277:
153:
239:
cities with marble bridges great in length and breadth, and everywhere adorned with columns. This country is worth seeking by the Latins, not only because great wealth may be obtained from it, gold and silver, all sorts of gems, and spices, which never reach us; but also on account of its learned men, philosophers, and expert astrologers, and by what skill and art so powerful and magnificent a province is governed, as well as how their wars are conducted.
40:
848:
145:
238:
one of them came to
Eugenius, who affirmed their great kindness towards Christians, and I had a long conversation with him on many subjects, about the magnitude of their rivers in length and breath, and on the multitude of cities on the banks of rivers. He said that on one river there were near 200
307:
at 91.05 metres (298.7 ft) above the pavement to create a meridian line. The height precluded the installation of a complete meridian line of the floor of the cathedral, but allowed a short section of approximately 10 metres (33 ft) to run between the main altar and the north wall of the
260:
The said voyage is not only possible, but it is true, and certain to be honourable and to yield incalculable profit, and very great fame among all
Christians. But you cannot know this perfectly save through experience and practice, as I have had in the form of the most copious and good and true
82:, but modern authors consider this pure conjecture. Toscanelli lived most of his life in Florence, with occasional excursions to Todi and Rome. He is said to have entered into correspondence with scholars around Europe, but his writings have yet to be thoroughly researched.
210:. Toscanelli had miscalculated Asia as being 5,000 miles longer than it really was, and Columbus miscalculated the circumference of the Earth by 25 percent: both of which resulted in Columbus not realizing initially he had found a new continent.
261:
information from distinguished men of great learning who have come from the said parts, here in the court of Rome, and from others being merchants who have had business for a long time in those parts, men of high authority.
213:
An uncorroborated story links
Toscanelli’s attendance at a Chinese delegation to the Pope in 1432, when many Chinese inventions were discussed, with a flood of drawings made around the same year by the artist-engineer
950:
124:
Toscanelli along with
Nicholas of Cusa appears to have belonged to a network of Florentine and Roman intellectuals who searched for and studied Greek mathematical works, along with
858:
222:. In a 1474 letter by Toscanelli to Columbus, the authenticity of which has been a matter of disagreement among scholars, Toscanelli mentions the visit of men from
394:
Gautier Dalché, Patrick (2007). "The
Reception of Ptolemy's Geography (End of the Fourteenth to Beginning of the Sixteenth Century)". In David Woodward (ed.).
945:
198:. The original of this letter was lost, but its existence is known through Toscanelli himself, who later transcribed it along with the map and sent it to
121:). When Nicholas of Cusa was on his death bed in the remote Perugian town of Todi in 1464, Toscanelli traversed 120 miles from Florence to be with him.
85:
Thanks to his long life, his intelligence and his wide interests, Toscanelli was one of the central figures in the intellectual and cultural history of
935:
113:, who dedicated two short mathematical works in 1445 to Toscanelli, and made himself and Toscanelli the interlocutors in a 1458 dialogue titled
940:
833:
701:
502:
477:
371:
798:
Journal of
Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage, 1492–93) and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real
901:
887:
403:
930:
819:
805:
791:
770:
74:, the son of the physician Domenico Toscanelli and Biagia Mei. There is no precise information on his education and background.
203:
728:
586:
548:
882:
875:
598:
256:
In a second letter, Toscanelli describes further these men as extremely learned and willing to share their knowledge:
276:
168:, acquainted Toscanelli with the extensive travels, writings and mapping of the 1st century BC/AD Greek geographer
534:
28:
351:
443:
280:
The gnomon projection on the floor of the Santa Maria del Fiore
Cathedral during the solstice on 21 June 2012
172:, hitherto unknown in Italy. Nearly 35 years later, the Italian was to follow up this amplified knowledge.
863:
428:
102:
683:
925:
920:
422:
199:
191:
110:
90:
86:
152:
398:. The History of Cartography. Vol. 3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 285–364.
317:
165:
129:
79:
300:
94:
897:
829:
815:
801:
787:
766:
724:
498:
473:
399:
367:
289:
219:
560:
663:
359:
308:
transept. This allows for observation for around 35 days either side of the summer equinox.
250:
235:
227:
188:
180:
322:
133:
98:
75:
624:
148:
Speculative reconstruction made in 1898 of the map sent by
Toscanelli to Fernand Martins.
253:, who was returning from the east and is known to have met with Pope Eugenius in 1444.
184:
914:
852:
293:
51:
572:
156:
A modern version of
Toscanelli's map. The Americas' landmasses are depicted in gray.
363:
59:
39:
27:
This article is about an
Italian mathematician. For other uses of Toscanelli, see
421:
55:
871:
207:
144:
651:
575:. University of Oklahoma Press. 16 March 1997 – via Internet Archive.
17:
893:
176:
71:
215:
161:
125:
106:
784:
The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase c. 1400–c. 1700
668:
304:
223:
195:
169:
851: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
285:
275:
151:
143:
38:
495:
From Byzantium to Italy: Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance
218:(1382 – c.1453), which were later developed by Brunelleschi and
249:
It has been suggested that the man in question may have been
533:
Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (16 March 1992).
