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1204:, a training camp was built and the parachute training was started. Sosabowski himself passed the training and, at 49 years of age, made his first parachute jump. According to relations of Sosabowski's former subordinates, the colonel was a strict yet just commander. Impulsive and harsh, Sosabowski could not stand any opposition. This made the creation of a Polish parachute brigade possible, but also made contacts with his superiors problematic.
1319:, who were fighting a desperate battle against overwhelming odds. However, the distance was too great for the transport aircraft to make a round trip and access to Soviet airfields was denied. The morale of the Polish troops suffered badly and many of the units verged on mutiny. The British staff threatened its Polish counterpart with disarmament of the Brigade, but Sosabowski retained control of his unit. Finally, Polish Commander in Chief
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1435:. This plan was not accepted, and during the last phase of the battle, on 25 and 26 September, Sosabowski led his men southwards, shielding the retreat of the remnants of the 1st Airborne Division. Casualties among the Polish units were high, approaching 40%, and were at least in part, the result of Lieutenant-General Browning's decision to drop the paratroops 7 kilometres from the bridge at Arnhem.
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During the planning for
Operation Market Garden, Sosabowski expressed serious concerns regarding the feasibility of the mission. Among Sosabowski's concerns were the poorly conceived drop zones at Arnhem, the long distances between the landing zones and Arnhem Bridge and that the area would contain a
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the forces of
Sosabowski were outmanned and outgunned, but managed to hold all their objectives. When the general assault on Praga started on 16 September, the 21st Infantry Regiment managed to repel the attacks of German 23rd Infantry Regiment and then successfully counter-attacked and destroyed the
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The message stated that
Sosabowski's brigade performed badly. Churchill could use this claim to put more pressure on Mikołajczyk to cooperate, because it could be argued that one of his most valuable assets, Sosabowski's elite brigade, was no longer useful to the Allied war effort. Montgomery's
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to come to the assistance of the surrounded 1st
Airborne Division. Unfortunately, the ferry they hoped to use had been sunk and the Poles attempting to cross the river in small rubber boats came under heavy fire. Even so, at least 200 men made it across the river and reinforced the embattled
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After this success, Sosabowski was assigned to command all Polish troops fighting in the area of Grochów. Despite constant bombardment and German attacks repeated every day, Sosabowski managed to hold his objectives at relatively low cost in manpower. On 26 September 1939, the forces led by
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into cooperating with Stalin's disciples, or else risk losing
Britain's support for the remainder of the war. From the British perspective, any news that could be beneficial to their coercion tactics would be welcome. The information came on 16 October in a telegram to Field Marshal
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proposed that
Sosabowski reform his unit into a division and fill the remaining posts with British troops. Sosabowski himself would be assigned to the newly formed division and promoted to general. However, Sosabowski refused. Nevertheless, on 15 June 1944 he was promoted to
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Shortly after the war
Sosabowski succeeded in evacuating his wife and only son from Poland. Like many other Polish wartime officers and soldiers who were unable to return to Communist Poland he settled in West London. He found a job as a factory worker at the
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Initially, the French authorities were very reluctant to hand over the badly needed equipment and armament for the Polish unit. Sosabowski's soldiers had to train with pre-World War I weapons. In April 1940, the division was moved to a training camp in
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and was finally handed the weapons awaited since
January, but it was already too late to organise the division. Out of more than 11,000 soldiers, only 3,150 were given arms. Knowing this, the commander of the division General
2306:, veteran of the Battle of Arnhem, states that, after the battle, General Sosabowski was "dismissed, and he lost also his rank in the army and his pension." Major Hibbert calls for the dismissal to be rescinded. YouTube.com
2027:"" (25 February 1984) , "Rescue party at Arnhem", in: The Times (14 November 1944) , "2,000 men return from Arnhem", in: The Times (28 September 1944) and , "Work of Polish Troops in Arnhem", in: The Times (9 October 1944).
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greater German presence than
British intelligence believed. Despite Sosabowski's concerns and warnings from the Dutch Resistance that two SS Panzer Divisions were in the operations area, Market Garden proceeded as planned.
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forces taking part in Market Garden. Due to a shortage of transport aircraft, the brigade was split into several parts before being dropped into the battle. A small part of the brigade with
Sosabowski was parachuted near
1519:. In addition, war correspondents spoke highly of the Polish contribution to Market Garden in the same period as Montgomery was expressing his negative experiences, via Field Marshal Brooke, to Prime Minister Churchill.
