383:, which were blade-like and had well-developed serrations. Their postcanine teeth were small and conical, but were also frequently serrated. Tooth replacement was rapid relative to basal therocephalians. Rubidgeines can be distinguished from other gorgonopsians by the absence of a blade-like parasphenoid bone and reduced or absent preparietal bone. The jugal bone, while narrow in most gorgonopsians, was often broadly expanded in rubidgeines. The largest rubidgeins were
125:
1336:
1353:
102:
404:
426:
The robust skull roof and supraorbital bosses of rubidgeines likely acted to protect the skull from the stress inflicted during prey capture, and similar morphology has been seen in many other macropredators in the fossil record, including
434:. The presence of this skull morphology is one of multiple adaptations seen in predators that utilize the skull, rather than the limbs, in prey capture.
1466:
364:
859:
419:. They were also the largest predators in their environment. Their massive canines and serrated teeth indicate that they were adapted for
819:
1471:
348:
1461:
124:
852:
352:
593:
509:
1335:
485:
1373:
1036:
1428:
1456:
1415:
1356:
845:
658:
617:
540:
408:
941:
119:
1433:
815:
790:
557:
461:
780:
770:
1312:
1205:
1089:
785:
758:
641:
380:
272:
111:
1450:
1198:
1167:
1082:
376:
252:
59:
1319:
1290:
1273:
1246:
1125:
1064:
1015:
415:
Rubidgeines were among the largest gorgonopsians known, and the largest known from
360:
310:
229:
1396:
809:
347:. They were among the largest gorgonopsians, and their fossils are common in the
1297:
1283:
1174:
1146:
1103:
1096:
1029:
1022:
1001:
979:
953:
868:
356:
337:
211:
198:
101:
34:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1212:
910:
579:
385:
300:
290:
262:
182:
79:
44:
1304:
1160:
1153:
1139:
1057:
1050:
926:
901:
431:
420:
340:
169:
136:
84:
794:
403:
1407:
1390:
1253:
892:
428:
391:
320:
156:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1132:
775:
89:
64:
886:
416:
344:
146:
1367:
402:
1420:
233:
1371:
879:
841:
837:
375:
Rubidgeines were large, quadrupedal carnivores of the family
759:"Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia)"
316:
306:
296:
286:
278:
268:
258:
248:
1380:
1271:
1222:
1184:
1113:
1074:
999:
952:
925:
808:Frank Zachos, Robert Asher (October 22, 2018).
811:Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
752:
750:
748:
746:
853:
8:
757:Christian F., Kammerer (January 26, 2016).
1368:
1190:
1117:
1007:
996:
931:
922:
876:
860:
846:
838:
442:Below is a cladogram by Kammerer in 2016.
100:
20:
784:
774:
742:
379:. Their largest teeth are their upper
7:
633:
609:
585:
532:
525:
501:
477:
453:
445:
14:
1352:
1351:
1334:
123:
1467:Prehistoric animal subfamilies
438:Classification and systematics
353:Daptocephalus assemblage zones
1:
363:, and became extinct at the
16:Extinct subfamily of mammals
814:. De Gruyter. p. 158.
336:is an extinct subfamily of
1488:
1347:
1332:
1193:
1120:
1010:
995:
976:
934:
921:
875:
655:
638:
631:
614:
607:
590:
583:
554:
537:
530:
523:
506:
499:
482:
475:
458:
451:
245:
240:
120:Scientific classification
118:
108:
99:
23:
594:Leontosaurus vanderhosti
510:Ruhuhucerberus haughtoni
359:. They lived during the
486:Aelurognathus tigriceps
412:
1472:Therapsid subfamilies
1429:Paleobiology Database
406:
1462:Permian extinctions
659:Clelandina rubidgei
618:Dinogorgon rubidgei
541:Sycosaurus laticeps
409:Clelandina rubidgei
109:Visualized head of
776:10.7717/peerj.1608
413:
365:end of the Permian
1444:
1443:
1374:Taxon identifiers
1365:
1364:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1329:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
991:
990:
987:
986:
972:
971:
733:
732:
724:
723:
715:
714:
706:
705:
697:
696:
688:
687:
679:
678:
670:
669:
569:
568:
558:Sycosaurus nowaki
462:Smilesaurus ferox
331:
330:
236:
1479:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1369:
1355:
1354:
1338:
1191:
1118:
1008:
997:
932:
923:
916:
915:
877:
862:
855:
848:
839:
832:
831:
829:
828:
805:
799:
798:
788:
778:
754:
634:
610:
586:
533:
526:
502:
478:
454:
446:
343:known only from
318:
308:
298:
288:
280:
270:
260:
250:
228:
223:
210:
197:
128:
127:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1376:
1366:
1361:
1339:
1326:
1259:
1218:
1180:
1109:
1070:
1004:
983:
968:
948:
917:
882:
881:
871:
866:
836:
835:
826:
824:
822:
807:
806:
802:
756:
755:
744:
739:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
570:
440:
401:
373:
227:
221:
208:
195:
122:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1402:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1313:Paragalerhinus
1309:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:Ruhuhucerberus
1202:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1090:Pravoslavlevia
1086:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1000:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
967:
966:
965:
964:
958:
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
945:
944:
935:
929:
919:
918:
914:
913:
904:
895:
889:
880:
873:
872:
867:
865:
864:
857:
850:
842:
834:
833:
820:
800:
741:
740:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
726:
722:
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
704:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
691:
690:
686:
685:
682:
681:
677:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:
664:
663:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
642:Rubidgea atrox
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
613:
608:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
589:
584:
582:
576:
575:
572:
571:
567:
566:
563:
562:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
536:
531:
529:
524:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
505:
500:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
481:
476:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
457:
452:
450:
444:
439:
436:
421:macropredation
400:
397:
372:
369:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
314:
304:
294:
276:
273:Ruhuhucerberus
266:
256:
243:
242:
238:
237:
219:
215:
214:
206:
202:
201:
193:
186:
185:
180:
173:
172:
167:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
116:
115:
112:Rubidgea atrox
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1484:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1337:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1199:Aelurognathus
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:African clade
1112:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1083:Inostrancevia
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:Russian clade
1073:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
982:
981:
975:
962:
961:
960:
959:
957:
955:
951:
943:
939:
938:
937:
936:
933:
930:
928:
924:
920:
912:
908:
905:
903:
899:
896:
894:
890:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:
840:
823:
821:9783110341553
817:
813:
812:
804:
801:
796:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
749:
747:
743:
736:
729:
728:
720:
719:
711:
710:
702:
701:
693:
692:
684:
683:
675:
674:
666:
665:
662:
661:
660:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
643:
636:
635:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
619:
612:
611:
605:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
595:
588:
587:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
565:
564:
561:
560:
559:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
542:
535:
534:
528:
527:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
511:
504:
503:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
487:
480:
479:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
463:
456:
455:
448:
447:
443:
437:
435:
433:
430:
424:
422:
418:
411:
410:
405:
398:
396:
394:
393:
388:
387:
382:
378:
377:Gorgonopsidae
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Cistecephalus
346:
342:
339:
335:
323:
322:
315:
313:
312:
305:
303:
302:
295:
293:
292:
285:
284:
283:
277:
275:
274:
267:
265:
264:
257:
255:
254:
253:Aelurognathus
247:
246:
244:
239:
235:
231:
226:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:Gorgonopsidae
207:
204:
203:
200:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
117:
114:
113:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1381:
1320:Wangwusaurus
1318:
1311:
1303:
1296:
1291:Broomisaurus
1289:
1282:
1274:Nomina dubia
1272:
1252:
1247:Leontosaurus
1245:
1238:
1231:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1126:Arctognathus
1124:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1065:Viatkogorgon
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1016:Aelurosaurus
1014:
978:
906:
897:
825:. Retrieved
810:
803:
766:
762:
657:
656:
640:
639:
616:
615:
592:
591:
556:
555:
539:
538:
508:
507:
484:
483:
460:
459:
449:Rubidgeinae
441:
425:
414:
407:
399:Paleobiology
390:
384:
374:
361:Late Permian
333:
332:
319:
311:Leontosaurus
309:
299:
289:
281:
271:
261:
251:
224:
189:
176:
163:
110:
30:Late Permian
18:
1457:Gorgonopsia
1382:Rubidgeinae
1298:Cerdorhinus
1284:Arctosuchus
1186:Rubidgeinae
1175:Smilesaurus
1147:Eriphostoma
1104:Suchogorgon
1097:Sauroctonus
1030:Cyonosaurus
1023:Aloposaurus
1002:Gorgonopsia
980:Gorgonopsia
954:Gorgonopsia
869:Gorgonopsia
371:Description
357:Karoo Basin
338:gorgonopsid
334:Rubidgeinae
225:Rubidgeinae
218:Subfamily:
199:Gorgonopsia
24:Rubidgeinae
1451:Categories
1240:Dinogorgon
1233:Clelandina
1224:Rubidgeini
1213:Sycosaurus
963:see below↓
911:Therapsida
827:2022-08-25
737:References
580:Rubidgeini
386:Dinogorgon
341:therapsids
301:Dinogorgon
291:Clelandina
282:Rubidgeini
263:Sycosaurus
183:Therapsida
1397:Q21293518
1305:Leogorgon
1161:Lycaenops
1154:Gorgonops
1140:Cynariops
1058:Scylacops
1051:Nochnitsa
942:Synapsida
927:Synapsida
902:Synapsida
885:Kingdom:
769:: e1608.
432:dinosaurs
170:Synapsida
143:Kingdom:
137:Eukaryota
1421:47452667
1405:BioLib:
1391:Wikidata
1357:Category
1254:Rubidgea
893:Chordata
891:Phylum:
887:Animalia
795:26823998
429:theropod
392:Rubidgea
321:Rubidgea
205:Family:
157:Chordata
153:Phylum:
147:Animalia
133:Domain:
1168:Phorcys
1133:Arctops
786:4730894
381:canines
355:of the
241:Genera
1434:137516
1408:650830
1043:nasuta
1039:Dixeya
818:
793:
783:
417:Africa
345:Africa
907:Clade
898:Clade
763:PeerJ
230:Broom
190:Clade
177:Clade
164:Clade
940:see
816:ISBN
791:PMID
389:and
351:and
234:1938
35:PreꞒ
1416:EoL
781:PMC
771:doi
1453::
1431::
1418::
1393::
1041:"
909::
900::
789:.
779:.
765:.
761:.
745:^
423:.
395:.
367:.
232:,
192::
179::
166::
85:Pg
1323:?
1308:?
1037:"
861:e
854:t
847:v
830:.
797:.
773::
767:4
317:†
307:†
297:†
287:†
279:†
269:†
259:†
249:†
222:†
209:†
196:†
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
