640:, was preserved in four pieces. They were originally connected by calcite vein-filled cracks, but were separated during preparation. Three of these four pieces found made up the rostrum. When aligned, the rostrum shape suggested dorsal curvature of the anterior end of the maxilla but ventral deflection in the anterior end of premaxilla. The prefrontal, however, came down ventrally under the margin of the maxilla and contacts the anterior tip of the suborbital process A line drawn from the preserved anterior alveolar margin of the maxilla to the lower edge of the prefrontal showed that the ventral margin of the maxilla was straight, very similar to the rostral structure known of
111:
482:
745:
855:
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132:
783:) have a relatively short rostrum, distinct from the elongate primitive condition, with convergent lateral margins that terminate in a pointed tip. It is also characteristic of their supratemporal to contact the frontal bone, having a heavy postorbital bar, diastema present that separates the premaxillary from the maxillary teeth, and a deep lower jaw. The Thalattosauroidea are easily distinguished by their down-turned snouts. In
1598:
1581:
646:. Upon further examination, the other characteristics found true of this fossil were a striated external surface of bone with smooth bone resembling "pseudodont teeth". The first of which was blunt, procumbent and short, the second was pointed and thinner, with the third (although the tip was broken) the thick base implied a blunt tooth. There was an additional broken stump which may suggest a fourth tooth.
800:
842:
specimens from Wapiti Lake are preserved in sandstones, suggestive of shallow water conditions. It is likely that they often spent their time near the shore instead of deep-sea, open-water environments. Its remains were found in a marine shale and marl environment, which suggests it fed on marine
760:
portrayed the rostrum as being straight and showed six conical, striated teeth on the premaxilla. This reconstruction has since been used in various books and published journals but is not accurate and has been corrected after
Nicholls published on the subject in 1999. The premaxilla of the type
699:
had only a single row of teeth present but the vomer must have developed as a paired structure, so it can be assumed that there must have been more than a single row of teeth. The bone is split sagittally and it is possible that an additional row of teeth was present but broke away during
612:
was named after its
Northern discovery location, with Thalattosaurus meaning "ocean lizard" and borealis coming from boreas (Greek word, βορέας) meaning "Northern." Discovered elements include the anterior part of skull, incomplete mandible, centra, isolated ribs, and left pterygoid.
511:. One of the fossils were found in the North Fork of Squaw Creek (Triassic of the United States) in Shasta County, California. The environment it was found in was a shelly/skeletal limestone with a horizon composed largely of broken shells. It was estimated to be from the
527:. The fossil found by Annie Alexander in 1903 had much of original bone in preorbital area gone, vomer was exposed, an incomplete mandible, two dorsal ribs and centra, and three articulated caudal vertebrae pressed against the vomer.
765:
is distinctly curved. The three "teeth" previously illustrated are not teeth at all, but more like bony extensions of the premaxilla-"pseudodont" teeth similar to those found in
554:
in honor of Annie
Alexander, an amateur paleontologist and patron to the University of California Museum of Paleontology. This material was later reviewed by Nicholls in 1999.
1109:
Nicholls, Elizabeth L.; Brinkman, Donald (1993). "New
Thalattosaurs (reptilia: Diapsida) from the Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formationi of Wapiti Lake, British Columbia".
689:
has two rows of teeth closely set anteriorly and divergent posteriorly with ten teeth per row. These are low-crowned, bulbous teeth that are set in sockets. The vomer of
677:
specimen is thoroughly ossified and the caudal vertebral neural arches are fused to the centra, it was concluded that the specimen was a fully formed adult. The vomer of
1727:
1168:
Rieppel, Olivier; Liu, Johannes; Bucher, H (2000). "The First Record of a
Thalattosaur Reptile from the Late Triassic of Southern China (Guizhou Provence, PR China)".
1663:
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673:, however, this distance is almost 200mm. Initially a difference in age (juvenile vs. adult) was suspected but because the bone in the
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found, the posterior end of the dentary bifurcates into two diverging processes (upper and lower). This can be distinguished from
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in which these two process are almost equal in length whereas in T. borealis the ventral process is much longer than the upper.
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limbs were. It had a long flattened tail and claws possibly used to withstand the force of the surf when crawling up on shore.
131:
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is much smaller, with the distance from the tip of the snout to the anterior edge of the orbit being less than 60mm. In
505:, Merriam John C, W.B. Esterly, and Mr. F.S. Ray to Shasta County where they discovered what they initially thought was
838:
have been found, consists of a series of marine siltstones, silty limestones, and fine gained sandstones. All of the
1737:
769:. This pseudodont dentition possibly suggests a possibility of a beak being present, similar to turtles and birds.
