2185:
territorial disputes, as well has for horn soiling and sexual display. Other examples of extreme sexual dimorphism can be seen among spiral-horned antelopes. Males are much larger in size than the females, and both sexes have very contrasting pelage coloration. The coloration in females is generally tan to red-brown. Males area a darker hue of the female coloration, which they darken as the animal gets older. Regardless of the coloration of the sexes, most species of spiral-horned antelopes have disruptive coloration that is a distinctive white vertical barring (striped pattern). A spotting pattern can occur as well. Both patterns are individually and geographically variable. These patterns help them to conceal themselves in the dense vegetation from predators. Most species have a white chevron between the eyes, spotted cheeks, the throat having a white patch and the upper-forelegs with dark garters. All except the
2173:
2308:
believed to be the reason why some spiral-horned antelopes practicing herd as a defense mechanism to protect the young from predators. In the bongo and eland species this led to the development of larger sizes in the females and horns, along with intense social hierarchical ranking (which is not seen in other species which it is only the larger males that dominate over the smaller females). With the exception of the mother and her calf there are no strong social bonds in the herd. These herds are sometimes very open and loosely defined as sometimes females come and go. Males born in the herd will remain in the herd until they developed their primary and secondary sexual characteristics. Once they have developed these traits males leave the herd and become nomads.
2285:
109:
2203:
2475:
130:
2404:= 33 and all known cases produced female animals, which had developed horns like female bongos while their stripping pattern was intermediate between bongos and sitatungas with an overall orange coloring. The hybridization of these species adds further support in the bongo and sitatunga being each other's closet relatives. Other hybrids have been documented, such as a male common eland x greater kudu resulting from an accidental crossing from the
2498:, it was found that the meat from male elands was low-fat and more beneficial for human nutritional health but it lacks the sensory texture and flavor that makes cattle meat so appealing to consumers. In addition to being on farm as exotic livestock, elands as well as the other species of spiral-horned antelope have also been brought to private game reserves across the planet (in particular parts in North America and Africa) for recreational
518:
505:, found in a wide variety of environments both arid and humid, including semi-deserts, savannas, rainforests and mountains. In all these environments, however, they prefer to live in dense bush or thicket, which offer concealment from their natural predators. Considered among the most beautiful and charismatic
2307:
and at the other end the highly social giant eland. In general the herd size of spiral-horned antelopes are not large as they rarely exceed more than a few dozen individuals, and are mostly sedentary in nature. The herd composition is unisexual which is mostly females and their young. It is currently
2299:
When alert to the presence of danger, the necks of these bovines are raised as high as possible. They move in a "goatlike" gait, as they move their neck in a pecking motion (moving the head backwards and forwards). As they spot the predator they immediately stop. The ultimate antipredator strategy is
2250:
arrives. In response to living in dense cover, spiral-horned antelopes are able to move through the thickett by bounding, rushing, and dodging through the vegetation. Most species are water dependent though kudus and elands do not rely on it as they live in more arid environments. Unlike most species
951:
was a small antelope and has primitive characteristics in the horn core, making it the most primitive known species of spiral-horn antelope in Africa. The evolution of spiral-horned antelopes based on the abundance of fossils shows they were among the most common species of antelope in Africa, and as
2193:
have a chest crescent. In addition there are also physical attributes that serve a purpose in social communication such as dorsal crests, white scuts and white tips on the horns. These features help express the animal's emotions as well as alerting members of the herd from predators. Underneath the
2328:
occurs once the female has been inseminated from the male successfully. In most species it lasts approximately seven months, although in the larger species this extends to eight or nine months. They only give birth to a single calf. Once the young are born, they will not wean until they are around
2184:
The spiral-horned antelopes are medium to large antelopes and generally are tall and long-legged. Horns are present in the males of all species, while females lack them with the exception of bongos and elands. The horns primarily role is used for defensive horn-wrestling which are common during
2300:
concealment in dense, tall bush, enough for the animal to perfectly camouflage in the vegetation. Sometimes they would raise one leg. If that fails they would sprint away in abrupt flight. They are not known to have high stamina for running, although they are known to jump incredibly high.
2323:
does occur. In females often they neck-fight as well poke and snap at each other. Males would use their horns for wrestling where they try to attack the face. Sometimes there is even intimation from the males to persuade the female into submission as often she would try and retaliate. The
849:
found the nilgai and lesser kudu being sister species (although the support was low and had limited species sampling). The majority of other molecular and morphological work do not support the placement of the nilgai in
Tragelaphini, as it contradicts with their data and results.
