1992:
2815:
190:
2837:
1503:
140:
3593:
1134:– attempting to develop theoretical justifications for the political authority of the Seljuk sultans within the framework of the formal supreme authority of the recognized caliphs. In general, the theories maintained that all legitimate authority derived from the caliph, but that it was delegated to sovereign rulers whom the caliph recognized. Al-Ghazali, for example, argued that while the caliph was the guarantor of Islamic law (
3569:
3552:
3500:
2826:
1804:
3517:
3424:
1638:
43:
3534:
3483:
3465:
2804:
3441:
1361:
1558:, as the position of main consort eroded over the course of the 17th century, with the main consort losing the title of "sultan", which was replaced by "kadin", a title related to the earlier "khatun". Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title "sultan".
1211:
at the time) as the caliph and universal leader of all
Muslims. This conflation of sultan and caliph became more clearly emphasized in the 19th century during the Ottoman Empire's territorial decline, when Ottoman authorities sought to cast the sultan as the leader of the entire Muslim community in
1529:
Western tradition knows the
Ottoman ruler as "sultan", but Ottomans themselves used "padişah" (emperor) or "hünkar" to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of "sultan" together with "khan" (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also
1059:, ultimate power and authority was theoretically held by the caliph, who was considered the leader of the caliphate. The increasing political fragmentation of the Muslim world after the 8th century, however, challenged this consensus. Local governors with administrative authority held the title of
1179:
and were still nominally recognized by the latter. However, from this time on they effectively had no authority and were not universally recognized across the Sunni Muslim world. As protectors of the line of the
Abbasid caliphs, the Mamluks recognized themselves as sultans and the Muslim scholar
860:
1021:
are the only independent countries which retain the title "sultan" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is
1180:
Khalil al-Zahiri argued that only they could hold that title. Nonetheless, in practice, many Muslim rulers of this period were now using the title as well. Mongol rulers (who had since converted to Islam) and other
Turkish rulers were among those who did so.
853:
1224:
captured Cairo in 1517, the last descendant of the
Abbasids in Cairo formally passed on the position of caliph to him. This combination thus elevated the sultan's religious or spiritual authority, in addition to his formal political authority.
846:
2314:
2337:: two incumbents (from the Omani dynasty) since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices; since 1964 union with Tanganyika (part of
1087:. Towards the late 10th century, the term "sultan" begins to be used to denote an individual ruler with practically sovereign authority, although the early evolution of the term is complicated and difficult to establish.
4090:
1517:
By the beginning of the 16th century, the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the
Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably
953:, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty (i.e., not having dependence on any higher ruler) without claiming the overall
4128:
1538:, son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of the reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names, for example:
4083:
4052:
1991:
4076:
4361:
2814:
1003:), though both refer to a sovereign ruler. The use of "sultan" is restricted to Muslim countries, where the title carries religious significance, contrasting the more secular
4248:
4283:
4278:
4806:
4145:
4140:
3924:
Kramers, J.H.; Bosworth, C.E.; Schumann, O.; Kane, Ousmane (2012). "Sulṭān". In
Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
3886:
3847:
1455:
1454:, after 11 October 1917. They enjoyed these titles for life, even after the Royal Rescript regulating the styles and titles of the Royal House following Egypt's
4201:
1530:
entitled "sultan", with imperial princes (Şehzade) carrying the title before their given name, and imperial princesses carrying it after. For example:
4354:
4243:
4196:
4121:
1048:
initially designated a kind of moral authority or spiritual power (as opposed to political power), and it is used in this sense several times in the
2084:
1535:
4321:
4271:
4223:
2106:
1035:
4236:
4216:
4231:
4183:
4173:
3841:
1204:
2433:(Bamun, 17th century, founded uniting 17 chieftaincies) 1918 becomes a sultanate, but in 1923 re-divided into the 17 original chieftaincies.
4347:
4313:
4288:
3433:
3348:("Pacified South State", a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province) is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan.
2102:
1229:
1949:), on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula, still an independent sultanate, since 1744 (assumed the formal title of Sultan in 1861)
1597:
type of military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles such as
2516:
established; December 11, 1894, under Congo Free State protectorate, April 12, 1909, under French protectorate; 1923 Sultanate suppressed
1171:
in 1258, which eliminated the remnants of
Abbasid political power. Henceforth, the surviving descendants of the Abbasid caliphs lived in
4836:
4010:
2840:
1423:
4035:
3880:
3574:
1685:
126:
2504:
Sultanate, April 8, 1892, under Congo Free State protectorate, March 31, 1909, under French protectorate; 1939 Sultanate suppressed
3780:
4133:
2598:
most monarchies previously had native titles, but when most in the north converted to Islam, Muslim titles were adopted, such as
1957:
4791:
4446:
4211:
4099:
3602:
1140:), coercive power was required to enforce the law in practice and the leader who exercised that power directly was the sultan.
165:
4811:
4116:
3809:
1663:
1228:
During this later period, the title of sultan was still used outside the
Ottoman Empire as well, as with the examples of the
64:
4816:
4306:
4725:
3606:
3592:
147:
2836:
4821:
4771:
4740:
4720:
4429:
4150:
3751:
2334:
2318:
1418:– a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan
1106:
adopted this title after defeating the
Ghaznavid Empire and taking control of an even larger territory which included
834:
233:
2653:: Sultan had a different meaning. It was a high title of honour, superior to Amir and Sardar, but ranking below Shah.
