694:
accountable for a particular diagnosis or other recommendation. For example, the
Serbsky Center declared a killer to be insane and offered a diagnosis of "acute stress". In fact, the killer had maintained communication with his victim, remembered the conflict with his victim. During a drunken household brawl he managed to find a shotgun in his basement, shoot his victim, clean and hide the weapon, removing his fingerprints, and then flee the scene. In accord with the Center's recommendation, he was declared insane and released from confinement.
721:
substantiate findings, that findings contradicted the descriptive sections, and that many statements are contrary to generally accepted scientific practice. The letter added that courts made no attempt to assess the expert report for coherence and consistency and do not check findings for accuracy, completeness and objectivity. In the spring of 2009, IPA attacked an expert report whose descriptive part was distorted, paving the way for other falsifications; four of the case's six examinations were carried out in the
Serbsky Center.
469:, alleged that "practically nothing has changed. They have no shame at the institute about their role with the Communists. They are the same people, and they do not want to apologize for all their actions in the past." Attorney Karen Nersisyan agrees: "Serbsky is not an organ of medicine. It’s an organ of power." Savenko claimed that the institution was not professionally run and thus violated the doctor's main commandment. Spurious diagnoses declared symptom-free individuals to be mentally ill (for example, Budanov or General
535:, that the Serbsky Institute, now calling itself the Serbsky Center, was again employed as an instrument of oppression. Under Yeltsin (1993-99), it collaborated with the Russian Orthodox Church against "non-traditional" religions, other Christian denominations and breakaway Orthodox churches or liberal Orthodox congregations. Under Putin (2000 to present), it has allegedly made controversial diagnoses for individuals engaged in political dissent and protest.
698:
court could include any psychiatrist in a commission of experts, but the new law allowed the court only to choose an institution. The head of the institution assigns the experts to a commission for each case. Experts are certified only after working in a state institution for three years. The
Director of the Serbsky Center was also the head of the Center's forensic psychiatry department, which is the only one in the country.
40:
799:
judged sane, tried and sentenced to two years' imprisonment. He described the doctors and other patients; most of the latter were ordinary criminals feigning insanity in order to avoid prison camps. According to IPA President
Savenko, Nekipelov’s book accurately describes the era of Soviet punitive psychiatry. The book was published in Russia in 2005. After reading the book,
556:) edited by Savenko documented such trials, claiming that the charges of “gross harm to mental health” were not substantiated. Savenko's Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia repeatedly accused Kondratyev's activities and statements as the author of the pseudo-scientific theory of "sectomania", and reported the false charges for which he was allegedly responsible.
737:
while talking about “the reports”, the paper mistakenly conflates the reports with actions of the experts (or the institution) and asserts the impossibility of “parallel” examinations. However, abuse of rights and legitimate interests of citizens, including trial participants, may be a subject for a separate appeal.
605:. Savenko also claimed that over five years, from 1998 to 2003, the Serbsky Center made three proposals to amend the Law, but the IPA and general public managed to successfully challenge these amendments, and they were finally abandoned. According to the IPA, these amendments would have impaired patients’ rights.