509:, the various species of spiral-horned antelopes are popular in zoos and game reserves. The two eland species have been ranched as alternatives to cattle, being hardy in extreme environments, relatively placid in character, and nutritionally superior as a meat source.
481:
is debated as some consider there to be one or two genera with nine species, while others consider there to be five genera and 25 species. In general, spiral-horned antelopes can be roughly divided into two groups: robust forms (which only consists of the two
1715:, and split the traditional species into several geographical species. This was based on morphological comparisons between the species (in particular the dimensions of the skull elements and skin colouration) and defined species based on
2337:
The chromosome number of various species varies. This correlates nicely with the evolutionary relationships among the spiral-horned antelopes. The ancestral Y chromosome was subacrocentric but a pericentric inversion occurred making it
2255:
though some species can be seen in the early morning and late afternoon. As with all species of antelope, spiral-horned antelopes (especially the young, the old and the weak) are susceptible to some of Africa's major predators, such as
2408:
in the 1970s. Notable mixed inherited traits were pointed ears as the eland's, but a bit widened like kudu's. The tail was half the length of that of an eland, with a terminal tuft of hair as in kudu. The individual was, however,
885:
being the basal most tragelaphin (or at least a sister taxon to the group) based on 46 cranial features. This suggests that the ancestor of all known species of spiral-horned antelope must have originated in Europe during the
1730:
than suggested by genetics. Other scientists have mixed reactions to this proposal, with some preferring the traditional number of species to be seven and others preferring the new taxonomy from Groves and Grubb (2011).
858:
Tragelaphini has diverged from their closet sister taxon for the last 15 to 18 million years. It was once thought that spiral-horned antelopes were uniquely
African, but there have been Eurasian fossils found in
2466:, although most species live in habitat unsuitable for agriculture. In fact in some cases some species might be expanding their numbers (although the accurate population estimates in some species is unknown).
619:) meaning "horn", referring to the shape of this group's horns. However, "Strepsiceriae" had the incorrect prefix and suffix, which this was corrected to "Strepsicerotini" in 1945 by American paleontologist
473:. While the group's evolutionary history occurred in Africa, there have been fossil species that have been found in Eurasia (which may also be the place of origin for this group). The number of
2342:
after the separation of the lesser kudu and nyala. Ancient hybridization also played a key part in the evolution of the chromosomes in all species. Below is a listing of the diploid number 2
904:
basin. This suggests that spiral-horned antelopes have emigrated from Africa and into
Eurasia during a latter period in their evolutionary history. In addition, undescribed fossils found in
2486:
The two eland species are now semi-domesticated as their docile dispositions, large quantities of meat, and resilience in Africa's harsh environments has made them ideal alternatives to
802:. The relationship between the tribes varies in research concerning their phylogeny. Most molecular research supports a Bovini and Tragelaphini subclade of Bovinae. There are also some
2230:. With the exception of the eland and sitatunga, spiral-horned antelopes are all browsers. All species forage on green foliage as well as rely on them for cover. During the
1695:
are the basal most living species. Then around 10 million years ago there was a split between forest-dwelling, gracile species and larger, open-plains species. This renders
2458:
respectively. In addition some local populations and subspecies of the other species have been declining. The main threats to the survival of spiral-horned antelope is
3342:
Janecek, L.L.; Honeycutt, R.L.; Adkins, R.M.; Davis, S.K. (1996). "Mitochondrial gene sequences and the molecular systematics of the artiodactyl subfamily
Bovinae".
3680:
Koulischer, L.; Tijskens, J.; Mortelmans, J. (1973). "Chromosome studies of a fertile mammalian hybrid: the offspring of the cross bongo × sitatunga (Bovoidea)".
2172:
2952:
2922:
2733:
Willows-Munro, S.; Robinson, T.J.; Matthee, C.A. (2005). "Utility of nuclear DNA intron markers at lower taxonomic levels: Phylogenetic resolution among nine
2400:
Hybridization between bongos and sitatunga produce fertile offspring known as "bongsis" and are well documented. These hybrid animals have a diploid number 2
2303:
Given the various species of spiral-horned antelope the social organization varies between. The extreme ends of the spectrum are the predominately solitary
8381:
829:) and the spiral-horned antelopes. Historically, the nilgai was classified as a tragelaphine by some scientists. Benirschke et al. (1980) worked on
3206:
Wall, D.A.; Davis, S.K.; Read, B.M. (1992). "Phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily
Bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) based on ribosomal DNA".