1648:
107:
4715:
4550:
2532:
1857:
79:
3939:
Duri, A.A. (2012). "Amīr". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
1667:
1652:
1502:
53:
4841:
4684:
4414:
4328:
2326:
1237:
189:
4710:
4582:
3379:
3207:
2466:
1978:
1317:
1301:
1208:
1176:
143:
3051:
86:
3064:
4831:
4826:
4801:
4776:
4766:
4594:
4527:
4451:
4424:
4168:
3557:
3470:
3002:
2991:
2179:
1996:
1659:
1233:
1164:
60:
31:
3358:
1126:, their own political power clearly overshadowed the latter. This led to various Muslim scholars – notably
4633:
4468:
3038:
2897:
2720:
2650:
2582:
2393:
2251:
2212:
1903:
1419:
1383:(meaning the "Pearl of Rulers" or "Honoured Monarch") – a subsidiary title, part of the full style of the
1217:
492:
3097:
1778:, members of the Ekhtiyar al-Din family governed Baneh as Sultans defending against the Ottoman frontier)
4786:
4781:
4458:
4441:
4057:
3404:
3202:
3131:
2873:
2792:
2745:
2674:
2357:
title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan:
2322:
2008:
1490:
930:
789:
650:
611:
93:
4599:
1554:. The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between the
1187:
conquered the Mamluk Empire and became the indisputable leading Sunni Muslim power across most of the
1073:", later also "prince") and were appointed by the caliph, but in the 9th century some of these became
4339:
4301:
4178:
3539:
3488:
3302:
3297:
3275:
3212:
3177:
3092:
3077:
2996:
2959:
2704:
2385:
2173:
2167:
2157:
2095:
4735:
4645:
4463:
4378:
3374:
3240:
3234:
3183:
3157:
3082:
2954:
2905:
2865:
2830:
2666:
2627:
2029:
2016:
1718:
1405:
75:
139:
4160:
3522:
3270:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3192:
3163:
3087:
3007:
2981:
2918:
2779:
2709:
2689:
2218:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2088:
1983:
1879:
1555:
1526:
for men). This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.
4068:
3833:ʻAbbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of ʻAbbasid Studies, Cambridge, 6–10 July 2002
1122:. While the Seljuks acknowledged the caliphs in Baghdad formally as the universal leader of the
3069:
4700:
4402:
4392:
4031:
4006:
3876:
3837:
3504:
3446:
3384:
3335:
3217:
3169:
2928:
2852:
2768:
2750:
2741:
2683:
2656:
2631:
2302:
2240:
2206:
2083:
2064:
1853:
1775:
1531:
1394:
1325:
1111:
228:
157:
3870:
3831:
1163:. Views about the office of the sultan further developed during the crisis that followed the
4761:
4480:
4370:
4266:
4191:
3598:
3429:
3316:
3260:
3127:
2971:
2889:
2807:
2783:
2756:
2662:
2528:
2483:
2430:
2376:
2352:
2112:
1961:
1867:
1836:
1781:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1547:
1441:
1297:
1257:
1241:
1095:
1056:
879:
482:
397:
961:
of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic", and the
4796:
4505:
4490:
4409:
4374:
3399:
3287:
3265:
2774:
2762:
2728:
2716:
2699:
2694:
2678:
2670:
2612:
2538:
2447:
2298:
2147:
1973:
1891:
1831:
1795:
1750:
1309:
1284:
1249:
1200:
1156:
1152:
995:
976:
947:
925:
914:
906:
477:
278:
243:
3043:
3387:(Sulu, Basilan, Palawan and Tawi-Tawi islands and part of eastern Sabah on North Borneo)
4638:
4293:
4256:
3772:
3147:
3118:
3102:
3029:
3024:
2975:
2818:
2732:
2724:
2368:
2118:
2070:
2040:
1942:
1841:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1617:
1613:
1590:
1562:
1511:
1476:
1321:
1196:
1184:
1183:
The position of sultan and caliph began to blend together in the 16th century when the
962:
1803:
4755:
4623:
4515:
3663:
3624:
3353:
3113:
2576:
2161:
2151:
2134:
2130:
2092:
1551:
1543:
1507:
1399:
1372:
These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message, e.g.:
1337:
1336:
are known as "permaisuri", "Tunku Ampuan", "Raja Perempuan", or "Tengku Ampuan". The
1313:
1168:
1103:
934:
824:
702:
536:
502:
402:
328:
318:
213:
100:
4532:
4500:
4419:
3629:
3331:
2999:(was divided into two kingdoms: the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Sunanan Surakarta)
2978:
and Kraton Kacirebonan (only in Kraton Kaprabonan was the ruler's title Panembahan)
2825:
2787:
2736:
2486:
2271:
1920:
1883:
1807:
1598:
1570:
1566:
1539:
1293:
1213:
1192:
774:
762:
732:
727:
645:
556:
442:
407:
387:
367:
298:
181:
173:
3801:
4667:
4660:
4587:
4475:
4435:
3688:
3367:
3345:
3283:
2372:
2138:
1637:
1328:
is styled as the "panguian" while the sultan's chief wife in many sultanates of
1244:
founded in the 17th century). It was, however, not used as a sovereign title by
1188:
1143:
The position of sultan continued to grow in importance during the period of the
1099:
938:
670:
551:
546:
497:
417:
293:
42:
3056:
2803:
965:
and territories ruled by a sultan, as well as his office, are referred to as a
4705:
4677:
4655:
4565:
3712:
3578:
3568:
2923:
2860:
2244:
2122:
1907:
1895:
1887:
1569:) elected by clans, i.e. a kind of prince. The best of sultans was elected as
1388:
1245:
1131:
1127:
1091:
601:
541:
437:
333:
177:
1256:, who controlled the largest Shi'a Muslim state of this era, mainly used the
4628:
4604:
4560:
4555:
4510:
4495:
4397:
3678:
3619:
3197:
3187:
3012:
2848:
2472:
2457:
1594:
1365:
1329:
1270:, by contrast, was mainly given to provincial governors within their realm.
1080:
954:
829:
814:
804:
655:
427:
412:
377:
169:
3743:
3722:
630:
2489:, 1894 under French protectorate; 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French.