597:
424:
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A Reexamination of
Thalattosaurus and Nectosaurus and the Relationships of the Thalattosauria (reptilia: Diapsida)
110:
1050:
Rieppel, Olivier; Nuller, Johannes; Liu, Jun (2005). "Rostral
Structure in Thalattosauria (reptilia, Diapsida)".
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from the Middle
Triassic of Monte San Giorgio and the Interrelationships of Thalattosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida)".
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has not been located, but the vomer figured by
Merriam in 1905 did not differ from the vomer of
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Muller, Johannes (2007). "First Record of a
Thalattosaur from the Upper Triassic of Austria".
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life such as shelled animals. It had strong crushing teeth to crack the shells of its prey.
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preservation. However, there is no evidence of a paired, diverging tooth row like we see in
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the posterior, bulbous teeth are set slightly ventral and medial to the jaw margin. In all
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differ from these genera, however, being set flush with the margin of the jaw. In both
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The Thalattosauria: a group of marine reptiles from the Triassic of California
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Originally illustrated by Merriam in 1905, his reconstruction of the skull of
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After Merriam's further studies, it was categorized as a new species named
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from the Upper Triassic of California by Merriam in 1904, 1905, and 1906.
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was found in a talus slope near Wapiti Lake, British Columbia, in the
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1157:. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Museum of Paleontology.
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skull by Merriam in 1905 incorrectly portraying a straight snout
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Annie Montague Alexander: explorer, naturalist, philanthropist
415:. It was a 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) long shellfish-eating
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by Merriam but later additional examination of the type of
439:. It has gained notoriety as a result of studies on general
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10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0507:tfroat]2.0.co;2
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Although originally described as four distinct species by
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10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[236:froatf]2.0.co;2
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1010:. California: University of California Press. pp.
581:. It is still currently under study. The type skull of
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The Late Triassic World: Earth in a Time of Transition
355:, "tha-la-to-SORE-us") meaning "sea lizard," from the
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A New Marine Reptile from the Triassic of California
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Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California
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457:upon further inspection and another has a missing
834:The Sulphur Mountain Formation, where remains of
461:. Currently it is believed to include two known
988:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
685:in the type of dentition present. The vomer of
600:. The environment, similar to the discovery of
577:suggested that it does not belong in the genus
534:. The first thalattosaurs to be described were
632:As noted by Merriam in 1905, the skull of the
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879:Muller, Johannes (2005). "The Anatomy of
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501:led an expedition with Miss Edna Wemple,
419:with paddle-like limbs and a down-turned
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665:, the most apparent difference is size.
1728:Late Triassic reptiles of North America
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7:
716:. The posterior mandibular teeth of
653:is one of the better known from the
606:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology
408:that are known exclusively from the
649:Phylogenetic interrelationships of
1170:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1052:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
954:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
885:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
14:
1217:Abstract of the paper describing
519:period, dating from 235 to 221.5
1743:Paleontology in British Columbia
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924:. Springer Nature. p. 291.
853:
523:. It was later collected by the
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1153:Nicholls, Elizabeth L. (1999).
1092:Merriam, John Campbell (1905).
681:also differs from the vomer of
592:In 1993, another species named
453:in 1905, one was proven to be
431:as well as the Upper Triassic
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1763:Fossil taxa described in 1904
272:(Nicholls and Brinkman, 1993)
1753:Fossils of the United States
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1035:Williams, Rianna M (1994).
918:Lawrence H. Tanner (2018).
748:Original reconstruction of
557:Originally four subtaxa of
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1768:Prehistoric reptile genera
1758:Paleontology in California
812:(right) hunting shellfish.
625:A modern skull diagram of
598:Sulphur Mountain Formation
425:Sulphur Mountain Formation
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233:†Thalattosaurus alexandrae
1733:Triassic British Columbia
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1131:10.1017/S0022336000032194
982:Merriam, John C. (1904).
817:Thalattosaurus alexandrae
627:Thalattosaurus alexandrae
571:Thalattosaurus shastensis
563:Thalattosaurus alexandrae
550:meaning "sea lizard" and
544:Thalattosaurus alexandrae
467:Thalattosaurus alexandrae
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127:Scientific classification
125:
120:Thalattosaurus alexandrae
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16:Extinct genus of reptiles
1002:Hilton, Richard (2003).
