990:
2979:
2968:
2961:Dichosporidium
2957:
2946:
2935:
2924:
2913:
2906:Austroroccella
2902:
2891:
2835:
2832:
2786:Data Deficient
2717:
2714:
2670:
2598:
2522:Roccella boryi
2492:Socotra Island
2457:
2454:
2430:roccellic acid
2419:Roccella boryi
2388:anthraquinones
2372:lecanoric acid
2340:
2337:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2214:
2213:-filiform, or
2206:
2198:
2172:
2160:
2152:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2104:
2096:
2084:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
1996:
1993:
1969:
1957:
1949:
1913:
1910:
1853:Dichosporidium
1754:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:Austroroccella
1150:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:Dichosporidium
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
986:
981:
979:
974:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
955:
950:
948:
943:
941:
935:
882:
879:
865:Dichosporidium
843:proper exciple
840:
829:synapomorphies
820:
812:
741:that includes
721:
720:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
703:
699:
698:
695:
694:
690:
689:
686:
685:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
651:
650:
647:
646:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
623:
622:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
551:
546:
544:
536:
530:
529:Classification
527:
453:
450:
376:
358:
355:
353:
350:
332:grow on leaves
266:
258:
250:
205:
204:
203:
202:
200:Zahlbr. (1905)
196:
187:
175:
174:
168:
167:
161:
160:
156:
155:
149:
140:
139:
133:
132:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
52:
51:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5692:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5310:Sagenidiopsis
5307:
5300:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5283:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5212:(in German).
5211:
5207:
5200:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5154:Sagenidiopsis
5148:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5122:
5117:
5114:(in German).
5113:
5109:
5102:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5087:(1): 95–120.
5086:
5082:
5078:
5077:Pulvinodecton
5074:
5073:Erythrodecton
5070:
5066:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5048:(in German).
5047:
5043:
5036:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4566:(in German).
4565:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4546:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4522:
4516:
4511:
4508:(1): 13–75 .
4507:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4409:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4324:
4321:(1): 54–65 .
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3539:(in German).
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:– ca. 25 spp.
3383:Taylor (1836)
3381:
3380:
3376:
3372:G.Thor (1991)
3370:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3328:Tehler (1993)
3326:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3302:Sagenidiopsis
3299:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3258:Pulvinodecton
3255:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3214:Protoroccella
3211:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:– ca. 30 spp.
3150:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3060:Follmanniella
3057:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3042:G.Thor (1991)
3040:
3039:
3038:Erythrodecton
3035:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3016:Enterodictyon
3013:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2888:G.Thor (1995)
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2746:deforestation
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2726:IUCN Red List
2723:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2688:lichenicolous
2685:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:. Similarly,
2499:
2498:
2493:
2490:, endemic to
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:dibenzofurans
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:in the class
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2121:fissitunicate
2116:
2112:
2109:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:psoromic acid
1977:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:Erythrodecton
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:Sagenidiopsis
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
992:
991:Erythrodecton
985:
984:
978:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
961:
954:
953:
947:
946:
939:
938:
934:
933:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
888:
880:
878:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
861:Erythrodecton
858:
853:
850:
845:
838:
834:
830:
827:) asci. Some
825:
817:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:Opegraphaceae
744:
740:
735:
733:
732:Opegraphaceae
728:
718:
715:
714:
706:
705:
697:
696:
688:
687:
684:
683:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
662:
661:
658:
657:
649:
648:
645:
644:
638:
637:
634:
633:
625:
624:
621:
620:
619:Opegraphaceae
614:
613:
610:
609:
606:
605:Roccellaceae
601:
600:
594:
593:
587:
586:
580:
579:
576:
575:
572:
571:
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
550:
549:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
528:
526:
524:
521:
506:
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
481:denoting its
479:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
451:
449:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
416:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:morphological
381:
373:
368:
364:
363:circumscribed
356:
351:
349:
347:
346:IUCN Red List
343:
342:
338:of the genus
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:grow on rocks
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
276:
271:
263:
255:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:circumscribed
228:
225:in the order
224:
220:
216:
212:
197:
193:
188:
184:
179:
178:
176:
173:
169:
166:
165:48, see text
162:
157:
152:
147:
146:
141:
138:
134:
129:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Roccellaceae
22:
19:
5660:Roccellaceae
5405:Roccellaceae
5375:Roccellaceae
5374:
5343:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5190:
5185:
5178:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5115:
5111:
5101:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5018:
5014:
5008:
4989:
4985:
4982:Phacothecium
4981:
4975:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4740:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4655:
4654:(in Latin).
