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the underside of foliage. Upon removing larvae and/or the affected leaves from plants, they may be dispatched by squishing, or, alternatively, the cut leaves with larvae still attached may be fed to birds; if larger animals do not prey upon them, other insects will. However, this is not practical or useful for some, thus the larvae can be quickly dispatched by simply dropping foliage into a vessel of plain or saltwater, diluted hydrogen peroxide or isopropyl alcohol, insecticidal soap, or other garden chemical. In large-scale, industrial settings, where beneficial insect predators can also be used to eliminate larvae, as well as parasites, which have both been previously used in control programs. Small trees can be sprayed with a number of chemicals, including
2049:
stages that sawflies go through, lasting 2 – 4 months, but this also depends on the species. When fully grown, the larvae emerge from the trees en masse and burrow themselves into the soil to pupate. During their time outside, the larvae may link up to form a large colony if many other individuals are present. They gather in large groups during the day which gives them protection from potential enemies, and during the night they disperse to feed. The emergence of adults takes awhile, with some emerging anywhere between a couple months to 2 years. Some will reach the ground to form pupal chambers, but others may spin a cocoon attached to a leaf. Larvae that feed on wood will pupate in the tunnels they have constructed. In one species, the
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larvae have four to six eyes on each side of the head. Sawfly larvae behave like lepidopteran larvae, walking about and eating foliage. Some groups have larvae that are eyeless and almost legless; these larvae make tunnels in plant tissues including wood. Many species of sawfly larvae are strikingly coloured, exhibiting colour combinations such as black and white while others are black and yellow. This is a
2045:) are specially adapted for the task of drilling through bark. Once the incision has been made, the female will lay as many as 30 to 90 eggs. Females avoid the shade when laying their eggs because the larvae develop much slower and may not even survive, and they may not also survive if they are laid on immature and glaucous leaves. Hence, female sawflies search for young adult leaves to lay their eggs on.
4789:
1928:. Braconid wasps attack sawflies in many regions throughout the world, in which they are ectoparasitoids, meaning that the larvae live and feed outside of the hosts body; braconids have more of an impact on sawfly populations in the New World than they do in the Old World, possibly because there are no ichneumonid parasitoids in North America. Some braconid wasps that attack sawflies include
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1952:. Female braconids locate sawfly larvae through the vibrations they produce when feeding, followed by inserting the ovipostior and paralysing the larva before laying eggs inside the host. These eggs hatch inside the larva within a few days, where they feed on the host. The entire host's body may be consumed by the braconid larvae, except for the head capsule and
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within the circle; this silk hammock never touches the lower cuticle. Once inside, the upper-cuticle's disc separates and descends towards the surface with the larvae attaching themselves to the hammock. Once they reach the round, the larvae work their way into a sheltered area by jerking their discs
1915:
Sawflies are hosts to many parasitoids, most of which are parasitic
Hymenoptera; more than 40 species are known to attack them. However, information regarding these species is minimal, and fewer than 10 of these species actually cause a significant impact on sawfly populations. Many of these species
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Alternative measures to control sawflies can be taken. Small-scale, mechanical methods include visually confirming larval presence on a plant and subsequently removing them, either by pruning damaged leaves or removing the larvae from the leaves they are on. Larvae typically try to remain hidden on
3779:
Cummins, S.; O'Halloran, J. (2002). "An assessment of the diet of nestling
Stonechats using compositional analysis: Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (sawflies, ichneumon flies, bees, wasps and ants), terrestrial larvae (moth, sawfly and beetle) and Arachnida (spiders and harvestmen) accounted for
2048:
These eggs hatch in two to eight weeks, but such duration varies by species and also by temperature. Until the eggs have hatched, some species such as the small brown sawfly will remain with them and protects the eggs by buzzing loudly and beating her wings to deter predators. There are six larval
1885:
regurgitate a distasteful irritating liquid, which makes predators such as ants avoid the larvae. In some species, the larvae cluster together, reducing their chances of being killed, and in some cases form together with their heads pointing outwards or tap their abdomens up and down. Some adults
1676:
Sawflies are widely distributed throughout the world. The largest family, the
Tenthredinidae, with some 5,000 species, are found on all continents except Antarctica, though they are most abundant and diverse in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere; they are absent from New Zealand and
1505:
Many species of sawfly have retained their ancestral attributes throughout time, specifically their plant-eating habits, wing veins and the unmodified abdomen, where the first two segments appear like the succeeding segments. The absence of the narrow wasp waist distinguishes sawflies from other
1986:
have been studied; the two species are internal larval parasitoids and have only been found in the northern hemisphere. Parasitism of sawflies by eulophids in grass exceeds 50%, but only 5% in wheat. It is unknown as to why the attack rate in wheat is low. Furthermore, some fungal and bacterial
1663:
are present on lepidopteran larvae, whereas on sawfly larvae they are not; the prolegs of both larvae gradually disappear by the time they burrow into the ground, therefore making it difficult to distinguish the two; and sawfly larvae only have a single pair of minute eyes, whereas lepidopteran
1575:
Heads of sawflies vary in size, shape and sturdiness, as well as the positions of the eyes and antennae. They are characterised in four head types: open head, maxapontal head, closed head and genapontal head. The open head is simplistic, whereas all the other heads are derived. The head is also
432:
with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult. The female uses her ovipositor to drill into plant material (or, in the case of
Orussoidea, other insects) and then lays eggs in groups called rafts or pods. After hatching, larvae feed on plants, often in groups. As they approach
2037:). The lifespan of an individual sawfly is two months to two years, though the adult life stage is often very short (approximately 7 – 9 days), only long enough for the females to lay their eggs. The female uses its ovipositor to drill into plant material to lay her eggs (though the family
424:
females, which do not need to mate to produce fertilised eggs, are common in the suborder, though many species have males. The adults feed on pollen, nectar, honeydew, sap, other insects, including hemolymph of the larvae hosts; they have mouth pieces adapted to these types of feeding.
1623:
wings. The fore and hind wings are locked together with hooks. Parallel development in sawfly wings is most frequent in the anal veins. In all sawflies, 2A and 3A tend to fuse with the first anal vein. This occurs in several families including
Argidae, Diprionidae and Cimbicidae.
1588:(a sclerite that makes up an insects "face") is not divided into a pre- and postclypeus, but rather separated from the front. The antennal sclerites are fused with the surrounding head capsule, but these are sometimes separated by a suture. The number of segments in the
1053:
1752:, feeding on plants that have a high concentration of chemical defences. These insects are either resistant to the chemical substances, or they avoid areas of the plant that have high concentrations of chemicals. The larvae primarily feed in groups; they are
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hypognathous, meaning that the lower mouthparts are directed downwards. When in use, the mouthparts may be directed forwards, but this is only caused when the sawfly swings its entire head forward in a pendulum motion. Unlike most primitive insects, the
2222:
trees can regenerate quickly from damage inflicted by the larvae; however, they can be substantially damaged from outbreaks, especially if they are young. The trees can be defoliated completely and may cause "dieback", stunting or even death.
464:
million years ago, a lineage of sawflies evolved a parasitoid lifestyle, with carnivorous larvae that ate the eggs or larvae of other insects. Sawflies are distributed globally, though they are more diverse in the northernmost hemispheres.
592:. The three groupings have been distinguished by the true sawflies' ventral serrated or saw-like ovipositor for sawing holes in vegetation to deposit eggs, while the woodwasp ovipositor penetrates wood and the Orussidae behave as external
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feature. Together, the
Symphyta make up less than 10% of hymenopteran species. While the terms sawfly and Symphyta have been used synonymously, the Symphyta have also been divided into three groups, true sawflies (phyllophaga),
1068:
There are approximately 8,000 species of sawfly in more than 800 genera, although new species continue to be discovered. However, earlier studies indicated that 10,000 species grouped into about 1,000 genera were known. Early
499:-like ovipositor that is used for egg-laying, in which a female makes a slit in either a stem or plant leaf to deposit the eggs. The first known use of this name was in 1773. Sawflies are also known as "wood-wasps".
2000:
have been extensively investigated, showing that 31 species of hymenopterous and dipterous parasites attack it. These parasites have been used in successful biological control against pest sawflies, including
449:. Outbreaks of sawfly larvae can defoliate trees and may cause dieback, stunting or death. Sawflies can be controlled through the use of insecticides, natural predators and parasitoids, or mechanical methods.
2217:
can remove all the leaves late in the growing season, leaving the trees too weak to survive the winter. Little damage to trees only occurs when the tree is large or when there is minimal presence of larvae.
