2555:
600:
615:
570:
585:
114:
132:
708:
shaped sclerite that was 18 cm (7.1 in) in width for the largest specimen. On the other hand, Titanokorys had a more pointed, larger head sclerite which reached 27 cm (11 in) in length. The grasping appendages of the two genera are almost identical, though the secondary spines on
1174:
animal that swam slowly above the seabed and sifted through sediments. It is presumed that the animal dug up the sediment with its huge protruding carapace and guided the prey into its mouth with the front appendages to form a cage-like structure. Since fossils may be preserved together alongside
654:
630:
658:
661:
660:
656:
655:
634:
662:
637:
636:
632:
631:
638:
304:. It is the largest member of its family from the Cambrian, with a body length of 50 cm (20 in) long, making it one of the largest animals of the time. It bears a resemblance to the related genus
485:
is readily dintinguised from other radiodonts by the anterior sclerite (H-element) with trifurcate anterior region and lateral sclerites. The frontal appendages are almost indistinguishable from those of
659:
635:
1308:
in the immediate vicinity or directly on the exuvia. Why the arthropods were on the exuvia is unclear, but they could have been eating from the molting residues or grazed on a possible
2554:
599:
614:
1852:
McCormick, Cole A.; Corlett, Hilary; Roberts, Nick M. W.; Johnston, Paul A.; Collom, Christopher J.; Stacey, Jack; Koeshidayatullah, Ardiansyah; Hollis, Cathy (13 June 2024).
371:. Then it would use its frontal appendages (long grasping structures that all radiodonts possessed) to trap the prey item so it could start consuming it. Because of its size,
569:
584:
1506:
1597:
692:
that the latter was originally thought to have been a giant specimen of the former genus and not a distinct genus. The main difference between them is size, with
1191:
is a relatively rare find at Marble Canyon, because of this it is thought that this fossil site possibly occurred near the edge of the species range in life.
657:
633:
2606:
363:
is speculated to have used them to sift through the sand looking for prey. It is believed to have fed by using its anterior sclerite to scoop up
2639:
2202:
421:
and Joseph
Moysiuk. This study was based on twelve specimens that came from the Marble Canyon area of Tokumm Creek in the northern part of
2654:
1108:. Hurdiids can be distinguished from other radiodonts by the rake-like frontal appendages which each bore a single row of elongated
315:
1321:
433:(ROM) in the Department of Invertebrate Paleontology (ROMIP). Before the animal was named, researchers often nicknamed it the "
359:(head covering carapace, or H-element) and a pair of spines on the anteroventral sides. Based on the shape of its appendages,
2644:
403:= "helmet") and alludes to the unusual size of the central carapace element. The species name "gainesi" honors the American
1854:"U-Pb geochronology reveals that hydrothermal dolomitization was coeval to the deposition of the Burgess Shale lagerstÀtte"
1827:
2649:
1516:
1628:
477:. Based on the largest sclerite (measured about 27 cm (11 in)) and ratio inferred from the closely related
131:
1598:"Some of Earth's first animalsâincluding a mysterious, alien-looking creatureâare spilling out of Canadian rocks"
329:
The creature was one of several genera of radiodonts known from the
Burgess Shale, with some of the others being
1901:
Caron, Jean-Bernard; Gaines, Robert R.; Aria, CĂ©dric; MĂĄngano, M. Gabriela; Streng, Michael (11 February 2014).
2195:
1708:"A three-eyed radiodont with fossilized neuroanatomy informs the origin of the arthropod head and segmentation"
498:, each associated with a row of long, densely-packed auxiliary spines. These appendages suggest a specialized â
113:
2479:
2022:
2013:
1150:
838:
1549:"A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources"
2574:
1422:"A giant nektobenthic radiodont from the Burgess Shale and the significance of hurdiid carapace diversity"
1112:
with only anterior auxiliary spines, alongside the combination of enlarged head sclerites and tetraradial
700:
reached a length of around 50 cm (20 in). Another difference is the shape of the sclerite, with
422:
1155:
243:
1480:
2081:
2026:
1963:
1914:
1865:
1779:
1511:
1433:
1195:
1113:
430:
2634:
2535:
2188:
1655:
Stephen, P.; Lerosey-Aubril, R/; Daley, A. C.; Kier, C.; Bonino, E.; Ortega-HernĂĄndez, J. (2021).
