Surname - Knowledge (XXG)

1000:

surnames needed them. In 1526, King Frederik I of Denmark-Norway ordered that noble families must take up fixed surnames, and many of them took as their name some element of their coat of arms; for example, the Rosenkrantz ("rose wreath") family took their surname from a wreath of roses comprising the torse of their arms, and the Gyldenstierne ("golden star") family took theirs from a 7-pointed gold star on their shield. Subsequently, many middle-class Scandinavian families desired names similar to those of the nobles and adopted "ornamental" surnames as well. Most other naming traditions refer to them as "acquired". They might be given to people newly immigrated, conquered, or converted, as well as those with unknown parentage, formerly enslaved, or from parentage without a surname tradition.

2251:, the custom is for people to have two surnames, with the first surname coming from the father and the second from the mother; the opposite order is now legally allowed in Spain but still unusual. In informal situations typically only the first one is used, although both are needed for legal purposes. A child's first surname will usually be their father's first surname, while the child's second surname will usually be their mother's first surname. For example, if José García Torres and María Acosta Gómez had a child named Pablo, then his full name would be Pablo García Acosta. One family member's relationship to another can often be identified by the various combinations and permutations of surnames. 3001: 2751:

either parent) and a maximum of six names (two first names and four surnames – he or she may have up to four surnames in any order desired picked up from the total of his/her parents and grandparents' surnames). The use of any surname outside this lot, or of more than six names, is legally possible, but it requires dealing with bureaucracy. Parents or the person him/herself must explain the claims they have to bear that surname (a family nickname, a rare surname lost in past generations, or any other reason one may find suitable). In Brazil, there is no limit of surnames used.

1831:

by a possessive suffix (Novák/Nováková, Hromada/Hromadová). In Czech and Slovak, the pure possessive would be Novákova, Hromadova, but the surname evolved to a more adjectivized form Nováková, Hromadová, to suppress the historical possessivity. Some rare types of surnames are universal and gender-neutral: examples in Czech are Janů, Martinů, Fojtů, Kovářů. These are the archaic form of the possessive, related to the plural name of the family. Such rare surnames are also often used for transgender persons during transition because most common surnames are gender-specific.

2038:. For instance, when John Smith and Mary Jones marry each other, they may become known as "John Smith-Jones" and "Mary Smith-Jones". A spouse may also opt to use their birth name as a middle name, and e.g. become known as "Mary Jones Smith". An additional option, although rarely practiced, is the adoption of the last name derived from a blend of the prior names, such as "Simones", which also requires a legal name change. Some couples keep their own last names but give their children hyphenated or combined surnames. 398:. In Western Europe, where Germanic culture dominated the aristocracy, family names were almost non-existent. They would not significantly reappear again in Eastern Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the familial affiliations of the Armenian military aristocracy. The practice of using family names spread through the Eastern Roman Empire, however it was not until the 11th century that surnames came to be used in West Europe. 402:

Spanish-speaking world today. Other sources of surnames are personal appearance or habit, e.g. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno ("dark"); geographic location or ethnicity, e.g. Alemán ("German"); and occupations, e.g. Molinero ("miller"), Zapatero ("shoe-maker") and Guerrero ("warrior"), although occupational names are much more often found in a shortened form referring to the trade itself, e.g. Molina ("mill"), Guerra ("war"), or Zapata (archaic form of

2712:, but also sometimes even in the Hispanic world, since many Hispanics are unfamiliar with this and other compound surnames, "Paz y Miño" might be inadvertently mistaken as "Paz" for the paternal surname and "Miño" for the maternal surname. Although Miño did start off as the maternal surname in this compound surname, it was many generations ago, around five centuries, that it became compounded, and henceforth inherited and passed on as a compound. 2560:, the family's nickname is used instead of the surname: if one family is known as "Ñecos" because of an ancestor who was known as "Ñecu", they would be "José el de Ñecu" or "Ana la de Ñecu" (collective: the Ñeco's). Some common nicknames are "Rubiu" (blond or red hair), "Roju" (reddish, referring to their red hair), "Chiqui" (small), "Jinchu" (big), and a bunch of names about certain characteristics, family relationship or geographical origin ( 2989:

along with the institution of civil registries, all children now have surnames. During the mid-20th century, under French influence and among upper classes, women started to take up their husbands' surname(s). From the 1960s onwards, this usage spread to the common people, again under French influence, this time, however, due to the forceful legal adoption of their husbands' surname which was imposed onto Portuguese immigrant women in France.

417:. Evidence indicates that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobility who arrived in England during the Norman conquest differentiated themselves by affixing 'de' (of) before the name of their village in France. This is what is known as a territorial surname, a consequence of feudal landownership. By the 14th century, most 621: 1847:

with the ending "-s" – "Iron", ("iron"), "rock", 2) as well as surnames of both genders, which are written in the same nominative case because corresponds to nouns in the third declension ending in "-us" "Grigus", "Markus"; 3) surnames based on an adjective have indefinite suffixes typical of adjectives "-s, -a" ("Stalts", "Stalta") or the specified endings "-ais, -ā" ("Čaklais", "Čaklā") ("diligent").

2110: 43: 142: 1880:-owa. In Lithuania, if the husband is named Vilkas, his wife will be named Vilkienė and his unmarried daughter will be named Vilkaitė. Male surnames have suffixes -as, -is, -ius, or -us, unmarried girl surnames aitė, -ytė, -iūtė or -utė, wife surnames -ienė. These suffixes are also used for foreign names, exclusively for grammar; Welby, the surname of 2977:". He was often referred to in 12th-century documents as "Soeiro Mendes, senhor da Maia", Soeiro Mendes, lord of Maia. Noblewomen also bore patronymics and surnames in the same manner and never bore their husband's surnames. First-born males bore their father's surname, other children bore either both or only one of them at their will. 1433:, for instance, likely arose either in or near Lucania or in the family of someone named Lucas or Lucius; in some instances, however, the name may have arisen from Lucca, with the spelling and pronunciation changing over time and with emigration. The same name may appear in different cultures by coincidence or romanization; the surname 2750:

Each person usually has two family names: though the law specifies no order, the first one is usually the maternal family name, whereas the last one is commonly the paternal family name. In Portugal, a person's full name has a minimum legal length of two names (one given name and one family name from

2528:

A new trend in the United States for Hispanics is to hyphenate their father's and mother's last names. This is done because American-born English-speakers are not aware of the Hispanic custom of using two last names and thus mistake the first last name of the individual for a middle name. In doing so

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corresponding to "Mrs Gómez"). Feminist activists have criticized this custom as they consider it sexist. In some countries, this form may be mainly social and not an official name change, i.e. her name would still legally be her birth name. This custom, begun in medieval times, is decaying and only

1927:

and, according to law or custom, is passed or given to children from at least one of their parents' family names. The use of family names is common in most cultures around the world, but each culture has its own rules as to how the names are formed, passed, and used. However, the style of having both

1842:

In Greece, if a man called Papadopoulos has a daughter, she will likely be named Papadopoulou (if the couple has decided their offspring will take his surname), the genitive form, as if the daughter is "of" a man named Papadopoulos. Likewise, the surnames of daughters of males with surnames ending in

1838:

Generally, inflected languages use names and surnames as living words, not as static identifiers. Thus, the pair or the family can be named by a plural form which can differ from the singular male and female form. For instance, when the male form is Novák and the female form Nováková, the family name

1594:

In English and other languages like Spanish—although the usual order of names is "first middle last"—for the purpose of cataloging in libraries and in citing the names of authors in scholarly papers, the order is changed to "last, first middle," with the last and first names separated by a comma, and

2996:

onwards the adoption of their husbands' surname(s) receded again, and today both the adoption and non-adoption occur, with non-adoption being chosen in the majority of cases in recent years (60%). Also, it is legally possible for the husband to adopt his wife's surname(s), but this practice is rare.

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The custom of a woman changing her name upon marriage is recent. It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence, and in the 20th century, particularly during the 1930s and 1940, it became socially almost obligatory. Nowadays, fewer women adopt, even officially, their

2704:

is in fact the paternal surname, being a true compound surname. His children, therefore, would inherit the compound surname "Paz y Miño" as their paternal surname, while Estrella would be lost, since the mother's paternal surname becomes the children's second surname (as their own maternal surname).

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as his first given name, Telmo as his middle name, the true compound surname Paz y Miño as his first (i.e. paternal) surname, and Estrella as his second (i.e. maternal) surname. Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño.

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and in Cuba, people are often informally known by the name of their dwelling or collective family nickname rather than by their surnames. For example, Remei Pujol i Serra who lives at Ca l'Elvira would be referred to as "Remei de Ca l'Elvira"; and Adela Barreira López who is part of the "Provisores"

2524:

Some Hispanic people, after leaving their country, drop their maternal surname, even if not formally, so as to better fit into the non-Hispanic society they live or work in. Similarly, foreigners with just one surname may be asked to provide a second surname on official documents in Spanish-speaking

2520:

Sometimes, for single mothers or when the father would or could not recognize the child, the mother's surname has been used twice: for example, "Ana Reyes Reyes". In Spain, however, children with just one parent receive both surnames of that parent, although the order may also be changed. In 1973 in

1903:

The common Celtic prefixes "Ó" or "Ua" (descendant of) and "Mac" or "Mag" (son of) can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, yielding "Ó Briain" or "Mac Millan" as well as the anglicized "O'Brien" and "MacMillan" or "Macmillan". Other Irish prefixes include Ní, Nic (daughter of the son of),

1899:

Many surnames include prefixes that may or may not be separated by a space or punctuation from the main part of the surname. These are usually not considered true compound names, rather single surnames are made up of more than one word. These prefixes often give hints about the type or origin of the

1846:

Latvian, like Lithuanian, use strictly feminized surnames for women, even in the case of foreign names. The function of the suffix is purely grammar. Male surnames ending -e or -a need not be modified for women. An exception is 1) the female surnames which correspond to nouns in the sixth declension

1830:

In Slavic languages, substantivized adjective surnames have commonly symmetrical adjective variants for males and females (Podwiński/Podwińska in Polish, Nový/Nová in Czech or Slovak, etc.). In the case of nominative and quasi-nominative surnames, the female variant is derived from the male variant

214:

While the use of given names to identify individuals is attested in the oldest historical records, the advent of surnames is relatively recent. Many cultures have used and continue to use additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals. These terms may indicate personal attributes, location

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Depending on culture, the surname may be placed at either the start of a person's name, or at the end. The number of surnames given to an individual also varies: in most cases it is just one, but in many Spanish-speaking countries, two surnames are used for legal purposes. Depending on culture, not

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Until the end of the 19th century, it was common for women, especially those from a very poor background, not to have a surname and so to be known only by their first names. A woman would then adopt her husband's full surname after marriage. With the advent of republicanism in Brazil and Portugal,

2003:

in 1855, and there has been a general increase in the rate of women using their birth name. Beginning in the latter half of the 20th century, traditional naming practices (writes one commentator) were recognized as "com into conflict with current sensitivities about children's and women's rights".