3782:
3869:
454:
characterized by their iconic twisted horns and striking pelage coloration patterns (most common is the distinctive white, vertical barring).
3400:
2839:, gen. et sp. nov. (Mammalia, Bovidae, Tragelaphini), from the Late Miocene of Thessaly (Greece): Implications for tragelaphin biogeography"
8371:
3112:
Marcot, J.D. (2007). "Molecular
Phylogeny of Terrestrial Aritiodactyls: Conflicts and Resolutions". In Prothero, D.R.; Foss, S.E. (eds.).
2284:
3822:
623:. While the name "Strepsicerotini" was published first, most scientists used the latter name "Tragelaphini" as it is more widely used.
310:
3303:
Benirschke, K.; Rüedi, D.; Müller, H.; Kumamoto, A.T.; Wagner, K.L.; Downes, H.S. (1980). "The unusual karyotype of the lesser kudu,
1734:
Below is the alternative taxonomy based on Groves and Grubb (2011), with species and subspecies names following
Castelló (2016) from
108:
952:
climatic changes have occurred throughout their evolution, they have undergone faunal turnovers and adapting to new environments.
2502:. Unlike eland however, most of the other species are not as docile or tolerant of humans as they avoid any contact as possible.
846:
915:
in
Tanzania, but they are sometimes consist of fragmented pieces of leg bone and horn. The oldest known of these species is
4221:
5010:
553:
223:
2202:
129:
2616:
4290:
3862:
2329:
five to six months of age. Females sexually mature by two to three years while for males it is four to five years.
8366:
7267:
4212:
4203:
2405:
2320:
806:
support for oxen being the closet living relatives to the spiral-horned antelopes, most notably both groups have
7054:
2854:
2434:
Spiral-horned antelopes as a whole are not an endangered group of mammals. Most species are recognized by the
7703:
7216:
7096:
4992:
4652:
4133:
3380:
Haile-Selassie, Y.; Vrba, E.B.; Bibi, F. (2009). "Bovidae". In Haile-Selassie, Y.; WoldeGabriel, G. (eds.).
1679:
However recent molecular studies have shown a different arrangement. According to the molecular work on the
8376:
8296:
4754:
4460:
4379:
620:
355:
8356:
8328:
5159:
4388:
4272:
3855:
2439:
2234:
their diet consists mostly foliage from bushes and trees, shoots, twigs and herbs. They also supplement
297:
7904:
6934:
2474:
1711:. In a 2011 large scale taxonomic reorganisation of ungulates by Groves and Grubb, they recognised new
8211:
7977:
7968:
7913:
7538:
7502:
7475:
6883:
6874:
6319:
6310:
4676:
4535:
4478:
4424:
3160:
3060:"Phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily Bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) based on ribosomal DNA"
2316:
1508:
Phylogenetic relationships from combined analysis of all molecular data (Willows-Munro et al., 2005)
791:
668:
502:
8157:
7859:
7850:
7598:
7466:
7439:
7375:
7036:
6916:
6865:
4544:
4451:
4042:
3796:
3773:
2459:
1037:
803:
439:
955:
Below is the list of fossil species that have been described so far listed in alphabetical order:
8361:
8244:
8235:
7529:
6654:
6380:
5857:
5848:
5567:
5001:
4469:
4281:
4263:
4142:
3705:
3584:
Benirschke, K.; Kumamoto, A.T.; Esra, G.N.; Crocker, K.B. (1982). "The chromosomes of the bongo,
3223:
2983:
Bartoň, L.; Bureš, D.; Kotrba, R.; Sales, J. (2014). "Comparison of meat quality between elands (
2858:
2455:
2451:
2215:
1967:
1703:, which either means to make the latter genus into a junior synonym of the former genus or split
1633:
419:
321:
246:
124:
8333:
7607:
7547:
7511:
7457:
7430:
7421:
7045:
7027:
6961:
3836:
3813:
995:
892:
282:
3392:
928:
7877:
7868:
7556:
7484:
7412:
7243:
7225:
7078:
6028:
5423:
5414:
5266:
5168:
4947:
4914:
4857:
4727:
4254:
4115:
3754:
3729:
3697:
3613:
3487:
3396:
3359:
3324:
3276:
3188:
3091:
3008:
2754:
1684:
973:
869:
271:
8271:
8025:
8016:
7895:
7736:
7727:
7520:
7192:
7183:
7131:
7122:
6970:
6943:
6856:
6636:
6244:
5670:
5661:
5651:
5624:
5345:
5214:
4415:
4406:
4397:
4179:
4170:
4106:
4033:
4024:
3831:
3791:
3744:
3689:
3657:
3605:
3477:
3467:
3436:
3381:
3351:
3316:
3266:
3258:
3215:
3178:
3168:
3081:
3071:
3035:
3000:
2850:
2746:
2628:
2325:
2273:
2063:
1657:
1332:
592:
340:
2900:
8001:
7992:
7940:
7931:
7712:
6569:
6560:
6037:
5633:
4685:
4595:
4433:
4245:
4124:
4097:
4088:
3026:
Simpson, G.G. (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals".
