441:, who commanded a substantial number of Gothic auxiliaries. Alaric would go on to become Stilicho's chief adversary during his later career as the head of the Western Roman armies. Stilicho distinguished himself at the Frigidus, and Theodosius, exhausted by the campaign, saw him as a man worthy of responsibility for the future safety of the empire. In several of the Claudian poems celebrating Theodosius's victories, Stilicho's participation and contribution to the campaign were highlighted. This helped him gain popularity in the empire. The last emperor of a united Rome appointed Stilicho guardian of his son
673:(Pavia) led this force at the beginning of the campaigning season in 406 against Radagaisus. Fortunately for Stilicho, Radagaisus had split his forces into three divisions; two were pillaging the Italian countryside while the largest contingent – under Radagaisus himself – was laying siege to Florentia. Stilicho marched his entire army against Radagaisus at Florentia, managed to surprise him and captured almost his entire force. Stilicho executed Radagaisus and enrolled 12,000 of his warriors in his army. The rest were sold off as slaves.
677:
Stilicho wanted
Illyricum as a recruiting ground for his army (recruiting troops in the western provinces proved difficult because most able bodied men were employed by the western elite which he could not afford to antagonize). 2) Stilicho feared that Italy could be invaded from Illyricum if he did not control the Diocese himself (directly or indirectly through Alaric). 3) Stilicho planned to neutralize Alaric as a threat by employing him and his battle-hardened troops in the Western Empire's defences and made him
376:. Historians have a difficult time explaining exactly what led to his marriage to Serena which occurred after his return to Constantinople at the successful conclusion of peace talks. Claudian claims that Theodosius awarded Stilicho with Serena’s hand because of his outstanding achievements, but as Stilicho was actually just a junior member of the embassy and not its leader, nor had he done anything else of note, this is certainly panegyrical publicity. Perhaps the varied duties of the
540:, criticizes Stilicho for being overconfident in victory and indulging in luxury and women, allowing Alaric to escape. Contemporary scholarship disagrees, and finds a variety of possible explanations, including an order from Arcadius directing him to evacuate the Eastern Empire, the unreliability of his mostly barbarian troops, the revolt of Gildo in Africa or the possibility that he simply was never as close to Alaric as Claudian suggests.
792:
Goths, attempting to secure a permanent peace treaty and rights to settle within Roman territory. He besieged Rome three times without attacking while the Roman army of Italy watched helplessly, but only after a fourth failed attempt at a deal was Alaric's siege a success. After months under siege the people of Rome were dying of hunger and some were resorting to cannibalism. Then, the Gothic army broke through the gates and
592:. The campaign against the Picts is highly disputed. The troops defending the British provinces probably defeated an invasion by the Picts without any support from Stilicho – who is never recorded to have left Italy in 398. Claudian refers to Stilicho providing Britannia with forts and a legion to protect it from incursions by Picts and Scots. However, a critical analysis of his panegyric suggests that things went badly.
31:
456:, Stilicho's panegyrist, makes Theodosius's spirit say "When I was raised to heaven disorder... and tumult did I leave behind me. The army was still drawing the forbidden sword in that Alpine war, and conquerors and conquered gave alternate cause for dissension. Scarce could this madness have been calmed by my vigilance, much less by a boy's rule... 'Twas then that Stilicho took my place..."
516:. Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect of the East, attempted to negotiate with Alaric in person. Officials in Constantinople suspected Rufinus was in league with the Goths. Stilicho led the army, which had been victorious at the Frigidus and was still assembled in Italy, into the Balkans to confront the Goths, eventually surrounding them somewhere in Thessaly. According to
816:
524:. Stilicho resented the orders, for he was in a position to defeat Alaric's Goths, but he obeyed them anyway. When the Eastern Empire's forces arrived at Constantinople, Arcadius and Rufinus rode out to meet them. At this meeting Rufinus was murdered by the troops. Many historians suspect the involvement of Stilicho in the assassination/murder of Rufinus.