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which did not reflect the historical superfamilies. Such classifications were replaced by those using molecular methods, starting with Dowton and Austin (1994). As of 2013, the
Symphyta are treated as nine
2351:
Aguiar, A.P.; Deans, A.R.; Engel, M.S.; Forshage, M.; Huber, J.T.; Jennings, J.T.; Johnson, N.F.; Lelej, A.S.; Longino, J.T.; Lohrmann, V.; Mikó, I.; Ohl, M.; Rasmussen, C.; Taeger, A.; Yu, D.S.K. (2013).
2057:) forms a cocoon which can act like a parachute. The larvae live in sycamore trees and do not damage the upper or lower cuticles of leaves that they feed on. When fully developed, they cut small
2041:
lay their eggs in other insects). Plant-eating sawflies most commonly are associated with leafy material but some specialize on wood, and the ovipositors of these species (such as the family
1959:
Ten species of wasps in the family
Ichneumonidae attack sawfly populations, although these species are usually rare. The most important parasitoids in this family are species in the genus
2696:
Sharkey, M.J.; Carpenter, J.M.; Vilhelmsen, L.; Heraty, J.; Liljeblad, J.; Dowling, A.P.G.; Schulmeister, S.; Murray, D.; Deans, A.R.; Ronquist, F.; Krogmann, L.; Wheeler, W.C. (2012).
3837:
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564:, compared to the Symphyta. Consequently, there are only eight dorsal half segments in the Apocrita, against nine in the Symphyta. The larvae are distinguished in a similar way.
2069:
The majority of sawfly species produce a single generation per year, but others may only have one generation every two years. Most sawflies are also female, making males rare.
1655:
larvae (caterpillars). However, several morphological differences can distinguish the two: while both larvae share three pairs of thoracic legs and an apical pair of abdominal
626:
are improving the understanding of relationships between the superfamilies, resulting in revisions at the level of superfamily and family. The
Symphyta are the most primitive (
336:
The primary distinction between sawflies and the
Apocrita – the ants, bees, and wasps – is that the adults lack a "wasp waist", and instead have a broad connection between the
413:
such as regurgitating irritating liquid and clustering together for safety in numbers. Sawflies are hosts to many parasitoids, most of which are Hymenoptera, the rest being
2213:
larvae defoliated 500,000 hectares (1,200,000 acres) in the largest outbreak in Finland, between 1998 and 2001. Up to 75% of the trees may die after such outbreaks, as
1086:(one extinct) and 25 families. Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide. Tenthredinoidea has six families, of which
495:, meaning 'grown together', referring to the group's distinctive lack of a wasp waist between prostomium and peristomium. Its common name, "sawfly", derives from the
4414:"Phylogeography of two parthenogenetic sawfly species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): relationship of population genetic differentiation to host plant distribution"
4186:
2532:
Handbuch der zoologie: bd. Arthropoden, bearb. von A. Gerstaecker. Raderthiere, würmer, echinodermen, coelenteraten und protozoen, bearb. von J. Victor Carus. 1863
1659:, lepidopteran caterpillars have four pairs of prolegs on abdominal segments 3–6 while sawfly larvae have five pairs of prolegs located on abdominal segments 2–6;
4721:
4446:
1514:
similar to wasps and bees, and the ovipositor can be mistaken for a stinger. Most sawflies are stubby and soft-bodied, and fly weakly. Sawflies vary in length:
1619:, as well as the exoskeletal plates that connect with these segments. The legs have spurs on their fourth segments, the tibiae. Sawflies have two pairs of
1721:
are mainly Holarctic with some tropical species. The parasitic Orussidae are found worldwide, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The wood-boring
693:
were plentiful during these time periods, in which Tertiary faunas were dominated by the tribe Xyelini; these are indicative of a humid and warm climate.
634:
within the Hymenoptera (some going back 250 million years), and one of the taxa within the Symphyta gave rise to the monophyletic suborder Apocrita (
6548:
6543:
6538:
2931:
Wang, M.; Gao, T.; Shih, C.; Rasinitsyn, A.P.; Ren, D. (2016). "The diversity and phylogeny of Mesozoic Symphyta (Hymenoptera) from Northeastern China".
4004:
Cayford, J.T. (1990). "Distribution and habitat preferences of Black Grouse in commercial forests in Wales: conservation and management implications".
2166:
2033:, meaning that females do not need fertilization to create viable eggs. Unfertilized eggs develop as male, while fertilized eggs develop into females (
420:
Adult sawflies are short-lived, with a life expectancy of 7–9 days, though the larval stage can last from months to years, depending on the species.
4065:
Müller, Caroline; Brakefield, P.M. (2003). "Analysis of a chemical defense in sawfly larvae: easy bleeding targets predatory wasps in late summer".
6459:
3186:
Taeger, A.; Blank, S.M. (1996). "Kommentare zur Taxonomie der Symphyta (Hymenoptera): Vorarbeiten zu einem Katalog der Pflanzenwespen, Teil 1".
321:
in the suborder, with about 7,000 known species; in the entire suborder, there are 8,000 described species in more than 800 genera. Symphyta is
4586:
1963:. Unlike braconids, the larvae are endoparasitoids, meaning that the larvae live and feed inside the hosts body. One well known ichneumonid is
1756:, eating plants and fruits on native trees and shrubs, though some are parasitic. However, this is not always the case; Monterey pine sawfly (
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4661:
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4575:
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Wang, M.; Rasinitsyn, A.P.; Ren, Dong (2014). "Two new fossil sawflies (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae, Xyelinae) from the Middle Jurassic of China".
2853:
2513:
1681:, with some 800 species, is also worldwide, but is most common in the tropics, especially in Africa, where they feed on woody and herbaceous
3848:
1733:
508:
560:. In his description, Gerstaecker distinguished the two groups by the transfer of the first abdominal segment to the thorax in the
4823:
1973:. Recorded parasitism rates in Europe are between 20–76%, and as many as eight eggs can be found in a single larva, but only one
433:
adulthood, the larvae seek a protected spot to pupate, typically in bark or the soil. Large populations of species such as the
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individual will emerge from its host. The larva may remain inside of their host until spring, where it emerges and pupates.
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million years of age, making it among the oldest of all sawfly fossils. More Xyelid fossils have been discovered from the
2653:
Mao, M.; Gibson, T.; Dowton, M. (2015). "Higher-level phylogeny of the Hymenoptera inferred from mitochondrial genomes".
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6510:
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2017:
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2358:: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness"
313:, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. The name is associated especially with the
6425:
3738:
2230:. Different species prefer different host plants, often being specific to a family or genus of hosts. For example,
1784:
Sawflies are eaten by a wide variety of predators. While many birds find the larvae distasteful, some such as the
6438:
4878:
1980:
Several species in the family Eulophidae attack sawflies, although their impact is low. Two species in the genus
1878:
1821:
1800:) eat both adults and larvae. The larvae are an important food source for the chicks of several birds, including
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gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the hitherto largest sawfly from the Mesozoic of China"
3133:"Terrestrial arthropods of Steel Creek, Buffalo National River, Arkansas. II. Sawflies (Insecta: Hymenoptera: "
1773:
1660:
410:
391:
1996:, have led scientists to investigate and possibly collect their natural enemies to control them. Parasites of
280:
623:
341:
1530:
6337:
4025:"The components of predation as revealed by a study of small-mammal predation of the European Pine Sawfly"
2709:
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4024:
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326:
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2050:
1992:
1948:
1936:
1905:
1518:, which can be mistaken as a wasp due to its black-and-yellow striped body, can grow up to 20 mm (
5674:
3019:"Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis"
2084:
1965:
1942:
1916:
attack their hosts in the grass or in other parasitoids. Well known and important parasitoids include
1737:
567:
The Symphyta have therefore traditionally been considered, alongside the Apocrita, to form one of two
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6407:
6384:
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1930:
1852:) predate heavily on sawfly cocoons. Insects such as ants and certain species of predatory wasps (
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groups within the order Hymenoptera, each one rooted inside the previous group, ending with the
6500:
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4388:
2265:, has a long ovipositor, which with its black and yellow colouration make it a good mimic of a
1758:
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5599:
5282:
4767:
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4657:
4595:
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Morris, K.R.S.; Cameron, E.; Jepson, W.F. (1937). "The insect parasites of the spruce sawfly (
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3880:(Report). Peterborough, UK: Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Report. no 227. p. 27.