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Upon his arrival in London, Sosabowski turned up at the Polish General Staff and was assigned to 4th Rifles Brigade that was to become a core of the future 4th Infantry Division. The unit was to be composed mainly of
1449:, describing the Polish soldiers as having fought bravely and offering awards to ten of his soldiers. However, on 14 October 1944, Montgomery wrote another letter, this time to the British commanders, in which he
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1588:". In part this was the result of a Dutch TV documentary depicting the brigade as having played a far more significant role in Market Garden than had been hitherto acknowledged. In this film by
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1468:, "The worst thing that a subordinate can do is to question orders and to be proved right." Sosabowski had expressed doubts about the feasibility of the Market Garden Operation.
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telegram is exceptional to his behavior in that timeframe. Two days prior to the telegram he was praising the Polish contribution to the war, while six weeks later he awarded a
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Pictures of this event available at the archive of the city of Breda (25 November 1944). Picture shows Montgomery decorating soldiers from the Polish 1st Armoured Division.
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679:. However, the death of his father and the poor financial situation of his family forced him to abandon his studies and return to Stanislau. There he became a member of
762:, in 1928 he was finally assigned to a front-line unit, the 75th Infantry Regiment, as commanding officer of a battalion. The following year he was assigned to the 3rd
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Despite the difficult situation, at a staff meeting on 24 September, Sosabowski suggested that the battle could still be won. He proposed that the combined forces of
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Sosabowski bloodily repelled the last German attack, but two days later Warsaw capitulated. On 29 September, shortly before the Polish forces left Warsaw for German
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1482:'s request, the Polish delegation arrived in Moscow on 12 October 1944. Upon arrival, Churchill told them to be present at the discussions between himself,
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arrived in Great Britain. The Brigade was ready to be dropped by parachute into Warsaw to aid their comrades from the underground Polish
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were to arrive by sea, which prevented the brigade from being deployed effectively. Three times Sosabowski attempted to cross the
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1845:"Market Garden 65 Years On: Reflections of a Tragedy | Armchair General | Armchair General Magazine - We Put YOU in Command!"
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1561:. He died in London on 25 September 1967. In 1969, Sosabowski's remains were returned to Poland, where he was reinterred at
1603:, the town where the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade fought. Among the speakers at the ceremony were the mayor of
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were to be the first element of the Polish Army in Exile to reach their homeland. Hence the unofficial motto of the unit:
1211:. Since the Polish General Staff planned to use the Brigade to assist a national uprising in Poland, the soldiers of the
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Sosabowski was eventually made the commander of rearguard troops and was demobilized in July 1948. He was portrayed by
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Source document (Imperial War museum, London) Telegram from Bernard Montgomery to Sir Alan Brooke (16 October 1944)
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to the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade. The brigade's commander, Sosabowski, was posthumously awarded the "
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924:. The routed 8th Division was being reconstructed, but the 21st Regiment was attached to the corps led by general
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Sosabowski for the failure of Market Garden. Sosabowski was accused of criticizing Montgomery, and the
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Then, Sosabowski decided to transform his brigade into a Parachute Brigade, the first such unit in the
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on 19 September, but the rest of the brigade arrived only on 21 September at the distant town of
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was abandoned. It was not until after the war that General Sosabowski learnt that his son,
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and became the commanding officer of the 9th Polish Legions Infantry Regiment stationed in
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758:. After he finished his studies he was assigned to the Polish General Staff. Promoted to
548:; 8 May 1892 – 25 September 1967) was a Polish general in World War II. He fought in the
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coast. On 19 June 1940, Sosabowski with approximately 6,000 Polish soldiers arrived at
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2147:"Market Garden 1944 - Major Tony Hibbert's call to honour Polish General Sosabowski"
1200:. The volunteers came from all the formations of the Polish Army. In Largo House in
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Market Garden 1944—Major Tony Hibbert’s call to honour Polish General Sosabowski
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Polish Lublin Committee. Consequently, Churchill coerced Polish Prime Minister
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Honor Generała – documentary TV POLONIA 2008, directed by Joanna Pieciukiewicz
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Rifles Regiment as its deputy commander. From 1930 he was also a professor of
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and its secondary objectives, the rest of the division was surrounded by the
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1621:. Sosabowski is one of many Polish historical figures honoured in the Park.