665:, the king of one of the Gothic tribes north of the Danube, led a combined force of Goths, Alans, Sueves, and Vandals across the Danube and the Alps and into Italy. This disrupted Stilicho's plans to re-take Illyricum from the Eastern Empire with the help of Alaric. Stilicho, scraping together a force of c. 20,000 men (thirty
698:(Quadians, Marcomanni, and Alemanni) from central Europe arrived at the Rhine frontier. The Franks, Rome's allies on the northern Rhine, tried to stop the Vandals from entering the Empire and fought them on the far bank of the Rhine. The Vandals defeated the Franks with the help of the Alans, but lost their king
791:
Without a strong general like
Stilicho, Honorius could do little to break the siege, and adopted a passive strategy trying to wait out Alaric, hoping to regather his forces to defeat the Visigoths in the meantime. What followed was two years of political and military manoeuvering, Alaric, king of the
476:
throne in
Constantinople. As both were underage, Stilicho remained the caretaker for Honorius until he came of age. He would claim to have been given a similar role in regards to Arcadius, although no independent verification of this exists. Neither proved to powerfully assert themselves as leaders,
689:
In order to protect Italy from invasions by Alaric (401–402) and
Radagaisus (405–406), Stilicho had seriously depleted the Roman forces defending the Rhine frontier. He left it defended "only by the faith of the Germans and the ancient terror of the Roman name", as Gibbon put it. In 406 a coalition
380:
at some point placed
Stilicho inside the imperial residence of Constantinople where he encountered Serena and they decided the match themselves, or maybe Theodosius saw a good outcome in tying a young, up-and-coming, half-barbarian general to the imperial household. The marriage would see the birth
527:
In 396 Stilicho campaigned against the Franks and other
Germanic tribes in Gaul. He used the campaign to boost the morale of the western army – which had suffered three consecutive defeats in the civil wars against Theodosius – and to recruit Germanic auxiliaries to bolster its depleted ranks. The
736:
Meanwhile, Constantine's rebellion having interrupted the negotiations between Alaric and
Stilicho for the joint attack on Illyria, Alaric demanded the payment he was owed, threatening to attack Italy again if he did not receive a large amount of gold. The senate, "inspired by the courage, rather
485:
became the power behind the throne in the east. To strengthen his hold over the emperor, he gave
Honorius his daughter Maria's hand in marriage in 398, and after her death, Thermantia's in 408. Both of these marriages did not produce any children. Stilicho used his military leadership as well as
676:
In late 406, Stilicho demanded the return of the eastern half of
Illyricum (which had been transferred to the administrative control of Constantinople by Theodosius), threatening war if the Eastern Roman Empire resisted. The exact reasons for this are unclear, but there are several theories: 1)
618:
invaded Italy and lay siege to
Mediolanum (Milan) where Honorius was residing. In 402 Stilicho returned to Italy and hastened forward with a selected vanguard in advance of his main body, breaking the siege of Mediolanum and rescuing the besieged emperor. One of his chieftains implored him to
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throughout Italy were slain by the local Romans. The natural consequence was that these men (estimates describe their numbers as perhaps 30,000 strong) flocked to the protection of Alaric, clamoring to be led against their enemies. The Visigothic warlord accordingly crossed the
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cavalry officer and a provincial woman of Roman birth. Despite his father's origins there is little to suggest that Stilicho considered himself anything other than a Roman, and his high rank within the empire suggests that he was probably not an
1632:
Bendle, Christopher. 2024. The Office of "Magister Militum" in the 4th Century CE: a Study into the Impact of Political and Military Leadership on the Later Roman Empire. Studies in Ancient Monarchies. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN
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than the wisdom, of their predecessors", as Gibbon put it, favored war with Alaric until Stilicho persuaded them to give into Alaric's demands. They were angry at Stilicho for this, and one of the most outspoken of them, Lampadius, said "
287:. After nine years of struggle against barbarian and Roman enemies, political and military disasters finally allowed his enemies in the court of Honorius to remove him from power. His fall culminated in his arrest and execution in 408.
764:
organized by Stilicho's political opponents". Stilicho retired to Ravenna, where he was taken into captivity. Stilicho did not resist and was executed on August 22, 408, as was his son, Eucherius, shortly afterwards.