3683:
Bandeili, B.; Müller, C. (2009). "Folivory versus florivory—adaptiveness of flower feeding".
2269:. Despite the alarming appearance, the insect cannot sting. The eggs are laid in the wood of
1820:) chicks show a strong preference for sawfly larvae. Sawfly larvae formed 43% of the diet of
309:, alongside ants, bees, and wasps. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the
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Rasnitsyn, A.P. (1988). "An outline of evolution of hymenopterous insects (order Vespida)".
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Engel, M.S. (2005). "A new sawfly from the Triassic of Queensland (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae)".
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1471:
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2758:"Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes in basal hymenopterans"
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because some larvae can secrete irritating fluids from glands located on their undersides.
876:
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5482:
5385:
5291:
4993:
4977:
4412:
Müller, C.; Barker, A.; Boevé, J.-L.; De Jong, P.W.; De Vos, H.; Brakefield, P.M. (2004).
4282:(Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an important native parasite of the wheat stem sawfly,
3444:
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects: VI Hymenoptera 2 Symphyta Section (b)
2030:
1882:
1874:) occasionally consume laid eggs, and several species of beetle larvae prey on the pupae.
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Campbell, L.H.; Avery, M.I.; Donald, P.; Evans, A.D.; Green, R.E.; Wilson, J.D. (1997).
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Nearctic Sawflies III. Heterarthrinae: Adults and Larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
3332:
2430:
611:. Despite these limitations, the terms have utility and are common in the literature.
386: in). The larvae are caterpillar-like, but can be distinguished by the number of
122:
6527:
6294:
6258:
6250:
5934:
5757:
5737:
5697:
5669:
5329:
5304:
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5052:
4747:
4617:
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4258:
3739:"Foraging behaviour and nestling diet of Chestnut-Backed chickadees in monterey pine"
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3233:
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Nearctic Sawflies I. Blennocampinae: Adults and Larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
4307:
4110:
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3801:
3720:
3003:
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Predators include birds, insects and small animals. The larvae of some species have
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Nearctic Sawflies II. Selandriinae: Adults and Larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
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of Hymenoptera. Symphyta are the more primitive group, with comparatively complete
446:
434:
227:
2327:"Ueber die Gattung Oxybelus Latr. und die bei Berlin vorkommenden Arten derselben"
30:
This article is about the hymenopteran suborder Symphyta. For the moth genus, see
6389:
4761:
4749:
Nearctic Sawflies IV. Allantinae: Adults and Larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
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3408:
3338:. Vol. 16 (3rd ed.). Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. pp.
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4895:
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3055:
2674:
2399:"Mouthpart evolution in adults of the basal, 'symphytan', hymenopteran lineages"
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4570:(2nd ed.). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media.
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3238:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2634:
2374:
2353:
765:
6289:
6273:
6265:
6254:
6246:
6225:
6172:
6049:
6041:
5999:
5973:
5901:
5781:
5747:
5659:
5619:
5609:
5594:
5457:
5339:
5314:
5238:
5202:
5078:
5001:
4365:
3989:
3960:
3944:
3915:
3793:
3704:
3234:"Molecular phylogeny of the insect order Hymenoptera: apocritan relationships"
3109:
2995:
2294:
2038:
2029:
with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult. Many species are
1921:
1917:
1901:
1898:
1863:
1749:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1631:
1612:
1608:
1458:
1348:
1276:
1198:
902:
843:
678:
600:
482:
403:
399:
310:
255:
245:
100:
65:
6360:
4818:
4094:
3885:
3455:
3117:
2974:
Rasnitsyn, A.P. (2006). "Ontology of evolution and methodology of taxonomy".
1592:
vary from six in the Accorduleceridae to 30 or more in the Pamphiliidae. The
6242:
6238:
6192:
6157:
6083:
6075:
6062:
6012:
5986:
5944:
5914:
5794:
5789:
5762:
5727:
5712:
5614:
5589:
5544:
5516:
5462:
5414:
5370:
5365:
5352:
5157:
5149:
5128:
4926:
4914:
4627:
3600:
Looney, C.; Smith, D.R; Collman, S.J.; Langor, D.W.; Peterson, M.A. (2016).
3258:
2952:
2909:
2290:
1982:
1953:
1859:
1801:
1785:
1753:
1718:
1714:
1627:
1616:
1601:
1423:
1290:
1212:
1150:
1136:
815:
729:
619:
589:
585:
576:
568:
473:
457:
395:
322:
270:
232:
176:
156:
105:
4171:
4125:
4102:
3712:
3427:
3172:
2830:
2799:
2731:
2697:
2682:
2580:
2548:
2540:
2383:
4800:
3277:
738:
507:
6399:
6354:
6187:
5960:
5870:
5689:
5529:
5178:
5136:
5094:
5044:
5038:
5017:
4949:
4932:
4619:
A Generic Classification of the Nearctic Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)
2298:
2190:
2159:
2042:
1793:
1710:
1581:
1495:
1432:
1376:
930:
906:
733:
686:
682:
662:
618:, as is Hymenoptera, the Symphyta has long been seen to be paraphyletic.
561:
453:
438:
330:
299:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
3618:
3601:
3153:
2148:
1528: in) in length, but among the largest sawflies ever discovered was
17:
6117:
4985:
4516:
4299:
4162:
4043:
3765:
3602:"Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) newly recorded from Washington State"
2822:
2270:
2062:
1867:
1725:
are worldwide, but most species live in the subtropical parts of Asia.
1678:
1320:
1157:
414:
349:
337:
110:
85:
4635:
4387:(7th ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
2781:
1881:. While adults are unable to sting, the larvae of species such as the
6451:
6233:
5549:
4920:
4908:
4849:
ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta (Insecta, Hymenoptera)
4848:
2278:
2266:
2061:
in the upper cuticle to form a circle. After this, they weave a silk
1656:
1078:
490:
387:
186:
166:
6331:
4829:
4215:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press. p. 96.
3757:
1580:(rigid joints between two or more hard elements on an organism) and
1956:. The larvae complete their development within two or three weeks.
538:. However, four years later in 1867, he described just two groups,
5392:
4006:
Proceedings of the International Union Game of Biologists Congress
3131:
Skvarla, M.J.; Smith, D.R.; Fisher, D.M.; Dowling, A.P.G. (2016).
2282:
2165:
2147:
2016:
1893:
1768:
1732:
1639:
1626:
1562: in). The smaller species only reach lengths of 2.5 mm (
1051:
631:
506:
472:
279:
5963:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
4855:
Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Sawflies, ‘Symphyta’
3920:
in southern England examined by compositional analysis of faeces"
1766:
trees inside a silken web. The adults feed on pollen and nectar.
1677:
there are few of them in Australia. The next largest family, the
556:. Consequently, the name Symphyta is given to Gerstaecker as the
352:. Sawflies vary in length, most measuring 2.5 to 20 millimetres (
4726:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. Archived from
3378:
Gao, T.; Shih, C.; Rasnitsyn, A.P.; Ren, D.; Laudet, V. (2013).
3075:
3073:
2206:
1987:
diseases are known to infect eggs and pupa in warm wet weather.
1812:), with sawfly larvae being eaten more frequently on cool days.
1804:. Sawfly and moth larvae form one third of the diet of nestling
1239:
942:
635:
542:
295:
6335:
4867:
3635:
Herbivores: Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites
2698:"Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera"
2305:, etc., if removing larvae from trees is not effective enough.
2285:. The larvae eat tunnels in the wood, causing economic damage.
6412:
6209:
6104:
6096:
1858:) eat adult sawflies and the larvae, as do lizards and frogs.
1041:
Symphyta (red bar) are paraphyletic as Apocrita are excluded.
938:
934:
643:
639:
496:
478:
4588:
Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification guide to families
3450:. London: Royal Entomological Society of London. p. 51.
2234:
larvae, emerging in summer, can quickly defoliate species of
646:). In cladistic analyses the Orussoidea are consistently the
348:
of wasps and bees, and the ovipositor can be mistaken for a
4331:
4329:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
3361:
3359:
2592:
2590:
2244:
and other freshwater species. Similarly the rose sawflies,
2025:
Like all other hymenopteran insects, sawflies go through a
452:
Sawflies first appeared 250 million years ago in the
2193:. Species in the Diprionidae, such as the pine sawflies,
489:
The suborder name "Symphyta" derives from the Greek word
372: in); the largest known sawfly measured 55 mm (
4263:. Vol. 2. Alberta: University of Alberta. p.