1990:

In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower-status family married an only daughter from a higher-status family, he would often adopt the wife's family name. In the 18th and 19th centuries in Britain, bequests were sometimes made contingent upon a man's changing (or hyphenating) his family name, so

1947:

denied paternity, the newborn child would have the surname of the mother. That is still the custom or law in many countries. The surname for children of married parents is usually inherited from the father. In recent years, there has been a trend towards equality of treatment in relation to family

1879:

used different female forms for unmarried daughters (Jordanojc, Nowcyc, Kubašec, Markulic), and for wives (Nowakowa, Budarka, Nowcyna, Markulina). In Polish, typical surnames for unmarried women ended -ówna, -anka, or -ianka, while the surnames of married women used the possessive suffixes -ina or

1207:

Location names, or habitation names, may be as generic as "Monte" (Portuguese for "mountain"), "Górski" (Polish for "hill"), or "Pitt" (variant of "pit"), but may also refer to specific locations. "Washington", for instance, is thought to mean "the homestead of the family of Wassa", while "Lucci"

1194:

Location (toponymic, habitation) names derive from the inhabited location associated with the person given that name. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as homesteads, farms, enclosures, villages, hamlets, strongholds, or cottages. One element of a habitation name may describe the

999:

are made up of names, not specific to any attribute (place, parentage, occupation, caste) of the first person to acquire the name, and stem from the middle class's desire for their own hereditary names like the nobles. They were generally acquired later in history and generally when those without

2061:

now permits parents to give their children the family name of either their father, mother, or hyphenation of both – although no more than two names can be hyphenated. In cases of disagreement, both names are used in alphabetical order. This brought France into line with a 1978 declaration by the

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During the modern era many cultures around the world adopted family names, particularly for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and particularly since 1600. The Napoleonic Code, adopted in various parts of Europe, stipulated that people should be known by both

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are somewhat different from the ones in Spain. In the Spanish tradition, usually, the father's surname comes first, followed by the mother's surname, whereas in Portuguese-speaking countries the father's name is the last, mother's coming first. A woman may adopt her husband's surname(s), but

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In Spain, feminist activism pushed for a law approved in 1999 that allows an adult to change the order of his/her family names, and parents can also change the order of their children's family names if they (and the child, if over 12) agree, although this order must be the same for all their

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This is the broadest class of surnames, originating from nicknames, encompassing many types of origin. These include names based on appearance such as "Schwartzkopf", "Short", and possibly "Caesar", and names based on temperament and personality such as "Daft", "Gutman", and "Maiden", which,

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in England. English surnames began as a way of identifying a certain aspect of that individual, such as by trade, father's name, location of birth, or physical features, and were not necessarily inherited. By 1400 most English families, and those from Lowland Scotland, had adopted the use of

401:

Medieval Spain used a patronymic system. For example, Álvaro, a son of Rodrigo, would be named Álvaro Rodríguez. His son, Juan, would not be named Juan Rodríguez, but Juan Álvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names, and they are some of the most common names in the

1942:

vary around the world. Traditionally in many European countries for the past few hundred years, it was the custom or the law for a woman, upon marriage, to use her husband's surname and for any children born to bear the father's surname. If a child's paternity was not known, or if the

1870:

Some Slavic cultures originally distinguished the surnames of married and unmarried women by different suffixes, but this distinction is no longer widely observed. Some Czech dialects (Southwest-Bohemian) use the form "Novákojc" as informal for both genders. In the culture of the

2786:, social significance, or other reasons. For example, is not uncommon for the firstborn male to be given the father's full name followed by "Júnior" or "Filho" (son), and the next generation's firstborn male to be given the grandfather's name followed by "Neto" (grandson). Hence 2529:

they would, for example, mistakenly refer to Esteban Álvarez Cobos as Esteban A. Cobos. Such confusion can be particularly troublesome in official matters. To avoid such mistakes, Esteban Álvarez Cobos, would become Esteban Álvarez-Cobos, to clarify that both are last names.

1199:

elements are frequently found in the second element of habitational names. The habitative elements in such names can differ in meaning, according to different periods, different locations, or with being used with certain other elements. For example, the Old English element

2413:

In Spain, a woman does not generally change her legal surname when she marries. In some Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, a woman may, on her marriage, drop her mother's surname and add her husband's surname to her father's surname using the preposition

1948:

names, with women being not automatically required, expected or, in some places, even forbidden, to take the husband's surname on marriage, with the children not automatically being given the father's surname. In this article, both family name and surname mean the

2466:, and to a certain extent in Mexico (where it is optional but becoming obsolete), but is frowned upon by people in Spain, Cuba, and elsewhere. In Peru and the Dominican Republic, women normally conserve all family names after getting married. For example, if 2700:

He would never be regarded as Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz. This is because "Paz" alone is not his surname (although other people use the "Paz" surname on its own). In this case,

1936:, with some cultures not using family names. Issues of family name arise especially on the passing of a name to a newborn child, the adoption of a common family name on marriage, the renunciation of a family name, and the changing of a family name. 2007:

Naming conventions in the US have gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2006, more than 80% of American women adopted the husband's family name after marriage.

1580:. Recently, integration into the EU and increased communications with foreigners prompted many Samis to reverse the order of their full name to given name followed by surname, to avoid their given name being mistaken for and used as a surname. 468:, with project leader Richard Coates calling the study "more detailed and accurate" than those before. He elaborated on the origins: "Some surnames have origins that are occupational – obvious examples are Smith and Baker. Other names can be 4998:

Kelly, 99 W Va L Rev at 10; see id. at 10 n 25 (The custom of taking the father's surname assumes that the child is born to parents in a "state-sanctioned marriage". The custom is different for children born to unmarried parents.). Cited in

1978:

of England (reigned 1509–1547) ordered that marital births be recorded under the surname of the father. In England and cultures derived from there, there has long been a tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her

1548:, it is common to reverse the order of the given and family names for the convenience of Westerners, so that they know which name is the family name for official/formal purposes. Reversing the order of names for the same reason is also 2763:

nevertheless, she usually keeps her birth name or at least the last one. Since 1977 in Portugal and 2012 in Brazil, a husband can also adopt his wife's surname. When this happens, usually both spouses change their name after marriage.

1227:, it is uncommon, but not unprecedented, to find surnames derived from names of countries, such as Portugal, França, Brasil, Holanda. Surnames derived from country names are also found in English, such as "England", "Wales", "Spain". 177:

of a person, although several given names and surnames are possible in the full name. In modern times the "hereditary" requirement is a traditional, although common, interpretation, since in most countries a person has a right for a

4738:

The Celtic Englishes IV: The interface between English and the Celtic languages; Proceedings of the Fourth International Colloquium on the "Celtic Englishes" held at the University of Potsdam in Golm (Germany) from 22–26 September

4630:

Differences in publication behaviour between female and male scientists. Bibliometric analysis of longitudinal data from 1980 to 2005 with regard to gender differences in productivity and involvement, collaboration and citation

1525:

Since family names are normally written last in European societies, the terms last name or surname are commonly used for the family name, while in Japan (with vertical writing) the family name may be referred to as "upper name"

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all members of a family unit are required to have identical surnames. In some countries, surnames are modified depending on gender and family membership status of a person. Compound surnames can be composed of separate names.

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Beyond the seemingly "compound" surname system in the Spanish-speaking world, there are also true compound surnames. These true compound surnames are passed on and inherited as compounds. For instance, former chairman of the

1998:

The United States followed the naming customs and practices of English common law and traditions until recent times. The first known instance in the United States of a woman insisting on the use of her birth name was that of

1140:(smith). There are also more complicated names based on occupational titles. In England it was common for servants to take a modified version of their employer's occupation or first name as their last name, adding the letter 2004:

Those changes accelerated a shift away from the interests of the parents to a focus on the best interests of the child. The law in this area continues to evolve today mainly in the context of paternity and custody actions.

1469:

and European-influenced cultures in the Americas, Oceania, etc., as well as West Asia/North Africa, South Asia, and most Sub-Saharan African cultures), the surname or family name ("last name") is placed after the personal,

504:

their given name(s) and a family name that would not change across generations. Other notable examples include the Netherlands (1795–1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920), and Turkey (1934). The structure of the

2980:

Only during the Early Modern Age, lower-class males started to use at least one surname; married lower-class women usually took up their spouse's surname, since they rarely ever used one beforehand. After the

1834:

The informal dialectal female form in Polish and Czech dialects was also -ka (Pawlaczka, Kubeška). With the exception of the -ski/-ska suffix, most feminine forms of surnames are seldom observed in Polish.