1324:
are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the
4570:
4485:
4108:
3693:
3561:
3551:
3508:
3499:
3392:
3226:
3138:(on Malaya) Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud
2913:
2568:
2548:
2424:
2397:
2381:
2338:
2142:
2126:
2050:
1871:
1817:
1574:
1451:
1384:
1333:
1144:
1084:
1075:
1014:
958:
799:
757:
713:
680:
675:
665:
596:
592:
576:
512:
487:
432:
288:
263:
223:
218:
2313:
4730:
4650:
3637:
3290:
confederation, had the style Sultan in addition to his principal title
3142:
2967:
2595:
2451:
2277:
2255:
2004:
1953:
1899:
1875:
1863:
1621:
1221:
1148:
1115:
1107:
1023:
809:
752:
722:
625:
571:
531:
462:
372:
238:
199:
17:
4672:
4609:
4575:
4522:
3717:
3668:
3648:
3633:
3526:
3516:
3423:
3309:
3166:, in 1816 extinguished by Netherlands East Indies colonial government
3135:
2986:
2623:
2586:
2561:
2441:
2436:
2349:
2259:
2258:, the normally used styles were alternative native titles, including
2224:
2044:
1911:
1825:
1712:
1586:
1565:
a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty (a direct descendants of
1427:
1341:
1160:
1136:
1010:
819:
794:
779:
685:
561:
507:
472:
452:
392:
357:
344:
303:
248:
203:
2572:
1616:, the rank of sultan was roughly equivalent to that of a modern-day
1360:
3237:, where all seven of the country's present sultanates are located:
2414:
This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe.
1266:, a tradition which continued under subsequent dynasties. The term
1090:
The first major figure to clearly grant himself this title was the
4615:
3698:
3683:
3543:
3533:
3492:
3482:
3474:
3464:
3324:
2941:
2884:
2835:
2824:
2813:
2802:
2635:
2557:
2542:
2507:
2495:
2362:
2312:
2293:
2263:
2228:
2023:
2012:
1990:
1967:
1931:
1849:
1802:
1789:
1771:
1602:
1501:
1462:
1446:
1409:
1404:
Certain secondary titles have a devout Islamic connotation; e.g.,
1359:
1172:
1123:
1049:
997:
784:
737:
717:
697:
641:
620:
566:
527:
467:
457:
447:
422:
382:
323:
308:
268:
3708:
3703:
3673:
3658:
3642:
3450:
3440:
2949:
2933:
2600:
2522:
2058:
1938:
1926:
1764:
1606:
1486:
1434:
1262:
1253:
1119:
1079:
independent rulers who founded their own dynasties, such as the
1070:
1018:
747:
660:
616:
581:
523:
362:
352:
348:
283:
259:
208:
4343:
4072:
4028:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
1026:, whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in 1957.
937:
meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the
933:
with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic
3653:
3162:
Awak Sungai, established 17th century at the split in four of
2297:, this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the
1631:
897:
742:
606:
313:
36:
1352:
suffixed, should the queen consort also be a royal princess.
1220:. As part of this narrative, it was claimed that when Sultan
2015:(king) on August 14, 1957, maintaining the subsidiary style
1485:– a title meaning King of the Nation, given to 18th-century
1296:
monarchs and sultan's mothers and chief consorts. However,
1098:(r. 998–1030 CE) who controlled an empire over present-day
3981:
Turan, Ebru (2009). "Sultan". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).
1118:
was the first leader to adopt the epithet "sultan" on his
2564:
alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers:
2492:
Dar al-Kuti – French protectorate since December 12, 1897
1007:, which is used in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries.
888:
4003:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
1458:, when the sons and daughters of the newly styled king (
1292:
and this title has been used legally for some (not all)
1620:
in the West; socially in the fifth-rank class, styled '
1147:, when leaders who held the title of "sultan" (such as
2400:): of Hadimu, on the island of that name; also styled
1426:
since 1914), who bore it with their primary titles of
885:
2581:
the Sarkin Damagaram since the 1731 founding of the
1699:
Sultanates in the Balkans, Anatolia and Central Asia
1470:
1460:
1432:
1312:
uses the same words for both women and men (such as
894:
891:
4693:
4543:
4385:
4159:
4107:
3562:
Malaysian State of Selangor, the Abode of Sincerity
3527:
Malaysian State of Pahang, the Abode of Tranquility
882:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3134:by secession in 1818 under the expelled sultan of
1040:The word derives from the Arabic and Semitic root
166:Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks
3579:Malaysian State of Terengganu, the Abode of Faith
1469:, considered a promotion) were granted the title
1412:(to strive and to struggle in the name of Allah).
3872:The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works
3509:Malaysian State of Kelantan, the Abode of Bliss
3186:(Darussalam), also holding the higher title of
3016:, a high-ranked monarch, equivalent to emperor)
1753:and a few others. A sultan ranked below a khan.
1199:. The 16th-century Ottoman scholar and jurist,
3475:Malaysian State of Johor, The Abode of Dignity
2305:(presently the continental part of Tanzania).
2209:, in Somaliland, Djibouti and eastern Ethiopia
4355:
4084:
3493:Malaysian State of Kedah, the Abode of Safety
2634:and premier traditional Muslim leader in the
854:
8:
3983:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
3544:Malaysian State of Perak, the Abode of Grace
1102:and the surrounding region. Soon after, the
1064:
989:
970:
941:
27:Noble title with several historical meanings
3542:, Sultan, Yang di-Pertuan and the Ruler of
2962:– the rulers in three of the four palaces (
2247:coast (also several neighbouring sheikdoms)
1666:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4362:
4348:
4340:
4091:
4077:
4069:
2115:, in southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia
1852:, various small sultanates of the defunct
1585:In a number of post-caliphal states under
861:
847:
152:
3959:Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Sultan".
3035:Sultanate of Honimoa/ Siri Sori (Saparua)
1686:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3344:(Leader of the Community of Muslims) of
3286:, one of the constitutive states of the
2821:, last undisputed Susuhunan of Surakarta
2329:. Photograph taken between 1902 and 1911
2082:
138:
4807:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
3735:
3607:Indonesian Special Region of Yogyakarta
3432:, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Negara of
2107:Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
1398:– the sultanic equivalent of the style
1036:Timeline of 11th-century Muslim history
164:
3941:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3926:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
2773:Sultanate of Laccadive and Cannanore:
2551:(actually a wandering group of tribes)
2227:, in south eastern Somalia centred in
4030:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3996:
3994:
3992:
2439:, founded in 1770 – initially styled
1550:, Suleiman's chief consort and first
924:
7:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3850:from the original on 27 January 2024
3434:Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace
2810:, the incumbent Sultan of Yogyakarta
2103:Somali aristocratic and court titles
1664:adding citations to reliable sources
1155:) led the confrontation against the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3961:The Islamic World: Past and Present
3507:, Al-Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of
3152:Sultan Berdaulat Zillullah fil-Alam
2291:Apparently derived from the Arabic
2276:the Maore (or Mawuti) sultanate on
1984:Sultans of the Muhammad Ali dynasty
1065:
990:
971:
942:
910:
4100:Royal and noble titles and honours
3836:. Peeters Publishers. p. 83.