322:
in 2018. The fossils were not named until 2021 because they were assumed to be giant specimens of
2050:
1805:
1745:
418:
126:
2166:
2117:
2099:
2042:
1989:
1932:
1883:
1797:
1737:
1729:
1688:
1633:
1602:
1578:
1459:
507:
503:
469:) have been discovered. Due to the limited discovery, little is known about the oral cone of
2519:
2397:
2356:
2314:
2156:
2148:
2107:
2089:
2034:
1979:
1971:
1922:
1873:
1787:
1719:
1678:
1668:
1568:
1560:
1449:
1441:
1226:
1203:
788:
773:
751:
458:
426:
407:
2303:
2011:
Simonetta and Insom, from the
Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian), British Columbia, Canada".
1171:
392:
1952:"Extreme multisegmentation in a giant bivalved arthropod from the Cambrian Burgess Shale"
1210:
in the area, suggesting that these formations would've been present in some areas of the
2085:
2030:
1967:
1918:
1869:
1783:
1657:"The diverse radiodont fauna from the Marjum Formation of Utah, USA (Cambrian: Drumian)"
1437:
2289:
2161:
2136:
2112:
2069:
1984:
1951:
1683:
1656:
1573:
1548:
1454:
1421:
454:
2628:
2500:
2372:
2365:
2273:
2235:
1809:
1768:"Exceptional multifunctionality in the feeding apparatus of a mid-Cambrian radiodont"
1749:
1265:
541:
499:
491:
438:
411:
319:
64:
2054:
1903:"A new phyllopod bed-like assemblage from the Burgess Shale of the Canadian Rockies"
2597:
2528:
2507:
2486:
2451:
2444:
2413:
2406:
2323:
2281:
1256:
1245:
1242:
1211:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
992:
958:
886:
814:
516:
355:
is distinguished from other
Burgess Shale radiodonts because of its large anterior
335:
306:
176:
465:, frontal appendages and oral cone (radiodont mouthpart that somewhat resembled a
2437:
2386:
2338:
2296:
1275:
466:
39:
1975:
1878:
1853:
2259:
2244:
2241:
2211:
2094:
1828:"Massive new animal species discovered in half-billion-year-old Burgess Shale"
1724:
1707:
1304:
1207:
738:
481:, the complete animal was estimated to be about 50 cm (20 in) long.
434:
287:
283:
189:
84:
49:
2103:
2046:
1887:
1801:
1733:
2465:
2424:
2379:
2229:
1299:
1105:
934:
800:
705:
537:
533:
474:
404:
380:
376:
294:
290:
279:
202:
163:
143:
89:
33:
2170:
2152:
2121:
1993:
1936:
1741:
1692:
1582:
1564:
1463:
2591:
2345:
2330:
1507:"Geological Background - The Burgess Shale â Science â The Burgess Shale"
1288:
1284:
1270:
1261:
1250:
713:
are longer than, and possibly not terminally hooked, as the ones seen in
462:
364:
356:
301:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
2611:
1792:
1767:
1673:
1445:
417:
The first description of the genus and type species was made in 2021 by
2472:
2070:"Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan"
1927:
1902:
1309:
1295:
862:
528:
341:
298:
94:
69:
410:, who was instrumental in the discovery of new fossil deposits in the
2458:
2223:
2038:
1109:
910:
522:
495:
368:
347:
153:
2568:
1283:
had to shed its outer skin to grow larger. This is evidenced by the
728:
Phylogentic position of
Titanokorys in relation to other radiodonts
1238:
1121:
275:
2068:
Aria, C.; Zhao, F.; Zeng, H.; Guo, J.; Zhu, M. (8 January 2020).
1287:
specimen (ROMIP 65415) which probably represents a collection of
502:â behaviour that would allow the radiodont to catch and eat both
461:
dating to around 508 million years ago. Only disarticulated head
1950:
Izquierdo-LĂłpez, Alejandro; Caron, Jean-Bernard (15 July 2022).
1194:
Due to the depth of the Marble canyon site In comparison to the
2572:
2184:
2007:
Conway Morris, S. (2008). "A Redescription of a Rare
Chordate,
1481:"Meet Titanokorys gainesi, Giant Radiodont from Burgess Shale"
2180:
441:" in reference to its massive head looking like a starcraft.
