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Historically, with metal type, a kern meant having a letter stick out beyond the metal slug to which it was attached, or having part of the body of the slug cut off to allow letters to overlap. A kern could therefore only bring letters closer together (negative spacing). Digital kerning could go in
404:
Letter spacing may also refer to the insertion of fixed spaces, as was commonly done in hand-set metal type to achieve letter spacing. Fixed spaces vary by size and include hair spaces, thin spaces, word spaces, en-spaces, and em-spaces. An en-space is equal to half the current point size, and an
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Although digital type sets tighter than metal type on average, this results primarily from the availability of kerning. Digital type does allow for negative sidebearings, which were uncommon in metal type because of the difficulty in cutting a
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avoided letter spacing because it was costly in materials and labor. Letter spacing required hand insertion of copper (a half-point), brass (one point), and printer's "lead" (two points) spaces between individual pieces of type or between
278:. Despite the cost, letter spacing was used in print advertising, book publishing, and custom printing (such as high-end stationery, business cards, wedding invitations, and such). It was also used for very short phrases set in
753:
Zorzi, Marco; Barbiero, Chiara; Facoetti, Andrea; Lonciari, Isabella; Carrozzi, Marco; Montico, Marcella; Bravar, Laura; George, Florence; Pech-Georgel, Catherine; Ziegler, Johannes (4 June 2012). Posner, Michael (ed.).
396:, and Adobe InDesign uses 1/1000 of an em. Therefore, in QuarkXPress, a tracking setting of 3 reduces the visual density of the text noticeably, but in InDesign a tracking setting of 3 is barely noticeable.
392:, letter spacing had to be uniform. In modern digital page-layout software, high-end applications all use relative measurements proportional to the size of the type. QuarkXPress uses units of 1/200 of an
301:
manuscripts, where alternative emphatics like italic or bold fonts are less available. In German-language contexts, where blackletter typefaces survived longer than elsewhere, the practice (called
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Adjusting the letter spacing of a given text has been shown to affect reading speed and accuracy. A wide body of research suggests that text with wider letter spacing, as well as wider
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either direction. Tracking can similarly go in either direction, but with metal type, one could make groups of letters only farther apart (positive spacing).
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and non-dyslexic children. Contrarily, tighter spacing is thought to decrease comprehension among such population subgroups, and is accompanied by
369:, use differing methods of adjusting letter spacing. Most systems have the default letter spacing at zero and instead use the character widths and
241:, which adjusts the spacing of particular pairs of adjacent characters such as "7." which would appear to be badly spaced if left unadjusted, and
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property (illustrated) offers some control for "kerning perception", as kerning can be simulated with non-uniform spacing between letters. The
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adjusts the space based on character pairs. There is strong kerning between the "V" and the "A" and no kerning between the "S" and the "T".
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631:"Effects of intraword and interword spacing on eye movements during reading: Exploring the optimal use of space in a line of text"
519:, posit that the typeface's wide spacing, rather than the shape of its characters, is the reason for its success among dyslexics.
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required adding horizontal space between letters of words set in metal type in increments of a minimum of a half-point. Some
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807:"Improvements in reading accuracy as a result of increased interletter spacing are not specific to children with dyslexia"
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Even with no kerning control, a visually pleasing result can be achieved with some control of the space between letters.
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stated that "Men who would letterspace blackletter would steal sheep." Goudy's statement inspired the title of the book
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504:. Due to deadlines, news editors do not usually have time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or create
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Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2009 — World
Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications
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719:"Greater Understanding of Spacing Needs for Children's Eye Movements during On-Screen Reading is Required"
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Hakvoort, Britt; van den Boer, Madelon; Leenaars, Tineke; Bos, Petra; Tijms, Jurgen (12 August 2017).
680:"The Rhetoric of Typography: Effects on Reading Time, Reading Comprehension, and Perceptions of Ethos"
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to change the visual density of a line or block of text. Letter spacing is distinct from
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Thinking with Type: A Critical Guide for
Designers, Writers, Editors, & Students.
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to prevent the phrases from appearing too dark compared to the rest of the page.
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National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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965:. Nakai Theatre Home Grown Festival 2008, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, (2008)6
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adjusts the space between characters evenly, regardless of the characters,
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725:. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education: 807–813.
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Technical
Communication, Volume 51, Number 1, February 2004, pp. 13-24
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424:(letter spacing): with spacing the "kerning perception" is lost.
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Headline with wider letter spacing, sometimes used for broadcast
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515:, some researchers, including Sue Walker, Jenny Thomson, and
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In the days of machine-implemented lead typesetting, such as
756:"Extra-large letter spacing improves reading in dyslexia"
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Headline with open letter spacing similar to metal type
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Letter spacing adjustments are frequently employed in
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em-space is the same width as the current point size.
