1459:
and western
European languages. It also became evident that even the grammar of Hopi bore a relation to Hopi culture, and the grammar of European tongues to our own "Western" or "European" culture. And it appeared that the interrelation brought in those large subsummations of experience by language,
659:
and its use as well as the relationship between contrasting words and their origins, idioms and word order which all made them stand out from many other language groups around the world which do not share these similarities; in essence creating a continental sprachbund. His point was to argue that
131:
A grouping of languages that share features can only be defined as a sprachbund if the features are shared for some reason other than the genetic history of the languages. Without knowledge of the history of a regional group of similar languages, it may be difficult to determine whether sharing
315:
have such great surface similarity that early linguists tended to group them all into a single family, although the modern consensus places them into numerous unrelated families. The area stretches from
Thailand to China and is home to speakers of languages of the
484:. This concept provided scholarly substance for explaining the underlying Indian-ness of apparently divergent cultural and linguistic patterns. With his further contributions, this area has now become a major field of research in language contact and convergence.
376:
showed in 1954 that tone was not an invariant feature, by demonstrating that
Vietnamese tones corresponded to certain final consonants in other languages of the MonâKhmer family, and proposed that tone in the other languages had a similar origin.
302:
The same features are not found in other languages that are otherwise closely related, such as the other
Romance languages in relation to Romanian, and the other Slavic languages such as Polish in relation to Bulgaro-Macedonian.
371:
where the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants disappeared but in compensation the number of tones doubled. These parallels led to confusion over the classification of these languages, until
467:
Emeneau specified the tools to establish that language and culture had fused for centuries on the Indian soil to produce an integrated mosaic of structural convergence of four distinct language families:
91:
343:
Neighbouring languages across these families, though presumed unrelated, often have similar features, which are believed to have spread by diffusion. A well-known example is the similar
1522:
1145:
190:, morphological structure, cultural vocabulary and sound systems, but without systematic sound correspondences, shared basic morphology or shared basic vocabulary.
200:
A rigorous set of principles for what evidence is valid for establishing a linguistic area has been presented by
Campbell, Kaufman, and Smith-Stark.
312:
1460:
such as our own terms "time," "space," "substance," and "matter." Since, with respect to the traits compared, there is little difference between
1778:
1731:
1622:
1564:
1390:
1365:
1340:
1128:
971:
359:(Austroasiatic). Most of these languages passed through an earlier stage with three tones on most syllables (but no tonal distinctions on
175:
1253:
432:
laid the groundwork for the general acceptance of the concept of a sprachbund. In the paper, Emeneau observed that the subcontinent's
1767:. In Behzadi, Lale; Franke, Patrick; Haig, Geoffrey; Herzog, Christoph; Hoffmann, Birgitt; Korn, Lorenz; Talabardon, Susanne (eds.).
987:
Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S. (1923), "Vavilonskaja baĆĄnja i smeĆĄenie jazykov" [The tower of Babel and the confusion of languages],
926:
833:
125:
664:
towards considering grammatical forms to be highly natural or even universal, when in fact they were only peculiar to the SAE
1198:
Friedman, Victor A. (1997), "One
Grammar, Three Lexicons: Ideological Overtones and Underpinnings in the Balkan Sprachbund",
1151:
568:
and others dispute or reject this. A common alternative explanation for similarities among the "Altaic" languages, such as
1722:
Klamer, Marian; Reesink, Ger; van Staden, Miriam (2008), "East
Nusantara as a linguistic area", in Muysken, Pieter (ed.),
544:, are sometimes included as part of the purported Altaic family. This latter hypothesis was supported by people including
580:
749:
453:
373:
849:
1222:
1199:
1498:
860:
839:
812:
620:
141:
942:
de
Courtenay, Jan Baudouin (1904), "Jazykoznanie" [Linguistics], in Brokhaus, F.A.; Efron, I.A. (eds.),
1610:
1548:
1439:
696:
537:
409:
128:, or only distantly related, but the sprachbund characteristics might give a false appearance of relatedness.
84:
325:
1068:
520:
families of Asia (and some small parts of Europe) have a common ancestry, in a controversial group they call
1556:
1417:
776:
676:
637:
573:
405:
284:
265:
752:
can be ruled out because Proto-Indo-European, as currently reconstructed, lacked most of the SAE features.