4651:
4641:
4632:
4627:
4620:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4567:
4563:
4560:Dendrographa
4559:
4554:Dendrographa
4553:
4545:
4536:
4531:
4524:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4451:
4447:
4434:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4401:27 September
4399:. Retrieved
4388:Species 2000
4381:
4372:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4288:
4282:
4276:
4253:. Retrieved
4249:
4243:
4237:
4214:. Retrieved
4210:
4204:
4198:
4173:. Retrieved
4169:
4163:
4157:
4132:. Retrieved
4128:
4122:
4116:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4053:
4047:
4030:
4026:
4020:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3927:(1): 31–53.
3924:
3920:
3864:
3860:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3788:(1): 70–85.
3785:
3781:
3775:
3766:
3762:
3759:Schismatomma
3758:
3732:
3728:
3698:
3694:
3667:(1): 47–71.
3664:
3660:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3597:
3591:
3572:
3566:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3518:French Flora
3517:
3512:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3452:
3399:
3388:
3377:
3366:
3355:
3344:
3333:
3322:
3313:Schismatomma
3311:
3300:
3295:Darb. (1932)
3289:
3284:Darb. (1898)
3278:
3267:
3256:
3245:
3234:
3223:
3212:
3201:
3190:
3179:
3168:
3157:
3152:Körb. (1855)
3146:
3135:
3124:
3113:
3102:
3091:
3082:Graphidastra
3080:
3069:
3058:
3047:
3036:
3027:Enterographa
3025:
3014:
3003:
2992:
2981:
2970:
2959:
2954:Darb. (1895)
2950:Dendrographa
2948:
2937:
2926:
2915:
2904:
2895:Austrographa
2893:
2882:
2872:Enterographa
2871:
2861:
2854:
2842:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2795:
2794:
2779:
2778:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2750:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2716:Conservation
2707:
2703:Schismatomma
2701:
2695:
2692:Enterographa
2691:
2681:
2679:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2575:parasitising
2568:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:is the only
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:Conversely,
2510:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2459:
2450:pH indicator
2441:
2437:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2395:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2332:
2328:
2325:Trentepohlia
2324:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2281:(a genus of
2276:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2228:
2185:
2143:
2113:
2093:anastomosing
2082:
2060:perithecioid
2011:
2003:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1965:
1947:
1943:
1937:Pentagenella
1935:
1931:
1928:
1920:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:Enterographa
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1828:Dendrographa
1827:
1824:Schismatomma
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:Dendrographa
1803:
1800:Schismatomma
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1769:Pentagenella
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1748:showing the
1618:
1617:
1603:Dendrographa
1601:
1600:
1568:
1567:
1542:
1541:
1525:
1524:
1494:
1493:
1461:
1460:
1444:
1443:
1395:
1394:
1378:
1377:
1354:
1353:
1325:Schismatomma
1323:
1322:
1292:
1286:Schismatomma
1285:
1283:
1258:
1257:
1232:
1231:
1215:
1214:
1191:
1190:
1153:
1152:
1129:
1128:
1105:
1104:
1081:
1080:
1034:Enterographa
1032:
1031:
1006:
1005:
989:
988:
958:
957:
926:
922:
919:Dendrographa
918:
914:
910:
907:Schismatomma
906:
902:
892:
884:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:Enterographa
856:
854:
848:
832:
806:
801:
797:
794:Dendrographa
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
767:
755:phylogenetic
736:
724:
682:Arthoniaceae
680:
665:
641:
617:
604:
568:
553:
522:
486:
477:
472:
466:Roccellaceae
465:
455:
439:
429:
419:
417:
413:type species
406:
398:
392:
360:
341:Trentepohlia
339:
309:
293:phylogenetic
289:growth forms
283:
241:, including
239:growth forms
211:Roccellaceae
210:
208:
164:
143:
123:Roccellaceae
122:
38:
18:
5518:iNaturalist
5399:Wikispecies
5052:: 197–317 .