532:Thalattosarus alexandrae
525:University of California
1111:Journal of Paleontology
667:Thalattosaurus borealis
657:genera. When comparing
610:Thalattosaurus borealis
881:Askeptosaurus italicus
813:
753:
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594:Thalattosarus borealis
567:Thalattosaurus perrini
497:In the summer of 1903
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1690:Paleobiology Database
806:(left) with relative
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661:to the type species,
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29:Temporal range: Late
477:Discovery and naming
404:. They were aquatic
1748:Triassic California
1123:1993JPal...67..263N
1064:2005CaJES..42.2081R
897:2005CaJES..42.1347M
861:Paleontology portal
819:was about around 2
515:Formation from the
513:Hosselkus Limestone
487:Hosselkus Limestone
433:Hosselkus Limestone
386:), "lizard," is an
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1738:Fossils of Canada
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1677:Open Tree of Life
1619:Taxon identifiers
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1489:Thalattosauroidea
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1225:BioLib entry for
1058:(12): 2081–2086.
931:978-3-319-68008-8
773:Thalattosauroidea
740:Down-turned snout
636:, referred to as
561:were classified;
521:million years ago
489:where remains of
402:Thalattosauroidea
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257:(Merriam, 1904) (
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1073:
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1021:9780520233157
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764:
763:T. alexandrae
759:
758:T. alexandrae
751:
750:T. alexandrae
746:
739:
737:
735:
731:
730:thalattosaurs
727:
723:
722:T. alexandrae
719:
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702:T. alexandrae
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602:T. alexandrae
599:
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584:
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576:
575:T. shastensis
572:
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541:
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308:(pronounced:
307:
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65:
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55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
1626:
1560:
1554:Wapitisaurus
1552:
1546:
1545:
1540:Paralonectes
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1512:Concavispina
1510:
1503:
1496:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1442:Anshunsaurus
1440:
1419:
1411:
1373:
1292:Superclass:
1226:
1218:
1199:
1190:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1055:
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1030:
1005:
984:
957:
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947:
937:12 September
935:. Retrieved
920:
913:
888:
884:
880:
840:thalattosaur
839:
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795:Paleobiology
788:
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608:field crew.
601:
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373:
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304:
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252:
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226:Type species
213:
212:
119:
24:
18:
1562:Xinpusaurus
1533:Nectosaurus
1526:Hescheleria
1478:Wayaosaurus
1413:Blezingeria
1219:T. borealis
809:Nectosaurus
767:T. borealis
718:T. borealis
691:T. borealis
679:T. borealis
675:T. borealis
659:T. borealis
617:Description
540:Nectosaurus
471:T. borealis
357:Attic Greek
279:T. perrini?
268:T. borealis
1712:Categories
1519:Gunakadeit
1358:see below↓
1337:Sauropsida
1322:Sauropsida
1304:Subclass:
1300:Sauropsida
847:References
583:T. perrini
552:alexandrae
437:California
1294:Tetrapoda
1280:Kingdom:
638:UCMP 9085
444:phylogeny
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
1642:Q3020584
1636:Wikidata
1602:Category
1505:Clarazia
1306:Diapsida
1288:Chordata
1286:Phylum:
1282:Animalia
785:Clarazia
777:Clarazia
734:Clarazia
726:Clarazia
710:Clarazia
643:Clarazia
634:holotype
410:Triassic
406:diapsids
362:thalatta
243:Species
193:Family:
174:Reptilia
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
31:Triassic
1682:4129390
1669:1036231
1656:4823478
1298:Class:
1119:Bibcode
1060:Bibcode
893:Bibcode
517:Carnian
463:species
451:Merriam
441:diapsid
421:rostrum
417:reptile
397:in the
388:extinct
369:θάλαττα
206:Genus:
180:Order:
170:Class:
1018:
928:
821:meters
712:, and
569:, and
413:period
399:family
383:σαῦρος
376:sauros
1695:36426
1664:IRMNG
1012:80–82
391:genus
1651:GBIF
1335:see
1016:ISBN
939:2022
926:ISBN
787:and
779:and
724:and
538:and
485:The
469:and
259:type
44:PreꞒ
1178:doi
1127:doi
1068:doi
962:doi
901:doi
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435:of
427:of
393:of
342:ɔːr
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1080:^
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1014:.
994:^
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899:.
889:42
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871:^
825:ft
708:,
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565:,
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465:;
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94:Pg
38:Ma
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1249:t
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348:s
345:ə
339:s
336:ˈ
333:ə
330:t
327:æ
324:l
321:ˌ
318:ə
315:θ
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287:†
276:†
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250:†
210:†
197:†
184:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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