3875:
A Review of the Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Birds
3637:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science. p. 190.
2756:
Song, S.-N.; Tang, P.; Wei, S.-J.; Chen, X.-X. (2016).
2535:(in German). Leipzig, Germany: Engelmann. p. 189.
1596:
are large with a number of facets, and there are three
681:, but the family was less diverse then than during the
653:
The oldest unambiguous sawfly fossils date back to the
4126:"Anti-predator defence mechanisms in sawfly larvae of
1600:
between the dorsal portions of the compound eyes. The
4213:
Ecological Experiments: Purpose, Design and Execution
3563:
Adams, C.; Early, M.; Brook, J.; Bamford, K. (2014).
3498:
3496:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
2848:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Elsevier Science. p. 85.
1584:(hardened body parts) are obsolescent or absent. The
1534:
from the Mesozoic, with a body length of 55 mm (
1077:, based on morphology and behaviour, identified nine
394:
in sawfly larvae. The great majority of sawflies are
1439:
1393:
1369:
1355:
1341:
1327:
1313:
1297:
1283:
1267:
1253:
1235:
1219:
1205:
1183:
1170:
1161:
1143:
1127:
1098:
237:
6344:
6208:
6125:
6116:
6095:
6074:
6032:
5998:
5972:
5943:
5892:
5869:
5847:
5829:
5811:
5780:
5499:
5481:
5443:
5384:
5338:
5290:
5281:
5258:
5229:
5200:
5177:
5148:
5127:
5106:
5077:
5051:
5037:
4976:
4947:
4286:Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), in Western Canada".
2346:
2344:
4674:Hymenoptera, Unterordnung Symphyta: Pflanzenwespen
3331:
2751:
2749:
2320:
2318:
477:Sawfly laying eggs in a plant, using the serrated
4755:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture.
4715:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture.
4701:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture.
4541:. Massachusetts Introduced Pests Outreach Project
4447:"The common pine sawfly – a troublesome relative"
2817:. Frankfurt: Waldemar Kramer. pp. 291, 359.
2648:
2646:
2644:
2508:(2nd ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 1344.
2331:Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften
1886:bear black and yellow markings that mimic wasps.
665:, are the oldest of all Hymenoptera. One fossil,
4379:Hartman, J.R.; Pirone, T.P.; Sall, M.A. (2000).
4278:Nelson, W.A.; Farstad, C.W. (2012). "Biology of
4124:Petre, C.-A.; Detrain, C.; Boevé, J.-L. (2007).
1762:) larvae are solitary web-spinners that feed on
1604:comprises the whole inner skeleton of the head.
4830:Symphyta" - Sawflies, Horntails, and Wood Wasps
4763:Sawfly Life History Adaptations to Woody Plants
3847:. Government of South Australia. Archived from
2609:
2607:
2605:
1651:The larvae of sawflies are easily mistaken for
1090:is by far the largest with some 5,500 species.
4653:Recent Sawfly Research Synthesis and Prospects
3845:Department of Primary Industries and Resources
4879:
4650:Blank, S.M.; Schmidt, S.; Taeger, A. (2006).
3567:. New York, New York: Routledge. p. 18.
2616:"Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera"
1990:Outbreaks of certain sawfly species, such as
1780:larvae grouped together for safety in numbers
696:The cladogram is based on Schulmeister 2003.
8:
6554:Taxa named by Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker
4622:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois.
3732:
3730:
3092:Taeger, A.; Blank, S.M.; Liston, A. (2010).
2575:. London, UK: John van Voorst. p. 307.
3365:
3302:
3290:
2596:
2572:The Zoological Record: Insecta, Volumes 3-4
6332:
6205:
6122:
5889:
5287:
5226:
5197:
4973:
4969:
4886:
4872:
4864:
3831:
1506:members of hymenoptera, although some are
669:from Queensland is between 205.6 and 221.5
614:While most hymenopteran superfamilies are
121:
41:
4766:. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
4429:
4418:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4161:
3988:
3965:in the Pennine hills of northern England"
3943:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3633:Rosenthal, G.A.; Berenbaum, M.R. (1991).
3617:
3417:
3407:
3267:
3257:
3162:
3152:
3094:"World catalog of symphyta (Hymenoptera)"
3034:
3023:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2789:
2713:
2529:Carus, J.V.; Gerstaecker, C.E.A. (1863).
2414:
2403:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2373:
1828:). Small carnivorous mammals such as the
661:Triassic. These fossils, from the family
460:, has existed into the presents. Over 200
437:can cause substantial damage to economic
4335:
4320:
4244:
3737:Kleintjes, P.K.; Dahlsten, D.L. (1994).
3079:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2021:Adult male newly emerged from its cocoon
1548: in) and a wingspan of 92 mm (
398:, though the members of the superfamily
4594:. Ottawa, Ontario: Agriculture Canada.
2397:Jervis, Mark; Vilhelmsen, Lars (2000).
2314:
2071:
1607:Three segments make up the thorax: the
4656:. Keltern, Germany: Goecke und Evers.
3914:Brickle, N.W.; Harper, D.G.C. (1999).
3656:
3654:
2655:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2460:Australian Museum (20 October 2009).
2189:Sawflies are major economic pests of
7:
6488:6c243daf-afed-4e3b-a3d2-9d4392b7a3b6
6439:f5f33ffb-015a-49ef-9d3d-fcf24b84a31f
3587:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3487:
3475:
1969:, which is a dominant parasitoid of
4851:– Digital Entomological Information
4824:Sawflies: a close relative of wasps
4260:Guide to Crop Protection in Alberta
4185:Phillips, Charlma (December 1992).
3961:"The habitat use and diet of Black
3565:Principles of Horticulture: Level 2
3334:International Wildlife Encyclopedia
2485:. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
2005:throughout the 1930s and 1950s and
895:
864:
836:
808:
781:
754:
722:
712:
4760:Wagner, M.R.; Raffa, K.F. (1993).
4354:Bulletin of Entomological Research
4187:"Spitfires - Defoliating Sawflies"
4087:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000008012.73092.01
3838:"Spitfires – Defoliating Sawflies"
2815:Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten
2504:Gordh, G.; Headrick, D.H. (2011).
2416:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb00204.x
25:
6549:Extant Triassic first appearances
6544:Insect pests of temperate forests
6539:Insect pests of ornamental plants
4819:Symphyta: Encyclopædia Britannica
4445:Krokene, Paal (6 December 2014).
3780:81% of Stonechat nestling diet".
3232:Dowton, M.; Austin, A.D. (1994).
603:. The woodwasps themselves are a
514:established the suborder Symphyta
4799:
4787:
4585:Goulet, H.; Huber, J.T. (1993).
4449:. Science Nordic. Archived from
4431:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00383.x
3959:Starling-Westerberg, A. (2001).
3916:"Diet of nestling Corn Buntings
3036:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x
2871:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
2724:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x
2259:The giant woodwasp or horntail,
2209:in regions such as Scandinavia.
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
1483:
1457:
1093:Extinct taxa are indicated by a
946:
910:
875:
847:
819:
791:
764:
737:
579:, and without a "wasp-waist", a
526:divided them into three groups,
143:
6065:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
3606:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
3330:Burton, M.; Burton, R. (2002).
1911:) emerging from a sawfly cocoon
518:In his original description of
4154:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.04.007
3219:10.1080/00305316.1988.11835485
2226:Sawflies are serious pests in
1498:with a sting, not a Symphytan.
588:or xylophaga (Siricidae), and
456:. The oldest superfamily, the
298:-like insects that are in the
1:
6284:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
4497:. Royal Horticultural Society
4475:. Royal Horticultural Society
1685:. Of the other families, the
1392:(400 genera, 5,500 spp.) and
4257:Alberta Agriculture (1988).
4134:Journal of Insect Physiology
3662:"Sawflies (Tenthredinoidae)"
3409:10.1371/journal.pone.0062420
2325:Gerstaecker, C.E.A. (1867).
702:Symphyta within Hymenoptera
491:
485:for which the group is named
4858:Biodiversity Data Journal 2
4067:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2675:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.12.009
2013:Life cycle and reproduction
1838:northern short-tailed shrew
707:
441:, while others such as the
6575:
4671:Schedl, Wolfgang. (2016).
4567:Encyclopedia of Entomology
2844:Hermann, Henry R. (1979).