623:, capturing his camp and his wife. Alaric himself managed to escape with most of his men. This battle was the last victory celebrated in a triumphal march in Rome, which was saved for the time being. At
681:(Stilicho and Alaric would take Illyricum from the Eastern Empire, Alaric would defend Illyricum, leaving Stilicho free to concentrate on the north). A combination of all three is also a possibility.
574:
was drowned under questionable circumstances, perhaps on the orders of a jealous Stilicho. The year 400 also saw Stilicho accorded the highest honour within the Roman state by being appointed consul.
958:
669:
of Roman troops with supporting units of federates of Alans and Huns) through a variety of desperate methods, including efforts to enroll slaves in the army in exchange for their freedom, at
504:
when they decided to raid the countryside. By doing so Alaric effectively broke his treaty with Rome. Unfortunately for the Romans, the armies of the Eastern Empire were occupied with
733:, but a relief force drove him back and saved the rebellion. Sarus withdrew and Stilicho decided to seal off the Alps to prevent Constantine from threatening Italy.
313:
is the main source; he derived his information on Stilicho from two prior historians, whose texts he copies faithfully, although in summary. One of these historians,
500:
His first brush with such court politics came in 395. After the Battle of Frigidus the Goths, under their new king Alaric, were returning to their allotted lands in
486:
Honorius' youth and inexperience to consolidate his authority over the empire, though he acquired many rivals and enemies in the process, both in the West and East.
566:. He declared his intention to place the African provinces, the critical source of Rome's grain supply, under the control of the Eastern Empire. Stilicho sent
321:, was supportive, resulting in a bit of a garbled, contradictory account. Stilicho also maintained correspondence with his friend, the renowned pagan senator
2030:
1646:
936:
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1723:
309:, whom he patronized after the death of Theodosius I. These are likely quite biased and portray Stilicho in a positive light. For events after 404,
1339:
796:. Many historians argue that the removal of Stilicho was the main catalyst leading to this monumental event, the first barbarian capture of Rome
2005:
452:
At the time of Theodosius's death, the field armies that had clashed at the Frigidus were still in disarray and fighting was still continuing.
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in Britain, which Stilicho proved unable to quash. As Constantine moved his forces into Gaul, Stilicho sent his subordinate
1366:
A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius: with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature
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2000:
520:, Stilicho was in a position to destroy them, but was ordered by Arcadius to return the Eastern Empire's forces and leave
174:
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Stilicho's unsuccessful attempts to deal with Constantine, and rumors that he had earlier planned the assassination of
2035:
2010:
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retreat from Italy, but Alaric refused. In a surprise attack on Easter Sunday in 402, Stilicho defeated Alaric at the
386:
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40:
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2015:
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865:"The portrait of Flavius Aetius (390–454) from Durostorum (Silistra) inscribed on a consular diptych form Monza"
178:
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1952:
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of the Roman Empire from Constantinople, and who was to become the last emperor to rule both the eastern and
1895:
1493:
1446:
760:
5.32). John Matthews observed that the following events "have every appearance of a thoroughly co-ordinated
102:
1879:
1669:
Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, CA. 375–425 A.D.
430:
348:
Stilicho joined the Roman army and rose through the ranks during the reign of Theodosius I, who ruled the
318:
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to oppose him. Sarus had some initial success, winning a major victory and killing both of Constantine's
1929:
1922:
1886:
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797:
703:
301:, the major primary source for the events of Stilicho's reign, or at least events prior to 404, are the
1970:
601:
473:
465:
353:
349:
268:
140:
627:, Stilicho again bested Alaric, who managed to escape with a diminished force. A truce was made and
1975:
1861:– A collection of Claudian's works in both Latin and English, including his panegyrics for Stilicho
821:
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and began a campaign through the heart of Italy. By September 408, the barbarians stood before the
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or remained in Constantinople during that time. In 392 or 393, Theodosius promoted Stilicho to
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The destruction that occurred in Gaul and the lack of an effective response from the court in
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Whatever its origin, this match undoubtedly raised Stilicho's prospects. He was promoted to
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Stilicho also fought a war in Britain in this time period, likely in the year 398, dubbed
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https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/De_Bello_Gildonico*.html
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and that he planned to place his son on the throne following the death of emperor
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mutinied on August 13, 408, killing at least seven senior imperial officers (
1543:. Trans. Janet Sondheimer. (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967) p. 182.