2957:) as a ranching animal complementary to cattle in Rhodesia. 2. Habitat and diet selection"
2526:
2521:
1712:
549:
400:
3164:
2927:) as a ranching animal complementary to cattle in Rhodesia. 1. Environmental adaptation"
1514:
Traditionally the tribe was divided into two genera and seven species as shown below:
8201:
8139:
7769:
7760:
7285:
7234:
7155:
7146:
7087:
6925:
6627:
6449:
6440:
5995:
5962:
5944:
5432:
5242:
5117:
4956:
3944:
3916:
3661:
3271:
3242:
3086:
3059:
2447:
2339:
2051:
1645:
1296:
936:
920:
807:
530:
28:
3568:
The
Behaviour Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
3183:
3148:
2809:
Mammoths, sabertooths, and hominids: 65 million years of mammalian evolution in Europe
817:
There has been a few studies which have supported alternate arrangements, one being a
498:, although this taxon is an unnatural grouping, and might warrant additional genera).
8350:
7826:
7808:
7694:
7631:
7622:
6681:
6416:
6389:
6160:
6070:
6061:
6046:
5911:
5875:
5830:
5767:
5758:
5275:
5233:
5126:
5092:
5082:
4983:
4965:
4628:
4577:
4487:
4051:
3440:
3427:: evolutionary change, biochronology, and turnover in the African Plio-Pleistocene".
3382:
2834:
2654:
2435:
2269:
2032:
1621:
912:
561:
66:
2862:
8220:
8189:
8079:
7751:
7565:
7493:
7366:
7309:
7300:
7018:
6952:
6714:
6672:
6398:
6118:
6109:
5971:
5902:
5791:
5782:
5524:
5293:
4974:
4929:
4896:
4667:
4559:
4526:
4442:
3802:
Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.
3709:
2491:
2479:
2289:
2247:
2190:
1912:
1904:
1866:
1609:
1560:
1274:
1243:
932:
887:
838:
818:
545:
483:
386:
232:
216:
3004:
1719:. Groves and Grubb (2011) furthermore establish of several new genera in light of
591:
The alternative name "Strepsicerotini" was published by another
British zoologist
469:), and together along with a few apparent Asiatic species belong to the subfamily
2194:
hair fringe in the hind feet are special glands that encircles the false hooves.
7841:
7589:
6751:
6705:
6696:
6645:
6597:
6458:
6300:
5893:
5884:
5712:
5506:
5497:
5487:
5381:
5224:
5034:
5025:
4938:
4781:
4703:
4586:
4511:
4502:
3879:
2750:
2511:
2443:
2410:
1957:
1834:
1822:
1814:
1762:
1757:
1688:
1680:
1585:
1569:
1548:
1536:
1528:
1482:
1228:
1059:
1026:
897:
834:
799:
664:
557:
522:
494:
488:
435:
431:
305:
292:
181:
116:
41:
8319:
2632:
2490:
in some parts in Africa. In a 2014 comparison between the quality of meat from
1723:
being paraphyletic. They have a slight different arrangement of the species in
7448:
7348:
7173:
6765:
6187:
6169:
5920:
5615:
5600:
5591:
5558:
5335:
5141:
5058:
5049:
4824:
4815:
4694:
4619:
4160:
3981:
3847:
3132:
Solounias, N. (2007). "Family Bovidae". In Prothero, D.R.; Foss, S.E. (eds.).