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and destroyed. After that Sosabowski ordered his troops to retreat towards
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Sosabowski was promoted to major and in 1922 he started his studies at the
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and in 1910 he was accepted as a student of the faculty of economy of the
17:
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Sosabowski's wider role in the Anglo-Polish relations versus Soviet Union
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After the battle, on 5 October 1944, Sosabowski received a letter from
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and in the early morning of the following day it entered combat in the
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The Battle of Arnhem: The Deadliest Airborne Operation of World War II
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awarded Col. Sosabowski and the whole 21st Infantry Regiment with the
1951:
Memoirs of The Second World War. Vol.IV Triumph and Tragedy 1943-1945
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667:. His father was a railway worker. Sosabowski graduated from a local
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2161:"Odsłonięcie pomnika gen. Sosabowskiego w Krakowie. Zobacz zdjęcia!"
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in October 1944, a turning point came in Anglo-Polish relations. On
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In October 1942 the Brigade was ready for combat and was named the
2011:"Sosabowski and the Polish position after Operation Market Garden"
1979:"Sosabowski and the Polish position after Operation Market Garden"
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put the Brigade under British command, and the plan to send it to
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715:. For his bravery, he was awarded several medals and promoted to
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made a video appeal for Sosabowski to be pardoned and honoured.
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said the Poles deserved to be honoured with at least a medal.
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1503:, who was present in Moscow as Churchill's military advisor.
781:. In January 1939 he became the commander of the prestigious
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organisation. He was soon promoted to the head of all Polish
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The Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade was among the
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Instantly upon arrival, Sosabowski was ordered to man the
1544:
The resting place of General Sosabowski and his family,
1607:, as well as Sosabowski's grandson and great-grandson.
2410:
Honorary commanders of the Order of the British Empire
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Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
1617:
His bust was unveiled on 1 September 2013 in Kraków's
1042:
Following the Polish surrender, Sosabowski was made a
2405:
Recipients of the Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland)
1762:
Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1599:
The following day, on 1 June, a ceremony was held at
890:, where it was planned as a strategic reserve of the
703:
Army. After training, he was promoted to the rank of
943:, the eastern borough of Warsaw, against the German
882:
started his unit was moved from its garrison in the
785:-based 21st "Children of Warsaw" Infantry Regiment.
2175:"Royal Honours – Military williams Order for Poles"
2106:"Royal Honours – Military williams Order for Poles"
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165:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2340:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
2261:Juliusz L Englert and Krzysztof Barbarski (1996).
863:scheme, Sosabowski's regiment was attached to the
1695:He was awarded many military honours, including:
905:. Although the 21st Regiment managed to capture
1106:, whence they were evacuated to Great Britain.
647:Stanisław Sosabowski was born on 8 May 1892 in
2132:"The process of Polish rehabilitation in 2006"
1897:"Lessons Learned from Operation Market Garden"
897:On 2 September the division was moved towards
920:On 8 September Sosabowski's unit reached the
8:
730:Sosabowski volunteered for the newly formed
1663:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1279:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1010:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
827:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
610:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2400:Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
1963:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1342:, had lost his sight during the uprising.
711:in the battles of Rzeszów, Dukla Pass and
277:
254:
2370:Polish military personnel of World War II
1833:Sosabowski Stanisław at Encyclopedia PWN.
1683:Learn how and when to remove this message
1610:In the summer of 2012 1st Airborne Major
1299:Learn how and when to remove this message
1168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1098:ordered his unit to withdraw towards the
1030:Learn how and when to remove this message
847:Learn how and when to remove this message
699:In 1913, Sosabowski was drafted into the
630:Learn how and when to remove this message
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
2302:Ten-minute video interview, June 2012.
2023:Richard Lamb, "Polish at Arnhem", in: ""
1054:under a false name, where he joined the
566:Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade
86:This article includes a list of general
2395:Recipients of the Cross of Independence
2345:Military personnel from Ivano-Frankivsk
1928:. New York: Random House. p. 397.
1825:
1078:as the commanding officer of infantry.
2375:Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
1956:
1913:from the original on 19 February 2017.
1050:. However, he escaped and remained in
663:and is now Ivano-Frankivsk in western
514:Knight's Cross of the Virtuti Militari
683:, a semi-clandestine Polish national
543:
7:
2350:Burials at Powązki Military Cemetery
1869:Beevor, Antony (11 September 2018).
1661:adding citations to reliable sources
1461:of his brigade on 27 December 1944.
1277:adding citations to reliable sources
1146:adding citations to reliable sources
1008:adding citations to reliable sources
825:adding citations to reliable sources
608:adding citations to reliable sources
163:adding citations to reliable sources
2263:General Sosabowski/Major Sosabowski
1789:Polish contribution to World War II
1715:Commander's Cross with Star of the
1501:Chief of the Imperial General Staff
1364:Gen. Sosabowski (left) with Lt-Gen
773:In 1937 Sosabowski was promoted to
1594:Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands
1445:, commander of the Anglo-Canadian
1311:In early August 1944, news of the
92:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1209:1st Independent Parachute Brigade
1070:, he arrived in Paris, where the
450:1st Independent Parachute Brigade
47:This article has multiple issues.