1477:
1051:
Actes du quatriĂšme congrĂšs international de linguistes tenu Ă Copenhague du 27 aout au 1er septembre, 1936
856:
844:
700:
329:
317:
257:
1687:
Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas C. (1986), "Meso-America as a
Linguistic Area",
721:
control languages of
Interlingua are reflective of the language groups most often included in the SAE
144:
emphasised the need to distinguish between language similarities arising from a genetic relationship (
1435:
962:
Chirikba, Viacheslav A. (2008), "The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund", in Muysken, Pieter (ed.),
827:
823:
549:
533:
497:
469:
437:
149:
1638:
Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Rahmani, Manijeh; Alemohamad, Seyed Ali; Stoneking, Mark (2006).
1800:
1580:
1481:
1473:
640:
493:
473:
445:
433:
393:
356:
261:
1171:
Campbell, Lyle, Terrence Kaufman, and Thomas C. Smith-Stark. "Meso-America as a linguistic area."
197:, have relaxed the requirement of similarities in all four of the areas stipulated by Trubetzkoy.
1704:
1669:
1421:
1313:
714:
604:
517:
509:
344:
228:
159:
417:
392:(Kadai) languages have almost identical vowel systems. Many languages in the region are of the
1774:
1727:
1661:
1618:
1560:
1386:
1361:
1336:
1124:
967:
922:
892:
765:
761:
680:
672:
545:
529:
525:
348:
253:
232:
224:
214:
1764:
291:. Yet they have exhibited several signs of grammatical convergence, such as avoidance of the
1696:
1651:
1461:
1305:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1083:
737:
733:
718:
608:
596:
541:
521:
513:
457:
360:
273:
121:
37:
1113:
1484:, I have lumped these languages into one group called SAE, or "Standard Average European."
1469:
1465:
1281:
819:
584:
557:
477:
288:
277:
240:
76:
420:
structure, though in each case there are exceptions in branches of one or more families.
321:
1049:
Jakobson, Roman (1938), "Sur la théorie des affinités phonologiques entre les langues",
897:
706:
692:
665:
633:
553:
501:
441:
429:
381:
364:
269:
220:
194:
1087:
337:
1794:
1456:
1443:
1147:
5th NWCL International Conference: Linguistic Areas, Convergence, and Language Change
569:
561:
481:
385:
352:
117:
1640:"Concomitant Replacement of Language and mtDNA in South Caspian Populations of Iran"
1008:
Actes du premier congrĂšs international des linguistes Ă la Haye, du 10â15 avril 1928
1673:
1413:
1408:
600:
565:
505:
440:
shared a number of features that were not inherited from a common source, but were
389:
296:
1405:"The Relation of Habitual Thought and Behavior to Language", published in (1941),
1768:
1603:
532:
languages, which are also hypothetically related according to some scholars like
1751:
796:
745:
741:
710:
413:
1656:
1639:
868:
800:
656:
397:
368:
292:
24:
20:
1447:
1425:
1381:
Schönig, Claus (2003), "Turko-Mongolic Relations", in Janhunen, Juha (ed.),
864:
461:
449:
1665:
1553:
Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation
887:
874:
781:
772:
661:
644:
396:(or analytic) type, with mostly monosyllabic morphemes and little use of
113:
1432:
Language, Thought and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamins Lee Whorf.
1201:
Papers from the 33rd Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society
806:
789:
785:
652:
588:
174:'language union') in a 1923 article. In a paper presented to the first
1708:
1317:
1184:
Jernej K. Kopitar, âAlbanische, walachische und bulgarische Spracheâ,
1006:
Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S. (1930), "Proposition 16. Ăber den Sprachbund",
1765:"East Anatolia as a linguistic area? Conceptual and empirical issues"
684:
648:
333:
187:
179:
1700:
1309:
1534:
Haspelmath, Martin, 1998. How young is Standard Average European?
688:
592:
444:, the result of diffusion during sustained contact. These include
401:
660:
the disproportionate degree of knowledge of SAE languages biased
1223:"After 170 years of Balkan Linguistics: Whither the Millennium?"
713:, characterized it as "Standard Average European". The Romance,
1455:
The work began to assume the character of a comparison between
1144:
Campbell, Lyle (2002), "Areal Linguistics: a Closer Scrutiny",
1021:
Jakobson, Roman (1931), "Ăber die phonologischen SprachbĂŒnde",
1069:"The myth of the Caucasian Sprachbund: The case of ergativity"
245:
1748:
Archipel. Ătudes interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien
428:
In a classic 1956 paper titled "India as a Linguistic Area",
52:
1119:, in Gilbers, Dicky; Nerbonne, John; Schaeken, Jos (eds.),
595:, is an area of interaction between varieties of northwest
186:, defining it as a group of languages with similarities in
966:, AmsterdamâPhiladelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 25â94,
61:
1333:
Language and Linguistic Area: Essays by Murray B. Emeneau
647:
were characterized by a number of similarities including
1407:
Language, Culture, and Personality: Essays in Memory of
219:
The idea of areal convergence is commonly attributed to
1296:
Emeneau, Murray (1956), "India as a Linguistic Area",
919:
Language Typology â Cross-linguistic Studies in Syntax
643:
which shared common features. Whorf argued that these
1746:
Schapper, Antoinette. "Wallacea, a linguistic area."