3585:Sultan with power within republics
2841:Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram
2375:(capital also named Pate), in the
2170:(Migiurtinia), in northern Somalia
1368:attended by a eunuch and two pages
25:
4051:Mardūḵ, 'A. (December 15, 1988).
3830:Montgomery, James Edward (2004).
2638:(according to some once a caliph)
2450:Sultanate, since 1715 (replacing
2235:Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean
3591:
3577:, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of
3567:
3560:, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of
3550:
3532:
3515:
3498:
3491:, Sultan and Yang-di Pertuan of
3481:
3473:, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of
3463:
3439:
3422:
2843:, last recognised Sultan of Sulu
1715:sovereign to be known as sultan.
1636:
1498:Princely and aristocratic titles
1069:, traditionally "commander" or "
988:The term is distinct from king (
878:
188:
41:
3889:from the original on 2024-01-27
3812:from the original on 2022-06-22
3783:from the original on 2022-06-22
3754:from the original on 2023-02-08
2454:kingdom); 1902 part of Cameroon
1044:"to be hard, strong". The noun
52:needs additional citations for
3777:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2350:
1945:(authentically referred to as
1542:, Suleiman's mother and first
1:
3457:Sultans in federal monarchies
3334:, capital of the short-lived
2510:
2498:
2476:
1628:Former sultans and sultanates
926:[sʊlˈtˤɑːn,solˈtˤɑːn]
4726:Social dominance orientation
3477:and its occupied territories
2626:, the suzerain (also styled
2615:(alongside the native title
2280:(separated from the Comoros)
1810:, last of the Mamluk Sultans
1609:as mere rank denominations.
1472:Sahib(at) us-Sumuw al-Malaki
1175:under the protection of the
957:, or to refer to a powerful
148:sultan of the Ottoman Empire
4741:List of totalitarian states
4721:Right-wing authoritarianism
3416:Sultans of sovereign states
3319:, Brunei (on Borneo island)
2885:Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate
2630:and Sarkin Musulmi) of all
2545:), successor state to Birgu
2019:(Commander of the Faithful)
1471:
1461:
1433:
996:
977:
948:
915:
4858:
4716:Left-wing authoritarianism
4551:Authoritarian conservatism
4026:Peirce, Leslie P. (1993).
3985:. Oxford University Press.
3963:. Oxford University Press.
3282:Furthermore, the ruler of
2270:and the 'hegemonic' title
2215:, in south-central Somalia
2188:, in northeastern Ethiopia
2100:
1758:West Asia and North Africa
1320:)). The female leaders in
1114:. The early Seljuk leader
1033:
29:
4837:Filipino paramount rulers
4415:Counterintelligence state
4001:Finkel, Caroline (2012).
3869:Riad Aziz Kassis (1999).
2992:Sumedang Larang Sultanate
2878:Sultanate of Gunung Tabur
2705:Nizam Shahi of Ahmednagar
2384:, became a German, then
2091:, the 20th Sultan of the
1316:and Sultan Suleiman Han (
1282:, used by Westerners, is
4711:Inverted totalitarianism
4583:Authoritarian capitalism
3380:Sultanate of Maguindanao
3208:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3132:Sultanate of Riau-Lingga
3052:Sultanate of Negeri Soya
2684:Sultanates of the Deccan
2467:Central African Republic
2150:, in Somaliland and the
1510:(sultana mother) of the
1318:Suleiman the Magnificent
1209:Suleiman the Magnificent
144:Suleiman the Magnificent
4595:Authoritarian socialism
3276:Sultanate of Terengganu
3193:Sultanate of Pagaruyung
3065:Sultanate of Tanah Hitu
3003:Sultanate of Yogyakarta
2902:Sultanate of Sambaliung
2799:Southeast and East Asia
2418:West and Central Africa
2180:Sultanate of the Geledi
2096:Sultanate of Warsangali
1997:Abd al-Hafid of Morocco
1344:especially is known as
146:, the longest-reigning
32:Sultan (disambiguation)
4792:Positions of authority
3558:Sharafuddin Idris Shah
3525:, Sultan and Ruler of
3342:Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin
3174:Sultanate of Indragiri
2966:), from which divided
2898:Sultanate of Pontianak
2844:
2833:
2822:
2811:
2710:Qutb Shahi of Golconda
2583:Sultanate of Damagaram
2460:Sultanate founded 1804
2330:
2252:sultans on the Comoros
2213:Sultanate of Mogadishu
2098:
2067:(autonomous provinces)
1999:
1811:
1514:
1445:
1420:Hussein Kamel of Egypt
1369:
1308:for imperial lady, as
1212:the face of European (
1201:Ebüssuûd Mehmet Efendi
1165:destruction of Baghdad
150:
4812:Titles in Afghanistan
4459:Dominant-party system
4058:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4005:. John Murray Press.
3875:. Brill. p. 65.