2290:History of the family Sosabowski
2223:George F. Cholewczynski (1990).
2204:George F. Cholewczynski (1993).
2071:SOSABOWSKI, Stanislaw Franciscek
1766:
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1746:
1736:
1726:
1710:
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1457:was forced to remove him as the
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1118:
980:
797:
728:Poland regained its independence
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545:[staˈɲiswafsɔsaˈbɔfskʲi]
518:
508:
378:
363:
139:
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36:
2385:Knights of the Virtuti Militari
2145:PublicEnquiry (5 August 2012).
1794:Polish Armed Forces in the West
1752:Gold Cross of Merit with Swords
1329:Stanisław "Stasinek" Sosabowski
532:Stanisław Franciszek Sosabowski
150:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
2380:Jagiellonian University alumni
723:and withdrawn from the front.
564:, in 1944 as commander of the
1:
2415:Recipients of the Bronze Lion
2242:Stanislaw Sosabowski (1982).
1515:and decorated members of the
1395:British 1st Airborne Division
1517:Polish 1st Armoured Division
1464:In the opinion of historian
1338:, a medic and member of the
1076:Polish 4th Infantry Division
1062:. After a long trip through
1046:and interned at a camp near
878:. Shortly before the German
2365:Polish Rifle Squads members
1949:Churchill, Winston (1959).
1509:Distinguished Service Order
1184:Colonel Sosabowski, c. 1942
2431:
1717:Order of Polonia Restituta
1578:Beatrix of the Netherlands
1370:British 1st Airborne Corps
1349:
1072:Polish government in exile
939:defensive area and defend
1582:Military Order of William
1563:Powązki Military Cemetery
1546:Powązki Military Cemetery
345:Powązki Military Cemetery
276:
2355:Polish Austro-Hungarians
2315:Generals of World War II
1576:, on 31 May 2006, Queen
859:According to the Polish
726:In November 1918, after
719:. In 1915, he was badly
2208:. Sarpedon Publishers.
2046:Internet Movie Database
1352:Operation Market Garden
789:Invasion of Poland 1939
673:Jagiellonian University
643:Early years and studies
562:Operation Market Garden
370:Austro–Hungarian Empire
107:more precise citations.
1953:. London. p. 885.
1924:Olson, Lynne` (2017).
1742:Polish Cross of Valour
1704:Knight's Cross of the
1549:
1373:
1185:
945:10th Infantry Division
752:Higher Military School
656:
445:21st Infantry Regiment
385:Second Polish Republic
174:"Stanisław Sosabowski"
2246:. Battery Press Inc.
1778:, posthumously, 2006)
1732:Cross of Independence
1543:
1526:in the 1977 war film
1492:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1466:Michael Alfred Peszke
1363:
1183:
865:8th Infantry Division
709:Imperial Russian Army
572:Early military career
541:Polish pronunciation:
420:Years of service
406:Austro-Hungarian Army
2227:. Uitgeverij Lunet.
2149:– via YouTube.
1657:improve this section
1455:Polish General Staff
1415:British paratroopers
1321:Kazimierz Sosnkowski
1273:improve this section
1217:by the shortest road
1142:improve this section
1074:assigned him to the
1004:improve this section
821:improve this section
691:groups in the area.
659:), in what was then
604:improve this section
263:Stanisław Sosabowski
159:improve this article
1849:armchairgeneral.com
1774:Award for Bravery (
1368:, commander of the
1226:In September 1943,
770:at his alma mater.
681:Drużyny Strzeleckie
552:of 1939 and at the
2225:De Polen van Driel
1814:Władysław Sikorski
1557:assembly plant in
1550:
1459:commanding officer
1443:Bernard Montgomery
1426:Lieutenant-General
1374:
1366:Frederick Browning
1236:Brigadier General.
1231:Frederick Browning
1228:Lieutenant-General
1186:
880:invasion of Poland
760:lieutenant colonel
481:Invasion of Poland
411:Polish Land Forces
2134:. 6 January 2016.
2067:"TracesOfWar.com"
2013:. 6 January 2016.
1981:. 6 January 2016.