701:
According to
Savenko, the Serbsky Center has long labored to institutionalize its monopolistic position as the country's main psychiatric institution. These efforts led to a considerable drop in the quality of expert reports. The Serbsky Center further attempted to eliminate the adversarial character
504:
and bloodsheds and that the current generation is wrong to oppose the regime. In
December 2012, Mikhail Vinogradov, an expert of the Serbsky Center, stated "Do you talk about human-rights activists? Most of them are just unhealthy people, I talked with them. As for the dissident General Grigorenko, I
693:
According to
Russian psychiatrist Emmanuil Gushansky, the Serbsky Center exercises undue administrative and corporate influence on its young and insufficiently qualified staff. The commission system of forensic psychiatric examinations leads to "collective irresponsibility" in which no individual is
660:
commentator, testified that
Kosenko had stood next to him and had not scuffled with police. Serbsky specialists concluded that Kosenko "presented a danger to himself and others" and "required compulsory treatment." This conclusion ignored both his previous treatment over many years and his diagnosis
697:
In 2004, Yuri
Savenko stated that the law on state expert activity and the introduction of the profession of forensic expert psychiatrist destroyed adversary-based examinations and that the Serbsky Center had monopolized forensic examination, which it had never done in the Soviet era. Formerly, the
720:
a draft law prepared by the IPA to address the sharp drop in the level of forensic psychiatric examinations, which
Savenko attributed to the lack of competition within the sector and its increasing nationalization. The letter said that expert reports now often dropped entire sections and failed to
736:
The application was considered in the paper “Current legal issues relevant to forensic-psychiatric expert evaluation” by E.Y. Shchukina and S.N. Shishkov. It attacked the admissibility of appeals against expert reports without regard for the scope of the case. According to lawyer Dmitry Bartenev,
732:
a joint proposal to outlaw appeals against state forensic expert reports and prohibit lawsuits that appealed against the reports. The proposal claimed that the appeals were filed “without regard for the scope of the case” and that appeals should be made “only together with the sentence.” Savenko
798:
documenting his personal experience at Serbsky Psychiatric Hospital. In 1980, the book was translated and published in English. Poet and dissident Viktor Nekipelov was arrested in 1973 and sent to Section 4 of the Serbsky Institute. The evaluation lasted from 15 January to 12 March 1974. He was
579:
In 2014, experts of the Serbsky Center received medical documents from a psychoneurological out-patients' clinic about the mental health condition of Alexander Dvorkin. After studying them, they concluded that he was in need of constant supervision by a psychiatrist and should take psychotropic
509:? I talked with him, and he is a completely crazy character. But he too was allowed to go abroad! You see, human rights activists are people who, due to their mental pathology, are unable to restrain themselves within the standards of society, and the West encourages their inability to do so."
684:
There were protests from international and local NGOs and human rights organisations against the unlimited term of in-patient treatment imposed on Mikhail Kosenko. On 6 June 2014 a court in the Moscow Region ruled that he should continue psychiatric treatment, but as an out-patient.
597:
According to Savenko, denial by the Serbsky Center of the abuse of psychiatry for political purposes in the 1960–1980s and the open rehabilitation of its leader, director academician Georgi Morozov, are evidence of the restoration of psychiatry as a tool of oppression.
543:
According to Savenko, from 1994 onwards, the use of psychiatry was expanded to control religious dissenters and others and a special group for “study of the negative influence of religious groups” was created at the Serbsky Center, led by Professor Fyodor Kondratyev.
385:
were often declared mentally ill. In almost all cases, dissidents were officially examined at the Serbsky Central Research Institute, which evaluated individuals accused under political articles. Typically declared mentally ill, indictees were sent for
258:
702:
of court proceedings and to degrade the role of specialist reviewers. Lyubov Vinogradova claimed that there has been a diminution in patients' rights because independent experts are now excluded from evaluations and court proceedings.
629:. Budanov was found not guilty by reason of "temporary insanity". After public outrage, he was found sane by another panel that included Georgi Morozov, the former Serbsky director who had declared many dissidents insane in the past.
571:
and Georgy Kochetkov. In Yury Savenko's words, “when a psychiatrist-academician (Dmitrieva, Sidorov) or an expert-psychologist of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences relies on the works of Dvorkin and
516:
ordered the creation of an institute dedicated to the research of ‘social behavior of LGBT people’ at the Serbsky Center, sparking fears about whether this would lead to Russian authorities conducting conversion therapy.
617:
said that the Serbsky Institute still remained a leading service for Russian forensic psychiatric examinations. Serbsky Institute continues to conduct many court-ordered evaluations with hotly disputed results.
352:
268:
987:[For whom is the myth of punitive psychiatry profitable? (Press conference of prof. Z.I. Kekelidze in connection with sending oppositionist Mikhail Kosenko to compulsory treatment] (in Russian).