2635:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25
2506:A Dictionary of Entomology
2462:"Animal Species: Sawflies"
2375:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12
2205:, cause serious damage to
1822:chestnut-backed chickadees
1368:(11 genera, 136 spp.) and
1354:(16 genera, 182 spp.) and
1326:(58 genera, 897 spp.) and
1296:(11 genera, 111 spp.) and
1266:(10 genera, 291 spp.) and
1105:Superfamilies and families
846:(horntails or wood wasps)
575:, larvae that are largely
522:in 1863, German zoologist
29:
6315:
4972:
4903:
4753:(Technical Bulletin 1595)
4731:(Technical Bulletin 1420)
4713:(Technical Bulletin 1398)
4699:(Technical Bulletin 1397)
4383:Pirone's Tree Maintenance
4366:10.1017/S0007485300038840
4288:The Canadian Entomologist
4032:The Canadian Entomologist
3990:10.1080/00063650109461205
3945:10.1080/00063659909461145
3794:10.1080/00063650209461258
3705:10.1007/s00114-009-0615-9
3141:Biodiversity Data Journal
3110:10.11646/zootaxa.2580.1.1
3017:Schulmeister, S. (2003).
2996:10.1134/S003103010612001X
2256:, defoliate rose bushes.
2073:Life cycle of the sawfly
1879:anti-predator adaptations
1218:(16 genera, 82 spp.) and
928:
900:
893:
869:
862:
841:
834:
813:
806:
786:
779:
759:
752:
727:
720:
411:anti-predator adaptations
224:
219:
140:Scientific classification
138:
129:
120:
44:
3188:Beiträge zur Entomologie
2144:Relationship with humans
2009:in the 1930s and 1940s.
1877:The larvae have several
1774:Anti-predator adaptation
1438:(5 genera, 63 spp.) and
1340:(2 genera, 12 spp.) and
1252:(1 genera, 42 spp.) and
333:which are not sawflies.
325:, consisting of several
5068:(web-spinning sawflies)
4843:Taxonomy of Hymenoptera
4628:10.5962/bhl.title.50339
4564:Capinera, J.L. (2008).
4211:Hairston, N.G. (1989).
4189:. PIRSA. Archived from
4130:(Hymenoptera, Argidae)"
3366:Goulet & Huber 1993
3303:Goulet & Huber 1993
3291:Goulet & Huber 1993
3259:10.1073/pnas.91.21.9911
2976:Paleontological Journal
2953:10.1111/1755-6724.12662
2910:10.1111/1755-6724.12269
2597:Goulet & Huber 1993
2079:, the bristly rose slug
1907:Dahlbominus fuscipennis
667:Archexyela ipswichensis
624:molecular phylogenetics
286:Nematus septentrionalis
6195:(thread-waisted wasps)
6023:(sierolomorphid wasps)
5955:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
5160:(parasitic wood wasps)
4023:Holling, C.S. (1959).
2614:Sharkey, M.J. (2007).
2541:10.5962/bhl.title.1399
2186:
2163:
2027:complete metamorphosis
2022:
1912:
1850:Peromyscus maniculatus
1781:
1745:
1744:) larva in a rose stem
1648:
1065:
536:Hymenoptera phytophaga
515:
486:
430:complete metamorphosis
428:Sawflies go through a
288:
6496:Paleobiology Database
4677:. Walter de Gruyter.
3836:Phillips, C. (1992).
3465:on 24 September 2015.
3441:Benson, R.B. (1952).
3382:Hoplitolyda duolunica
3082:, pp. 3250–3252.
2933:Acta Geologica Sinica
2890:Acta Geologica Sinica
2562:Dallas, W.S. (1867).
2169:
2158:is a serious pest of
2151:
2020:
1897:
1772:
1736:
1729:Behaviour and ecology
1630:
1531:Hoplitolyda duolunica
1417:(28 genera, 146 spp.)
1382:(60 genera, 442 spp.)
1055:
510:
476:
317:, by far the largest
283:
6434:Fauna Europaea (new)
4808:at Wikimedia Commons
4746:Smith, D.R. (1979).
4720:Smith, D.R. (1971).
4706:Smith, D.R. (1969).
4692:Smith, D.R. (1969).
4352:, Htg.) in Europe".
4323:, p. 1827–1828.
3963:Grouse Tetrao tetrix
2181:, showing damage to
1748:Sawflies are mostly
1742:Hartigia trimaculata
1478:. It does not sting.
558:zoological authority
532:Hymenoptera apocrita
528:Hymenoptera aculeata
344:. Some sawflies are
6559:Paraphyletic groups
5004:(cimbicid sawflies)
4616:Ross, H.H. (1937).
4495:"Large rose sawfly"
4453:on 29 November 2016
4146:2007JInsP..53..668P
4079:2003JCEco..29.2683M
3981:2001BirdS..48...76S
3936:1999BirdS..46..319B
3895:on 22 December 2015
3697:2010NW.....97...79B
3685:Naturwissenschaften
3619:10.3897/JHR.49.7104
3400:2013PLoSO...862420G
3250:1994PNAS...91.9911D
3154:10.3897/BDJ.4.e8830
2988:2006PalJ...40S.679R
2945:2016AcGlS..90..376W
2902:2014AcGlS..88.1027W
2813:Hennig, W. (1969).
2774:2016NatSR...620972S
2667:2015MolPE..84...34M
2570:: Günther, A.C.L.G
2354:"Order Hymenoptera
2202:Neodiprion sertifer
2051:jumping-disc sawfly
1666:warning colouration
1062:Syntexis libocedrii
445:are major pests in
390:and the absence of
27:Suborder of insects
5089:(cedar wood wasps)
5012:(conifer sawflies)
4733:on 21 October 2020
4517:"Great Wood Wasps"
4300:10.4039/Ent85103-3
4193:on 6 November 2009
4044:10.4039/Ent91293-5
2762:Scientific Reports
2187:
2164:
2114:Pupa, ventral view
2023:
1913:
1842:Blarina brevicauda
1782:
1746:
1649:
1494:is a wasp-waisted
1075:Alexandr Rasnitsyn
1066:
516:
487:
289:
132:Tenthredo mesomela
6521:
6520:
6338:Taxon identifiers
6329:
6328:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6285:
6277:
6269:
6262:
6229:
6219:
6204:
6203:
6196:
6153:
6152:(cockroach wasps)
6138:
6108:
6087:
6066:
6058:
6045:
6024:
6021:Sierolomorphidae
6016:
5990:
5964:
5956:
5953:Rhopalosomatidae
5910:
5865:
5864:
5798:
5776:
5775:
5768:Trichogrammatidae
5693:
5630:Eutrichosomatidae
5600:Epichrysomallidae
5520:
5510:
5398:
5356:
5283:Proctotrupomorpha
5250:
5249:(ichneumon wasps)
5242:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5161:
5140:
5119:
5098:
5090:
5069:
5029:
5028:(common sawflies)
5021:
5020:(pergid sawflies)
5013:
5005:
4997:
4989:
4804:Media related to
4773:978-0-12-730030-6
4684:978-3-11-085790-0
4663:978-3-937783-19-2
4601:978-0-660-14933-2
4577:978-1-4020-6242-1
4398:978-0-19-802817-8
4350:Diprion polytomum
4222:978-0-521-34692-4
4073:(12): 2683–2694.
3918:Miliaria calandra
3644:978-0-323-13940-3
3574:978-1-317-93777-7
3541:, pp. 22–29.
3349:978-0-7614-7282-7
3244:(21): 9911–9915.
3050:Schulmeister, S.
2982:(S6): S679–S737.
2855:978-0-323-14979-2
2782:10.1038/srep20972
2515:978-1-84593-542-9
2102:Pupa, dorsal view
2076:Cladius difformis
2055:Phyllotoma aceris
1993:Diprion polytomum
1949:Heteropilus cephi
1826:Poecile rufescens
1810:Emberiza calandra
1390:(Latreille, 1803)
1310:(Latreille, 1803)
1242:Megalodontoidea)
1190:(Rasnitsyn, 1963)
1177:(Rasnitsyn, 1963)
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
987:
986:
978:
977:
969:
968:
960:
959:
650:to the Apocrita.