3806:Britannica Dictionary
3523:Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin
3405:Sultanate of Singgora
3271:Sultanate of Selangor
3256:Sultanate of Kelantan
3203:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
3198:Sultanate of Perleuak
3180:(previous style Raja)
3008:Sunanate of Surakarta
2890:Sultanate of Mempawah
2874:Sultanate of Bulungan
2839:
2828:
2817:
2806:
2793:Sultanate of Maldives
2690:Adil Shahi of Bijapur
2482:; 14 June 1890 under
2335:Sultanate of Zanzibar
2316:
2221:, in central Ethiopia
2194:, in eastern Ethiopia
2182:, in southern Somalia
2176:, in northern Somalia
2086:
2011:changed the style to
1994:
1806:
1532:Şehzade Sultan Mehmed
1505:
1491:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
1363:
1356:Compound ruler titles
1110:, the capital of the
142:
4817:Titles in Bangladesh
4279:Poland and Lithuania
3546:and its dependencies
3511:and its dependencies
3303:Sultanate of Sarawak
3298:Sultanate of Malacca
3213:Sultanate of Serdang
3178:Sultanate of Langkat
3093:Sultanate of Jailolo
3078:Sultanate of Ternate
3039:Sultanate of Huamual
2997:Sultanate of Mataram
2960:Sultanate of Cirebon
2938:Sultanate of Soppeng
2829:Sultan Saifuddin of
2780:Sultanate of Kashmir
2769:Sultanate of Madurai
2757:Sultanate of Kandesh
2751:Sultanate of Jaunpur
2742:Sultanate of Gujarat
2695:Barid Shahi of Bidar
2677:, Muhammad Shah and
2541:(main native title:
2531:(main native title:
2386:British protectorate
2203:, in central Somalia
2174:Warsangali Sultanate
2168:Majeerteen Sultanate
2160:, in Somaliland and
2158:Habr Yunis Sultanate
1958:Sultanate of Tuggurt
1932:Sultans of the Hejaz
1660:improve this section
1456:independence in 1922
1424:British protectorate
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
4646:Ecoauthoritarianism
4464:Illiberal democracy
4117:Commonwealth realms
3575:Mizan Zainal Abidin
3400:Sultanate of Patani
3375:Sultanate of Buayan
3261:Sultanate of Pahang
3241:Sultanate of Perlis
3235:Peninsular Malaysia
3184:Palembang Sultanate
3158:Sultanate of Asahan
3098:Sultanate of Loloda
3083:Sultanate of Tidore
2987:Sultanate of Pajang
2955:Sultanate of Banten
2906:Sultanate of Sambas
2866:Sultanate of Banjar
2700:Imad Shahi of Berar
2663:Sultanate of Bengal
2396:(presently part of
1719:Great Seljuk Empire
1406:Sultan ul-Mujahidin
1278:A feminine form of
1248:Muslim rulers. The
1030:History of the term
835:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
493:Prince of the Sa'id
4822:Titles in Pakistan
4772:Islamic honorifics
3292:Undang Luak Jelebu
3266:Sultanate of Perak
3251:Sultanate of Kedah
3246:Sultanate of Johor
3088:Sultanate of Bacan
2982:Sultanate of Demak
2942:Sultanate of Wajoq
2919:Sultanate of Buton
2894:Sultanate of Paser
2870:Sultanate of Berau
2845:
2834:
2823:
2812:
2763:Sultanate of Malwa
2717:Sultanate of Delhi
2632:Fulbe jihad states
2331:
2219:Sultanate of Showa
2201:Sultanate of Hobyo
2192:Sultanate of Harar
2186:Sultanate of Aussa
2099:
2089:Mohamoud Ali Shire
2000:
1962:Sultans of Tlemcen
1812:
1593:rule, there was a
1556:Sultanate of Women
1515:
1370:
1348:with the title of
1238:sultans of Morocco
1230:Somali aristocrats
1218:colonial expansion
1057:early Muslim world
151:
4749:
4748:
4701:Democracy indices
4393:Absolute monarchy
4337:
4336:
4161:Former monarchies
3843:978-90-429-1433-9
3505:Sultan Muhammad V
3451:Sultanate of Oman
3447:Haitham bin Tariq
3385:Sultanate of Sulu
3340:Furthermore, the
3336:Panthay Rebellion
3218:Sultanate of Siak
3170:Sultanate of Deli
3121:on Sumbawa island
3107:(North Halmahera)
2934:Sultanate of Luwu
2929:Sultanate of Gowa
2924:Sultanate of Bone
2881:Sultanate of Kubu
2853:Dutch East Indies
2851:(formerly in the
2765:: three dynasties
2657:Bahmani Sultanate
2575:confederation of
2254:; however on the
2241:Angoche Sultanate
2207:Sultanate of Ifat
2065:Abbasid Caliphate
1854:Aden Protectorate
1696:
1695:
1688:
1493:by his supporters
1416:Sultanic Highness
1395:Sultan of Sultans
1326:Sultanate of Sulu
1203:, recognized the
871:
870:
229:Sultan of Sultans
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4849:
4842:Filipino royalty
4600:Marxism–Leninism
4481:Managerial state
4364:
4357:
4350:
4341:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4070:
4063:
4062:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3998:
3987:
3986:
3978:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3740:
3599:Hamengkubuwono X
3596:
3595:
3572:
3571:
3555:
3554:
3537:
3536:
3520:
3519:
3503:
3502:
3486:
3485:
3468:
3467:
3449:, Sultan of the
3444:
3443:
3430:Hassanal Bolkiah
3427:
3426:
3362:
3317:Sultan of Brunei
3128:Riau Archipelago
3106:
3073:
3060:
3047:
3030:Sultanate of Iha
2972:Kraton Kasepuhan
2808:Hamengkubuwono X
2759:: Faruqi dynasty
2753:: Sharqi dynasty
2628:Amir al-Mu´minin
2515:
2512:
2503:
2500:
2484:Congo Free State
2481:
2478:
2377:Lamu Archipelago
2356:
2355:
2225:Bimaal Sultanate
2113:Ajuran Sultanate
2017:Amir al-Mu'minin
1837:Mamluk Sultanate
1782:Ghaznavid Empire
1724:Sultanate of Rum
1711:, was the first
1709:Mahmud of Ghazni
1705:Ghaznavid Empire
1691:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1640:
1632:
1474:
1467:
1438:
1242:Alaouite dynasty
1124:Muslim community
1068:
1067:
1001:
993:
992:
984:
980:
974:
973:
951:
945:
944:
928:
923:
918:
912:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
863:
856:
849:
192:
153:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4689:
4539:
4506:Socialist state
4491:One-party state
4410:Communist state
4381:
4368:
4338:
4333:
4174:Austria-Hungary
4155:
4103:
4097:
4067:
4066:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4000:
3999:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3883:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3844:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3615:
3590:
3566:
3549:
3531:
3514:
3497:
3480:
3462:
3438:
3421:
3413:
3411:Current sultans
3356:
3288:Negeri Sembilan
3100:
3067:
3054:
3041:
2801:
2775:Arakkal Kingdom
2659:: Bahmani Shahs
2647:
2513:
2501:
2479:
2420:
2412:
2311:
2299:Kilwa Sultanate
2289:
2237:
2197:Jarso Sultanate
2148:Isaaq Sultanate
2109:
2101:Main articles:
2081:
1974:Ayyubid Sultans
1927:Sultans of Nejd
1919:in present-day
1848:in present-day
1832:Ayyubid dynasty
1796:Ayyubid Sultans
1760:
1751:Elisu Sultanate
1747:
1701:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1657:
1641:
1630:
1583:
1536:Mihrimah Sultan
1500:
1408:as champion of
1364:Ottoman Sultan
1358:
1310:Turkish grammar
1302:Ottoman Turkish
1276:
1250:Safavid dynasty
1157:Crusader states
1153:Ayyubid dynasty
1112:Abbasid caliphs
1038:
1032:
982:
921:
881:
877:
867:
244:Maharajadhiraja
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4855:
4853:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:Titles in Oman
4829:
4827:Titles in Iran
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4802:Ottoman titles
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4777:Military ranks
4774:
4769:
4767:Heads of state
4764:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4430:Constitutional
4427:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4064:
4043:
4036:
4018:
4012:978-1848547858
4011:
3988:
3966:
3946:
3931:
3899:
3881:
3861:
3842:
3822:
3793:
3764:
3748:Dictionary.com
3734:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3582:
3581:
3564:
3547:
3529:
3512:
3495:
3478:
3471:Ibrahim Ismail
3454:
3453:
3436:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3377:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3321:
3320:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3148:Aceh Sultanate
3139:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:Bima Sultanate
3110:
3109:
3108:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3033:
3025:Maluku Islands
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3005:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2976:Kraton Kanoman
2957:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2819:Pakubuwono XII
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2777:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2681:
2660:
2654:
2651:Afghan Kingdom
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2622:since 1817 in
2620:
2604:and sometimes
2592:
2591:
2590:
2579:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2536:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2490:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2445:
2434:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2343:
2342:
2310:
2307:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2248:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2119:Adal Sultanate
2116:
2080:
2079:Horn of Africa
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2071:Ottoman Empire
2068:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2041:Funj Sultanate
2038:
2035:
2034:Dar al-Masalit
2032:
2020:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:Mamluk Sultans
1976:
1964:
1950:
1943:Sultan of Oman
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1842:Ottoman Empire
1839:
1834:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1818:Mamluk Sultans
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:Kazakh Khanate
1736:
1734:Timurid Empire
1731:
1729:Ottoman Empire
1726:
1721:
1716:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1644:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1614:Persian empire
1582:
1579:
1563:Kazakh Khanate
1522:for women and
1512:Ottoman Empire
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1483:Sultan-ul-Qaum
1480:
1477:Royal Highness
1413:
1402:
1391:
1357:
1354:
1322:Muslim history
1275:
1274:Feminine forms
1272:
1205:Ottoman sultan
1197:Eastern Europe
1185:Ottoman Empire
1031:
1028:
869:
868:
866:
865:
858:
851:
843:
840:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
773:Governmental:
768:
767:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
708:
707:
706:
705:
700:
691:
690:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
636:
635:
634:
633:
628:
623:
614:
609:
604:
599:
587:
586:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
194:
193:
185:
184:
162:
161:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4854:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4685:Shōwa Statism
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:Caesaropapism
4622:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4516:Islamic state
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:Authoritarian
4365:
4360:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4037:0-19-507673-7
4033:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3888:
3884:
3882:90-04-11305-3
3878:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3862:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3823:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3601:, Sultan and
3600:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3355:
3354:Ili Sultanate
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:Nusa Tenggara
3111:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:Hussain Shahi
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2506:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2327:Ali bin Hamud