473:, but the tooth plates have smooth surfaces like most other
2137:"Burgess Shale fossils shed light on the agnostid problems"
379:
of the
Burgess Shale and one of the largest animals in its
1206:
environment. Recent studies have also found evidence of
540:
at the time were very diverse and could hold many large
514:
lived alongside other
Burgess Shale radiodonts, such as
121:
The paratype specimen ROMIP 65168; an anterior sclerite
1629:"This early ocean predator was a giant 'swimming head'"
1225:
by hunting larger prey, thereby exploiting a different
1202:, and the contemporary fauna most likely inhabited a
1706:
Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard (8 July 2022).
2581:
2518:
2423:
2396:
2355:
2313:
2257:
696:reaching 30 cm (12 in) in length, while
1826:Canada, Royal Ontario Museum (8 September 2021).
536:radiodonts lived together suggests that Cambrian
429:. All previously known specimens are kept at the
684:was a similar-looking hurdiid radiodont called
556:Differences in several parts of the anatomy of
1298:are found alongside numerous specimens of the
688:. This closely related genus is so similar to
2196:
1766:Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2021).
8:
1279:. Like all stem and total group arthropods,
668:A video of a hypothetical reconstruction of
453:are known from the Burgess Shale, a famous
2569:
2429:
2265:
2254:
2203:
2189:
2181:
112:
20:
2160:
2111:
2093:
1983:
1926:
1877:
1791:
1723:
1682:
1672:
1572:
1453:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
16:Extinct genus of giant hurdiid radiodont
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1104:is a radiodont belonging to the family
554:
391:The genus name refers to the Titans of
1858:Communications Earth & Environment
395:in combination with the ancient Greek
1821:
1819:
7:
1761:
1759:
1622:
1620:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1475:
1473:
1166:Like many other hurdiid radiodonts,
950:
926:
902:
878:
854:
830:
806:
766:
744:
734:
2141:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2135:Moysiuk, J.; Caron, J.-B. (2019).
1553:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1547:Moysiuk, J.; Caron, J.-B. (2019).
1420:Caron, J.-B.; Moysiuk, J. (2021).
1233:, other creatures lived alongside
1221:probably escaped competition with
14:
387:Etymology and history of research
2553:
1095:after Moysiuk & Caron 2022.
652:
628:
613:
598:
583:
568:
130:
1627:Fritts, R. (8 September 2021).
1322:Paleobiota of the Burgess Shale
1596:Sokol, J. (20 November 2018).
1515:. 10 June 2011. Archived from
1217:Based on differences in size,
532:. The fact that so many large
1:
293:which lived during the early
2640:Prehistoric arthropod genera
1294:Sometimes, fossils of these
1120:was found to form a derived
314:were first found within the
2023:The Paleontological Society
1241:in the region included the
1183:lived in the same areas as
2671:
2655:Cambrian genus extinctions
1976:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104675
1879:10.1038/s43247-024-01429-0
1426:Royal Society Open Science
644:A video reconstruction of
620:The grasping appendage of
605:The grasping appendage of
297:) that existed during the
2551:
2432:
2268:
2253:
2218:
2095:10.1186/s12862-019-1560-7
1725:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.027
1091:Phylogenetic position of
989:
972:
955:
948:
931:
924:
907:
900:
883:
876:
859:
852:
835:
828:
811:
804:
786:
771:
764:
749:
742:
286:(a grouping of primitive
262:Caron & Moysiuk, 2021
249:
242:
222:Caron & Moysiuk, 2021
127:Scientific classification
125:
120:
111:
23:
2074:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1312:that was growing on it.
2014:Journal of Paleontology
1154:were found as the most
2153:10.1098/rspb.2018.2314
2009:Metaspriggina walcotti
1565:10.1098/rspb.2019.1079
1179:, it is presumed that
423:Kootenay National Park
2645:Burgess Shale fossils
1907:Nature Communications
1718:(15): 3302â3316.e2.
1512:Royal Ontario Museum
1196:Cathedral Escarpment
431:Royal Ontario Museum
318:locality within the
2650:Cambrian arthropods
2536:Pseudoangustidontus
2086:2020BMCEE..20....4A
2031:2008JPal...82..424M
1968:2022iSci...25j4675I
1919:2014NatCo...5.3210C
1870:2024ComEE...5..318M
1793:10.1017/pab.2021.19
1784:2021Pbio...47..704M
1674:10.7717/peerj.10509
1446:10.1098/rsos.210664
1438:2021RSOS....810664C
256:Titanokorys gainesi
2021:(2). Boulder, CO:
1928:10.1038/ncomms4210
1559:(1908): 20191079.