775:
699:
434:
369:
302:
1767:
986:. Trans. Janet Sondheimer. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967, p. 179.
1947:
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1152:
The Complete Works of Claudian: Translated with an Introduction and Notes
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In the disturbances which followed, the wives and children of barbarian
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in response to an invasion by Vandals and Alans. Sensing an opportunity
345:, who declared Nicene Christianity the official religion of the empire.
1405:
M. Miller "Stilicho's Pictish War." Britannia. Vol. 6, (1975), 141–144
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A Re-Examination of Why Stilicho Abandoned His Pursuit of Alaric in 397
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in 392, Theodosius appointed Stilicho as co-commander of the army with
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90:
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in 385. It is unclear whether he participated in the campaign against
839:
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is a given name of Germanic origin, containing the Germanic element
1572:
864:
481:
commander-in-chief of the Roman armies in the west while his rival
695:
691:
555:
464:
Following the death of Theodosius, Honorius became emperor of the
360:, an office in the branch of military administrators known as the
159:
51:
1648:
The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425
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Barbarians and Romans: The Birth Struggle of Europe, A.D. 400–700
714:. Stilicho's reputation would never recover from this disaster.
505:
356:
halves of the empire jointly. In 383, Theodosius sent him as a
1541:
The Decline of Rome: The Metamorphosis of Ancient Civilization
984:
The Decline of Rome: The Metamorphosis of Ancient Civilization
706:. These new migrants proceeded to devastate the provinces of
635:
where he and his men were settled in the border provinces of
532:, but Alaric himself escaped into the surrounding mountains.
1561:
The Usurpers Constantine III (407–411) and Jovinus (411–413)
39:, possibly of Stilicho (right) with his wife Serena and son
1718:
Thesis (Ph.D.). Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2004.
1059:
Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
248:
242:
236:
1672:
Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
1180:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983. pp. 78–81
606:
In 401 Stilicho led the praesental army from Italy into
528:
next year, in 397, Stilicho defeated Alaric's forces in
1734:
Vol. 1, the Visigothic Invasion. See Chapters XIII–XVI.
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Blockley, R.C. (1998). "The Dynasty of Theodosius". In
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710:, as well as triggering military revolts there and in
449:(supreme commander), shortly before his death in 395.
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Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455
267:
who, for a time, became the most powerful man in the
245:
230:
1011:
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999:, third edition. Oxford University Press, 1996 1444.
429:. They were victorious over the Western army at the
239:
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Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court AD 364–425
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154:
146:
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119:
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76:
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21:
1716:The Death of Stilicho: A Study of Interpretations.
433:. One of his comrades during the campaign was the
1241:Honorius: The Fight for the Roman West AD 395–423
447:comes et magister utriusque militiae praesentalis
263:– 22 August 408) was a military commander in the
1013:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 279.
752:(1 May 408), caused a revolt. The Roman army at
560:comes et magister utriusque militiae per Africam
947:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 920.
741:(This is not peace, but a pact of servitude)."
1449:. (New York: Thames & Hudson, 2009) 288.
1040:– meaning "calm, quiet", from Proto-Germanic
959:A History of the Later Roman Empire AD 284–641
8:
1732:The Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire.
1582:
1580:
995:Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth eds.
418:and gave him command of soldiers in Thrace.
372:to negotiate a peace settlement relating to
1809:Defending Rome: The Masters of the Soldiers
1760:Stilicone: La crisi imperiale dopo Teodosio
337:like many Germanic Christians but rather a
1864:
1795:Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire
1601:, Oxford: University Press, 1990, p. 281.
704:crossed the poorly defended Rhine frontier
317:, was hostile to Stilicho, and the other,
295:Besides the relevant legal records in the
29:
18:
1344:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
562:(the commander of all troops in Africa),
1724:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1513:
1511:
1225:
1364:Albrecht, M. von and Schmeling, G. L.,
855:
739:Non est ista pax, sed pactio servitutis
679:comes et magister militum per Illyricum
421:After the death of the Western emperor
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935:Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes (1911). "
283:. He became guardian for the underage
1797:, University of Alberta Press, 1983.