2324:
2320:
2315:
2309:Swahili Coast
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:Somali region
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:Somali region
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:, in western
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:; its ruler,
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1687:
1679:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1645:This section
1643:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:Military rank
1580:
1578:
1576:
1573:by people at
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1552:haseki sultan
1549:
1548:Hürrem Sultan
1545:
1544:valide sultan
1541:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1508:valide sultan
1504:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:King of Kings
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Manney Sultan
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1350:Pengiran Anak
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:queen consort
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:Hurrem Sultan
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:(such as the
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Great Seljuks
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
986:
981:
979:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
950:
940:
936:
935:abstract noun
932:
927:
919:
917:
908:
902:
875:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
845:
844:
842:
841:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
772:
771:
770:
769:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
709:
704:
701:
699:
696:Royal house:
695:
694:
693:
692:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:Dewan Bahadur
535:
533:
529:
525:
522:
521:
520:
519:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
350:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
335:
332:
330:
329:Amir al-umara
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:King of Kings
212:
210:
207:
205:
201:
198:
197:
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128:
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109:
106:
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99:
95:
92:
88:
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4787:Noble titles
4782:Royal titles
4614:
4528:Majoritarian
4501:Police state
4469:Totalitarian
4434:
4420:Dictatorship
4375:totalitarian
4056:
4046:
4027:
4021:
4002:
3982:
3960:
3940:
3934:
3925:
3891:. Retrieved
3871:
3864:
3852:. Retrieved
3832:
3825:
3814:. Retrieved
3805:
3796:
3785:. Retrieved
3776:
3767:
3756:. Retrieved
3747:
3738:
3630:Khan (title)
3584:
3583:
3456:
3455:
3415:
3414:
3390:
3365:
3341:
3332:Dali, Yunnan
3322:
3307:
3291:
3224:
3151:
3150:(full style
3048:(West Seram)
3011:
2963:
2846:
2616:
2605:
2599:
2487:protectorate
2440:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2345:
2344:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2272:Sultani tibe
2267:
2087:Portrait of
1946:
1921:Saudi Arabia
1904:Upper Aulaqi
1884:Lower Aulaqi
1858:South Arabia
1808:Tuman Bay II
1682:
1673:
1658:Please help
1646:
1611:
1584:
1567:Genghis Khan
1560:
1540:Hafsa Sultan
1528:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1482:
1459:
1431:
1415:
1393:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1349:
1345:
1305:
1294:Muslim women
1289:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1234:Malay nobles
1227:
1193:North Africa
1182:
1149:Salah ad-Din
1142:
1135:
1089:
1074:
1060:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1009:
1004:
994:
987:
975:
966:
946:
913:
873:
872:
557:Khan Bahadur
273:
182:North Africa
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4668:Imperialism
4634:Enlightened
4588:Pinochetism
4476:Mafia state
4447:Proletarian
4436:Dictablanda
3802:"Sultanate"
3773:"Sultanate"
3689:Mir (title)
3597:Sri Sultan
3540:Nazrin Shah
3489:Sallehuddin
3368:Philippines
3357: [
3346:Pingnan Guo
3284:Luak Jelebu
3164:Minangkabau
3101: [
3068: [
3055: [
3042: [
2970:was ruled:
2746:Muzaffarids
2667:Ilyas Shahi
2514: 1872
2502: 1875
2480: 1878
2373:Pate island
2371:on part of
2317:The eighth
2245:Mozambiquan
2164:of Ethiopia
2154:of Ethiopia
2141:regions of
2125:, southern
1770:Sultans of
1676:August 2023
1377:Mani Sultan
1346:Raja Isteri
1189:Middle East
1116:Tughril Bey
1100:Afghanistan
939:verbal noun
671:Saranjamdar
552:Rai Bahadur
547:Rao Bahadur
418:Chhatrapati
294:Shirvanshah
234:Chakravarti
4756:Categories
4706:Deep state
4566:Khomeinism
4544:Ideologies
4486:Ochlocracy
4452:Right-wing
4425:Benevolent
4379:government
4109:Monarchies
4102:by country
3893:2018-01-16
3854:16 January
3816:2022-06-22
3787:2022-06-22
3758:2023-02-08
3730:References
3713:Shahanshah
3521:Al-Sultan
2861:Kalimantan
2784:Shahmirids
2673:, Habshi,
2645:South Asia
2394:Tanganyika
2303:Tanganyika
2129:, and the
2123:Somaliland
2009:Mohammed V
1914:sultanates
1908:Upper Yafa
1888:Lower Yafa
1389:Travancore
1304:also uses
1132:Al-Ghazali
1128:Al-Juwayni
1034:See also:
922:pronounced
602:Khan Sahib
542:Sancak bey
334:Khagan Bek
209:Shahanshah
178:South Asia
87:newspapers
4736:Strongman
4629:Despotism
4605:Stalinism
4561:Francoism
4556:Chiangism
4511:Theocracy
4496:Oligarchy
4398:Autocracy
4377:forms of
4184:Byzantium
3679:Maharajah
3620:Suratrana
3188:Susuhunan
3032:(Saparua)
3013:susuhunan
2849:Indonesia
2473:Bangassou
2458:Rey Bouba
2243:, on the
1776:Kurdistan
1647:does not
1366:Mehmed IV
1330:Indonesia
1214:Christian
1092:Ghaznavid
1081:Aghlabids
967:sultanate
955:caliphate
830:Chowdhury
815:Lambardar
805:Hazinedar
656:Hazinedar