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
948:Stop Stealing Sheep & Find out how type works.
606:Stop Stealing Sheep & find out how type works
871:"Does Comic Sans really help dyslexic learners?"
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152:Headline set with no additional letter spacing
1940:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
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832:11245.1/91d8afa0-403c-4532-a551-04114030b29a
629:Slattery, Timothy J.; Rayner, Keith (2013).
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289:Increased letter-spacing has sometimes been
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638:Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics
1966:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
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604:Spiekermann, Erik; Ginger, E. M. (2002).
333:programs for personal computers, such as
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
811:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
717:Vanderschantz, Nicholas (22 June 2009).
573:Wardle de Sousa, Tiffany (2 July 2005).
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373:information built into the font itself.
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185:Headline with still more letter spacing
163:Headline with more open letter spacing
27:Physical spacing of characters in text
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817:(published December 2017): 101–116.
465:, mainly to enhance spaced texts of
307:) is not quite extinct. Printer and
58:adding citations to reliable sources
575:"Famous Quotes from Type Designers"
214:Examples of headline letter spacing
897:The Elements of Typographic Style.
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318:, an introduction to typography.
196:Headline with wide letter spacing
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233:adjustment to the space between
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497:and a perception of smallness.
45:needs additional citations for
869:Severs, Jon (6 October 2020).
1:
1935:History of Western typography
979:The dictionary definition of
933:Princeton Architectural Press
245:, the spacing between lines.
1782:traditional point-size names
1035:Canons of page construction
899:Hartley & Marks: 1992.
457:property. In the meantime,
409:Changing kerning perception
229:is an optically consistent
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823:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.07.010
697:"CSS Fonts Module Level 3"
445:, a standard of 1996, the
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1192:Subscript and superscript
651:10.3758/s13414-013-0463-8
1950:Vox-ATypI classification
1080:Intentionally blank page
203:Docent sights juggernaut
192:Docent sights juggernaut
181:Docent sights juggernaut
170:Docent sights juggernaut
159:Docent sights juggernaut
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137:Docent sights juggernaut
773:10.1073/pnas.1205566109
461:used the workaround of
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571:(15 October 2005) in
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259:hot metal typesetting
1820:Typographic features
895:Bringhurst, Robert.
544:Typographic ligature
54:improve this article
1945:Technical lettering
1844:Typography in other
1585:Hanging punctuation
950:Adobe Press: 2002.
946:Spiekermann, Erik.
766:(28): 11455–11459.
343:Microsoft Publisher
316:Stop Stealing Sheep
297:typesetting and in
1908:Handwriting script
1835:Desktop publishing
1805:Character encoding
1798:Digital typography
1312:Horizontal aspects
1265:Visual distinction
1123:Widows and orphans
682:, Eva Brumberger.
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335:LibreOffice Writer
331:desktop publishing
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1739:Typographic units
1657:For position only
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941:978-1-56898-448-3
732:978-1-880094-73-0
615:978-0-201-70339-9
585:on 25 August 2013
506:widows or orphans
386:Linotype machines
363:Adobe Illustrator
291:used for emphasis
223:character spacing
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16:(Redirected from
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581:. Archived from
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1767:Metric units
1697:Punchcutting
1682:Movable type
1652:Font catalog
1612:Vertical bar
1349:Word spacing
1319:Figure space
1202:Text figures
1045:Even working
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1920:Style guide
1913:Calligraphy
1903:Handwriting
1717:Type design
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1562:Punctuation
1526:Record type
1497:Gaelic type
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567:Comment by
511:Discussing
502:news design
351:QuarkXPress
347:WordPerfect
295:blackletter
271:typesetters
2010:Whitespace
2005:Typography
1999:Categories
1898:Penmanship
1870:East Asian
1712:Type color
1645:monospaced
1602:Interpunct
1595:minus sign
1519:Specialist
1455:Sans-serif
1448:slab serif
1425:Roman type
1380:Cap height
1344:Thin space
1303:Whitespace
1255:Title case
1250:Snake case
1245:Small caps
1230:Camel case
1162:Diacritics
1070:Pull quote
1065:Pagination
1060:Paper size
1019:Typography
890:References
517:John Stein
513:Comic Sans
477:Legibility
299:typewriter
284:small caps
267:publishers
80:newspapers
1395:Overshoot
1390:Mean line
1385:Descender
1298:Underline
1140:Character
1118:Runaround
1098:Alignment
1090:Paragraph
877:1 October
854:1 October
738:1 October
110:June 2021
1984:Category
1863:PT Fonts
1858:Cyrillic
1722:Typeface
1640:computer
1541:fat face
1414:Typeface
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1182:Ligature
1177:Ink trap
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276:matrices
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1103:Leading
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