305:within the order
278:
277:
215:
16:(Redirected from
6566:
6514:
6513:
6504:
6503:
6491:
6490:
6481:
6480:
6478:NBNSYS0100005650
6468:
6467:
6455:
6454:
6442:
6441:
6429:
6428:
6416:
6415:
6403:
6402:
6393:
6392:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6333:
6283:
6275:
6268:(plasterer bees)
6267:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6194:
6151:
6137:
6136:
6135:(sphecoid wasps)
6132:
6123:
6106:
6085:
6064:
6056:
6043:
6022:
6014:
5988:
5962:
5954:
5908:
5890:
5796:
5753:Tanaostigmatidae
5691:
5675:Melanosomellidae
5518:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5397:
5396:
5388:
5354:
5310:Neuroscelionidae
5288:
5248:
5240:
5227:
5198:
5159:
5138:
5117:
5096:
5088:
5067:
5061:Megalodontesidae
5027:
5019:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4994:Blasticotomidae
4988:(argid sawflies)
4987:
4974:
4970:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4865:
4803:
4792:Data related to
4791:
4777:
4756:
4754:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4716:
4714:
4702:
4700:
4688:
4667:
4639:
4612:
4611:on 5 March 2016.
4610:
4604:. Archived from
4593:
4581:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4539:"Giant Woodwasp"
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4386:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4227:
4226:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4029:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3888:. Archived from
3879:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3842:
3833:
3806:
3805:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3458:. Archived from
3449:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3411:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3337:
3327:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3261:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3207:Oriental Insects
3202:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3054:. Archived from
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2896:(4): 1027–1033.
2885:
2879:
2878:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2717:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2620:
2611:
2600:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2322:
2173:-like larvae of
2152:The pine sawfly
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
1966:Collyria coxator
1855:Vespula vulgaris
1738:Rose stem sawfly
1697:; the Xyelidae,
1571:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1487:
1464:Giant horntail,
1461:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1416:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1353:
1352:(W. Kirby, 1837)
1343:
1339:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1295:
1294:(Billberg, 1820)
1285:
1281:
1280:(Billberg, 1820)
1269:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1247:Megalodontesidae
1237:
1233:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1203:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1156:(21 genera, 160
1155:
1145:
1141:
1129:
1126:(1 species) and
1125:
1124:(Martynov, 1925)
1116:
1115:(Martynov, 1925)
1100:
1073:such as that of
950:
914:
896:
879:
865:
851:
837:
823:
818:(stem sawflies)
809:
795:
782:
768:
755:
741:
723:
713:
708:
699:
698:
689:. The subfamily
672:
581:symplesiomorphic
524:Carl Gerstaecker
512:Carl Gerstaecker
494:
463:
385:
384:
380:
377:
371:
370:
366:
361:
360:
356:
239:
210:
148:
147:
125:
115:
52:
51:Triassic–Present
48:Temporal range:
42:
21:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6509:
6507:
6499:
6494:
6486:
6484:
6476:
6471:
6463:
6458:
6450:
6445:
6437:
6432:
6424:
6419:
6411:
6406:
6398:
6396:
6388:
6383:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6340:
6330:
6325:
6299:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6200:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6112:
6091:
6086:(scoliid wasps)
6070:
6028:
5994:
5989:(tiphiid wasps)
5982:Bradynobaenidae
5968:
5939:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5861:
5843:
5825:
5807:
5772:
5585:Cynipencyrtidae
5507:(chalcid wasps)
5506:
5505:
5503:
5495:
5483:Mymarommatoidea
5477:
5439:
5405:Proctorenyxidae
5390:
5389:
5386:Proctotrupoidea
5380:
5348:Austrocynipidae
5334:
5292:Platygastroidea
5277:
5254:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5165:
5144:
5139:(stem sawflies)
5123:
5102:
5073:
5047:
5033:
5026:Tenthredinidae
4996:(fern sawflies)
4978:Tenthredinoidea
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4943:
4899:
4892:
4839:
4815:
4784:
4774:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4685:
4670:
4664:
4649:
4646:
4644:Further reading
4615:
4608:
4602:
4591:
4584:
4578:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4338:, p. 1828.
4334:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4247:, p. 1827.
4243:
4230:
4223:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4196:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3854:on 6 April 2015
3851:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3809:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3758:10.2307/1369468
3741:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3329:
3328:
3309:
3305:, pp. 5–6.
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3058:on 21 June 2010
3049:
3048:
3044:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2715:10.1.1.721.8852
2695:
2694:
2690:
2652:
2651:
2642:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2595:
2588:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2435:Merriam-Webster
2429:
2428:
2424:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2127:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2103:
2100:
2091:
2088:
2031:parthenogenetic
2015:
1892:
1883:spitfire sawfly
1778:spitfire sawfly
1731:
1687:Blasticotomidae
1674:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1508:Batesian mimics
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1492:European hornet
1488:
1480:
1479:
1462:
1451:
1435:
1426:
1414:
1405:
1389:
1379:
1365:
1351:
1338:(Thomson, 1871)
1337:
1335:Blasticotomidae
1323:
1309:
1307:Tenthredinoidea
1293:
1279:
1264:(Cameron, 1890)
1263:
1249:
1232:(Cameron, 1890)
1231:
1215:
1201:
1189:
1176:
1153:
1139:
1123:
1114:
1107:
1050:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
925:wasp waist
762:Tenthredinoidea
675:Middle Jurassic
670:
505:
471:
461:
422:Parthenogenetic
382:
378:
375:
373:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
353:
346:Batesian mimics
315:Tenthredinoidea
261:Tenthredinoidea
209:
142:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
50:
49:
46:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6572:
6570:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6526:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6505:
6492:
6482:
6469:
6456:
6443:
6430:
6421:Fauna Europaea
6417:
6404:
6394:
6381:
6366:
6350:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6279:
6271:
6263:
6259:stingless bees
6251:carpenter bees
6231:
6222:
6220:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6178:Pemphredonidae
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6060:
6057:(spider wasps)
6052:
6047:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6015:(flower wasps)
6010:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5958:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5930:Sclerogibbidae
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5909:(cuckoo wasps)
5904:
5898:
5896:
5887:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5803:Gasteruptiidae
5800:
5797:(ensign wasps)
5792:
5786:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5718:Pelecinellidae
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5687:
5682:
5680:Metapelmatidae
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5640:Hetreulophidae
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5570:Chrysolampidae
5567:
5562:
5560:Chalcedectidae
5557:
5555:Cerocephalidae
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5513:
5511:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5491:Mymarommatidae
5487:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5430:Proctotrupidae
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5361:Diplolepididae
5358:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5320:Platygastridae
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5300:Geoscelionidae
5296:
5294:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5260:Ceraphronoidea
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:Ichneumonidae
5244:
5235:
5233:
5231:Ichneumonoidea
5224:
5195:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5154:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5092:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5063:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4982:
4980:
4967:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4852:
4846:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4821:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4797:
4796:at Wikispecies
4783:
4782:External links
4780:
4779:
4778:
4772:
4757:
4743:
4717:
4703:
4689:
4683:
4668:
4662:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4613:
4600:
4582:
4576:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4530:
4508:
4486:
4464:
4437:
4424:(2): 219–227.
4404:
4397:
4371:
4360:(3): 341–393.
4340:
4325:
4313:
4294:(3): 103–107.
4284:Cephus cinctus
4270:
4249:
4228:
4221:
4203:
4177:
4140:(7): 668–675.
4116:
4057:
4038:(5): 293–320.
4015:
3996:
3951:
3930:(3): 319–329.
3906:
3865:
3807:
3788:(2): 139–145.
3771:
3752:(3): 647–653.
3726:
3675:
3650:
3643:
3625:
3592:
3580:
3573:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3433:
3370:
3355:
3348:
3307:
3295:
3293:, p. 104.
3283:
3224:
3197:
3178:
3123:
3084:
3069:
3042:
3029:(2): 245–275.
3009:
2966:
2939:(1): 376–377.