588:
Kondratyev not only denied accusations that he himself was ever engaged in Soviet abuses of psychiatry: he stated publicly that the very concept of Soviet-era "punitive psychiatry" was nothing more than
547:
Savenko further claimed Kondratyev’s group started supervising trials all over the country. This supposedly led to legal actions that, for all intents and purposes, put people on trial for sorcery. The
348:
622:
In numerous cases people "inconvenient" for Russian authorities were imprisoned in psychiatric institutions in the first decade of the 2000s. Some of them were diagnosed at the Serbsky Institute.
2545:
632:
The Center also made an evaluation of the alleged mass poisoning of hundreds of Chechen school children. The panel concluded that the disease was caused simply by "psycho-emotional tension".
394:
system. In the 1960s and 1970s, the procedure became public and evidence of "psychiatric terror" began to appear. The majority of incarcerations date from the late 1960s to the early 1980s.
263:
1108:
2595:
480:
In the early 1990s, Serbsky Director Tatyana Dmitrieva apologized for the earlier abuses. Her words were widely broadcast abroad but were published only in the St. Petersburg newspaper
740:
In 2010, when the outpatient forensic-psychiatric examination of Yulia Privedyonnaya was carried out in the Sebsky Center, its experts asked her the question “What do you think of
593:"the fantasy of the very same people who are now defending totalitarian sects. This is slander, which was used for anti-Soviet ends, but is now being used for anti-Russian ends."
1357:
2530:
878:
372:
248:
2550:
827:
where they experienced forced administration of drugs, beatings and other forms of arbitrary punishment. Some died during the "treatment", including Alexey Nikitin.
2520:
2580:
2560:
984:Кому выгоден миф о карательной психиатрии? (Пресс-конференция проф. З.И. Кекелидзе в связи с направлением на принудительное лечение оппозиционера Михаила Косенко)
2515:
2041:
988:
466:
283:
77:
777:. As Pavlensky said, slicing off his earlobe was meant to represent the damage resulting from police “returning to the use of psychiatry for political goals”.
492:), Dmitrieva wrote that there were no psychiatric abuses and certainly no more than in Western countries. Moreover, the book makes the charge that professor
625:
When war criminal Yuri Budanov was tested at the Institute in 2002, the panel conducting the inquiry was led by Tamara Pechernikova, who had condemned poet
2001:
2575:
2555:
563:, who enjoyed some approval within the Russian Orthodox Church. Dvorkin ranks as “totalitarian sects" both the followers of the painter and Theosophist
447:
The Center underwent many changes after the Soviet Union collapsed. Psychiatry is not used as a weapon against dissenters, according to Center Director
601:
In 2004, proponents of mental health reform failed to prevent the effort by the doctors of the Serbsky Institute to roll back reforms in the landmark
435:
structure", according to the Serbsky Institute professors. Most prisoners, in Viktor Nekipelov’s words, characterized the Serbsky Institute professor
2565:
2525:
416:
was determined as insane in the Serbsky Institute because he "was unshakably convinced of the rightness of his actions" and held "reformist ideas."
1118:
883:
526:
243:
1109:"Psychiatry's Painful Past Resurfaces in Russian Case; Handling of Chechen Murder Reminds Many of Soviet Political Abuse of Mental Health System"
2590:
2570:
2535:
427:", a special form of the illness that supposedly affects only social behavior, with no effect on other traits: "most frequently, ideas about a
278:
1329:
1010:
2450:
2431:
2410:
2361:
2162:
2135:
2105:
2078:
1949:
1312:
1223:
1175:
1063:
553:
505:
too saw him, kept him under observation, and noted oddities of his thinking. But he was eventually allowed to go abroad, as you know… Who?
1015:[The chief psychiatrist of Russia: Gays were previously beaten on the sly, and now their being beaten is discussed] (in Russian).