2033:

It is exceedingly rare but does occur in the United States, where a married couple may choose an entirely new last name by going through a legal change of name. As an alternative, both spouses may adopt a

1037:. Such abandoned children might be claimed and named by religious figures, the community leaders, or adoptive parents. Some such children were given surnames that reflected their condition, like (Italian) 1220:. This is thought to be due to the tendency in Europe during the Middle Ages for migration to chiefly be from smaller communities to the cities and the need for new arrivals to choose a defining surname. 1053:, Abbandonata, or (Dutch) Vondeling, Verlaeten, Bijstand. Other children were named for the street/place they were found (Union, Liquorpond (street), di Palermo, Baan, Bijdam, van den Eyngel (shop name), 8152: 2077:(1983), Finland (1985) and Spain (1999). The European Community has been active in eliminating gender discrimination. Several cases concerning discrimination in family names have reached the courts. 268:

and it was common for people to derive their surname from a distant ancestor, and historically the surname would be often preceded with 'ibn' or 'son of'. Arab family names often denote either one's

491:

In the modern era, governments have enacted laws to require people to adopt surnames. This served the purpose of uniquely identifying subjects for taxation purposes or for inheritance. In the late

2096:). This was seen as discriminatory by a part of the public. Since 1 January 2022, Czech women can decide for themselves whether they want to use the feminine or neutral form of their family name. 5517: 5404: 3561: 1572:, depending on the circumstances of their names, either saw no change or did see a transformation of their name. For example: Sire in some cases became Siri, and Hætta Jáhkoš Ásslat became 2047:("CEDAW"), which declared in effect that women and men, and specifically wife and husband, shall have the same rights to choose a "family name", as well as a profession and an occupation. 2725:, Spain is known for its incidence of true compound surnames, characterized for having the first portion of the surname as a patronymic, normally a Spanish patronymic or more unusually a 3264:

Haas, Ann; Elliott, Marc N; Dembosky, Jacob W; Adams, John L; Wilson-Frederick, Shondelle M; Mallett, Joshua S; Gaillot, Sarah; Haffer, Samuel C; Haviland, Amelia M (1 February 2019).

2050:

In some places, civil rights lawsuits or constitutional amendments changed the law so that men could also easily change their married names (e.g., in British Columbia and California).

5423:"Real Decreto 193/2000, de 11 de febrero, de modificación de determinados artículos del Reglamento del Registro Civil en materia relativa al nombre y apellidos y orden de los mismos" 5188: 3732: 2026:). Upon marriage to a woman, men in the United States can change their surnames to that of their wives, or adopt a combination of both names with the federal government, through the 2985:, Portuguese authorities realized the benefits of enforcing the use and registry of surnames. Henceforth, they became mandatory, although the rules for their use were very liberal. 5561: 519:

In Breslau Prussia enacted the Hoym Ordinance in 1790, mandating the adoption of Jewish surnames. Napoleon also insisted on Jews adopting fixed names in a decree issued in 1808.

1003:

Ornamental surnames are more common in communities that adopted (or were forced to adopt) surnames in the 18th and 19th centuries. They occur commonly in Scandinavia, and among

230:(1600 to 1046 BC) they had become patrilineal. Chinese women do not change their names upon marriage. In China, surnames have been the norm since at least the 2nd century BC. 4376: 2969:

In Medieval times, Portuguese nobility started to use one of their estates' names or the name of the town or village they ruled as their surname, just after their patronymic.

2089:

challenged prohibitions on women using their surname as the family name, an option only available to men. The Court found all these laws to be in violation of the convention.

2532:

In some churches, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where the family structure is emphasized, as well as a legal marriage, the wife is referred to as "

5589:(Princeton University Press; 2014) 384 pages; uses statistical data on family names over generations to estimate social mobility in diverse societies and historical periods. 1853:

Finnish used gender-specific suffixes up to 1929 when the Marriage Act forced women to use the husband's form of the surname. In 1985, this clause was removed from the act.

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could have been adopted by either the son or the servant of a man named Robert. A subset of occupational names in English are names thought to be derived from the medieval

3814: 2081:

challenged the lack of an option for husbands to add the wife's surname to his surname, which they had chosen as the family name when this option was available for women.

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requiring member governments to take measures to adopt equality of rights in the transmission of family names, a measure that was echoed by the United Nations in 1979.

1907:

A surname with the prefix "Fitz" can be spelled with the prefix as a separate word, as in "Fitz William", as well as "FitzWilliam" or "Fitzwilliam" (like, for example,

4204:, In: Name and Naming. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Onomastics. Onomastics in Contemporary Public Space. Baia Mare, 9–11 May 2013, pp.504–517 3370: 2085:

challenged a prohibition on foreign men married to Swiss women keeping their surname if this option was provided in their national law, an option available to women.

1591:-speaking families in south India, surname is placed before personal / first name and in most cases it is only shown as an initial (for example 'S.' for Suryapeth). 7192: 7013: 3979:

Preventing Identity Crime: Identity Theft and Identity Fraud: An Identity Crime Model and Legislative Analysis with Recommendations for Preventing Identity Crime

2517:

used with Spanish surnames. This can not be chosen by the person, as it is part of the surname, for example, "Puente" and "Del Puente" are not the same surname.

1212:". Although some surnames, such as "London", "Lisboa", or "Białystok" are derived from large cities, more people reflect the names of smaller communities, as in 2011:

It is rare but not unknown for an English-speaking man to take his wife's family name, whether for personal reasons or as a matter of tradition (such as among

1839:

is Novákovi in Czech and Novákovci in Slovak. When the male form is Hrubý and the female form is Hrubá, the plural family name is Hrubí (or "rodina Hrubých").

1061:, Septembre, Spring, di Gennaio), or festival/feast day they found or christened (Easter, SanJosé). Some foundlings were given the name of whoever found them. 2426:("of the", when the following word is feminine). For example, if "Clara Reyes Alba" were to marry "Alberto Gómez Rodríguez", the wife could use "Clara Reyes 1474:(in Europe) or given name ("first name"). In other cultures the surname is placed first, followed by the given name or names. The latter is often called the 394:, but eventually people reverted to single names. By the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, family names were uncommon in the 7732: 4398: 2715:

Other surnames which started off as compounds of two or more surnames, but which merged into one single word, also exist. An example would be the surname

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To avoid ambiguity, one might often informally see these true compound surnames hyphenated, for instance, as Paz-y-Miño. This is true especially in the

2092:

From 1945 to 2021 in the Czech Republic women by law had to use family names with the ending -ová after the name of their father or husband (so-called

1952:

surname, which is handed down from or inherited from the father, unless it is explicitly stated otherwise. Thus, the term "maternal surname" means the

526:), or in cases where groups of people are escaping persecution. After arriving in the United States, European Jews who fled Nazi persecution sometimes 5513: 3329: 2486:, "widow" in Spanish). The law in Peru changed some years ago, and all married women can keep their maiden last name if they wish with no alteration. 1448: 6544: 5175:

Because of Buday's case, a California state lawmaker has introduced a bill to put a space on the marriage license for either spouse to change names.

5226: 3553: 3026:

According to some estimates, 85% of China's population shares just 100 surnames. The names Wang (王), Zhang (张), and Li (李) are the most frequent.

2747:

In the case of Portuguese naming customs, the main surname (the one used in alpha sorting, indexing, abbreviations, and greetings), appears last.

5710: 436:. The study found that over 90% of the 45,602 surnames in the dictionary are native to Britain and Ireland, with the most common in the UK being 4743: 5430: 4834: 3646: 1033:

names. Historically, children born to unwed parents or extremely poor parents would be abandoned in a public place or anonymously placed in a

5497: 4805: 4201: 4075: 4048: 4021: 3987: 3899: 3859: 3808: 3679: 3529: 3447: 3421: 1164:. The participants would often play the same roles for life, passing the part down to their oldest sons. Names derived from this may include 613:". Multiple surnames may be derived from a single given name: e.g. there are thought to be over 90 Italian surnames based on the given name " 5446:: Royal Decree 193/2000, of 11 February, to amend certain articles of the Civil Registration Regulations in the field on the name and order. 5003: 4188: 5464: 5196: 4313: 2367:, the second surname tends to gain preeminence over the first one in informal use. Rodríguez Zapatero, therefore is more often called just 5398: 5101: 4580: 222:

in 2000 BC. His administration standardised the naming system to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. Originally,

149:

as example. This shows a structure typical for Anglophonic cultures (and some others). Other cultures use other structures for full names.

5558: 5141: 2489:

Historically, sometimes a father transmitted his combined family names, thus creating a new one e.g., the paternal surname of the son of

8018: 7865: 5684: 3000: 2767:

husbands' names, and among those who do so officially, it is quite common not to use it either in their professional or informal life.

1019:

many Africans were given new names by their masters. Many of the family names of many African-Americans have their origins in slavery (

7537: 7439: 5722: 4346: 2236: 189:

Using names has been documented in even the oldest historical records. Examples of surnames are documented in the 11th century by the

3385: 2364: 4441: 4368: 4124: 2770:

The children usually bear only the last surnames of the parents (i.e., the paternal surname of each of their parents). For example,

2157: 429: 126: 5541: 1204:

may have originally meant "enclosure" in one name, but can have meant "farmstead", "village", "manor", or "estate" in other names.

432:, which concluded in 2016, analysed sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain the origins of the surnames in the 4768:

Visuomenės reakcijos į kalbinę lyčių problematiką. Nepriesaginių moteriškų pavardžių atvejis Lietuvoje, "hen" įvardžio – Švedijoje

3354:

Doll, Cynthia Blevins (1992). "Harmonizing Filial and Parental Rights in Names: Progress, Pitfalls, and Constitutional Problems".

3232: 2188:

or hyphens. However, it is not unusual for compound surnames to be composed of separate words not linked by a hyphen, for example

8147: 8023: 7870: 5794: 5369: 5038: 4772: 2057:

In France, until 1 January 2005, children were required by law to take the surname of their father. Article 311-21 of the French

535: 4603: 4462: 3790: 7939: 6377: 4270: 5346: 5310: 5162: 2170:

While in many countries surnames are usually one word, in others a surname may contain two words or more, as described below.

6299: 2184:

Compound surnames in English and several other European cultures feature two (or occasionally more) words, often joined by a

2135: 2027: 1070: 64: 4811: 3767: 2973:

bore a name "Soeiro", a patronymic "Mendes" ("son of Hermenegildo – shortened to Mendo") and the name of the town he ruled "

5124: 8157: 7586: 7573: 7154: 6438: 6098: 3066: 3014: 1766: 1224: 3710: 7290: 6917: 6869: 6537: 4588: 4248: 1421:

The meanings of some names are unknown or unclear. The most common European name in this category may be the Irish name

1297: 588: 584: 24: 1587:

and are invariably mentioned along with the personal/first names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In

7395: 6595: 6211: 5854: 4539: 3210: 3061: 107: 4940: 4700:

Makri-Tsilipakou, Marianthi (November 2003). "Greek Diminutive Use Problematized: Gender, Culture and Common Sense".