2231:
905:
86:
51:
3076:
8148:
8069:
7922:
7793:
7784:
7258:
6832:
6823:
6808:
6799:
6663:
6235:
6019:
5953:
5839:
5354:
5150:
4839:
4763:
4643:
4194:
4079:
4069:
3963:
3954:
3472:
3455:
3147:
Allard, M.W.; Miyamoto, M.M.; Jarecki, L.; Kraus, F.; Tennant, M.R. (1992).
2463:
2414:
2252:
2096:
1669:
1347:
830:
542:
538:
141:
91:
35:
8115:
3491:
3355:
3280:
3262:
3173:
3095:
3012:
2758:
3749:
3701:
3617:
3363:
3328:
3192:
2311:
It is only during the breeding season males congregate around a female in
8313:
8057:
7685:
7357:
7069:
6907:
6847:
6512:
6211:
5743:
5688:
5576:
5405:
4881:
4872:
4848:
4736:
4610:
4360:
4236:
3932:
3910:
3898:
3758:
2516:
2304:
2223:
2219:
1371:
924:
901:
878:
874:
864:
842:
719:
458:
451:
423:
240:
161:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
2883:
Exotic animal field guide: nonnative hoofed mammals in the United States
588:) meaning "stag". The suffix "–ini" refers to their ranking as a tribe.
560:
which was imagined to be half-goat, half-stag. The root words come from
8262:
8097:
7958:
7817:
7207:
6994:
6985:
6898:
6784:
6775:
6747:
6503:
6407:
6371:
6286:
6282:
6253:
6178:
5866:
5739:
5700:
5284:
5201:
5107:
4370:
4320:
4015:
3693:
3482:
3227:
2499:
2265:
2261:
2239:
1716:
783:
773:
651:
506:
478:
470:
415:
201:
191:
119:
showing the characteristic spiral-horns seen in this group of bovines.
96:
71:
3609:
3320:
517:
8106:
7675:
7580:
7403:
7393:
7009:
6521:
6361:
6343:
6334:
6220:
6142:
6094:
6085:
5543:
5534:
5469:
5460:
5450:
5372:
4905:
4718:
4568:
3904:
3892:
3454:
Heller, R.; Frandsen, P.; Lorenzen, E. D.; Siegismund, H. R. (2013).
3039:
2495:
2487:
2418:
2312:
2293:
2227:
860:
822:
811:
795:
787:
727:
711:
672:
614:
602:
583:
571:
462:
171:
151:
8290:
3219:
434:. The scientific name is in reference to the mythical creature the
8130:
8088:
7663:
7333:
7324:
6618:
6545:
6536:
6467:
6196:
6151:
6010:
5935:
5815:
5806:
5317:
5308:
4800:
4791:
4000:
3991:
2473:
2283:
2243:
2235:
2207:
2201:
2186:
2177:
2171:
1805:
1789:
1692:
1597:
1458:
940:
723:
715:
516:
474:
255:
3149:"DNA systematics and evolution of the artiodactyl family Bovidae"
896:
is another example, although this animal has been found in early
7276:
6606:
6494:
6476:
6133:
5986:
5390:
5257:
5073:
4347:
4308:
2319:. Aggression is very low among individuals of both sexes though
2257:
447:
443:
427:
8294:
8186:
8054:
7660:
6743:
6278:
5735:
5197:
4343:
3929:
3851:
2218:
in various woodland habitats such as rainforests, swamps, open
7886:
6485:
6431:
5363:
4745:
3456:"Are there really twice as many bovid species as we thought?"
608:
596:
595:
as "Strepsiceriae" earlier in 1846. It comes from Greek with
577:
565:
911:
Fossils from Africa have been recovered in places such as
2855:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[436:pcgesn]2.0.co;2
3375:
3373:
2315:
for a few hours. All spiral-horned antelope species are
3387:: Late Miocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia
3251:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3247:) in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae"
3136:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 278–291.
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2180:
showing the general characteristics seen in this group.
3675:
3673:
3671:
881:, Greece. The authors have found cladistic support of
3579:
3577:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3116:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–18.