5021:: 251–267.
4986:Phacographa
4943:Neosergipea
4872:Isalonactis
4822:Halographis
3986:(1): 1–14.
3405:Ertz (2014)
3368:Streimannia
3291:Roccellodea
3247:Psoronactis
3203:Phacographa
3170:Neosergipea
3137:Isalonactis
3115:Halographis
3075:Tav. (1964)
2994:Dirinastrum
2972:Diplogramma
2965:Pat. (1903)
2932:Ach. (1814)
2770:Piedecuesta
2673:foliicolous
2590:Phacographa
2470:subtropical
2291:Ulvophyceae
2283:green algae
2237:photobionts
2187:Conidiomata
2107:hemiamyloid
2087:hamathecium
2056:and appear
2036:apotheciate
1995:Description
1985:Psoronactis
1960:lirelliform
1952:apotheciate
1886:Psoronactis
1193:Isalonactis
1131:Psoronactis
727:Arthoniales
542:Arthoniales
518:) with the
464:, the name
446:synonymised
352:Systematics
336:green algae
320:subtropical
273:) margins.
253:apotheciate
227:Arthoniales
198:Dirinaceae
113:Arthoniales
5654:Categories
5239:Lecanactis
5231:Lecanactis
5065:Chiodecton
4809:: 131–144.
4761:: 155–162.
4722:Chiodecton
4570:: 313–326.
3861:Cladistics
3769:: 139–151.
3623:Mycosphere
3412:References
3401:Vigneronia
3357:Sporhaplus
3335:Simonyella
3280:Roccellina
3273:DC. (1805)
3148:Lecanactis
3104:Gyronactis
3093:Gyrographa
3071:Gorgadesia
3031:Fée (1825)
2987:Fr. (1825)
2939:Crocellina
2928:Chiodecton
2810:Chiodecton
2601:substrates
2497:Crocellina
2484:Roccellina
2479:Roccellina
2380:depsidones
2366:, contain
2307:morphotype
2225:Photobiont
2167:to oblong-
2145:Ascospores
2099:paraphyses
2068:carbonised
1966:Chiodecton
1932:Roccellina
1899:Roccellina
1880:Gyrographa
1838:subgroup.
1836:Roccellina
1820:Lecanactis
1796:Lecanactis
1792:Roccellina
1570:Roccellina
1544:Vigneronia
1527:Crocellina
1496:Gyronactis
1260:Lecanactis
1234:Chiodecton
1107:Gyrographa
923:Roccellina
903:Lecanactis
849:Lecanactis
833:Lecanactis
802:Roccellina
786:Roccellina
782:Lecanactis
470:type genus
456:Following
431:Chiodecton
421:Lecanactis
389:type genus
269:carbonised
217:of mostly
137:Type genus
93:Ascomycota
89:Division:
5624:100386960
5479:FloraBase
5427:AusLichen
5216:: 93–102.
4755:Mycotaxon
4614:(3): 399.
4428:(2): 181.
3471:429208213
3319:– 10 spp.
3286:– 15 spp.
3275:– 32 spp.
3181:Ocellomma
3165:– 27 spp.
3126:Haplodina
3033:– 66 spp.
2989:– 13 spp.
2934:– 24 spp.
2876:monotypic
2639:grows on
2402:spot test
2339:Chemistry
2315:Trebouxia
2303:Trebouxia
2295:Trebouxia
2278:Trebouxia
2233:algae as
2169:ellipsoid
2052:stromatic
2044:lirellate
2022:fruticose
1906:Opegrapha
1869:Cresponea
1844:Cresponea
1777:Ingaderia
1750:phylogeny
1746:Cladogram
1463:Ocellomma
887:cladistic
837:monophyly
717:Cladogram
508:(meaning
452:Etymology
379:diagnosis
328:tree bark
297:taxonomic
261:lirellate
247:fruticose
221:-forming
79:Kingdom:
73:Eukaryota
5619:Tropicos
5557:MycoBank
5492:Fungorum
5432:30016192
5419:60013303
5414:AusFungi
5390:Q3052493
5384:Wikidata
4947:Sergipea
4658:: 54–55.