2120: 1900:

surname (patronymic, toponymic, notable lineage) and include words that mean from , and son of/daughter of/child of.

981:

suggests that the first nickname/surname bearer may have acted as a king or bishop, or was corpulent as bishop. etc.

5747: 5645: 2379:, a person becomes usually called by both surnames. This changes from person to person and stems merely from habit. 534:

government of Germany assigned German names to European people in the territories they conquered. In the 1980s, the

79: 7684: 6945: 6666: 1614: 1479: 1016: 8127: 3127: 2139: 2124: 53: 7996: 6448: 6414: 5252: 4611: 4152: 3019:

In the United States, 1,712 surnames cover 50% of the population, and about 1% of the population has the surname

2719:, whose members are related to the Paz y Miño, as both descend from the "Paz Miño" family of five centuries ago. 2509:

has inherited a compound surname constructed from the patrilineal and matrilineal surnames of a recent ancestor.

978: 4406: 8098: 7954: 7491: 6780: 3620: 3071: 2205: 2131: 1984: 1865: 341: 338:

Over the course of the Roman Republic and the later Empire, naming conventions went through multiple changes. (

86: 60: 6389: 3584: 2692: 5021:

The Controversy Over Children's Surnames: Familial Autonomy, Equal Protection, and the Child's Best Interests

4635: 1518:

people of south India also place surname before personal name. There are some parts of Europe, in particular

1054: 374:

were less common, as women had reduced public influence, and were commonly known by the feminine form of the

8267: 7837: 7169: 6530: 6491: 5669: 3321: 2193: 2015: 2970: 2525:

countries. When none (such as the mother's maiden name) is provided, the last name may simply be repeated.

2521:

Chile, the law was changed to avoid stigmatizing illegitimate children with the maternal surname repeated.

7855: 7764: 7531: 7402: 6888: 3237: 3161: 2982: 2709: 2232: 1620: 1180:. The original meaning of names based on medieval occupations may no longer be obvious in modern English. 1623:(such as Latvian, Lithuanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, etc.) as well as in 530:

their surnames to avoid discrimination. Governments can also forcibly change people's names, as when the

93: 7606: 6651: 6455: 5814: 5218: 5110: 3594: 2974: 2179: 2035: 1098: 4968:

eLS noms en la vida quotidiana. Actes del XXIV Congrés Internacional d'ICOS sobre Ciències Onomàstiques

2506: 970: 5707: 4901:

Nalibow, Kenneth L. (1 June 1973). "The Opposition in Polish of Genus and Sexus in Women's Surnames".

1599:

and Latin America, administrative usage is to put the surname before the first on official documents.

977:, etc. but it is rather unlikely that a person with surname King was a king or descended from a king. 280:(fl. 850 AD) was known by the nisbah "al-'Ibadi", a federation of Arab Christian tribes that lived in 7894: 7626: 7361: 6511: 6496: 6443: 6399: 6309: 6241: 5787: 2993: 2430:

Gómez" as her name (or "Clara Reyes Gómez", or, rarely, "Clara Gómez Reyes". She can be addressed as

2403: 1632: 672: 646: 395: 7601: 4736: 4657:

Heijnen, Adriënne (1 September 2010). "Relating through Dreams: Names, Genes and Shared Substance".

593:

These are the oldest and most common type of surname. They may be a first name such as "Wilhelm", a

75: 8254: 7991: 7981: 7904: 7879: 7269: 6936: 6912: 6481: 6433: 6426: 6128: 6085: 5545: 5422: 4156: 3638: 3142: 2242: 1963: 1386: 1255: 1235: 1130: 1042: 894: 888: 798: 304: 7481: 3458: 2536:" plus the surname of her husband. And most records of the church follow that structure as well. 1439: 476:. Surnames that are 'patronymic' are those which originally enshrined the father's name – such as 8117: 8060: 7824: 7504: 7297: 7179: 7091: 6859: 6833: 6709: 6600: 5617:(Oxford University Press, 2016), which has a lengthy introduction with much comparative material. 5081: 5000: 4883: 4717: 4682: 4495: 3951: 3500: 3492: 3112: 3102: 2514: 2439: 2376: 1843:-as will end in -a, and those of daughters of males with the -is suffix will have the -i suffix. 1628: 1608: 1434: 1362: 1321: 1309: 1305: 1280: 1241:

Arabic names sometimes contain surnames that denote the city of origin. For example, in cases of

1104: 985: 941: 930: 756: 708: 690: 560: 556: 531: 523: 445: 318: 5456: 5098: 1271:

For those descended from land-owners, the name of their holdings, castle, manor or estate, e.g.

610: 5137: 4577: 4040:

Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress

3924:"The Production of Legal Identities Proper to States: The Case of the Permanent Family Surname" 1234:

derive from geographical features; for example, Ishikawa (石川) means "stone river" (and is also

8203: 7969: 7458: 7338: 6732: 6698: 6693: 6409: 6236: 6206: 5959: 5844: 5493: 4918: 4875: 4801: 4674: 4615: 4437: 4120: 4071: 4044: 4017: 3983: 3943: 3895: 3855: 3849: 3804: 3675: 3525: 3519: 3417: 3359: 3303: 3285: 3181: 2215: 2189: 2063: 1876: 1577: 1466: 1334: 1213: 1189: 1156: 1150: 1136: 1124: 1030: 918: 906: 840: 828: 738: 720: 654: 539: 469: 422: 409:

In England the introduction of family names is generally attributed to the preparation of the

387: 347: 4065: 4038: 4011: 3977: 3889: 3851:

Credit Intelligence and Modelling: Many Paths Through the Forest of Credit Rating and Scoring

3669: 2363:

In some instances, when an individual's first surname is very common, such as for example in

641:

meaning Hick's man, where Hick is a pet form of the name Richard) or strong ties of religion

8288: 8088: 7964: 7959: 7860: 7781: 7678: 7346: 7315: 7222: 7081: 6802: 6501: 6173: 6163: 6158: 6133: 5964: 5943: 5839: 5071: 4971: 4910: 4865: 4709: 4666: 4562: 3935: 3796: 3618:, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700", in 3484: 3293: 3277: 2407: 2399: 1956:

surname that one's mother inherited from either or both of her parents. For a discussion of

1814: 1561: 1557: 1378: 1342: 1330: 1317: 1313: 1276: 1110: 1092: 1058: 974: 962: 876: 852: 834: 810: 792: 780: 768: 744: 726: 714: 702: 606: 453: 418: 390:

throughout the Empire, Christian religious names were sometimes put in front of traditional

277: 265: 20: 5730: 4338: 3800: 3266:"Imputation of race/ethnicity to enable measurement of HEDIS performance by race/ethnicity" 2782:. However, the child may have any other combination of the parents' surnames, according to 1154:

is thought to have arisen as an occupational name adopted by the servant of a vicar, while

8093: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7934: 7899: 7850: 7808: 7702: 7579: 7486: 7328: 7305: 7264: 7018: 6978: 6790: 6304: 6153: 6148: 6138: 6028: 5834: 5829: 5780: 5714: 5649: 5565: 5408: 5105: 5042: 5007: 4607: 4584: 3643:

Official Web Page of the Laurel Sovereign of Arms for the Society for Creative Anachronism

3046: 3020: 2742: 2726: 2545: 2211: 1944: 1751: 1733: 1703: 1588: 1515: 1495: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1374: 1366: 1338: 1293: 1238:), Yamamoto (山本) means "the base of the mountain", and Inoue (井上) means "above the well". 1080: 966: 924: 900: 846: 822: 816: 804: 774: 762: 732: 684: 614: 449: 441: 437: 414: 256:) is referred to as "al-Razi" (lit. the one from Ray) due to his origins from the city of 223: 146: 7774: 6404: 6384: 6372: 4067:

The Orient Within: Muslim Minorities and the Negotiation of Nationhood in Modern Bulgaria

3894:. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture. Stanford University Press. p. 32. 3369:

Note: content available by subscription only. The first page of content is available via

2966:") which along with many others are still in regular use as very prevalent family names. 488:, or Thin – though Short may in fact be an ironic 'nickname' surname for a tall person." 5698: 7986: 7949: 7828: 7820: 7759: 7751: 7727: 7717: 7649: 7593: 7558: 7434: 7416: 7366: 7259: 7106: 7041: 6985: 6661: 6586: 6336: 6284: 6251: 6246: 6168: 6108: 6018: 5988: 5824: 5538: 5055: 4483: 3298: 3265: 3242: 3107: 2684: 1908: 1748: 1658: 1624: 1573: 1545: 1444: 1425:, which means 'little king' in Irish. Also, Celtic origin of the name Arthur, meaning ' 1422: 1390: 1370: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1242: 1172: 1166: 1004: 958: 912: 862: 696: 566: 477: 356:(tribe) inherited patrilineally, is thought to have already been in use by 650 BC. The 328: 292: 276:, a famous ancestor, or the place of origin; but they were not universal. For example, 5032: 4766: 3639:"Personal Names of the Aristocracy in the Roman Empire During the Later Byzantine Era" 8282: 7976: 7884: 7803: 7692: 7673: 7658: 7563: 7526: 7409: 7376: 7356: 7279: 7254: 7249: 7236: 7207: 7164: 7101: 7008: 6993: 6964: 6877: 6671: 6553: 6471: 6266: 6183: 6113: 6013: 4887: 4721: 4686: 4600: 4454: 4112: 3891:

Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry

3504: 3149: 3117: 3081: 1980: 1924: 1850:

In Iceland, surnames have a gender-specific suffix (-dóttir = daughter, -son = son).

1549: 1491: 1460: 1402: 1382: 1301: 1289: 1231: 1217: 1086: 936: 527: 505: 485: 484:. There are also names where the origin describes the original bearer such as Brown, 473: 461: 433: 410: 227: 166: 100: 5657: 8242: 8230: 8180: 8174: 8169: 8028: 7722: 7668: 7663: 7616: 7550: 7476: 7466: 7445: 7389: 7323: 7274: 7202: 7136: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7086: 7061: 7051: 6958: 6739: 6557: 6394: 6356: 6351: 6178: 6023: 5661: 5342: 3615: 2248: 2070: 2019: 1881: 1799: 1718: 1553: 1544:

When people from areas using Eastern naming order write their personal name in the

1503: 1483: 1161: 620: 570: 6522: 425:

people used surnames and in Wales following unification under Henry VIII in 1536.