1935:978-0-8129-9735-4
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1473:Moscow Conference
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748:Polish-Soviet War
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524:Dutch Bronze Lion
471:Polish-Soviet War
322:25 September 1967
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2040:A Bridge Too Far
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1926:Last Hope Island
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1804:Stanisław Maczek
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1529:A Bridge Too Far
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432:Major General
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2185:16 September
2183:. Retrieved
2179:the original
2169:
2155:
2140:
2126:
2116:16 September
2114:. Retrieved
2110:the original
2100:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2039:
2032:
2019:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1973:
1950:
1944:
1925:
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1891:
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1854:30 September
1852:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1828:
1721:posthumously
1694:
1679:
1670:
1655:Please help
1643:
1616:
1612:Tony Hibbert
1609:
1598:
1580:awarded the
1571:
1551:
1527:
1524:Gene Hackman
1521:
1505:
1470:
1463:
1437:
1419:
1404:, while the
1402:Roy Urquhart
1379:
1375:
1310:
1295:
1286:
1271:Please help
1259:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1195:
1187:
1164:
1155:
1140:Please help
1128:
1080:
1041:
1026:
1017:
1002:Please help
990:
954:
952:enemy unit.
930:
919:
896:
861:mobilisation
858:
843:
834:
819:Please help
807:
772:
745:
725:
698:
685:paramilitary
646:
626:
617:
602:Please help
590:
531:
530:
476:World War II
459:Battles/wars
324:(1967-09-25)
239:
221:
215:January 2013
212:
202:
195:
188:
181:
169:
157:Please help
152:verification
149:
119:
110:
91:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
2335:1967 deaths
2330:1892 births
2295:A Biography
2206:Poles Apart
1875:. Penguin.
1799:Cichociemni
1776:Netherlands
1772:Bronze Lion
1619:Jordan Park
1586:Bronze Lion
1511:to General
1451:scapegoated
1332: [
1198:Polish Army
1092: [
892:Modlin Army
872: [
867:under Col.
732:Polish Army
695:World War I
657:Stanisławów
558:Netherlands
466:World War I
388:(1918–1946)
373:(1913–1918)
105:introducing
2324:Categories
2198:References
2076:22 October
2051:22 October
1605:Overbetuwe
1104:La Pallice
960:, General
746:After the
356:Allegiance
329:Hillingdon
314:, Ukraine)
296:8 May 1892
292:1892-05-08
185:newspapers
88:references
52:improve it
18:Sosabowski
2025:The Times
1959:cite book
1820:Footnotes
1644:does not
1574:The Hague
1488:Communist
1480:Churchill
1422:XXX Corps
1406:howitzers
1317:Home Army
1260:does not
1129:does not
1084:Parthenay
991:does not
958:captivity
911:Wehrmacht
907:Przasnysz
888:Ciechanów
808:does not
768:logistics
669:gymnasium
649:Stanislau
591:does not
423:1913–1946
335:, England
299:Stanislau
58:talk page
1908:Archived
1783:See also
1548:, Warsaw
1486:and the
1424:, under
1100:Atlantic
1048:Żyrardów
937:Kamionek
935:and the
705:corporal
689:Scouting
438:Commands
397:Service/
1723:, 1988)
1665:removed
1650:sources
1471:At the
1281:removed
1266:sources
1150:removed
1135:sources
1068:Romania
1064:Hungary
1012:removed
997:sources
968:medal.
933:Grochów
829:removed
814:sources
775:colonel
764:Podhale
713:Gorlice
665:Ukraine
612:removed
597:sources
303:Galicia
199:scholar
101:improve
2269:
2250:
2231:
2212:
1932:
1879:
1625:Awards
1567:Warsaw
1499:, the
1382:Allied
1325:Warsaw
1052:Warsaw
972:France
915:Warsaw
783:Warsaw
779:Zamość
756:Warsaw
736:Warsaw
677:Kraków
653:Polish
504:Awards
399:branch
349:Warsaw
340:Buried
333:London
201:
194:
187:
180:
172:
90:, but
1911:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1601:Driel
1559:Acton
1433:Rhine
1410:Rhine
1391:Grave
1387:Driel
1340:Kedyw
1336:]
1096:]
941:Praga
899:Mława
876:]
310:(now
206:JSTOR
192:books
2267:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2187:2009
2118:2009
2078:2006
2053:2006
1965:link
1930:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1856:2018
1648:any
1646:cite
1354:and
1264:any
1262:cite
1202:Fife
1133:any
1131:cite
1066:and
995:any
993:cite
812:any
810:cite
595:any
593:cite
428:Rank
319:Died
286:Born
178:news
1659:by
1572:In
1565:in
1275:by
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1144:by
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1719:(
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240:(
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189:·
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120:(
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64:(
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