169:
64:
55:
43:
687:
which have seen substantial cultural influence from
193:
Later workers, starting with Trubetzkoy's colleague
67:
58:
49:
46:
287:but from very divergent branches, and Turkish is a
237:
nur eine Sprachform ... mit dreierlei Sprachmaterie
40:
1216:
1214:
1039:. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter, 1971, pp. 137â148.
1613:; Bowen, J.D.; Cooper, R.L.; et al. (eds.),
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
19:Not to be confused with the sociolinguistic term
1476:with the 'possible' (but doubtful) exception of
1360:, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 114â117,
1773:. University of Bamberg Press. pp. 13â31.
1452:Quotation is Whorf (1941:77â78) and (1956:138).
1254:"Areal Linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia"
404:, though a number of MonâKhmer languages have
1053:, New York: Kraus Reprints, pp. 351â365.
709:, who was instrumental in the development of
163:
132:indicates a language family or a sprachbund.
8:
1428:: Sapir Memorial Publication Fund. pp 75â93.
1617:, Oxford University Press, pp. 63â76,
1523:"Language Typology and Language Universals"
917:Mallinson, Graham; Blake, Barry J. (1981).
576:, is that they are due to areal diffusion.
97:
1724:From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics
1247:
1245:
1243:
964:From linguistic areas to areal linguistics
957:
955:
953:
120:resulting from geographical proximity and
1655:
1487:(quotation pp. 77â78) and as Whorf, B. L.
1280:
1010:, Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, pp. 17â18.
16:Group of languages sharing areal features
1335:, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press,
1023:Travaux du cercle linguistique de Prague
100:'language federation'), also known as a
1583:(1970), "The Ethiopian Language Area",
1385:, London: Routledge, pp. 403â419,
1273:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120406
1123:, Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 311â327,
1114:"Linguistic areas and language history"
1062:
1060:
909:
748:. Inheritance of the SAE features from
313:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
679:to form the core of the SAE, i.e. the
877:âproposed, though currently uncertain
732:is most likely the result of ongoing
632:) is a concept introduced in 1939 by
83:
7:
1331:Emeneau, Murray; Dil, Anwar (1980),
703:tend to be more peripheral members.
408:. Shared syntactic features include
260:of the southern Balkans (Bulgarian,
1726:, John Benjamins, pp. 95â149,
176:International Congress of Linguists
587:spanning the Chinese provinces of
583:, in the northeastern part of the
256:comprises Albanian, Romanian, the
243:as "one grammar with the [
14:
921:. North-Holland. pp. 17â18.
740:and later, continuing during the
1585:The Journal of Ethiopian Studies
834:linguistic areas of the Americas
36:
27:, an area defined by a language.
1186:Wiener JahrbĂŒcher der Literatur
850:Northwest Coast linguistic area
1282:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C
1033:R. Jakobson: Selected writings
728:The Standard Average European
508:, supported the idea that the
239:", which has been rendered by
106:area of linguistic convergence
1:
1604:"The Ethiopian Language Area"
1356:Thomason, Sarah Grey (2001),
1261:Annual Review of Anthropology
1230:Mediterranean Language Review
1207:, Chicago Linguistic Society.
1088:10.1016/S0024-3841(98)00037-0
235:as giving the impression of "
1221:Friedman, Victor A. (2000),
840:Mesoamerican linguistic area
351:(Sino-Tibetan), HmongâMien,
162:introduced the Russian term
367:), which was followed by a
170:
1817:
1602:Ferguson, Charles (1976),
1557:Oxford University Press US
1499:"Manifesto de Interlingua"
788:on the Comorian island of
618:
223:'s description in 1830 of
212:
178:in 1928, he used a German
18:
1657:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.021
944:EnciklopediÄeskij slovarÊč
828:South Caucasian languages
815:, though this is disputed
626:Standard Average European
621:Standard Average European
380:Similarly, the unrelated
374:André-Georges Haudricourt
283:All but one of these are
164:
152:due to language contact (
148:) and those arising from
142:Jan Baudouin de Courtenay
1112:Thomason, Sarah (2000),
768:in the 3rd millennium BC
671:Whorf likely considered
581:QinghaiâGansu sprachbund
492:Some linguists, such as
299:formation, and others.