5487: 4795: 4670: 3763: 3411: 2778:(in case she adopted her husband's name after marriage) would have a child named 954:

according to a number of sources, was an English nickname meaning "effeminate".

303:

as Λῡσῐμᾰ́χου – a genitive singular form meaning son of Lysimachus. For example,

197:

The study of proper names (in family names, personal names, or places) is called

8215: 8137: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7707: 7621: 7611: 7471: 7429: 7424: 7241: 7217: 7159: 7126: 7096: 7076: 7071: 7046: 7036: 7003: 6998: 6814: 6795: 6749: 6744: 6625: 6276: 6231: 6075: 5969: 5924: 4870: 4853: 3171: 3137: 3132: 3086: 2730: 2109: 2012: 1958: 1949: 1939: 1784: 1487: 1196: 882: 578: 574: 492: 308: 281: 242: 179: 42: 5691: 5664:, including UK & US census distribution, immigration, and surname origins ( 1928:

a family name (surname) and a given name (forename) is far from universal (see

8208: 8191: 8132: 8112: 7769: 7697: 7644: 7640: 7568: 7384: 7351: 7284: 7187: 7131: 6953: 6907: 6864: 6819: 6770: 6703: 6683: 6646: 6620: 6576: 6571: 6476: 6421: 6294: 6256: 6118: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6045: 6033: 5973: 5929: 4713: 3939: 3702: 3176: 3156: 3097: 3056: 3051: 2716: 2701: 2390:, the paternal and maternal surnames are often combined using the conjunction 2058: 2000: 1975: 1781: 1688: 1673: 1475: 1471: 1437:

is used in English culture, but is also a romanization of the Chinese surname

1145: 1046: 1034: 1023: 678: 665: 661: 602: 594: 335:. At other times formal identification commonly included the place of origin. 296: 273: 238: 198: 170: 5076: 5059: 4922: 4914: 4879: 4678: 4240: 3947: 3874:

Nagata, Mary Louise. "Names and Name Changing in Early Modern Kyoto, Japan."

3363: 3289: 495:

in Europe, there were several revolts against the mandate to have a surname.

331:. These patronymics are already attested for many characters in the works of 8220: 8107: 8083: 7845: 7737: 7497: 7212: 6895: 6829: 6775: 6722: 6717: 6590: 6486: 6193: 6070: 5819: 5748:"Some Common English Surnames: Especially Those Derived from Personal Names" 5514:"Identidade, submissão ou amor? O que significa adoptar o apelido do marido" 5249:"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women" 3281: 3122: 3076: 3041: 2557: 2451: 2447: 2387: 1915:" comes from French (fils) thus making these surnames a form of patronymic. 481: 362: 300: 257: 215:

of origin, occupation, parentage, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation.

174: 4535: 3307: 3202: 2051: 4975: 4936: 4191:, Indogermanische Forschungen; Strassburg Vol. 100, (1 January 1995): 223. 3671:

The Surnames Handbook: A Guide to Family Name Research in the 21st Century

2044:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

1933: 1856:

Until at least 1850, women's surnames were suffixed with an -in in Tyrol.

1771:

Suffixes -ov, -ev, -in, -iy, -oy, -yy, Patronymics -ovich, -ovych, -yovych

8237: 8225: 8186: 8164: 8055: 7944: 7889: 7712: 7511: 6971: 6924: 6883: 6854: 6842: 6785: 6765: 6727: 6688: 6289: 6226: 6221: 6198: 6143: 6103: 5889: 5762: 5045:, FindLaw's Writ column (12 August 2003), (last visited 7 December 2006). 3036: 2755: 2722: 2549: 2455: 1992: 1511: 1499: 1075: 1038: 598: 522:

Names can sometimes be changed to protect individual privacy (such as in

314: 31: 5635: 4963: 2733:"de", with the second part of the surname being a placename from Álava. 141: 8078: 8050: 7518: 7146: 6901: 6848: 6807: 6656: 6123: 6093: 6006: 5901: 5896: 5085: 4858:

Slovenščina 2.0: Empirične, aplikativne in interdisciplinarne raziskave

3955: 3496: 3092: 2783: 2688: 2443: 2074: 2023: 1596: 1519: 1050: 984:

A considerable group of surname-producing nicknames may be found among

234: 5248: 3923: 2030:. Men may face difficulty doing so on the state level in some states. 1932:

below). In many cultures, it is common for people to have one name or

1429:'. Other surnames may have arisen from more than one source: the name 8247: 8122: 7232: 6678: 6506: 6346: 6341: 5996: 5978: 5906: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5803: 5642: 2759: 2463: 2185: 1430: 1246: 874:(from Mary) or from a clan name (for those of Scottish origin, e.g., 786: 750: 457: 261: 246: 3789:

Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (17 November 2016).

4369:"England Regional, Ethnic, Foundling Surnames (National Institute)" 3588: 3488: 3457:. 2004. Chinese naming practices (Mak et al., 2003). Archived from 1635:, some surnames change form depending on the gender of the bearer. 8197: 7926: 7912: 7908: 6331: 5934: 5879: 4628: 4567:. printed at the Christian Knowledge Society's Press. p. 209. 2999: 1872: 1595:

items are alphabetized by the last name. In France, Italy, Spain,

1584: 1569: 1426: 1272: 1209: 1119: 332: 285: 269: 190: 5370:"Spain overhauls tradition of 'sexist' double-barrelled surnames" 3475:

Zhimin, An (1988). "Archaeological Research on Neolithic China".

2798:, in which case none of the mother's family names are passed on. 1962:('mother-line') surnames, passing from mothers to daughters, see 1774:

Suffixes -ova, -eva, -ina, -aya, Patronymics -ovna, -ivna, -yivna

218:

In China, according to legend, family names started with Emperor

6261: 6001: 5938: 3733:"BBC – Family History – What's in a Name? Your Link to the Past" 3322:"BBC – Family History – What's in a Name? Your Link to the Past" 2910:

In ancient times a patronymic was commonly used – surnames like

2696: 2459: 2432: 1912: 1565: 1507: 1250: 466:

Oxford English Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland

353: 219: 6526: 5776: 5587:

The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility

5138:"Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women" 4506: 4339:"Finding Foundlings: Searching for Abandoned Children in Italy" 4314:"Many African American last names hold weight of Black history" 1478:

because Europeans are most familiar with the examples from the

370:) was used to distinguish individuals within the group. Female 19:"Last name" and "Family name" redirect here. For the song, see 5884: 3358:. Vol. 35. Howard University School of Law. p. 227. 3166: 2754:

In general, the traditions followed in countries like Brazil,

2103: 36: 5548:

Web Archives, U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (1995).

4797:

Colloquial Scottish Gaelic: The Complete Course for Beginners

4138:

Colloquial Scottish Gaelic: the complete course for beginners

1583:

Indian surnames may often denote village, profession, and/or

1114:, and so on, as well as non-English ones, such as the German 169:

that indicates one's family. It is typically combined with a

5708:

Short explanation of Polish surname endings and their origin

5615:

The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland

4964:"Which name upon marriage? Family names of women in Finland" 3792:

The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland

2705:"Paz" alone would not be passed on, nor would "Miño" alone. 2501:(maternal surname) may have become the new paternal surname 1564:

traditionally did not have surnames, perhaps because of the

1026:). Some freed slaves later created family names themselves. 624:

A family tree showing the Icelandic patronymic naming system

5677: 5189:"Quebec newlywed furious she can't take her husband's name" 4854:"Czech gender linguistics: Topics, attitudes, perspectives" 4302:. London, George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1932. No ISBN. 145:

First/given/forename, middle, and last/family/surname with

3922:

Scott, James C.; Tehranian, John; Mathias, Jeremy (2002).

3004:

Map of Most Commons Surnames in the United States by State

670:, often from a person's given name. e.g., from male name: 5772: 5643:

Dictionnaire des noms de famille de France et d'ailleurs

5060:"Making a Name: Women's Surnames at Marriage and Beyond" 1522:, where the surname is placed before the personal name. 226:

were derived matrilineally, although by the time of the

5613:

Hanks, Patrick, Richard Coates and Peter McClure, eds.

4794:

Graham, Katie; Spadaro, Katherine M. (11 August 2005).

4202:

Surnames of Ethnonymic Origin in the Hungarian Language

4013:

What Happened to the Children Who Fled Nazi Persecution

4735:

Mac Mathúna, Liam (2006). "What's in an irish name?".

4217:, 27th ed. Copenhagen: Vilh. Trydes Boghandel, p. 371. 3764:"Most common surnames in Britain and Ireland revealed" 5701:, free searchable online database of Italian surnames 1144:

to the word, although this formation could also be a

4490:, — Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972; Russian version: 4436:

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Rev. 3rd ed.

4230:, 43rd ed. Copenhagen: Vilh. Trydes Boghandel, p. 3. 2422:("of the", when the following word is masculine) or 1451:

rather than the surnames of their adoptive parents.