2923:
2880:
2861:
2854:
2846:Social Insects
2836:
2805:
2745:
2688:
2640:
2601:
2586:
2554:
2521:
2514:
2496:
2474:
2447:
2422:
2389:
2340:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2262:Urocerus gigas
2240:including the
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2014:
2011:
2003:Cephus cinctus
1902:eulophid wasps
1891:
1888:
1834:Sorex cinereus
1730:
1727:
1691:Megalodontidae
1673:
1670:
1632:Aposematically
1516:Urocerus gigas
1489:
1482:
1481:
1472:Batesian mimic
1467:Urocerus gigas
1463:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1436:(Newman, 1834)
1427:(Newman, 1834)
1420:
1419:
1418:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1387:Tenthredinidae
1383:
1380:(Rohwer, 1911)
1373:
1366:(Rohwer, 1910)
1359:
1345:
1331:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1257:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1216:(Newman, 1834)
1202:(Newman, 1834)
1195:
1194:
1193:
1174:Karatavitoidea
1167:
1166:
1165:
1154:(Newman, 1834)
1140:(Newman, 1834)
1133:
1132:
1131:
1106:
1103:
1088:Tenthredinidae
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
993:
990:
989:
985:
984:
981:
980:
976:
975:
972:
971:
967:
966:
963:
962:
958:
957:
953:
952:
927:
921:
920:
917:
916:
899:
894:
892:
886:
885:
882:
881:
868:
863:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
840:
835:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
812:
807:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
785:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:
770:
758:
753:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
726:
721:
719:
711:
704:
703:
504:
501:
470:
467:
276:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
241:Karatavitoidea
235:
230:
222:
221:
220:Superfamilies
217:
216:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6571:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6512:
6506:
6502:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6479:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6334:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6296:
6295:Stenotritidae
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6282:Megachilidae
6280:
6278:
6272:
6270:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6211:
6207:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6044:(velvet ants)
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5935:Scolebythidae
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5868:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5849:Trigonaloidea
5846:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5758:Tetracampidae
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5738:Signiphoridae
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:Neanastatidae
5696:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:Megastigmidae
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5535:Baeomorphidae
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5330:Sparasionidae
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:Janzenellidae
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Ceraphronidae
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5176:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5116:Xiphydriidae
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5108:Xiphydrioidea
5105:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5066:Pamphiliidae
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5053:Pamphilioidea
5050:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4946:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4889:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4845:– Chrysis.net
4844:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4744:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4474:
4473:"Iris sawfly"
4468:
4465:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4336:Capinera 2008
4332:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4321:Capinera 2008
4317:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4245:Capinera 2008
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3907:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3590:, p. 29.
3589:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3556:
3553:, p. 27.
3552:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3529:, p. 13.
3528:
3523:
3520:
3517:, p. 21.
3516:
3511:
3508:
3505:, p. 10.
3504:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3478:, p. 11.
3477:
3472:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:(5): e62420.
3393:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3194:(2): 251–275.
3193:
3190:(in German).
3189:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:Capinera 2008
3076:
3074:
3070:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2708:(1): 80–112.
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:(in German).
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:B. lisogaster
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:Ichneumonidae
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Tetrao tetrix
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:corn buntings
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1764:Monterey pine
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:compound eyes
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1533:
1532:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1477:
1474:of a hornet,
1473:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1448:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1415:(Leach, 1819)
1413:
1409:
1408:
1406:(Leach, 1819)
1404:
1403:Xiphydrioidea
1400:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1332:
1324:(Konow, 1890)
1322:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1250:(Konow, 1897)
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1238:1 families) (
1230:
1229:Pamphilioidea
1226:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1187:Karatavitidae
1181:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:superfamilies
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
983:
982:
974:
973:
965:
964:
955:
954:
951:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
913:
908:
904:
898:
897:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
880:
878:
874:(wood wasps)
873:
872:Xiphydrioidea
867:
866:
860:
859:
856:
855:
852:
850:
845:
839:
838:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
822:
817:
811:
810:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
794:
790:
789:Pamphilioidea
784:
783:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
767:
763:
757:
756:
750:
749:
746:
745:
742:
740:
735:
731:
725:
724:
718:
715:
714:
710:
709:
706:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
509:
502:
500:
498:
493:
484:
480:
475:
468:
466:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
426:
423:
418:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
287:
282:
272:
269:
267:
266:Xiphydrioidea
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Pamphilioidea
249:
247:
244:
242:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
223:
218:
213:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:
128:
124:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
43:
40:
36:
34:
19:
6345:
6321:Unicalcarida
6276:(sweat bees)
6228:(mason bees)
6183:Philanthidae
6150:Ampulicidae
6145:Ammoplanidae
6128:Spheciformes
6126:
5907:Chrysididae
5894:Chrysidoidea
5857:Trigonalidae
5831:Megalyroidea
5813:Stephanoidea
5743:Spalangiidae
5733:Pteromalidae
5723:Perilampidae
5703:Neodiparidae
5692:(fairyflies)
5665:Macromesidae
5635:Herbertiidae
5605:Eucharitidae
5580:Coelocybidae
5501:Chalcidoidea
5473:Monomachidae
5453:Austroniidae
5435:Vanhorniidae
5425:Peradeniidae
5355:(gall wasps)
5273:Megaspilidae
5201:
5118:(wood wasps)
5087:Anaxyelidae
5010:Diprionidae
4948:
4939:Holometabola
4937:Superorder:
4931:Infraclass:
4896:Hymenopteran
4857:
4762:
4748:
4735:. Retrieved
4728:the original
4722:
4708:
4694:
4673:
4652:
4618:
4606:the original
4587:
4566:
4558:Bibliography
4543:. Retrieved
4533:
4521:. Retrieved
4511:
4499:. Retrieved
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4451:the original
4440:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4382:
4374:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4316:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4280:Bracon cephi
4279:
4273:
4259:
4252:
4212:
4206:
4195:. Retrieved
4191:the original
4180:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4119:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4035:
4031:
4018:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3975:(1): 76–89.
3972:
3968:
3962:
3954:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3890:the original
3868:
3856:. Retrieved
3849:the original
3844:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3749:
3745:
3691:(1): 79–88.
3688:
3684:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3634:
3628:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3583:
3564:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3490:, p. 9.
3483:
3471:
3460:the original
3443:
3436:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3368:, p. 6.
3333:
3298:
3286:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3147:(4): e8830.
3144:
3140:
3134:
3126:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:the original
3045:
3026:
3022:
3012:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2845:
2839:
2814:
2808:
2765:
2761:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2658:
2654:
2626:
2622:
2599:, p. 5.
2571:
2567:
2564:
2557:
2531:
2524:
2505:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2438:. Retrieved
2434:
2425:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2368:(1): 51–62.
2365:
2361:
2355:
2334:
2330:
2303:imidacloprid
2287:
2260:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2235:
2228:horticulture
2225:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2196:Diprion pini
2194:
2188:
2155:Diprion pini
2153:
2074:
2068:
2059:perforations
2054:
2047:
2024:
2006:
2002:
1998:D. polytomum
1997:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1947:
1943:B. terabeila
1941:
1935:
1931:Bracon cephi
1929:
1914:
1906:
1899:Parasitoidal
1876:
1871:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1830:masked shrew
1825:
1817:
1814:Black grouse
1809:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1757:
1747:
1741:
1723:Xiphydriidae
1717:, while the
1675:
1672:Distribution
1653:lepidopteran
1650:
1645:Abia sericea
1643:
1606:
1574:
1529:
1515:
1504:
1465:
1422:Superfamily
1412:Xiphydriidae
1401:Superfamily
1316:2 families)
1305:Superfamily
1286:5 families)
1275:Superfamily
1261:Pamphiliidae
1227:Superfamily
1197:Superfamily
1169:Superfamily
1135:Superfamily
1112:Anaxyeloidea
1110:Superfamily
1092:
1067:
1060:
1057:Anaxyeloidea
929:
924:
909:wood wasps)
901:
889:
870:
842:
814:
787:
760:
728:
695:
666:
652:
648:sister group
622:methods and
616:monophyletic
613:
605:paraphyletic
577:phytophagous
566:
553:
549:
545:
539:
535:
531:
527:
517:
488:
451:
447:horticulture
427:
419:
408:
396:plant-eating
335:
323:paraphyletic
302:
291:
290:
285:
228:Anaxyeloidea
206:
130:
39:
32:
6447:iNaturalist
6370:Wikispecies
6274:Halictidae
6266:Colletidae
6255:orchid bees
6247:cuckoo bees
6226:Andrenidae
6168:Crabronidae
6105:Formicidae
6097:Formicoidea
6055:Pompilidae
6042:Mutillidae
6034:Pompiloidea
6008:Chyphotidae
5925:Plumariidae
5920:Embolemidae
5839:Megalyridae
5821:Stephanidae
5685:Moranilidae
5655:Leucospidae
5650:Idioporidae
5645:Heydeniidae
5625:Eurytomidae
5575:Cleonymidae
5565:Chalcididae
5540:Boucekiidae
5525:Aphelinidae
5519:(fig wasps)
5468:Maamingidae
5445:Diaprioidea
5420:Pelecinidae
5410:Roproniidae
5376:Liopteridae
5325:Scelionidae
5241:(braconids)
5239:Braconidae
5097:(horntails)
5002:Cimbicidae
4832:at BugGuide
4737:29 December
4545:28 November
4523:28 November
4519:. UK Safari
4501:28 November
4479:28 November
4457:28 November
4163:2268/151323
3664:. BBC. 2014
3612:: 129–159.