807:, Pekhterev misses the main point: while living conditions in the Serbsky Institute were not bad compared with living conditions of the
706:
559:
Kondratyev's special department at the Serbsky Center “for studying destructive cults” closely collaborated with the anti-cult activist
1634:
2469:
2391:
2271:
1691:
1464:
253:
858:
2021:
1427:
1221:[On the occasion of 120 years of the birth of Iosif Mandelshtam and 90 years of the establishment of the Serbsky Center].
769:
cut off a piece of his ear while sitting naked outside the Serbsky Center to take a stand against law enforcement's use of forced
661:
by other psychiatrists, and the fact that he was not once cited for aggressive or suicidal behavior during the 16 months of his
844:
psychiatric clinic "associated with the Serbsky Institute," where he is drugged and coerced into revealing the location of the
1814:
1079:
1610:
811:, the Serbsky Institute was the departure point for "patients" who were dispatched to specialized psychiatric hospitals in
680:
instead of the diagnosis of sluggish neurosis-like schizophrenia that Kosenko was treated for over the course of 12 years."
1910:
1334:[Dual personalities: Why are criminals considered healthy, while public figures are considered complete madmen?].
770:
753:
439:
as "no better than the criminal doctors who performed inhuman experiments on the prisoners in Nazi concentration camps."
2585:
2540:
70:
733:
claimed that all professional errors and omissions became unchallengeable because they were the basis of the sentence.
676:"On the basis of a conversation that lasted less than one hour, the specialists made the far more serious diagnosis of
454:
Many psychiatric trials were pursued in order to protect high-ranking officials involved in rapes and murders, such as
2184:
1712:
803:
psychiatrist Pekhterev concluded that allegations against the psychiatrists were self-serving and false. According to
657:
182:
845:
1484:
602:
501:
1676:
1434:
1301:
Human rights and psychiatry in the Russian Federation: Report on the results of monitoring and subject articles
1668:
1358:"Putin orders research into 'social behavior' of LGBT people, sparking speculation about conversion therapy"
1331:Раздвоение личностей: Почему преступников считают здоровыми, а общественных деятелей — законченными психами?
729:
397:
238:
1297:Права человека и психиатрия в Российской Федерации: Доклад по результатам мониторинга и тематические статьи
949:
853:
677:
424:
356:
288:
1295:[Trends in the attitude to human rights in the field of mental health]. In Novikova, A. (ed.).
2349:
1304:
837:
626:
387:
216:Всесою́зный нау́чно-иссле́довательский институ́т о́бщей и суде́бной психиатри́и и́мени В. П. Се́рбского
2257:
653:
202:
146:
451:. The rooms where Soviet dissidents were imprisoned were changed to treat alcohol and drug addicts.
2006:
1739:"Riot convict released from mental hospital", Russian Legal Information Agency (RAPSI), 6 June 2014
1615:
1113:
210:
1919:
1844:
1738:
1630:
662:
420:
409:
2070:
1757:[The psychiatrist as a forensic expert—between hammer and anvil] (in Russian). Polit.ru.
1218:К 120-летию Осипа Мандельштама и 90-летию ГНЦ социальной и судебной психиатрии им. В.П.Сербского
363:
in some cases is a mental disorder and has not been excluded from the list of mental disorders.
320:. One of the main stated purposes of the institute was to assist in forensic psychiatry for the
2465:
2446:
2427:
2406:
2387:
2357:
2267:
2231:
2158:
2131:
2101:
2074:
1923:
1877:
1836:
1788:
1696:
1489:
1460:
1450:
1401:
1308:
1171:
1059:
725:
560:
506:
448:
382:
344:
1646:
1517:[The case of Larisa Arap, or how anyone can be committed to a psychiatric hospital].
2421:
2193:
2121:
1828:
1717:
804:
787:
646:
493:
470:
413:
401:
317:
194:
131:
982:
824:
766:
709:
642:
928:
324:. Moscow Serbsky Institute conducts more than 2,500 court-ordered evaluations per year.
199:Госуда́рственный нау́чный центр социа́льной и суде́бной психиатри́и им. В. П. Се́рбского
2266:] (in Russian). Барнаул : Изд-во организации «Помощь пострадавшим от психиатров» .