1145:
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1107:
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1083:
7:
1831:Claudian. "De Consulatu Stilichonis"
702:. On 31 December 406, the coalition
415:comes et magister utriusque militiae
2031:People executed by the Roman Empire
1741:Stilicho: The Vandal Who Saved Rome
1389:, Birlinn Ltd., Edinburgh, p. 199,
14:
1688:History of the Later Roman Empire
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1009:Grig, Lucy; Kelly, Gavin (2012).
721:lent support to the rebellion of
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1497:, Oxford University Press, 2007
1203:. Loeb Classical Library, 1922.
1174:Randers-Pehrson, Justine Davis.
814:
802:fall of the Western Roman Empire
794:sacked the city in August of 410
223:
2026:People executed by decapitation
1445:Gibbon, 263–267. David Potter.
1338:Blockley, 113f. Emma Burrell. "
997:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
907:"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol"
1828:Claudian. "De Bello Gildonico"
1651:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
2006:Executed ancient Roman people
1567:. Vol. 29, (1998): 269–298.
1097:Theodosius, The Empire at Bay
903:by the late 4th century, see
305:addressed to him by the poet
257:
81:
67:
44:
1494:The Fall of the Roman Empire
939:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
477:and Stilicho came to be the
175:Battle of the Frigidus (394)
1779:. Oxford University Press.
1447:Ancient Rome: A New History
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1150:Bernstein, Neil W. (2023).
1124:, p. 21; Bendle 2024, 113;
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328:Stilicho was the son of a
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1900:
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1095:Williams, S., Friell, G.
863:Atanasov, Georgi (2014).
798:in nearly eight centuries
291:Origins and rise to power
212:
131:
127:
54:). It may instead depict
28:
1953:Anicius Petronius Probus
1859:Claudian at LacusCurtius
1773:McEvoy, Meaghan (2013).
381:of a son, who was named
374:the partition of Armenia
1793:O'Flynn, John Michael.
941:Encyclopædia Britannica
651:Campaign in North Italy
279:, the niece of emperor
275:origins and married to
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1981:5th-century executions
1841:Claudian. "In Rufinum"
1666:Burns, Thomas (1994).
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1198:The War Against Gildo.
905:Cameron, Alan (1988).
590:Stilicho's Pictish War
584:Stilicho's Pictish War
431:Battle of the Frigidus
202:Battle of Verona (402)
101:Unknown, possibly the
1996:Comites rei militaris
1207:accessed 28 Sept 2020
385:, and two daughters,
358:tribunus praetorianus
271:. He was partly of
147:Years of service
2046:Generals of Honorius
2001:Comites domesticorum
1738:Hughes, Ian (2010).
964:Blackwell Publishing
899:. The name became a
602:Gothic War (401-403)
466:Western Roman Empire
269:Western Roman Empire
179:Gothic War (395–398)
141:Western Roman Empire
80:22 August 408 (aged
1714:Fletcher, David T.
1559:J.F. Drinkwater. "
1427:, pp. 143, 148–149.
1196:De Bello Gildonico
1154:. Oxon: Routledge.
822:Roman Empire portal
621:Battle of Pollentia
445:, with the rank of
399:comes sacri stabuli
197:Battle of Pollentia
193:Siege of Asti (402)
2036:Theodosian dynasty
2011:Last of the Romans
1868:Political offices
1807:Reynolds, Julian.
1758:Mazzarino, Santo.
1633:978-3-515-13614-3.
1126:Codex Theodosianus
956:Stephen Mitchell.
800:and a part of the
496:Revolt of Alaric I
472:was placed on the
468:while his brother
405:comes domesticorum
402:and soon after to
298:Codex Theodosianus
1959:
1958:
1948:Arcadius Augustus
1945:Succeeded by
1918:Honorius Augustus
1901:Succeeded by
1876:Mallius Theodorus
1817:978-146-285-105-8
1751:978-1-84415-969-7
1730:Hodgkin, Thomas.