266:
Extract of the First Letter of Paolo Toscanelli to Columbus
244:
Extract of the First Letter of Paolo Toscanelli to Columbus
721:
The Sun in the Church. Cathedrals as Solar Observatories
183:, detailing a scheme for sailing westwards to reach the
160:
According to one theory, in 1439, the Greek philosopher
702:"The gnomon of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore"
537:. Cambridge University Press – via Google Books.
187:
and Asia. Fernão Martins delivered his letter to the
828:. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Cologne: Koenig, 2010.
288:, in 1472, two in 1457, 1456, which was to be named
470:
Nicolaus Cusanus: A Fifteenth-Century Vision of Man
175:In 1474, Toscanelli sent a letter and a map to his
89:in its early years. His circle of friends included
101:. He knew the mathematician, writer and architect
951:15th-century people from the Republic of Florence
599:"The beginning of a scientific approach | Comets"
284:Toscanelli is noted for his observations of six
258:
232:
78:claimed in 1894 that Toscanelli studied at the
296:predicted its return in 1759, 1449, and 1433.
777:La Vita e i tempi di Paolo di Pozo Toscanelli
8:
516:
514:
356:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
179:correspondent Fernão Martins, priest at the
136:, in company with Alberti and Brunelleschi.
109:—himself a wide-ranging intellect and early
826:Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit
345:
343:
667:
497:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 64–65.
299:In 1475 he pierced a hole in the dome of
763:Columbus then and now: a life reexamined
723:. Harvard University Press. p. 70.
652:"The Great Gnomon of Florence Cathedral"
631:. OAS - Osservatorio Astronomico Sormano
468:Watts, Pauline Moffitt (28 March 2022).
396:Cartography in the European Renaissance
339:
70:Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli was born in
105:, and his closest friend was Cardinal
7:
888:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
867:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
535:"The Worlds of Christopher Columbus"
432:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
50:(1397 – 10 May 1482) was an Italian
946:15th-century Italian mathematicians
894:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
890:, Volume 32: Dall'Anconata–Da Ronco
765:University of Oklahoma Press, 1997
202:, who carried them with him during
857:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
812:The Worlds of Christopher Columbus
756:História da Cartografia Portuguesa
493:Wilson, N. G. (17 November 2016).
423:"Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli"
25:
814:Cambridge University Press, 1993
786:Liverpool University Press, 1994
623:Manca, Francesco; Sicoli, Piero.
420:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
936:15th-century Italian astronomers
846:
364:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1391
34:Italian Renaissance astronomer
1:
941:Italian Renaissance humanists
883:"DAL POZZO TOSCANELLI, Paolo"
876:Mathematics Genealogy Project
758:, 2 vols., Lisboa, 1969–1970.
749:Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga
719:Heilbron, John Lewis (1990).
352:"Toscanelli dal Pozzo, Paolo"
650:R., W. E. (1 January 1906).
226:(China) during the reign of
881:Mahn-Lot, Marianne (1986).
672:– via www.nature.com.
43:Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli.
967:
872:Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli
859:Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli
350:Truffa, Giancarlo (2007).
48:Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli
26:
625:"Ancient Comets in Italy"
931:Scientists from Florence
522:Day the Universe Changed
29:Toscano (disambiguation)
688:brunelleschi.imss.fi.it
587:Full text of the letter
573:"Columbus then and now"
549:Full text of the letter
358:. Springer: 1147–1148.
93:, the architect of the
800:Ayer Publishing, 1972
782:Quinn, David B. Quinn
448:The Linda Hall Library
281:
269:
247:
157:
149:
115:On Squaring the Circle
97:, and the philosopher
44:
864:Catholic Encyclopedia
810:Rahn Phillips, Carla
684:"The Line of the Sun"
629:www.brera.mi.astro.it
472:. Brill. p. 20.
429:Catholic Encyclopedia
279:
155:
147:
119:De quadratura circuli
103:Leon Battista Alberti
42:
892:(in Italian). Rome:
796:Markam, Clements R.
234:Also in the time of
200:Christopher Columbus
192:Afonso V of Portugal
91:Filippo Brunelleschi
87:Renaissance Florence
761:Davidson, Miles H.
561:Another translation
318:The Pinzon Brothers
166:Council of Florence
132:, and the humanist
130:George of Trebizond
80:University of Padua
754:Armando Costesão,
747:Armando Cortesão,
444:"Paolo Toscanelli"
301:Florence Cathedral
282:
194:, in his court of
158:
150:
95:Florence Cathedral
45:
834:978-3-86560-772-0
662:(1889): 258–259.