2198:
2179:
2063:
1578:
1216:
816:
741:
666:
614:
564:
513:
474:
405:
340:
2042:"Russian artist cuts off earlobe in protest at use of forced psychiatry on dissidents"
1868:[The open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev].
1832:
1779:[The psychiatrist and lawyer comment a new initiative of the Serbsky Center].
2509:
1641:
1588:
1133:
812:
573:
360:
861:
recruits a female patient of the Serbsky Center (incorrectly located in the city of
2046:
1848:
832:
568:
532:
473:), and the reverse (for example, major D. Evsyukov, actor F. Yalovega and diplomat
462:
455:
436:
378:
332:
321:
314:
1774:
1134:"Болезненное прошлое российской психиатрии вновь всплыло в судебном деле Буданова"
39:
2381:
2152:
2125:
2095:
1942:
1452:
Russia and the Cult of State Security: The Chekist Tradition, From Lenin to Putin
1165:
1083:
1049:
904:Государственный научный центр социальной и судебной психиатрии им. В.П. Сербского
2002:"Russian artist who nailed testicles to ground slices off ear to protest police"
1432:[The Ministry of Health gave a diagnosis to the main scholar of sects].
1387:
1251:"Злоупотребление психиатрической властью в России – свидетельствует пресса"
713:
1863:
1545:
1253:[The abuse of psychiatric power in Russia, as witnessed by the press].
1250:
2325:
2288:
2217:
1819:
1752:
1191:
717:
336:
298:
293:
2485:
2235:
1927:
1881:
1792:
1512:
1405:
649:. The court sent Kosenko for open-ended treatment to a psychiatric hospital.
92:
79:
1976:
1456:
1138:
774:
419:
In the 1960s Soviet psychiatry, particularly Serbsky Institute Director Dr.
328:
126:
1908:[Relevant legal issues of forensic-psychiatric expert evaluation].
1903:
1840:
1514:Дело Ларисы Арап или как можно поместить любого в психиатрическую лечебницу
2026:
1392:[Report on the activities of the IPA of Russia in 2000 to 2003].
1293:"Тенденции в отношении к правам человека в области психического здоровья"
1292:
1012:Главный психиатр России: Раньше геев били втихаря, а теперь это обсуждают
791:
432:
119:
114:
744:?”. Savenko called the question inappropriate, unseemly and indelicate.
866:
800:
576:, which are not scientific in nature, it is a symptom of degradation.”
497:
17:
567:(1874-1947) and the religious communities of liberal Orthodox priests
191:
The Serbsky State Scientific Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry
2065:
Psychiatric terror: how Soviet psychiatry is used to suppress dissent
933:
327:
The Institute also claimed leadership in studying different types of
206:
62:
1204:] (in Russian) (5). The Ukrainian Psychiatric Association. 2013.
929:"Serbsky Hospital reveals the secrets of its professional activity"
353:
Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation
1016:
862:
820:
808:
2022:"Pyotr Pavlensky's sliced ear – and three other painful artworks"
213:. In the past, the institution was called the Serbsky Institute (
531:
In the 1990s and the 21st century there were claims, notably by
2330:[The response to an article on the Serbsky Institute].
959:
458:(he was convicted only after more than three years of trials).
2338:] (in Russian) (5). The Ukrainian Psychiatric Association.
1905:Актуальные правовые вопросы судебно-психиатрической экспертизы
1865:Открытое письмо Президенту Российской Федерации Д.А. Медведеву
1815:"Is psychiatry being used for political repression in Russia?"
841:
391:
232:
496:
and other intellectuals were wrong not to cooperate with the
1577:
Pavlova, Svetlana; Polyakovskaya, Elena (28 November 2012).
645:, who took part in the 6 May 2012 protest march at Moscow's
1754:Психиатр как судебный эксперт – между молотом и наковальней
1583:[The case of Kosenko: treatment and compensation].
840:, captured American pilot Mitchell Gant is imprisoned in a
756:
dedicated to the issues of social and forensic psychiatry.