1710:978-050-027-495-8
1700:Ferrill, Arther.
1696:978-048-620-399-7
1607:978-019-814-499-1
1549:978-029-781-392-7
1455:978-0-500-28786-6
1251:978-1-317-27807-8
1186:978-080-612-511-4
1161:978-1-000-82182-6
1137:Bendle 2024, 119.
1111:Bendle 2024, 167.
1020:978-0-19-973940-0
972:978-1-118-31242-1
937:Stilicho, Flavius
892:Sometimes called
657:War of Radagaisus
554:Later that year,
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206:War of Radagaisus
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2016:Magistri militum
1915:Preceded by
1873:Preceded by
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1397:
1383:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:Gibbon, 233–235.
1353:
1347:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1301:
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927:
926:
890:
884:
883:
881:
880:
860:
824:
819:
818:
817:
731:magistri militum
645:Pannonia Secunda
578:Pictish Campaign
544:Revolt in Africa
490:Balkans Campaign
460:Serving Honorius
341:like his patron
339:Nicene Christian
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
86:
83:
72:
69:
49:
46:
33:
19:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2041:Vandal warriors
1961:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1910:
1906:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1855:
1825:
1823:Primary sources
1811:Xlibris, 2012.
1787:
1772:
1752:
1737:
1680:
1665:
1659:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1595:John Matthews,
1594:
1590:
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1558:
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1538:
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1525:
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1444:
1440:
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1422:
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1404:
1400:
1384:
1380:
1368:, Brill, 1996.
1363:
1359:
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1328:
1324:
1315:
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1302:
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1007:
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966:, 2007, p. 89.
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723:Constantine III
687:
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132:Military career
93:
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59:
52:Monza Cathedral
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2059:
2057:
2049:
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2043:
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2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
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1963:
1962:
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1956:
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1943:
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1916:
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1853:External links
1851:
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1679:978-0253312884
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1639:Averil Cameron
1634:
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1503:978-0195325416
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548:Main article:
545:
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508:incursions in
494:Main article:
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1244:. Routledge.
1243:
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1226:Blockley 1998
1222:
1219:
1216:Mitchell, 89.
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982:Joseph Vogt.
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962:. Singapore:
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786:walls of Rome
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536:, drawing on
535:
534:Edward Gibbon
531:
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100:
98:Resting place
96:
92:
79:
75:
66:
62:
57:
53:
42:
38:
32:
27:
20:
1937:
1930:Roman consul
1928:
1923:Aristaenetus
1893:
1887:Roman consul
1885:
1845:
1836:In Eutropium
1808:
1794:
1775:
1759:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1715:
1701:
1687:
1668:
1647:
1613:
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1555:
1540:
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1487:
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1441:
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1419:
1410:
1401:
1386:
1381:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1320:, pp. 93–95.
1317:
1312:
1307:, pp. 85–87.
1304:
1299:
1294:, pp. 82–85.
1291:
1286:
1281:, pp. 81–85.
1278:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1240:
1233:
1221:
1212:
1197:
1192:
1175:
1170:
1151:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1099:. 1994. p 41
1096:
1091:
1079:
1072:Google Books
1057:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1010:
1004:
996:
991:
983:
978:
957:
952:
944:
940:
931:
917:(1): 26–33.
914:
910:
893:
888:
877:. Retrieved
872:
868:
858:
790:
774:
772:
743:
738:
735:
730:
716:
690:of Vandals,
688:
678:
675:
666:
660:
644:
605:
587:
559:
553:
550:Gildonic War
526:
502:Lower Moesia
499:
478:
463:
451:
446:
420:
414:
403:
398:
395:
377:
361:
357:
350:Eastern half
347:
343:Theodosius I
327:
319:Olympiodorus
296:
294:
281:Theodosius I
218:
217:
183:Gildonic War
158:
1971:350s births
1834:Claudian. "
1686:Bury, J.B.
1618:McEvoy 2013
1586:Gibbon, 277
1530:Potter, 298
1414:Gibbon, 256
1329:Gibbon, 245
782:Julian Alps
762:coup d'état
188:Pictish War
1976:408 deaths
1965:Categories
1904:Vincentius
1896:Aurelianus
1084:Burns 1994
1070:, p. 320.