3213:: 115–145.
3062:28 November
2629:: 521–548.
2489:29 November
2409:: 121–146.
2337:(7): 1–144.
2275:Douglas fir
2253:A. ochropus
2247:Arge pagana
2242:yellow flag
2232:Iris sawfly
2179:yellow flag
2175:Iris sawfly
2171:Caterpillar
2035:arrhenotoky
2007:C. pygmaeus
1971:C. pygmaeus
1864:honeyeaters
1703:Diprionidae
1699:Pamphilidae
1683:angiosperms
1636:caterpillar
1621:translucent
1572: in).
1476:ovipositing
1449:Description
1363:Diprionidae
1179:(1 family)
1121:Anaxyelidae
1071:phylogenies
717:Hymenoptera
598:wood-boring
594:parasitoids
550:H. symphyta
540:H. apocrita
520:Hymenoptera
443:iris sawfly
435:pine sawfly
319:superfamily
307:Hymenoptera
212:Gerstaecker
197:Hymenoptera
6528:Categories
6319:See also:
6290:Melittidae
6243:bumblebees
6239:honey bees
6210:Anthophila
6193:Sphecidae
6173:Mellinidae
6163:Bembicidae
6084:Scoliidae
6076:Scolioidea
6063:Sapygidae
6050:Myrmosidae
6013:Thynnidae
6000:Thynnoidea
5987:Tiphiidae
5974:Tiphioidea
5902:Bethylidae
5795:Evaniidae
5782:Evanioidea
5748:Systasidae
5690:Mymaridae
5660:Lyciscidae
5620:Eupelmidae
5610:Eulophidae
5595:Encyrtidae
5517:Agaonidae
5458:Diapriidae
5353:Cynipidae
5340:Cynipoidea
5315:Nixoniidae
5158:Orussidae
5150:Orussoidea
5095:Siricidae
5079:Siricoidea
4925:Subclass:
4915:Arthropoda
4636:2142/27324
4197:2010-04-10
4012:: 435–447.
3969:Bird Study
3924:Bird Study
3782:Bird Study
3746:The Condor
3104:: 1–1064.
3052:"Symphyta"
2823:B0000BRK5P
2702:Cladistics
2440:2 December
2431:"Symphyta"
2309:References
2295:dimethoate
2220:Eucalyptus
2039:Orussoidea
1922:Eulophidae
1918:Braconidae
1860:Pardalotes
1846:deer mouse
1844:) and the
1802:partridges
1794:stonechats
1750:herbivores
1707:Cimbicidae
1695:Palearctic
1613:metathorax
1609:mesothorax
1512:coloration
1349:Cimbicidae
1277:Siricoidea
1208:1 family)
1199:Orussoidea
1192:(7 genera)
1146:1 family)
903:Orussoidea
890:parasitism
844:Siricoidea
736:–present)
679:Cretaceous
607:ancestral
554:phytophaga
483:ovipositor
400:Orussoidea
311:ovipositor
284:Larvae of
256:Siricoidea
246:Orussoidea
203:Suborder:
177:Arthropoda
6158:Astatidae
5961:Vespidae
5945:Vespoidea
5915:Dryinidae
5790:Aulacidae
5763:Torymidae
5728:Pirenidae
5713:Ormyridae
5708:Ooderidae
5615:Eunotidae
5590:Diparidae
5545:Calesidae
5463:Ismaridae
5415:Heloridae
5371:Ibaliidae
5366:Figitidae
5137:Cephidae
5129:Cephoidea
5039:Xyeloidea
5018:Pergidae
4927:Pterygota
4907:Kingdom:
4095:1573-1561
3899:11 August
3886:0963-8091
3858:11 August
3668:11 August
3588:Ross 1937
3551:Ross 1937
3539:Ross 1937
3527:Ross 1937
3515:Ross 1937
3503:Ross 1937
3488:Ross 1937
3476:Ross 1937
3456:429798429
3118:1175-5334
2918:129371522
2877:(2): 558.
2768:: 20972.
2710:CiteSeerX
2661:: 34–43.
2467:11 August
2043:Siricidae
1983:Pediobius
1954:epidermis
1890:Parasites
1872:Rhipidura
1786:currawong
1759:Itycorsia
1754:folivores
1719:Siricidae
1715:Holarctic
1634:coloured
1617:prothorax
1602:tentorium
1582:sclerites
1496:Apocritan
1442:47 genera
1424:Xyeloidea
1396:14 genera
1291:Siricidae
1213:Orussidae
1137:Cephoidea
1130:12 genera
907:parasitic
816:Cephoidea
730:Xyeloidea
620:Cladistic
590:Orussidae
586:woodwasps
569:suborders
503:Phylogeny
492:symphyton
469:Etymology
458:Xyeloidea
404:parasitic
271:Xyeloidea
233:Cephoidea
163:Kingdom:
157:Eukaryota
6534:Sawflies
6511:symphyta
6397:BioLib:
6390:Symphyta
6376:Symphyta
6355:Wikidata
6346:Symphyta
6188:Psenidae
5530:Azotidae
5045:Xyelidae
4986:Argidae
4933:Neoptera
4913:Phylum:
4909:Animalia
4898:families
4837:Taxonomy
4826:at CSIRO
4806:Symphyta
4794:Symphyta
4308:85132364
4172:17540402
4111:23689052
4103:14969355
4052:53474917
3802:86569805
3721:25877174
3713:19826770
3428:23671596
3388:PLOS ONE
3173:27222635
3135:Symphyta
3004:15668901
2961:87932664
2800:26879745
2740:33628659
2732:34861753
2683:25542648
2483:"Sawfly"
2384:26146682
2299:carbaryl
2291:maldison
2277:, pine,
2273:such as
2271:conifers
2191:forestry
2160:forestry
2063:hammocks
1975:Collyria
1961:Collyria
1868:fantails
1798:Saxicola
1790:Strepera
1711:Cephidae
1661:crochets
1590:antennae
1433:Xyelidae
1377:Pergidae
1372:2 genera
1358:6 genera
1300:9 genera
1270:3 genera
1222:3 genera
1164:3 genera
1151:Cephidae
1048:Taxonomy
1030:Symphyta
931:Apocrita
734:Triassic
691:Xyelinae
687:Tertiary
683:Mesozoic
677:and the
663:Xyelidae
573:venation
562:Apocrita
454:Triassic
439:forestry
392:crochets
340:and the
331:Apocrita
303:Symphyta
300:suborder
292:Sawflies
207:Symphyta
173:Phylum:
167:Animalia
153:Domain:
33:Symphyta
18:Symphyta
6361:Q615290
6118:Apoidea
4921:Insecta
4919:Class:
4894:Extant
4860:: e1168
4813:General
4142:Bibcode
4075:Bibcode
3977:Bibcode
3932:Bibcode
3766:1369468
3693:Bibcode
3419:3643952
3396:Bibcode
3342:–2241.
3278:7937916
3246:Bibcode
3164:4867044
3098:Zootaxa
2984:Bibcode
2941:Bibcode
2898:Bibcode
2831:1612960
2791:4754708
2770:Bibcode
2663:Bibcode
2623:Zootaxa
2581:6344527
2566:Insecta
2549:2962429
2362:Zootaxa
2215:D. pini
2211:D. pini
2066:along.
1836:), the
1679:Argidae
1657:prolegs
1586:clypeus
1578:sutures
1567:⁄
1557:⁄
1543:⁄
1523:⁄
1431:Family
1410:Family
1385:Family
1375:Family
1361:Family
1347:Family
1344:1 genus
1333:Family
1330:1 genus
1321:Argidae
1319:Family
1312:(6 and
1289:Family
1282:(2 and
1259:Family
1256:1 genus
1245:Family
1234:(2 and
1211:Family
1204:(1 and
1182:Family
1149:Family
1142:(1 and
1119:Family
1020:250mya
956:200mya
601:beetles
546:genuina
415:Diptera
388:prolegs
381:⁄
367:⁄
357:⁄
350:stinger
338:abdomen
193:Order:
187:Insecta
183:Class:
6485:NZOR:
6465:152742
6234:Apidae
6216:(bees)
6107:(ants)
5550:Ceidae
5393:s.str.
4770:
4681:
4660:
4598:
4574:
4395:
4306:
4219:
4170:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4050:
3884:
3800:
3764:
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