313:
The Institute started in 1921, and was named after Russian
672:
The Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia stated:
641:
On 8 October 2013, a verdict was announced in the case of
1389:Отчетный доклад о деятельности НПА России за 2000–2003 гг
902:
2097:
Behaviour Therapy: Techniques, Research and Applications
1776:Психиатр и юрист о новой инициативе центра им. Сербского
2154:
Two lands, new visions: stories from Canada and Ukraine
1611:"In Russia, Psychiatry Is Again a Tool Against Dissent"
1550:[An attempt to dilute regular democratic law].
848:
aircraft, which he has stolen and flown out of Russia.
347:. The Serbsky Center is now headed by Zurab Kekelidze (
2495:
2222:['Institute of fools' by Viktor Nekipelov].
1768:
1766:
1764:
1692:"War-related stress suspected in sick Chechen girls"
954:[There is no health without mental health].
2336:
The Herald of the Ukrainian Psychiatric Association
1547:Попытка выхолостить очередной демократический закон
1202:
The Herald of the Ukrainian Psychiatric Association
716:, in which Savenko asked Medvedev to submit to the
178:
173:
165:
157:
152:
142:
137:
125:
113:
108:
69:
58:
53:
32:
2062:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
796:Institute of Fools: Notes on the Serbsky Institute
2546:Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
879:Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
857:, episode 16 "There's something about Olga", the
373:Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
2596:Medical research institutes in the Soviet Union
724:On 15 June 2009, the working group chaired by
521:Instrument of oppression in post-Soviet Russia
484:within the country. However, in her 2001 book
1918:] (in Russian) (6). Издательская группа "
1902:Shchukina, Elena ; Shishkov, Sergei (2009).
1544:Vinogradova, Lyubov ; Savenko, Yuri (2006).
989:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia
467:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia
343:. One celebrity treated for an addiction was
214:
8:
1429:Минздрав поставил диагноз главному сектоведу
2211:
2209:
2151:Keefer, Janice; Pavlychko, Solomea (1998).
1159:
1157:
1056:Soviet psychiatry: fallacies and wilfulness
1048:Korotenko, Ada ; Alikina, Natalia (2002).
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
2383:Institute of Fools: Notes from the Serbsky
2127:Institute of fools: notes from the Serbsky
1773:Savenko, Yuri ; Bartenev, Dmitry (2010).
1244:
1242:
1051:Советская психиатрия: Заблуждения и умысел
705:On 28 May 2009, Savenko wrote to the then
221:
29:
2197:
1751:Gushansky, Emmanuil (19 November 2009).
1131:Translation of the article into Russian:
1102:
1100:
689:Role in post-Soviet forensic examinations
2531:Political repression in the Soviet Union
2293:[Ode to the Serbsky Institute].
1478:
1476:
923:
921:
44:Part of the institute building in Moscow
2551:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia
2061:Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1977).
1947:[What do you think of Putin?].
1669:"What made Chechen schoolchildren ill?"
894:
884:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia
527:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia
2521:Government buildings completed in 1921
2327:Отзыв на статью об Институте Сербского
279:Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute
2581:Medical research institutes in Russia
2561:Mental health organizations in Russia
2332:Вестник Ассоциации психиатров Украины
2224:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal
2219:"Институт дураков" Виктора Некипелова
1950:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal
1870:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal
1781:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal
1519:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal
1394:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal
1255:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal
1224:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal
1198:Вестник Ассоциации психиатров Украины
1009:Kekelidze, Zurab (26 January 2013).
981:Kekelidze, Zurab (22 October 2013).
765:In 2014, Russian performance artist
554:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal
359:. Kekelidze is known to believe that
7:
2516:Hospital buildings completed in 1921
1711:Davidoff, Victor (13 October 2013).
1426:Kotova, Ekaterina (5 August 2014).
1328:Mishina, Irina (17 December 2012).
948:Safina, Nailya (23 December 2011).