1770:Bamberger Orientstudien
1763:Haig, Geoffrey (2014).
777:Ethiopian Language Area
406:derivational morphology
307:Mainland Southeast Asia
285:Indo-European languages
264:and to a lesser degree
249:] three lexicons".
124:. The languages may be
1497:Alexander Gode, Ph.D.
1486:
1383:The Mongolic Languages
1252:Enfield, N.J. (2005),
845:Pueblo linguistic area
701:Balto-Slavic languages
536:, ShĆsaburĆ Kanazawa,
258:South Slavic languages
80:
1453:
1430:Reprinted in (1956),
1420:, Stanley S. Newman.
1067:Tuite, Kevin (1999),
989:Evrazijskij Vremennik
548:, John C. Street and
126:genetically unrelated
85:[ËÊpÊaËxbÊnt]
1615:Language in Ethiopia
1121:Languages in Contact
1037:Phonological Studies
636:to group the modern
550:Karl Heinrich Menges
534:William George Aston
446:retroflex consonants
438:Indo-Aryan languages
1750:90 (2015): 99-151.
1525:accessed 2015-10-13
1418:A. Irving Hallowell
809:(northeast Europe)
750:Proto-Indo-European
736:in the time of the
641:languages of Europe
454:subjectâobjectâverb
424:Indian subcontinent
388:(Austronesian) and
1559:, pp. 20â21,
1474:European languages
1188:46 (1830): 59â106.
863:spoken in eastern
681:literary languages
160:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
1780:978-3-86309-286-3
1733:978-90-272-3100-0
1624:978-0-19-436102-6
1581:Ferguson, Charles
1566:978-0-19-953222-3
1536:Language Sciences
1482:non-Indo-European
1392:978-0-7007-1133-8
1367:978-0-7486-0719-8
1342:978-0-8047-1047-3
1130:978-90-420-1322-3
973:978-90-272-3100-0
546:Roy Andrew Miller
458:discourse markers
414:objectâverb order
361:checked syllables
349:Sinitic languages
311:Languages of the
254:Balkan Sprachbund
215:Balkan Sprachbund
140:In a 1904 paper,
1808:
1785:
1784:
1760:
1754:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1504:(in Interlingua)
1503:
1494:
1488:
1448:The M.I.T. Press
1403:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1358:Language contact
1353:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1258:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1175:(1986): 530-570.
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1150:, archived from
1141:
1135:
1134:
1118:
1109:
1092:
1091:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1030:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
984:
978:
977:
959:
948:
947:
939:
933:
932:
914:
861:Papuan languages
738:Migration Period
734:language contact
609:Turkic languages
597:Mandarin Chinese
542:Sergei Starostin
494:Matthias Castrén
332:(represented by
173:
167:
166:
122:language contact
112:, is a group of
99:
95:
94:
93:
87:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
42:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1644:Current Biology
1637:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1451:
1436:John B. Carroll
1429:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1095:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1004:
1000:
986:
985:
981:
974:
961:
960:
951:
946:, vol. 31.
941:
940:
936:
929:
916:
915:
911:
906:
884:
826:languages with
813:in the Caucasus
758:
693:medieval period
623:
617:
585:Tibetan plateau
558:Gerhard Doerfer
490:
426:
324:(or MiaoâYao),
309:
289:Turkic language
241:Victor Friedman
217:
211:
206:
171:yazykovoy soyuz
138:
102:linguistic area
90:
89:
88:
39:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1755:
1739:
1732:
1714:
1701:10.2307/415477
1695:(3): 530â570,
1679:
1650:(7): 668â673.
1630:
1623:
1594:
1572:
1565:
1549:Deutscher, Guy
1540:
1527:
1515:
1489:
1450:. pp. 134â159.
1398:
1391:
1373:
1366:
1348:
1341:
1323:
1310:10.2307/410649
1288:
1267:(1): 181â206,
1239:
1210:
1190:
1177:
1164:
1136:
1129:
1093:
1056:
1041:
1013:
998:
979:
972:
949:
934:
927:
908:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
898:Geolinguistics
895:
893:Koiné language
890:
883:
880:
879:
878:
871:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
830:
816:
810:
803:
793:
779:
769:
757:
754:
707:Alexander Gode
697:North Germanic
666:language group
634:Benjamin Whorf
619:Main article:
616:
615:Western Europe
613:
554:Gerard Clauson
502:Nicholas Poppe
498:G. J. Ramstedt
489:
488:Northeast Asia
486:
442:areal features
430:Murray Emeneau
425:
422:
365:stop consonant
308:
305:
266:Serbo-Croatian
221:Jernej Kopitar
213:Main article:
210:
207:
205:
202:
195:Roman Jakobson
182:of this term,
137:
134:
118:areal features
110:diffusion area
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1154:on 2012-03-13
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582:
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574:agglutination
571:
570:vowel harmony
567:
563:
562:Juha Janhunen
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:Samuel Martin
535:
531:
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384:(MonâKhmer),
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353:Tai languages
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165:ŃĐ·ŃĐșĐŸĐČĐŸĐč ŃĐŸŃĐ·
161:
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107:
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92:
86:
82:
78:
72:
33:
26:
22:
1769:
1758:
1752:Open Edition
1747:
1742:
1723:
1717:
1692:
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1633:
1614:
1611:Bender, M.L.