1487:. 8 September 2021
1170:was most likely a
1136:and possibly also
709:the appendages of
419:Jean-Bernard Caron
377:dominant predators
2622:
2621:
2575:Taxon identifiers
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2147:(1894): 424â430.
1227:ecological niches
1099:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
680:Living alongside
663:
639:
590:Head sclerite of
575:Head sclerite of
267:
266:
223:
2662:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2570:
2557:
2520:Aegirocassisinae
2430:
2398:Tamisiocarididae
2357:Amplectobeluidae
2315:Anomalocarididae
2266:
2255:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2097:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2039:10.1666/06-130.1
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1795:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1727:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1544:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1519:on 18 March 2016
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1417:
1302:arthropod genus
1260:, the primitive
951:
927:
903:
879:
855:
831:
807:
789:Amplectobeluidae
774:Anomalocarididae
767:
752:Tamisiocarididae
745:
735:
725:
724:
665:
664:
641:
640:
617:
602:
587:
572:
490:hich have short
459:British Columbia
427:British Columbia
408:Robert R. Gaines
258:
254:
221:
214:
201:
188:
175:
135:
134:
116:
106:
36:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2577:
2567:
2558:
2541:
2514:
2419:
2392:
2351:
2309:
2304:Paranomalocaris
2262:
2249:
2214:
2209:
2179:
2178:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1712:Current Biology
1705:
1704:
1700:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1546:
1545:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1419:
1418:
1335:
1330:
1318:
1164:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
723:
676:
666:
653:
648:
642:
629:
624:
618:
609:
603:
594:
588:
579:
573:
553:
542:macro-predators
488:Cambroraster, w
467:camera aperture
447:
393:Greek mythology
389:
375:was one of the
263:
260:
252:
251:
238:
235:T. gainesi
220:
212:
199:
186:
173:
129:
107:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2603:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2480:Schinderhannes
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2290:Innovatiocaris
2286:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2127:
2060:
1999:
1942:
1913:: ncomms4210.
1893:
1844:
1815:
1778:(4): 704â724.
1755:
1698:
1647:
1616:
1588:
1530:
1498:
1469:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1246:pancrustaceans
1163:
1160:
1151:Schinderhannes
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
954:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
930:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
906:
901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
882:
877:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
858:
853:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:Schinderhannes
834:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
810:
805:
803:
797:
796:
793:
792:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
770:
765:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
748:
743:
741:
733:
730:
729:
722:
721:Classification
719:
678:
677:
667:
651:
649:
643:
627:
625:
619:
612:
610:
604:
597:
595:
589:
582:
580:
574:
567:
565:
552:
548:Comparison to
546:
446:
443:
388:
385:
265:
264:
261:
247:
246:
240:
239:
231:
229:
225:
224:
210:
206:
205:
197:
193:
192:
184:
180:
179:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
118:
117:
109:
108:
100:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
37:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2667:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2556:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:Ursulinacaris
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:Guanshancaris
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:Amplectobelua
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:Caryosyntrips
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:Panarthropoda
2233:
2231:
2228:Superphylum:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:(7): 104675.
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1667:(1): e10509.
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:(9): 210664.
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1266:Metaspriggina
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:. Aside from
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1214:environment.
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1116:(oral cone).