907:(in Russian). Serbsky.ru. 2011-03-14
2228:The Independent Psychiatric Journal
1955:The Independent Psychiatric Journal
1874:The Independent Psychiatric Journal
1785:The Independent Psychiatric Journal
1523:The Independent Psychiatric Journal
1398:The Independent Psychiatric Journal
1259:The Independent Psychiatric Journal
1107:Glasser, Susan (15 December 2002).
951:Нет здоровья без душевного здоровья
707:President of the Russian Federation
431:are formed by personalities with a
284:Independent Psychiatric Association
2403:Droit d'asiles en Union Soviétique
2000:Walsh, Michael (21 October 2014).
1580:Дело Косенко: лечение и возмещение
1196:[Quote set of the issue].
1058:] (in Russian). Kiev: Сфера .
254:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
25:
2576:Organizations established in 1921
2556:Mental health in the Soviet Union
2100:. Sage Publications. p. 86.
1978:Российский психиатрический журнал
1911:Российский психиатрический журнал
1609:Finn, Peter (30 September 2006).
351:), the chief psychiatrist of the
225:Psychiatry in Russia and the USSR
1813:Clark, Fiona (11 January 2014).
752:In 1997, the Center established
613:In 2012, Ukrainian psychiatrist
512:In June 2023, Russian president
269:Struggle against political abuse
38:
2566:Psychiatric research institutes
2526:Psychiatric hospitals in Russia
2178:Lader, Malcolm (26 July 1980).
1787:] (in Russian) (1): 85–86.
1080:"Who Killed Zviad Gamsakhurdia"
937:(in Russian). 28 November 2001.
550:Independent Psychiatric Journal
2464:. W. W. Norton, Incorporated.
2287:Pekhterev, Valentine (2013).
1639:[Mysterious disease].
656:, former Soviet dissident and
429:struggle for truth and justice
390:to dedicated hospitals in the
235:(managing organ of psychiatry)
1:
2591:1921 establishments in Russia
2571:Organizations based in Moscow
2536:Hospitals established in 1921
2157:. Coteau Books. p. 312.
1957:] (in Russian) (1): 93–94
1916:Russian Journal of Psychiatry
1876:] (in Russian) (2): 5–6.
1833:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62706-3
1690:Murphy, Kim (19 March 2006).
1525:] (in Russian) (3): 75–77
1261:] (in Russian) (2): 87–89
754:Russian Journal of Psychiatry
490:The Alliance of Law and Mercy
423:, introduced the concept of "
412:were among the victims. Gen.
1645:(in Russian). Archived from
1303:] (in Russian). Moscow:
958:(in Russian). Archived from
367:Instrument of Soviet control
355:, whose dissertation was on
2324:Voren, Robert van (2013).
2295:Новости медицины и фармации
2256:Nekipelov, Viktor (2005).
2185:The British Medical Journal
1944:Как Вы относитесь к Путину?
1713:"Soviet Psychiatry Returns"
1485:"Speak Out? Are You Crazy?"
1483:Murphy, Kim (30 May 2006).
1438:(in Russian). No. 107.
658:Radio France Internationale
637:The case of Mikhail Kosenko
584:Denial of Soviet-era abuses
249:Political abuse in the USSR
2612:
2401:Antébi, Elizabeth (1977).
2380:Nekipelov, Viktor (1980).
2356:. New York: Bantam Books.
2299:Medicine and Pharmacy News
2130:. Farrar, Straus, Giroux.
524:
486:Aliyans Prava i Milosediya
370:
27:Hospital in Moscow, Russia
2460:Fireside, Harvey (1982).
2180:"Prisoners of psychiatry"
603:Russian Mental Health Law
244:Political abuse in Russia
215:
198:
49:
37:
2420:Applebaum, Anne (2003).
2326:
2289:
2258:
2230:] (in Russian) (4).
2218:
1977:
1943:
1904:
1864:
1775:
1753:
1677:The Jamestown Foundation
1635:
1579:
1546:
1513:
1428:
1400:] (in Russian) (2).