8071: 8043: 7925: 7836: 7817: 7750: 7639: 7549: 7457: 7375: 7337: 7314: 7231: 7178: 7145: 7060: 7027: 6944: 6933: 6828: 6758: 6639: 6613: 6564: 6464: 6365: 6324: 6275: 6192: 6084: 6044: 5987: 5952: 5917: 5853: 5636:

Comprehensive surname information and resource site

5444:

Note: Google auto-translation of title into English

1245:al Tikriti, meaning Saddam Hussein originated from 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5311:"European Gender Equality Law Review – No. 1/2012" 4742:. Potsdam: University of Potsdam. pp. 64–87. 3554:"The complex origins of Chinese names demystified" 3386:"Our last names reveal a lot about our labor days" 957:A group of nicknames look like occupational ones: 5596:(London, George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1932) 4833:Canada, Library and Archives (1 September 2022). 2553:family would be known as "Adela dos Provisores". 1711:Suffixes -ienė, -uvienė, -aitė, -utė, -iūtė, -ytė 538:forcibly changed the first and last names of its 472:, for example, Hill or Green, which relates to a 5343:"Novela zákona o matrikách, jménech a příijmeni" 1923:A family name is typically a part of a person's 5161:. Los Angeles. Associated Press. Archived from 4937:"Icelandic names – everything you need to know" 3758: 3756: 3754: 2544:In many places, such as villages in Catalonia, 2054:law permits neither spouse to change surnames. 1696:Prefixes Bean Uí, Nic, Bean Mhic, Ní, Mhic, Nig 1527: 4226:von Irgens-Bergh, G.O.A., and Bobe, L. (1926) 4178:. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. No ISBN. 2478:, and if the husband dies, she will be called 2180:Double-barrelled name § British tradition 1534: 386:Later with the gradual influence of Greek and 6538: 5788: 4189:The Lithuanian Nicknames of Ethnonymic Origin 3703:"What is the origin of the last name Molina?" 3632: 3630: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 8: 4852:Kolek, Vít; Valdrová, Jana (6 August 2020). 4213:Hiort-Lorensen, H.R., and Thiset, A. (1910) 4010:Holton, G.; Sonnert, G. (25 December 2006). 3854:. Oxford University Press. p. 193-194. 3593:. The New York Times Company. Archived from 2794:, who in turn might name his first born son 2776:Ana Luísa de Albuquerque Pereira (Gonçalves) 2480:Rosa María Pérez Martínez Vda. de De la Cruz 5559:Name Not on Our List? Change It, China Says 3416:. University of Toronto Press. p. 48. 3147: 2138:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7833: 7311: 6941: 6545: 6531: 6523: 6272: 5795: 5781: 5773: 5692:Information on surname history and origins 5516:. Lifestyle.publico.pt. 18 November 2014. 5001:Doherty v. Wizner, Oregon Court of Appeals 4634:(Thesis). Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. 4136:Katherine M. Spadaro, Katie Graham (2001) 3928:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3349: 3347: 2243:Surnames by country § The Philippines 1637: 464:. The findings have been published in the 165:is the mostly hereditary portion of one's 5075: 4869: 4509:, citing Суслова А.В., Суперанская А.В., 4428: 4426: 4424: 4294: 4292: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4043:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 82. 3524:. Harvard University Press. p. 310. 3297: 2158:Learn how and when to remove this message 1253:. This component of the name is called a 360:was to identify group kinship, while the 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4070:. Cornell University Press. p. 77. 3442: 3440: 2790:might choose to name his first born son 2375:only; in other cases, such as in writer 2041:In 1979, the United Nations adopted the 1057:, von Trapp), the date they were found ( 619: 140: 5624:(3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 1997) 5486:Frank, Francine; Anshen, Frank (1985). 5155:"Man files lawsuit to take wife's name" 5125:Most women say 'I do' to husband's name 4522: 4148: 4146: 3934:(1). Cambridge University Press: 4–44. 3835: 3585:"Ancient Names – Greek and Roman Names" 3194: 2476:Rosa María Pérez Martínez de De la Cruz 1447:, illegitimate children were sometimes 327:, which referred to the founder of the 264:, surnames were in use as early as the 5195:. CanWest News Service. Archived from 5099:"American Women, Changing Their Names" 4399:"Deciphering Dutch Foundling Surnames" 3876:International Review of Social History 3649:from the original on 16 September 2008 3332:from the original on 20 September 2020 1860:Indication of family membership status 1236:the name of one of Japan's prefectures 1029:Another category of acquired names is 291:In Ancient Greece, as far back as the 5323:from the original on 22 November 2017 4994: 4992: 3384:Lederer, Richard (5 September 2015). 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2260: 2258: 2256: 1822:Suffixes -ova, -yeva, Patronymic qızı 245:is well attested. The famous scholar 16:Hereditary portion of a personal name 7: 5746:Wilkinson, Hugh E. (December 2010). 5467:from the original on 17 October 2017 5421:Juan Carlos, R. (11 February 2000). 5380:from the original on 17 October 2017 5286:Losonci Rose and Rose v. Switzerland 5142:Archived at WebCite on 1 April 2011. 5064:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 4601:"MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format" 4542:from the original on 8 February 2018 3801:10.1093/acref/9780199677764.001.0001 3770:from the original on 2 November 2018 3645:. Society for Creative Anachronism. 2505:. For example, Uruguayan politician 2136:adding citations to reliable sources 2083:Losonci Rose and Rose v. Switzerland 1882:the present Archbishop of Canterbury 508:was formalized by the government as 65:adding citations to reliable sources 5666:Dictionary of American Family Names 5606:Hanks, Patrick and Hodges, Flavia. 5433:from the original on 3 October 2008 4814:from the original on 7 October 2023 4455:"Saddam Hussein's top aides hanged" 3564:from the original on 4 October 2017 2196:, whose surname is "Duncan Smith". 1983:to her husband's family name. (See 1904:Mhic, and Uí (wife of the son of). 1819:Suffixes -ov, -yev, Patronymic oğlu 1603:Gender-specific versions of surname 299:("son of") were also common, as in 5723:"Welsh surnames and their meaning" 5520:from the original on 17 April 2018 5429:(in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. 5255:from the original on 21 April 2018 4775:from the original on 10 April 2023 4771:(Thesis). Vilniaus universitetas. 4746:from the original on 10 April 2023 4638:from the original on 10 April 2023 4312:Craven, Julia (24 February 2022). 3878:07/2002; 47(02):243 – 259. P. 246. 3713:from the original on 1 August 2023 3637:Chavez, Berret (9 November 2006). 3552:Koon, Wee Kek (18 November 2016). 3213:from the original on 17 March 2023 3023:, the most common American name. 2237:Naming customs of Hispanic America 1568:structure of their societies. The 1465:In many cultures (particularly in 551:Patronymic and matronymic surnames 14: 5721:Summers, Neil (4 November 2006). 5349:from the original on 3 April 2022 5300:, no. 29865/96, 16 November 2004. 5276:, no. 16213/90, 22 February 1994. 5187:White, Marianne (8 August 2007). 5153:Risling, Greg (12 January 2007). 5035:Whose Surname Should a Child Have 4943:from the original on 13 June 2023 4496:Chapter IX: "Artificial surnames" 4465:from the original on 2 March 2016 4434:A Dictionary of English Surnames. 4379:from the original on 27 July 2021 4349:from the original on 27 July 2021 4277:from the original on 27 July 2021 4251:from the original on 27 July 2021 4119:. Oxford University Press, 1989. 3590:About Ancient / Classical History 2482:(Vda. being the abbreviation for 2402:), see for example the economist 2069:Similar measures were adopted by 1888:in Lithuanian, while his wife is 1122:, later Anglicized in America as 1007:and Jews in Germany and Austria. 430:University of the West of England 7193:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5622:A Dictionary of English Surnames 5229:from the original on 24 May 2021 5123:Daniella Miletic (20 July 2012) 4564:A Grammar of the Telugu Language 3817:from the original on 26 May 2020 3739:from the original on 17 May 2022 3674:. History Press. p. 19-20. 2792:Carlos da Silva Gonçalves Júnior 2108: 1195:type of settlement. Examples of 41: 5620:Reaney, P.H., and Wilson, R.M. 5610:(Oxford University Press, 1989) 4432:Reaney, P.H., and Wilson, R.M. 1461:Personal name § Name order 52:needs additional citations for 6300:Genealogical numbering systems 5685:History of Jewish family Names 5601:Penguin Dictionary of Surnames 5288:, no. 664/06, 9 November 2010. 4561:Brown, Charles Philip (1857). 4176:Penguin Dictionary of Surnames 3624:, vol. 84, pp. 124–145 (1994). 2796:Carlos da Silva Gonçalves Neto 2028:Social Security Administration 1892:, and his unmarried daughter, 1329:(geographical features) e.g., 1134:(tailor) – or, as in English, 1071:Category:Occupational surnames 546:Origins of particular surnames 313:, as a supposed descendant of 1: 6439:International Day of Families 6099:Australian Aboriginal kinship 5400:Art. 55 Ley de Registro Civil 5219:"Article 311-21 – Code civil" 5159:The Boston Globe (Boston.com) 4765:Smoriginaitė, Jovita (2022). 4507:НЕСТАНДАРТНЫЕ РУССКИЕ ФАМИЛИИ 3848:Anderson, Raymond A. (2022). 3067:Lists of most common surnames 3015:Lists of most common surnames 2737:Portuguese-speaking countries 2556:Also in many places, such as 1875:(a.k.a. Wends or Lusatians), 1792:Suffixes -ová, -á, -ská, -cká 1225:Portuguese-speaking countries 536:People's Republic of Bulgaria 428:A four-year study led by the 250: 5427:Base de Datos de Legislación 5368:Govan, Fiona (1 June 2017). 5316:. Ec.europa.eu. p. 17. 4671:10.1080/02757206.2010.499909 4589:American Library Association 3162:Spanish nominal conjunctions 2729:patronymic, followed by the 2472:Juan Martín De la Cruz Gómez 2365:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 1929: 1789:Suffixes -ov, -ý, -ský, -cký 1488:Korea (both North and South) 1216:, derived from a village in 1148:. For instance, the surname 329:dynasty to which he belonged 237:period (640–900 AD) and the 25:Family Name (disambiguation) 5652:, French surname dictionary 4871:10.4312/slo2.0.2020.1.35-65 4271:"The History of Last Names" 3795:. Oxford University Press. 3062:List of family name affixes 1723:Suffixes -us, -is, -s, -iņš 1708:Suffixes -as, -ys, -is, -us 1528: 1498:. This is also the case in 609:", or a clan name such as " 317:, and by the dynastic name 8305: 7856:Imperial, royal, and noble 5492:. SUNY Press. p. 18. 5114:. Retrieved 10 April 2013. 4839:Library-archives.canada.ca 4373:FamilySearch Research Wiki 3012: 2740: 2540:Informal traditional names 2249:Spanish-speaking countries 2240: 2230: 2227:Spanish-speaking countries 2203: 2194:British Conservative Party 2177: 1863: 1807:Suffixes -ska, -cka, -dzka 1804:Suffixes -ski, -cki, -dzki 1615:Category:Gendered surnames 1612: 1606: 1480:East Asian cultural sphere 1458: 1187: 1068: 1017:Trans-Atlantic slave trade 582: 564: 554: 29: 18: 8263: 7940:Imperial, royal and noble 6400:National Grandparents Day 5810: 5678:Guild of One-Name Studies 5592:Bowman, William Dodgson. 4962:Paikkala, Sirkka (2014). 4714:10.1177/09579265030146002 4612:Purdue Online Writing Lab 4298:Bowman, William Dodgson. 3940:10.1017/S0010417502000026 3766:. BBC. 17 November 2016. 