4364:44250015
4012:29563606
3407:– 5 spp.
3396:– 2 spp.
3379:Syncesia
3346:Sipmania
3330:– 6 spp.
3324:Sigridea
3308:– 4 spp.
3269:Roccella
3264:– 2 spp.
3220:– 2 spp.
3209:– 3 spp.
3176:– 4 spp.
3132:– 3 spp.
3110:– 2 spp.
3099:– 3 spp.
3088:– 4 spp.
3049:Feigeana
3044:– 3 spp.
3022:– 3 spp.
3000:– 2 spp.
2978:– 1 spp.
2967:– 8 spp.
2956:– 7 spp.
2901:– 3 spp.
2890:– 6 spp.
2866:(in the
2824:red list
2802:enclaves
2709:Sigridea
2539:africana
2527:Roccella
2513:Roccella
2376:erythrin
2370:such as
2368:depsides
2364:Roccella
2354:species.
2329:Roccella
2263:Roccella
2243:Roccella
2209:acicular
2201:bacillar
2191:pycnidia
2163:fusiform
2155:muriform
2151:(rarely
2030:ascomata
2018:crustose
1832:Syncesia
1816:Roccella
1808:Syncesia
1784:Roccella
1761:Llimonea
1620:Syncesia
1397:Roccella
1293:umbrinum
1083:Sigridea
915:Roccella
911:Syncesia
899:SSU rDNA
874:Arthonia
798:Roccella
790:Syncesia
774:Roccella
496:roccella
487:Roccella
473:Roccella
399:Roccella
394:Roccella
316:tropical
243:crustose
183:Stizenb.
172:Synonyms
145:Roccella
128:Chevall.
119:Family:
69:Domain:
5276:: 1–11.
5118:: 6–16.
4734:: 1–92.
4294:29 July
4255:29 July
4216:29 July
4175:29 July
4134:29 July
4003:5862901
3802:3244075
3374:– 1 sp.
3363:– 1 sp.
3352:– 1 sp.
3341:– 1 sp.
3297:– 1 sp.
3253:– 1 sp.
3242:– 1 sp.
3231:– 1 sp.
3198:– 1 sp.
3187:– 1 sp.
3159:Mazosia
3143:– 1 sp.
3121:– 1 sp.
3077:– 1 sp.
3066:– 1 sp.
3055:– 1 sp.
3011:– 1 sp.
3005:Diromma
2945:– 1 sp.
2923:– 1 sp.
2917:Baidera
2912:– 1 sp.
2697:Mazosia
2666:Mazosia
2642:Quercus
2613:Morocco
2579:thallus
2508:clade.
2466:tropics
2352:Rocella
2301:". The
2217:falcate
2195:Conidia
2181:hyaline
2149:septate
2137:clavate
2026:byssoid
1865:Mazosia
1773:Hubbsia
1356:Diromma
960:Mazosia
869:Mazosia
823:clavate
815:globose
739:lineage
411:as the
192:Zahlbr.
159:Genera
109:Order:
99:Class:
5637:147571
5611:205658
5595:NZOR:
5549:500134
5536:110110
5471:1ROCEF
5350:
5247:
4996:
4784:
4362:
4060:
4010:
4000:
3800:
3604:
3579:
3469:
3459:
2983:Dirina
2834:Genera
2758:Bogotá
2517:Dirina
2452:test.