1068:1576072630
1034:Stilic(h)o
879:2016-08-24
851:References
663:Radagaisus
643:(probably
510:Asia Minor
435:Visigothic
391:Thermantia
366:Shapur III
303:panegyrics
265:Roman army
261: 359
137:Allegiance
115:(400, 405)
71: 359
48: 395
1940:Anthemius
1880:Eutropius
1844:Zosimus.
1768:470254528
1565:Brittania
1521:, p. 181.
1469:, p. 165.
1044:stillijaz
776:foederati
769:Aftermath
712:Britannia
700:Godigisel
633:Illyricum
530:Macedonia
522:Illyricum
383:Eucherius
370:Ctesiphon
323:Symmachus
208:(405–406)
85: 49
41:Eucherius
2021:Patricii
1950: VI
1920: VI
1908:Fravitta
1645:(eds.).
1519:Stilicho
1517:Hughes,
1480:Stilicho
1478:Hughes,
1467:Stilicho
1465:Hughes,
1425:Stilicho
1423:Hughes,
1318:Stilicho
1316:Hughes,
1305:Stilicho
1303:Hughes,
1292:Stilicho
1290:Hughes,
1279:Stilicho
1277:Hughes,
1268:, p. 81.
1266:Stilicho
1264:Hughes,
1201:Claudian
1128:, 7.9.3.
1122:Stilicho
923:41540754
897:Stilicho
835:Arbogast
808:See also
750:Arcadius
685:Downfall
641:Pannonia
631:went to
572:Mascezel
568:Mascezel
564:revolted
518:Claudian
479:de facto
470:Arcadius
454:Claudian
443:Honorius
437:warlord
427:Timasius
362:notarii,
315:Eunapius
307:Claudian
285:Honorius
219:Stilicho
120:Children
23:Stilicho
1627:Sources
1376:p. 1340
1038:stil(l)
911:Latomus
895:Flavius
830:Ricimer
758:Zosimus
754:Ticinum
746:Rufinus
719:Ravenna
671:Ticinum
661:In 405
637:Noricum
612:Noricum
538:Zosimus
483:Rufinus
474:Eastern
378:notarii
354:western
311:Zosimus
171:Battles
150:382–408
91:Ravenna
37:diptych
1815:
1801:
1783:
1766:
1748:
1708:
1694:
1676:
1655:
1641:&
1605:
1547:
1505:p. 219
1501:
1453:
1393:
1372:
1248:
1184:
1158:
1066:
1017:
970:
921:
875:: 7–21
840:Gainas
694:, and
667:numeri
629:Alaric
625:Verona
616:Alaric
608:Raetia
558:, the
506:Hunnic
439:Alaric
330:Vandal
277:Serena
273:Vandal
113:Consul
109:Office
56:Aetius
35:Ivory
1938:with
1894:with
919:JSTOR
727:Sarus
696:Suevi
692:Alans
556:Gildo
514:Syria
387:Maria
335:Arian
199:(402)
190:(398)
185:(398)
160:Comes
1813:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1764:OCLC
1746:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1015:ISBN
968:ISBN
708:Gaul
639:and
610:and
512:and
389:and
155:Rank
77:Died
64:Born
1935:405
1932:II
1891:400
1569:doi
1563:."
1342:."
945:25.
647:).
368:in
162:et
1967::
1704:.
1690:.
1579:^
1510:^
1142:^
1104:^
943:.
915:47
913:.
909:.
871:.
867:.
804:.
788:.
393:.
325:.
258:c.
256:;
249:oʊ
82:c.
68:c.
45:c.
43:,
1848:.
1838:"
1789:.
1754:.
1727:.
1682:.
1661:.
1571::
1254:.
1164:.
1074:.
1047:.
1042:*
1023:.
925:.
882:.
873:1
252:/
246:k
243:ɪ
240:l
237:ɪ
234:t
231:s
228:ˈ
225:/
221:(
123:3
87:)
58:.
50:(
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