2853: 2851: 2818: 2788:Carlos da Silva Gonçalves 2772:Carlos da Silva Gonçalves 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2468:Rosa María Pérez Martínez 2306: 2304: 2269: 2192:, a former leader of the 1759:Suffixes -ova, -eva, -ska 1535: 1449:given artificial surnames 6781:Maiden and married names 5727:Amlwch history databases 5648:13 November 2008 at the 5608:A Dictionary of Surnames 5407:16 December 2017 at the 5274:Burghartz v. Switzerland 5077:10.1257/0895330041371268 4939:. Reykjavik Excursions. 4915:10.1179/nam.1973.21.2.78 4659:History and Anthropology 4343:Legacy Tree Genealogists 4117:A Dictionary of Surnames 4064:Neuburger, M.C. (2011). 4037:Lemkin, Raphael (2014). 4016:. Springer. p. 96. 3621:Journal of Roman Studies 3270:Health Services Research 3072:Maiden and married names 2408:Salvador Dalí i Domènech 2206:Chinese compound surname 2079:Burghartz v. Switzerland 1985:Maiden and married names 1866:Maiden and married names 1734:Scottish Gaelic surnames 1693:Prefixes Mac, Ó, Ua, Mag 1639:Forms of gendered names 1286:Habitation (place) names 583:See also the categories 342:Roman naming conventions 30:Not to be confused with 8268:Category:Lists of names 6492:Sociology of the family 6342:Philia (brotherly love) 5918:Second-degree relatives 5670:Oxford University Press 5585:Blark. Gregory, et al. 5564:25 October 2018 at the 5544:12 October 2010 at the 4702:Discourse & Society 4583:21 January 2013 at the 4538:. Snl.no. 29 May 2017. 3518:Ch'ien, E.N.M. (2005). 3410:Danesi, Marcel (2007). 3390:San Diego Union-Tribune 3282:10.1111/1475-6773.13099 3157:Irish surname additives 2780:Lucas Pereira Gonçalves 2497:(paternal family name) 2438:has legal validity in 2073:(1976), Sweden (1982), 1756:Suffixes -ov, -ev, -ski 413:in 1086, following the 382:Medieval era and beyond 284:prior to the advent of 147:John Fitzgerald Kennedy 7198:Eritrean and Ethiopian 6347:Storge (familial love) 5953:Third-degree relatives 5855:First-degree relatives 5489:Language and the Sexes 5457:"Proper married name?" 5104:4 October 2017 at the 5023:, 1979 Utah L Rev 303. 4835:"Item – Theses Canada" 4606:7 January 2013 at the 3148: 3005: 2983:1755 Lisbon earthquake 2710:English-speaking world 2685:Supreme Military Junta 2394:("and" in Spanish) or 2233:Spanish naming customs 1678:Suffixes -os, -as, -is 1621:Balto-Slavic languages 1065:Occupational surnames 1015:During the era of the 860:(from Moll for Mary), 625: 150: 23:. For other uses, see 8128:Galton–Watson process 7733:Ancient Tamil country 7155:Australian Aboriginal 6456:National Adoption Day 6332:Agape (parental love) 5594:The Story of Surnames 5136:UN Convention, 1979. 5111:National Public Radio 5041:28 April 2016 at the 5019:Richard H. Thornton, 4976:10.2436/15.8040.01.88 4627:Donner, Paul (2012). 4345:. 14 September 2017. 4300:The Story of Surnames 4228:Danmarks Adels Aarbog 4215:Danmarks Adels Aarbog 4140:p.16. Routledge, 2001 3982:. Brill. p. 39. 3413:The Quest for Meaning 3003: 2971:Soeiro Mendes da Maia 2693:Luis Telmo Paz y Miño 2474:, she will be called 2386:In Spain, especially 2247:In Spain and in most 2178:Further information: 2087:Ünal Tekeli v. Turkey 2036:double-barrelled name 1991:that the name of the 1884:for example, becomes 1726:Suffixes -a, -e, -iņa 1554:Baltic Finnic peoples 1459:Further information: 688:(Welsh for Johnson), 623: 194:hereditary surnames. 144: 7895:Post-nominal letters 7014:Indigenous Taiwanese 6512:Dysfunctional family 6497:Museum of Motherhood 6444:National Family Week 6310:Quarters of nobility 5713:15 June 2016 at the 5658:Family Facts Archive 5411:(article in Spanish) 5402:– Civil Register Law 5298:Ünal Tekeli v Turkey 5251:. Human Rights Web. 5006:4 March 2016 at the 4513:, Л.: Лениздат, 1991 4403:Dutch Ancestry Coach 4375:. 4 September 2014. 4157:Classifying surnames 4115:and Hodges, Flavia. 3976:Ahmed, S.R. (2020). 3668:Kennett, D. (2012). 3477:Current Anthropology 3455:Berkeley Linguistics 2994:Carnation Revolution 2404:Xavier Sala-i-Martin 2132:improve this section 2018:groups, such as the 1815:Azerbaijani surnames 1767:East Slavic surnames 1681:Suffixes -ou, -a, -i 1574:Aslak Jacobsen Hætta 1476:Eastern naming order 542:to Bulgarian names. 396:Eastern Roman Empire 61:improve this article 8255:Surnames by country 7880:Pre-nominal letters 6937:Surnames by country 6482:Wedding anniversary 6434:American Family Day 6390:Father–Daughter Day 6337:Eros (marital love) 6086:Kinship terminology 5768:on 15 January 2013. 5761:(3). Archived from 5755:Aoyama Keiei Ronshu 5546:Library of Congress 4985:– via gencat. 4461:. 15 January 2007. 3597:on 28 November 2007 3238:Oxford Dictionaries 3143:Surnames by country 2503:Reyes de la Barrera 2016:Canadian aboriginal 1964:matrilineal surname 1752:Macedonian surnames 1704:Lithuanian surnames 1640: 1208:means "resident of 997:Ornamental surnames 992:Ornamental surnames 986:ethnonymic surnames 949:Cognominal surnames 653:(follower of Saint 589:Matronymic surnames 585:Patronymic surnames 305:Alexander the Great 8118:Endonym and exonym 8061:Calendar of saints 8044:Related traditions 7818:Manners of address 7180:Sub-Saharan Africa 6601:Nobiliary particle 6242:collateral descent 5463:. 9 January 2012. 5165:on 27 January 2007 3707:Last Name Meanings 3583:Gill, N.S. (ed.). 3448:"Naming practices" 3356:Howard Law Journal 3245:on 20 January 2017 3128:Surname extinction 3113:Patronymic surname 3103:Nobiliary particle 3091:Names ending with 3006: 2515:nobiliary particle 2440:Dominican Republic 2377:Mario Vargas Llosa 2214:use more than one 1659:Icelandic surnames 1638: 1609:Surname inflection 1184:Toponymic surnames 856:, or female names 626: 561:Matronymic surname 557:Patronymic surname 532:National Socialist 524:witness protection 366:(forename; plural 352:, the name of the 151: 8276: 8275: 8204:Personal identity 8039: 8038: 7746: 7745: 7687: 7635: 7634: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7540: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7448: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7300: 7293: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6759:By life situation 6712: 6520: 6519: 6320: 6319: 6237:Lineal descendant 6207:Bilateral descent 5960:Great-grandparent 5845:Matrifocal family 5499:978-0-87395-882-0 5199:on 2 January 2016 5033:Joanna Grossman, 4807:978-1-134-62415-7 4616:Purdue University 4241:"Ornamental Name" 4187:Butkus, Alvydas, 4077:978-1-5017-2023-9 4050:978-1-58477-576-8 4023:978-0-230-60179-6 3989:978-90-04-39597-8 3901:978-0-8047-8104-6 3861:978-0-19-284419-4 3810:978-0-19-967776-4 3681:978-0-7524-8349-8 3531:978-0-674-02953-8 3423:978-0-8020-9514-5 3182:Toponymic surname 2908: 2907: 2678:Compound surnames 2507:Guido Manini Rios 2371:and almost never 2361: 2360: 2222:Multiple surnames 2190:Iain Duncan Smith 2168: 2167: 2160: 2100:Compound surnames 2064:Council of Europe 1828: 1827: 1327:Topographic names 1232:Japanese surnames 1190:Toponymic surname 1011:Acquired surnames 655:Brigid of Kildare 470:linked to a place 388:Christian culture 254: 865–925 AD 137: 136: 129: 111: 8296: 8089:Anthropomorphism 7834: 7782:Buddhist surname 7683: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7538:Hispanic America 7536: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7444: 7415: 7408: 7403:African-American 7401: 7394: 7312: 7296: 7289: 7260:Ashkenazi Jewish 7065:and Western Asia 7030:and Central Asia 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6942: 6803:Placeholder name 6708: 6652:Double-barrelled 6547: 6540: 6533: 6524: 6502:Astronaut family 6273: 6174:Iroquois kinship 6164:Sudanese kinship 6159:Hawaiian kinship 6134:Family of choice 5965:Great-grandchild 5840:Immediate family 5797: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5729:. Archived from 5699:Italian Surnames 5573: 5572:. 20 April 2009. 5555: 5549: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5453: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5418: 5412: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5322: 5315: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5150: 5144: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5115: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5052: 5046: 5030: 5024: 5017: 5011: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4873: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4624: 4618: 4598: 4592: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4511:О русских именах 4504: 4498: 4488:Russian surnames 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4451: 4445: 4430: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4405:. Archived from 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4134: 4128: 4110: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3888:Ury, S. (2012). 3885: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3760: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3634: 3625: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3452: 3444: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3375: 3367: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3301: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3241:. Archived from 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3199: 3153: 2889: 2886: 2826: 2813: 2801: 2800: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2342: 2339: 2276: 2265: 2254: 2253: 2212:Chinese surnames 2163: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2112: 2104: 1970:Surname of women 1719:Latvian surnames 1641: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1482:, specifically, 1047:Della Casagrande 637:from patronage ( 540:Turkish citizens 278:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 266:High Middle Ages 255: 252: 224:Chinese surnames 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21:Last Name (song) 8304: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8259: 8094:Personification 8067: 8035: 7921: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7809:Theophoric name 7742: 7647: 7631: 7545: 7453: 7371: 7333: 7310: 7239: 7227: 7174: 7141: 7064: 7056: 7029: 7023: 6935: 6929: 6824: 6791:Posthumous name 6754: 6635: 6609: 6560: 6551: 6521: 6516: 6460: 6361: 6316: 6305:Seize quartiers 6271: 6212:Common ancestor 6196: 6188: 6154:Chinese kinship 6149:Nurture kinship 6139:Fictive kinship 6080: 6040: 6029:daughter-in-law 5983: 5948: 5913: 5849: 5835:Conjugal family 5830:Extended family 5806: 5801: 5765: 5750: 5745: 5736: 5734: 5720: 5715:Wayback Machine 5650:Wayback Machine 5631: 5599:Cottle, Basil. 5582: 5580:Further reading 5577: 5576: 5566:Wayback Machine 5556: 5552: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5436: 5434: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5409:Wayback Machine 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5374:The Local Spain 5367: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5168: 5166: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5135: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5106:Wayback Machine 5097: 5093: 5056:Goldin, Claudia 5054: 5053: 5049: 5043:Wayback Machine 5031: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5008:Wayback Machine 4997: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4808: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4608:Wayback Machine 4599: 4595: 4585:Wayback Machine 4576: 4572: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4505: 4501: 4492:Русские фамилии 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4431: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4409:on 27 July 2021 4397: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4174:Cottle, Basil. 