2446:litmus
2392:orchil
2386:, and
2348:Litmus
2175:lumina
2129:tholus
2014:thalli
1972:stroma
1863:, and
1849:sister
1812:Dirina
1806:, and
1788:Dirina
1775:, and
1765:Combea
1380:Dirina
927:Dirina
909:, and
792:; and
770:Dirina
478:-aceae
441:Dirina
326:or on
305:orchil
219:lichen
215:family
213:are a
194:(1905)
185:(1862)
153:(1805)
130:(1826)
5632:WoRMS
5588:40111
5562:81355
5531:IRMNG
5523:55453
5497:81355
5484:23218
5306:Tania
5235:[
5189:[
4926:[
4907:[
4855:[
4698:[
4631:[
4587:[
4558:[
4535:[
4444:(PDF)
4360:JSTOR
3798:JSTOR
3695:Taxon
3516:[
3490:[
3390:Tania
2648:Picea
2537:ssp.
809:ascus
759:basal
523:-ella
505:rocca
501:Latin
405:with
223:fungi
83:Fungi
5583:NCBI
5544:ITIS
5510:8359
5505:GBIF
5466:EPPO
5458:5586
5348:ISBN
5245:ISBN
4994:ISBN
4782:ISBN
4454:: 1.
4403:2024
4296:2024
4289:2023
4257:2024
4250:2023
4218:2024
4211:2023
4177:2024
4170:2023
4136:2024
4129:2023
4058:ISBN
4008:PMID
3602:ISBN
3577:ISBN
3467:OCLC
3457:ISBN
2720:The
2706:and
2669:are
2645:and
2577:the
2557:and
2547:and
2515:and
2374:and
2115:Asci
2083:The
1883:and
867:and
859:and
800:and
763:tree
513:rock
483:rank
318:and
245:and
209:The
5570:NBN
5453:EoL
5445:FT5
5440:CoL
5322:doi
5312:".
5274:402
5166:doi
5089:doi
5023:doi
4963:doi
4884:doi
4834:doi
4732:103
4510:doi
4479:doi
4475:116
4392:doi
4352:doi
4348:119
4323:doi
4091:doi
4087:121
4035:doi
3998:PMC
3988:doi
3957:doi
3929:doi
3869:doi
3825:doi
3790:doi
3786:101
3737:doi
3703:doi
3669:doi
3631:doi
2804:in
2581:of
2159:),
1983:in
1290:cf.
929:).
460:in
257:or
151:DC.
5656::
5634::
5621::
5608::
5585::
5572::
5559::
5546::
5533::
5520::
5507::
5494::
5481::
5468::
5455::
5442::
5429::
5416::
5401::
5386::
5318:27
5316:.
5272:.
5214:71
5162:19
5160:.
5137:.
5133:.
5116:16
5085:18
5083:.
5071:,
5067:,
5050:81
5019:90
5017:.
4959:48
4957:.
4880:46
4878:.
4830:66
4828:.
4805:.
4759:54
4757:.
4753:.
4730:.
4726:.
4708:^
4679:29
4677:.
4612:23
4610:.
4568:13
4506:65
4504:.
4500:.
4473:.
4452:27
4450:.
4446:.
4426:13
4424:.
4386:.
4380:.
4358:.
4346:.
4319:28
4317:.
4313:.
4287:.
4281:.
4265:^
4248:.
4242:.
4226:^
4209:.
4203:.
4185:^
4168:.
4162:.
4144:^
4127:.
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4103:^
4085:.
4081:.
4029:.
4006:.
3996:.
3982:.
3978:.
3953:56
3951:.
3925:70
3923:.
3881:^
3865:23
3863:.
3837:^
3821:31
3819:.
3796:.
3784:.
3765:.
3749:^
3733:68
3731:.
3727:.
3715:^
3699:63
3697:.
3681:^
3665:49
3663:.
3643:^
3625:.
3500:^
3465:.
3419:^
2772:,
2700:,
2561:.
2382:,
2205:,
1859:,
1855:,
1802:,
1798:,
1794:,
1790:,
1786:,
1771:,
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1763:,
1288:’
925:,
917:,
905:,
804:.
788:;
784:;
776:;
745:,
525:.
415:.
391:,
307:.
229:,
47:,
5356:.
5328:.
5324::
5253:.
5172:.
5168::
5139:5
5095:.
5091::
5029:.
5025::
5002:.
4969:.
4965::
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4886::
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4807:4
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424:(
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