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
994:
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
977:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
960:
953:
952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
936:
929:
928:
922:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
912:
905:
904:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
888:
881:
880:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
864:
857:
856:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
840:
833:
832:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
816:
809:
808:
802:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
769:
768:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
747:
746:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
727:
726:
720:
718:
716:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
671:
650:
647:
626:
623:
616:
611:
608:
601:
596:
593:
586:
581:
578:
571:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:sweep feeding
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
412:Burgess Shale
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
332:
327:
325:
321:
320:Burgess Shale
317:
316:Marble Canyon
313:
310:. Fossils of
309:
308:
303:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
259:
257:
248:
245:
244:Binomial name
241:
237:
236:
230:
227:
226:
219:
218:
211:
208:
207:
204:
198:
195:
194:
191:
185:
182:
181:
178:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
119:
115:
110:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
35:
26:
22:
19:
2582:
2534:
2529:Aegirocassis
2527:
2508:Zhenghecaris
2506:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2487:Stanleycaris
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2452:Cordaticaris
2450:
2445:Cambroraster
2443:
2436:
2414:Tamisiocaris
2412:
2407:Echidnacaris
2405:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2324:Anomalocaris
2322:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2282:Cucumericrus
2280:
2272:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1837:11 September
1835:. Retrieved
1831:
1775:
1772:Paleobiology
1771:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1640:11 September
1638:. Retrieved
1632:
1609:10 September
1607:. Retrieved
1601:
1591:
1556:
1552:
1523:11 September
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1510:
1501:
1491:24 September
1489:. Retrieved
1484:
1429:
1425:
1303:
1292:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1257:Balhuticaris
1255:
1249:
1243:hymenocarine
1234:
1231:Cambroraster
1230:
1223:Cambroraster
1222:
1218:
1216:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1185:Cambroraster
1184:
1180:
1177:Cambroraster
1176:
1172:nektobenthic
1167:
1165:
1149:
1145:Stanleycaris
1143:
1139:Zhenghecaris
1137:
1133:Cambroraster
1131:
1127:Cordaticaris
1125:
1117:
1101:
1100:
1092:
993:Cordaticaris
991:
990:
975:
974:
973:
959:Cambroraster
957:
956:
933:
932:
909:
908:
887:Aegirocassis
885:
884:
861:
860:
837:
836:
815:Stanleycaris
813:
812:
787:
772:
750:
715:Cambroraster
714:
710:
702:Cambroraster
701:
697:
694:Cambroraster
693:
689:
686:Cambroraster
685:
681:
679:
674:Cambroraster
673:
669:
645:
621:
606:
591:
576:
561:
558:Cambroraster
557:
550:Cambroraster
549:
527:
521:
517:Anomalocaris
515:
511:
494:with 5 long
487:
482:
479:Cambroraster
478:
470:
450:
448:
416:
400:
396:
390:
372:
360:
352:
346:
340:
336:Anomalocaris
334:
331:Cambroraster
330:
328:
324:Cambroraster
323:
311:
307:Cambroraster
305:
270:
269:
268:
255:
250:
234:
233:
216:
215:
177:Dinocaridida
24:
18:
2583:Titanokorys
2494:Titanokorys
2438:Buccaspinea
2387:Ramskoeldia
2339:Lenisicaris
2297:Laminacaris
2025:: 424â430.
1281:Titanokorys
1276:Surusicaris
1219:Titanokorys
1208:brine pools
1204:mesopelagic
1200:Titanokorys
1189:Titanokorys
1181:Titanokorys
1168:Titanokorys
1118:Titanokorys
1102:Titanokorys
1093:Titanokorys
976:Titanokorys
711:Titanokorys
698:Titanokorys
690:Titanokorys
682:Titanokorys
646:C. falcatus
607:C. falcatus
577:C. falcatus
562:Titanokorys
538:communities
512:Titanokorys
508:macroscopic
504:microscopic
483:Titanokorys
471:Titanokorys
455:LagerstÀtte
451:Titanokorys
449:Fossils of
445:Description
373:Titanokorys
361:Titanokorys
353:Titanokorys
282:(peytoiid)
278:of extinct
271:Titanokorys
217:Titanokorys
25:Titanokorys
2635:Radiodonta
2629:Categories
2598:Q108472656
2260:Radiodonta
2245:Arthropoda
2242:Stem-group
2212:Radiodonta
1864:(1): 318.
1328:References
1305:Peronopsis
1273:arthropod
1269:, and the
1235:T. gainesi
1158:hurdiids.
1114:mouthparts
739:Radiodonta
670:T. gainesi
622:T. gainesi
592:T. gainesi
435:mothership
312:T. gainesi
291:arthropods
190:Radiodonta
164:Arthropoda
2466:Pahvantia
2425:Hurdiidae
2380:Lyrarapax
2230:Ecdysozoa
2222:Kingdom:
2104:1471-2148
2047:0022-3360
1888:2662-4435
1810:236552819
1802:0094-8373
1750:250361698
1734:0960-9822
1106:Hurdiidae
935:Pahvantia
801:Hurdiidae
706:horseshoe
704:having a
672:based on
534:predatory
492:podomeres
463:sclerites
439:spaceship
414:in 2012.