504:978-1-4742-5049-8
479:978-90-04-47742-1
373:978-0-387-31022-0
220:Leonardo da Vinci
16:(Redirected from
958:
907:
903:978-8-81200032-6
868:
850:
849:
735:
734:
716:
710:
709:
706:duomo.firenze.it
698:
692:
691:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:10.1038/073258a0
647:
641:
640:
638:
636:
620:
614:
613:
611:
609:
603:cometes.obspm.fr
595:
589:
583:
577:
576:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
538:
530:
524:
520:"Point of View"
518:
509:
508:
490:
484:
483:
465:
459:
458:
456:
454:
440:
434:
433:
425:
417:
411:
409:
391:
385:
384:
382:
380:
347:
267:
251:Niccolo da Conti
245:
228:Pope Eugenius IV
204:his first voyage
181:Lisbon Cathedral
164:, attending the
162:Gemistos Plethon
107:Nicholas of Cusa
21:
966:
965:
961:
960:
959:
957:
956:
955:
911:
910:
904:
880:
856:
847:
843:
751:, Lisboa, 1960.
744:
739:
738:
731:
718:
717:
713:
700:
699:
695:
682:
681:
677:
649:
648:
644:
634:
632:
622:
621:
617:
607:
605:
597:
596:
592:
584:
580:
571:
570:
566:
559:Davidson, p.52
558:
554:
546:
542:
532:
531:
527:
519:
512:
505:
492:
491:
487:
480:
467:
466:
462:
452:
450:
442:
441:
437:
419:
418:
414:
406:
393:
392:
388:
378:
376:
374:
349:
348:
341:
336:
331:
323:Juan de la Cosa
314:
274:
268:
265:
246:
243:
142:
134:Pope Nicholas V
99:Marsilio Ficino
76:Gustavo Uzielli
68:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
964:
962:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
913:
912:
909:
908:
902:
878:
869:
842:
841:External links
839:
838:
837:
822:
808:
794:
780:
773:
759:
752:
743:
740:
737:
736:
729:
711:
693:
675:
642:
615:
590:
578:
564:
552:
540:
525:
510:
503:
485:
478:
460:
435:
412:
405:978-0226907338
404:
386:
372:
338:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
320:
313:
310:
290:Halley's Comet
273:
270:
263:
241:
141:
138:
67:
64:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
963:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
916:
905:
899:
895:
891:
889:
884:
879:
877:
873:
870:
866:
865:
860:
854:
853:public domain
845:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
821:
820:0-521-44652-X
817:
813:
809:
807:
806:0-8337-2230-1
803:
799:
795:
793:
792:0-85323-229-6
789:
785:
781:
778:
774:
772:
771:0-8061-2934-4
768:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
746:
745:
741:
732:
726:
722:
715:
712:
707:
703:
697:
694:
689:
685:
679:
676:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
643:
630:
626:
619:
616:
604:
600:
594:
591:
588:
585:Markam, p.10
582:
579:
574:
568:
565:
562:
556:
553:
550:
544:
541:
536:
529:
526:
523:
517:
515:
511:
506:
500:
496:
489:
486:
481:
475:
471:
464:
461:
449:
445:
439:
436:
431:
430:
424:
416:
413:
410:, pp. 333–335
407:
401:
397:
390:
387:
375:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
346:
344:
340:
333:
328:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
306:
302:
297:
295:
294:Edmond Halley
291:
287:
278:
271:
262:
257:
254:
252:
240:
237:
231:
230:(1431–1447):
229:
225:
221:
217:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
185:Spice Islands
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
154:
146:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:mathematician
49:
41:
37:
30:
19:
886:
862:
825:
824:Kern, Ralf.
811:
797:
783:
779:, Roma 1894.
776:
775:G. Uzielli,
762:
755:
748:
742:Bibliography
720:
714:
705:
696:
687:
678:
659:
655:
645:
633:. Retrieved
628:
618:
606:. Retrieved
602:
593:
581:
567:
555:
547:Markam, p.7
543:
528:
521:
494:
488:
469:
463:
451:. Retrieved
447:
438:
427:
415:
395:
389:
377:. Retrieved
355:
298:
283:
259:
255:
248:
233:
212:
174:
159:
123:
118:
114:
84:
69:
60:cosmographer
47:
46:
36:
926:1482 deaths
921:1397 births
140:Cartography
915:Categories
730:0674005368
329:References
177:Portuguese
56:astronomer
18:Toscanelli
453:15 August
334:Citations
303:making a
272:Astronomy
208:New World
635:17 March
608:17 March
379:17 March
312:See also
264:—
242:—
236:Eugenius
111:humanist
72:Florence
874:at the
855::
216:Taccola
206:to the
126:Filelfo
900:
832:
818:
804:
790:
769:
727:
656:Nature
501:
476:
402:
370:
305:gnomon
292:after
286:comets
224:Cathay
196:Lisbon
170:Strabo
58:, and
898:ISBN
830:ISBN
816:ISBN
802:ISBN
788:ISBN
767:ISBN
725:ISBN
637:2023
610:2023
499:ISBN
474:ISBN
455:2022
400:ISBN
381:2023
368:ISBN
189:King
66:Life
861:".
664:doi
360:doi
917::
896:.
885:.
704:.
686:.
660:73
658:.
654:.
627:.
601:.
513:^
446:.
426:.
366:.
354:.
342:^
128:,
62:.
54:,
906:.
836:.
733:.
708:.
690:.
666::
639:.
612:.
507:.
482:.
457:.
408:.
383:.
362::
117:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