1388:
1330:
1296:
1217:
1192:
1164:Applebaum, Anne (2003).
1050:
1011:
983:
950:
903:
264:Cases of political abuse
2426:. New York: Doubleday.
2290:Ода Институту Сербского
2216:Savenko, Yuri (2005).
2069:. Basic Books. p.
1941:Savenko, Yuri (2010).
1862:Savenko, Yuri (2009).
1511:Savenko, Yuri (2007).
1386:Savenko, Yuri (2004).
1291:Savenko, Yuri (2004).
1249:Svetova, Zoya (2007).
1215:Savenko, Yuri (2011).
730:Supreme Court of Russia
609:Controversial diagnoses
398:Alexander Esenin-Volpin
239:Mental health in Russia
2264:The Institute of Fools
1558:] (in Russian) (6)
851:In the 1998 TV series
682:
678:paranoid schizophrenia
652:With other witnesses,
595:
425:sluggish schizophrenia
357:sluggish schizophrenia
289:Sluggish schizophrenia
2441:Boulet, Marc (2001).
2094:Jena, S.P.K. (2008).
1449:Fedor, Julie (2011).
1305:Moscow Helsinki Group
1227:(in Russian) (1): 5–7
771:psychiatric treatment
674:
627:Natalya Gorbanevskaya
591:
388:involuntary treatment
93:55.74061°N 37.58787°E
2486:Official Information
2462:Soviet Psychoprisons
2301:] (in Russian).
1631:Litvinovich, Marina
956:Meditsinskaya Gazeta
654:Alexander Podrabinek
539:Religious dissenters
203:psychiatric hospital
147:Psychiatric hospital
2586:Forensic psychiatry
2541:Hospitals in Moscow
2443:Dans la peau d'un..
2405:. Paris: Julliard.
2386:. Victor Gollancz.
2007:New York Daily News
1633:(4 December 2006).
1616:The Washington Post
1114:The Washington Post
1086:on October 27, 2009
962:on December 5, 2013
211:forensic psychiatry
183:Hospitals in Russia
89: /
2050:. 20 October 2014.
2030:. 21 October 2014.
1649:on 18 January 2008
1636:Загадочная болезнь
1121:on 5 November 2012
830:In the 1983 novel
663:pretrial detention
465:, the head of the
421:Andrei Snezhnevsky
410:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
259:Working Commission
209:'s main center of
98:55.74061; 37.58787
2452:978-2-02-038072-0
2433:978-0-7679-0056-0
2412:978-2-260-00065-5
2363:978-0-553-17095-5
2192:(6235): 298–299.
2164:978-1-55050-134-6
2137:978-0-374-17703-4
2122:Nekipelov, Viktor
2107:978-0-7619-3624-4
2080:978-0-465-06488-5
1827:(9912): 114–115.
1697:Los Angeles Times
1556:"Bondage" Almanac
1552:Альманах "Неволя"
1490:Los Angeles Times
1314:978-5-98440-007-7
1177:978-0-7679-0056-0
1065:978-966-7841-36-2
773:to crack down on
726:Tatyana Dmitrieva
561:Alexander Dvorkin
498:police department
449:Tatyana Dmitrieva
345:Vladimir Vysotsky
306:
305:
188:
187:
161:Serbsky Institute
16:(Redirected from
2603:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:Official website
2490:
2475:
2456:
2445:. Paris: Seuil.
2437:
2423:Gulag: A History
2416:
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2368:
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1679:. 30 March 2006.
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1167:Gulag: a history
1161:
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1128:
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1117:. Archived from
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1082:. Archived from
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805:Robert van Voren
788:Viktor Nekipelov
647:Bolotnaya Square
494:Vladimir Serbsky
471:Pyotr Grigorenko
414:Pyotr Grigorenko
402:Viktor Nekipelov
318:Vladimir Serbsky
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1459:. p. 177.
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1364:. 16 June 2023.
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500:in preventing
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854:Seven Days
782:In fiction
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718:State Duma
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