405:geologist
381:ecosystem
369:sea floor
367:from the
365:organisms
295:Paleozoic
284:radiodont
228:Species:
203:Hurdiidae
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
32:508
2612:11351969
2592:Wikidata
2346:Shucaris
2331:Houcaris
2240:Phylum:
2224:Animalia
2171:30963877
2122:31914921
2080:(1): 4.
2055:85619898
1994:35845166
1956:iScience
1937:24513643
1832:phys.org
1742:35809569
1693:33552709
1583:31362637
1485:Sci.News
1464:34527273
1316:See also
1300:agnostid
1291:remains.
1285:holotype
1262:chordate
1251:Tokummia
1248:such as
1142:. While
475:hurdiids
357:sclerite
302:Cambrian
196:Family:
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
2473:Peytoia
2234:Clade:
2162:6367181
2113:6950928
2082:Bibcode
2027:Bibcode
1985:9283658
1964:Bibcode
1915:Bibcode
1866:Bibcode
1780:Bibcode
1684:7821760
1634:Science
1603:Science
1574:6710600
1455:8424305
1434:Bibcode
1310:biofilm
1271:isoxyid
1212:benthic
1162:Ecology
1110:endites
863:Peytoia
529:Peytoia
496:endites
342:Peytoia
280:hurdiid
253:†
232:†
209:Genus:
183:Order:
170:Class:
101:↓
2459:Hurdia
2169:
2159:
2120:
2110:
2102:
2053:
2045:
1992:
1982:
1935:
1886:
1808:
1800:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1691:
1681:
1581:
1571:
1462:
1452:
1296:exuvia
1289:molted
1237:. The
911:Hurdia
526:, and
523:Hurdia
510:food.
437:" or "
348:Hurdia
345:, and
2051:S2CID
1806:S2CID
1746:S2CID
1661:PeerJ
1239:fauna
1156:basal
1124:with
1122:clade
457:from
401:korys
397:ÎșÏÏÏ
Ï
276:genus
274:is a
2607:GBIF
2167:PMID
2118:PMID
2100:ISSN
2043:ISSN
1990:PMID
1933:PMID
1884:ISSN
1839:2021
1798:ISSN
1738:PMID
1730:ISSN
1689:PMID
1642:2021
1611:2021
1579:PMID
1525:2021
1493:2022
1460:PMID
1254:and
1148:and
560:and
506:and
288:stem
40:Preê
2157:PMC
2149:doi
2145:286
2108:PMC
2090:doi
2035:doi
1980:PMC
1972:doi
1923:doi
1874:doi
1788:doi
1720:doi
1679:PMC
1669:doi
1569:PMC
1561:doi
1557:286
1450:PMC
1442:doi
425:in
299:mid
2631::
2609::
2594::
2165:.
2155:.
2143:.
2139:.
2116:.
2106:.
2098:.
2088:.
2078:20
2076:.
2072:.
2049:.
2041:.
2033:.
2019:82
2017:.
1988:.
1978:.
1970:.
1960:25
1958:.
1954:.
1931:.
1921:.
1909:.
1905:.
1882:.
1872:.
1860:.
1856:.
1830:.
1818:^
1804:.
1796:.
1786:.
1776:47
1774:.
1770:.
1758:^
1744:.
1736:.
1728:.
1716:32
1714:.
1710:.
1687:.
1677:.
1663:.
1659:.
1631:.
1619:^
1600:.
1577:.
1567:.
1555:.
1551:.
1533:^
1509:.
1483:.
1472:^
1458:.
1448:.
1440:.
1428:.
1424:.
1336:^
1198:,
1187:.
1130:,
717:.
544:.
520:,
383:.
351:.
339:,
333:,
326:.
90:Pg
34:Ma
2511:?
2334:?
2285:?
2277:?
2204:e
2197:t
2190:v
2173:.
2151::
2124:.
2092::
2084::
2057:.
2037::
2029::
1996:.
1974::
1966::
1939:.
1925::
1917::
1911:5
1890:.
1876::
1868::
1862:5
1841:.
1812:.
1790::
1782::
1752:.
1722::
1695:.
1671::
1665:9
1644:.
1613:.
1585:.
1563::
1527:.
1495:.
1466:.
1444::
1436::
1430:8
564:.
399:(
213:â
200:â
187:â
174:â
95:N
85:K
80:J
75:T
70:P
65:C
60:D
55:S
50:O
45:ê
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