428:Nawabzada
413:Sahibzada
378:Beylerbey
117:June 2021
4694:See also
4571:Putinism
4442:Military
4284:Portugal
4224:Ethiopia
4151:Thailand
3943:. Brill.
3928:. Brill.
3887:Archived
3848:Archived
3810:Archived
3781:Archived
3752:Archived
3744:"sultan"
3694:Padishah
3613:See also
3603:Governor
3393:Thailand
3227:Malaysia
2914:Sulawesi
2729:Tughlaqs
2679:Karranis
2569:Amenokal
2549:Dar Sila
2529:Baguirmi
2475:created
2425:Cameroon
2398:Tanzania
2382:Wituland
2339:Tanzania
2323:Zanzibar
2250:various
2143:Ethiopia
2127:Djibouti
2051:Kordofan
2047:(Sennar)
2037:Dar Qimr
2007:, until
1910:and the
1872:Haushabi
1745:Caucasus
1575:Kurultai
1452:Princess
1385:Maharaja
1334:Malaysia
1290:sultanah
1236:and the
1151:and the
1145:Crusades
1085:Tulunids
1076:de facto
1015:Malaysia
978:salṭanah
959:governor
931:position
800:Hawladar
758:al-Dawla
714:Nobleman
681:Tarafdar
676:Taluqdar
666:Jagirdar
597:Zamindar
593:Viscount
577:Sparapet
513:Baghatur
488:Vali Ahd
483:Shahzada
408:Rajkumar
289:Shahbanu
264:Maharaja
224:Banbishn
219:Padishah
158:a series
156:Part of
76:"Sultan"
4762:Sultans
4731:Statism
4651:Fascism
4523:Tyranny
4403:Tsarist
4322:Ottoman
4318:Turkey
4314:Somalia
4298:Serbia
4289:Romania
4257:Maratha
4249:Germany
4244:Georgia
4232:Kingdom
4228:France
4212:Ancient
4202:Taiping
4134:Ancient
3638:Khakhan
3573:Sultan
3556:Sultan
3538:Sultan
3487:Sultan
3469:Sultan
3445:Sultan
3428:Sultan
3366:In the
3143:Sumatra
3126:In the
3112:In the
3074:(Ambon)
3061:(Ambon)
3023:In the
2968:Cirebon
2733:Sayyids
2725:Khiljis
2721:Mamluks
2671:Ganesha
2596:Nigeria
2571:of the
2465:in the
2452:Wandala
2448:Mandara
2409:Sultani
2353:Swahili
2348:is the
2346:Mfalume
2278:Mayotte
2256:Comoros
2005:Morocco
1995:Sultan
1954:Algeria
1900:Subeihi
1896:Qu'aiti
1876:Kathiri
1864:Audhali
1668:removed
1653:sources
1622:Ali Jah
1618:captain
1612:In the
1489:leader
1442:Turkish
1298:Turkish
1285:sultana
1258:Persian
1222:Selim I
1177:Mamluks
1169:Mongols
1167:by the
1159:in the
1137:shari'a
1120:coinage
1108:Baghdad
1055:In the
1024:Morocco
929:) is a
810:Faujdar
753:Begzada
723:Mankari
703:Gurkani
626:Begzada
532:Mankari
478:Ishkhan
463:Khedive
438:Şehzade
373:Ikhshid
279:Sultana
200:Emperor
174:Central
101:scholar
18:Soultan
4797:Titles
4673:Nazism
4610:Maoism
4576:Ziaism
4294:Russia
4272:Joseon
4263:Korea
4253:India
4237:Empire
4217:Mamluk
4208:Egypt
4188:China
4146:Sweden
4053:"Bāna"
4034:
4009:
3879:
3840:
3723:Zoltán
3718:Vizier
3669:Caliph
3649:Atabeg
3645:(Amir)
3634:Ilkhan
3310:Brunei
3136:Johore
2964:kraton
2831:Tidore
2624:Sokoto
2606:sultan
2587:Zinder
2577:Tuareg
2562:Arabic
2539:Wada'i
2442:lamido
2437:Bibemi
2431:Bamoun
2319:Sultan
2286:Maliki
2260:Mfalme
2135:Harari
2131:Somali
2093:Somali
2045:Sinnar
2030:Darfur
1912:Wahidi
1868:Fadhli
1826:Jordan
1713:Muslim
1595:feudal
1591:Turkic
1587:Mongol
1546:, and
1520:khatun
1428:Prince
1342:Brunei
1306:sultan
1280:sultan
1268:sultan
1260:title
1195:, and
1161:Levant
1096:Mahmud
1094:ruler
1050:Qur'an
1046:sulṭān
1042:salaṭa
1011:Brunei
949:sulṭah
916:sulṭān
907:Arabic
874:Sultan
820:Mridha
795:Haldar
780:Vizier
686:Sikdar
631:Uç bey
562:Atabeg
508:Khanum
473:Yabghu
453:Murzin
433:Yuvraj
398:Mandal
393:Sardar
358:Sheikh
345:Prince
304:Khatun
274:Sultan
249:Khagan
239:Samrat
204:Caliph
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4616:Juche
4386:Forms
4329:Wales
4307:noble
4302:royal
4267:Silla
4179:Burma
4169:Akkad
4141:Spain
4129:Japan
3699:Pasha
3684:Malik
3664:Mirza
3625:Mansa
3361:]
3325:China
3105:]
3072:]
3059:]
3046:]
2788:Chaks
2737:Lodis
2636:Sahel
2613:Borno
2558:Niger
2543:Kolak
2533:Mbang
2508:Zemio
2496:Rafai
2402:Jembe
2363:Kenya
2294:malik
2268:Jambé
2264:Phany
2229:Merka
2024:Sudan
2013:Malik
1968:Egypt
1892:Mahra
1880:Lahej
1850:Yemen
1790:Syria
1772:Baneh
1603:malik
1475:, or
1463:malik
1450:) or
1447:Prens
1410:jihad
1246:Shi'a
1173:Cairo
998:malik
972:سلطنة
963:state
911:سلطان
825:Nayak
785:Dewan
738:Pasha
733:Mirza
718:Jenmi
698:Damat
642:Baron
621:Begum
567:Boila
528:Count
468:Nizam
458:Tegin
448:Morza
443:Mirza
423:Nawab
403:Patil
383:Pasha
324:Nawab
319:Nizam
309:Hatun
269:Malik
108:JSTOR
94:books
4639:Soft
4533:Soft
4373:and
4197:Qing
4032:ISBN
4007:ISBN
3877:ISBN
3856:2018
3838:ISBN
3711:and
3709:Shah
3704:Raja
3674:Datu
3659:Baig
3643:Emir
3636:and
2950:Java
2786:and
2735:and
2601:emir
2567:the
2523:Chad
2369:Pate
2351:(Ki)
2139:Afar
2137:and
2105:and
2059:Iraq
1947:Hami
1939:Oman
1856:and
1774:(In
1765:Iran
1651:any
1649:cite
1607:amir
1599:khan
1571:khan
1534:and
1506:The
1487:Sikh
1465:Misr
1435:Amir
1332:and
1300:and
1263:Shah
1254:Iran
1130:and
1083:and
1071:emir
1066:أمير
1061:amīr
1019:Oman
1017:and
1005:king
943:سلطة
790:Agha
775:Lala
763:Bibi
748:Baig
728:Mian
661:Rais
651:Agha
646:Lala
617:Baig
612:Kadi
582:Azat
572:Wāli
524:Earl
503:Shad
388:Babu
368:Rana
363:Raja
353:Emir
349:Duke
299:Khan
284:Shah
260:King
180:and
170:West
80:news
4678:Neo
4661:Neo
4656:Eco
4192:Jin
4122:Man
3654:Bey
3605:of
3391:In
3323:In
3308:In
3233:In
3225:In
3141:In
2948:On
2912:On
2859:On
2855:):
2847:In
2617:Mai
2611:in
2594:in
2573:Aïr
2556:in
2521:in
2423:In
2392:in
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2321:of
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2057:in
2043:of
2022:in
2003:in
1966:in
1952:in
1824:in
1788:in
1763:in
1662:by
1589:or
1561:In
1524:bey
1422:(a
1387:of
1340:in
1288:or
1252:of
991:ملك
743:Bey
619:or
607:Bey
526:or
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347:or
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168:in
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