1597:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1552:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1518:
1508:February 10,
1506:. Retrieved
1492:
1478:Balto-Slavic
1454:
1431:
1414:Leslie Spier
1409:Edward Sapir
1406:
1401:
1382:
1376:
1357:
1351:
1332:
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1297:
1291:
1264:
1260:
1233:
1229:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1156:, retrieved
1152:the original
1146:
1139:
1120:
1079:
1075:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
992:
988:
982:
963:
943:
937:
928:0-444-863117
918:
912:
857:Austronesian
729:
727:
722:
705:
670:
629:
625:
624:
601:Amdo Tibetan
578:
566:Stefan Georg
506:Pentti Aalto
491:
466:
456:word order,
427:
379:
363:ending in a
355:(Kadai) and
342:
330:Austronesian
318:Sino-Tibetan
310:
301:
297:future tense
282:
251:
244:
236:
218:
199:
192:
183:
158:
153:
145:
139:
130:
109:
105:
101:
31:
29:
1591:(2): 67â80.
1472:, or other
1304:(1): 3â16,
1082:(1): 1â29,
824:Mazandarani
797:Sepik River
775:highlands,
746:Renaissance
742:Middle Ages
711:Interlingua
691:during the
410:classifiers
347:systems in
209:The Balkans
150:convergence
116:that share
1801:Sprachbund
1434:Edited by
1412:Edited by
1158:2010-09-25
1035:, vol. 1:
1029:: 234â240;
995:: 107â124.
904:References
869:East Timor
801:New Guinea
730:Sprachbund
723:Sprachbund
657:vocabulary
470:Indo-Aryan
460:, and the
450:echo words
398:inflection
369:tone split
357:Vietnamese
340:families.
322:HmongâMien
293:infinitive
262:Macedonian
184:Sprachbund
81:Sprachbund
32:sprachbund
25:Sprachraum
23:, or with
21:Sprechbund
1440:Cambridge
1426:Wisconsin
865:Indonesia
799:basin of
773:Ethiopian
662:linguists
645:languages
474:Dravidian
462:quotative
434:Dravidian
394:isolating
338:MonâKhmer
326:TaiâKadai
272:, Balkan
229:Bulgarian
114:languages
1795:Category
1689:Language
1666:16581511
1551:(2007),
1298:Language
1173:Language
888:Isogloss
882:See also
875:Anatolia
832:several
782:Shimaore
766:Akkadian
762:Sumerian
744:and the
715:Germanic
605:Mongolic
526:Koreanic
518:Tungusic
510:Mongolic
233:Romanian
225:Albanian
204:Examples
154:srodstvo
1674:7883334
1462:English
1422:Menasha
1236:: 1â15.
807:Baltics
805:in the
795:in the
790:Mayotte
786:Kibushi
771:in the
673:Romance
653:grammar
589:Qinghai
530:Japonic
402:affixes
274:Turkish
146:rodstvo
136:History
75:, from
1777:
1730:
1709:415477
1707:
1672:
1664:
1621:
1563:
1470:German
1466:French
1389:
1364:
1339:
1318:410649
1316:
1127:
1076:Lingua
970:
925:
820:Gilaki
756:Others
719:Slavic
717:, and
695:. The
685:Europe
649:syntax
522:Altaic
516:, and
514:Turkic
336:) and
334:Chamic
278:Romani
276:, and
188:syntax
180:calque
77:German
1705:JSTOR
1670:S2CID
1609:, in
1607:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1444:Mass.
1314:JSTOR
1257:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1205:(PDF)
1117:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
873:East
689:Latin
593:Gansu
478:Munda
382:Khmer
270:Greek
108:, or
1775:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1662:PMID
1619:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1510:2013
1480:and
1457:Hopi
1387:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1125:ISBN
968:ISBN
923:ISBN
867:and
859:and
822:and
818:the
784:and
764:and
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675:and
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504:and
480:and
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416:and
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231:and
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1697:doi
1652:doi
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