4173: 4162: 4151: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4111: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3811: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3636: 3635: 3628: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3483:(5): 753–759 . 3474: 3473: 3469: 3464:on 19 May 2011. 3461: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3047:Generation name 3032: 3017: 3011: 2887: 2884: 2824: 2823:de Albuquerque 2811: 2745: 2743:Portuguese name 2739: 2680: 2542: 2340: 2337: 2274: 2263: 2245: 2239: 2231:Main articles: 2229: 2224: 2208: 2202: 2182: 2176: 2164: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2129: 2113: 2102: 1972: 1945:putative father 1921: 1868: 1862: 1800:Polish surnames 1785:Slovak surnames 1617: 1611: 1605: 1532: 1463: 1457: 1419: 1265: 1192: 1186: 1073: 1067: 1035:foundling wheel 1013: 994: 951: 631: 591: 581: 563: 555:Main articles: 553: 548: 501: 415:Norman Conquest 384: 295:clan names and 260:, Iran. In the 253: 212: 207: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8302: 8300: 8292: 8291: 8281: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8218: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8086: 8081: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8024:Ecclesiastical 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7902: 7892: 7882: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7871:Ecclesiastical 7863: 7858: 7853: 7842: 7840: 7831: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7760:Christian name 7756: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7650:Southeast Asia 7637: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7574:Eastern Slavic 7571: 7566: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7343: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7320: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6939: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6881: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6852: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6593: 6579: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6554:Personal names 6552: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6410:Children's Day 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6292: 6287: 6285:Pedigree chart 6281: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6252:Patrilineality 6249: 6247:Matrilineality 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6169:Eskimo kinship 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6021: 6019:Sibling-in-law 6016: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5825:Nuclear family 5822: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5743: 5733:on 19 May 2012 5718: 5704: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5654: 5639: 5630: 5629:External links 5627: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5570:New York Times 5557:LaFraniere S. 5550: 5531: 5505: 5498: 5478: 5448: 5413: 5391: 5360: 5334: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5266: 5240: 5210: 5179: 5145: 5129: 5116: 5091: 5070:(2): 143–160. 5047: 5025: 5012: 4988: 4954: 4928: 4893: 4844: 4825: 4806: 4786: 4757: 4727: 4708:(6): 699–726. 4692: 4665:(3): 307–319. 4649: 4619: 4593: 4578:"Filing Rules" 4570: 4553: 4527: 4515: 4499: 4484:Boris Unbegaun 4476: 4446: 4420: 4390: 4360: 4330: 4304: 4288: 4262: 4232: 4219: 4206: 4200:Tamás Farkas, 4193: 4180: 4160: 4153:Bernard Deacon 4142: 4129: 4113:Hanks, Patrick 4090: 4076: 4056: 4049: 4029: 4022: 4002: 3988: 3968: 3914: 3900: 3880: 3867: 3860: 3840: 3828: 3809: 3781: 3750: 3724: 3694: 3680: 3660: 3626: 3608: 3575: 3544: 3530: 3510: 3489:10.1086/203698 3467: 3436: 3422: 3402: 3376: 3371:Google Scholar 3343: 3313: 3256: 3224: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3108:One-name study 3105: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3010: 3007: 2992:From the 1974 2906: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2806: 2804: 2741:Main article: 2738: 2735: 2695:Estrella, has 2679: 2676: 2541: 2538: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2204:Main article: 2201: 2198: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2116: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2098: 1971: 1968: 1920: 1917: 1911:). Note that " 1909:Robert FitzRoy 1861: 1858: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1689:Irish surnames 1685: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1674:Greek surnames 1670: 1669: 1667: 1666:Suffix -dóttir 1664: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1607:Main article: 1604: 1601: 1562:Uralic peoples 1546:Latin alphabet 1502:and among the 1456: 1455:Order of names 1453: 1445:Russian Empire 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1324: 1283: 1264: 1261: 1243:Saddam Hussein 1214:Ó Creachmhaoil 1188:Main article: 1185: 1182: 1078:names include 1066: 1063: 1012: 1009: 1005:Sinti and Roma 993: 990: 979:Bernard Deacon 950: 947: 946: 945: 658: 630: 627: 567:Icelandic name 552: 549: 547: 544: 500: 497: 383: 380: 293:Archaic Period 211: 208: 206: 203: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8301: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7804:Mandaean name 7802: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765:Biblical name 7763: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7291:Ancient Greek 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7237:North America 7234: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028:Northern Asia 7026: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6878:Nom de guerre 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565:Personal name 6563: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6543: 6541: 6536: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472:Single parent 6470: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325:Relationships 6323: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6267:Royal descent 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6184:Omaha kinship 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6114:Consanguinity 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014:Parent-in-law 6012: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5989:Family-in-law 5986: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5791: 5786: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5535: 5532: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5482: 5479: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5361: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5267: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4955: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4826: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800:. Routledge. 4799: 4798: 4790: 4787: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4758: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4650: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4557: 4554: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4525:, p. 10. 4524: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4477: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4442:0-19-860092-5 4439: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4125:0-19-211592-8 4122: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4006: 4003: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3969: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3841: 3838:, p. 20. 3837: 3832: 3829: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3782: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3661: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3576: 3563: 3559: 3558:Post Magazine 3555: 3548: 3545: 3533: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3521:Weird English 3514: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3403: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150:Tussenvoegsel 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3118:Personal name 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3082:Name blending 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3016: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2890: 2872: 2870: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2827: 2816: 2814: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2677: 2675: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2499:de la Barrera 2496: 2493:(given name) 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2343: 2325: 2323: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2278: 2267: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2159: 2151: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2117:This section 2115: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1925:personal name 1918: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749:Bulgarian and 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1576:– as was the 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:Greater China 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1218:County Galway 1215: 1211: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1191: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1162:mystery plays 1159: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1055:van der Stoep 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1001: 998: 991: 989: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 948: 943: 940:) with "Mac" 939: 938: 933: 932: 927: 926: 921: 920: 915: 914: 909: 908: 903: 902: 897: 896: 891: 890: 885: 884: 879: 878: 873: 870:(from Emma), 869: 866:(from Maud), 865: 864: 859: 855: 854: 849: 848: 843: 842: 837: 836: 831: 830: 825: 824: 819: 818: 813: 812: 807: 806: 801: 800: 795: 794: 789: 788: 783: 782: 777: 776: 771: 770: 765: 764: 759: 758: 753: 752: 747: 746: 741: 740: 735: 734: 729: 728: 723: 722: 717: 716: 711: 710: 705: 704: 699: 698: 693: 692: 687: 686: 681: 680: 675: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 656: 652: 648: 645:(follower of 644: 640: 636: 633: 632: 628: 622: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 590: 586: 580: 576: 572: 568: 562: 558: 550: 545: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 517: 515: 511: 507: 506:Japanese name 498: 496: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474:village green 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 434:British Isles 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 411:Domesday Book 407: 405: 399: 397: 393: 389: 381: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364: 359: 355: 351: 350: 345: 343: 336: 334: 330: 326: 325: 321: 316: 312: 311: 307:was known as 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 248: 244: 241:, the use of 240: 236: 233:In the early 231: 229: 228:Shang dynasty 225: 221: 216: 209: 204: 202: 200: 195: 192: 187: 183: 181: 176: 172: 168: 167:personal name 164: 160: 156: 148: 143: 139: 131: 128: 120: 117:February 2023 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 26: 22: 8243:Signum manus 8231:Royal cypher 8196: 8181:Nomen nescio 8179: 8175:Nomenclature 8170:Naming taboo 7982:Professional 7825:of authority 7775:Saint's name 7440:Scandinavian 7062:Muslim world 6900: 6876: 6847: 6699:Occupational 6630: 6581: 6558:anthroponymy 6405:Parents' Day 6395:Siblings Day 6385:Father's Day 6373:Mother's Day 6357:Polyfidelity 6352:Filial piety 6277:Family trees 6216: 6179:Crow kinship 6129:Estrangement 6024:Child-in-law 5944:Niece/Nephew 5763:the original 5758: 5754: 5737:19 September 5735:. 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