2946:
2944:
782:
The spiral-horned antelopes belong to the subfamily
492:) and gracile forms (the rest of them, in the genus
8303:
8261:
8233:
8209:
8200:
8128:
8077:
8068:
8014:
7990:
7966:
7957:
7839:
7806:
7782:
7749:
7725:
7683:
7674:
7620:
7578:
7401:
7392:
7346:
7322:
7298:
7256:
7205:
7181:
7172:
7144:
7120:
7113:
7067:
7007:
6983:
6896:
6845:
6821:
6797:
6773:
6764:
6694:
6595:
6586:
6558:
6534:
6429:
6369:
6360:
6332:
6308:
6299:
6233:
6209:
6131:
6107:
6083:
6059:
6008:
5984:
5933:
5828:
5804:
5780:
5756:
5711:
5699:
5687:
5659:
5650:
5613:
5589:
5556:
5532:
5523:
5495:
5486:
5458:
5449:
5403:
5343:
5334:
5306:
5255:
5222:
5213:
5139:
5105:
5071:
5047:
5023:
4927:
4894:
4870:
4837:
4813:
4789:
4780:
4716:
4665:
4641:
4608:
4557:
4524:
4500:
4368:
4359:
4319:
4307:
4234:
4192:
4168:
4159:
4077:
4068:
4013:
3989:
3980:
3952:
3943:
2655:"Controversial scientific names of African mammals"
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
3243:"Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (
2978:
2976:
2974:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2251:of bovids, spiral-horned antelopes are primarily
537:The tribe name "Tragelaphini" was published as a
3636:Tijskens, J. (1968). "Preliminary notes on the F
3127:
3125:
3123:
2916:
2914:
2802:
2800:
2798:
790:and two aberrant species of Asian antelope, the
3631:
3629:
3627:
3153:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2617:"Review of family-group names of living bovids"
867:. Kostopoulos and Koufos (2006) have described
3797:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T44172A50197518.en
3728:Jorge, W.; Butler, S.; Benirschke, K. (1976).
3723:
3721:
3719:
2894:
2892:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
527:The History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents
450:. They are medium-to-large, tall, long-legged
3863:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3107:
3105:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2413:as analysis showed that it completely lacked
908:could be related to spiral-horned antelopes.
8:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
919:which has been found in the late Miocene to
461:, they are actually more closely related to
3837:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22046A9351382.en
3772:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017).
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3391:. University of California Press. pp.
3053:
3051:
3049:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
837:and found them to share with the nilgai an
457:Despite being among the largest species of
406:(sometimes referred to by some authors as "
8291:
8206:
8197:
8183:
8074:
8065:
8051:
7963:
7680:
7671:
7657:
7398:
7178:
7117:
6770:
6761:
6740:
6592:
6366:
6305:
6296:
6275:
5753:
5732:
5656:
5529:
5492:
5455:
5340:
5219:
5210:
5194:
4786:
4365:
4356:
4340:
4165:
4074:
3986:
3949:
3940:
3926:
3870:
3856:
3848:
3570:. Johannesburg: Russell Friedman Books CC.
2961:Rhodesian Journal of Agricultural Research
2931:Rhodesian Journal of Agricultural Research
2905:Rhodesian Journal of Agricultural Research
2595:The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals
107:
20:
3835:
3795:
3748:
3481:
3471:
3429:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3270:
3182:
3172:
3085:
3075:
3241:Hassanin, A.; Douzery, E. J. P. (1999).
2833:Kostopoulos, D.S.; Koufos, G.D. (2006).
3783:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2538:
2214:All species are found in a majority of
334:
3730:"Studies on a male eland× kudu hybrid"
786:which also includes oxen of the tribe
3737:Journal of Reproduction and Fertility
3344:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2791:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
2739:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
814:(the attachment point to the skull).
7:
2991:) raised under similar conditions".
2951:Lightfoot, J.G; Posselt, J. (1977).
845:14. Another study that analyzed the
3823:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3640:Bongo antelope x sitatunga hybrids
1325:
1318:
1311:
1289:
1267:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
688:
657:
647:
640:
556:in 1953. It refers to the mythical
3662:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1968.tb00464.x
2843:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
772:Phylogenetic relationships of the
14:
2885:. Texas A&M University Press.
8382:Extant Miocene first appearances
3441:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00691.x
2901:"The domestication of the Eland"
1707:into several genera to maintain
128:
4222:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
3598:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
3309:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
2078:Tragelaphus euryceros euryceros
1881:Taurotragus oryx pattersonianus
1849:Taurotragus derbianus derbianus
939:. Similar in appearance to the
548:in 1863, and was downgraded to
5011:Central American red brocket (
2787:Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011).
1:
3134:The Evolution of Artiodactyls
3114:The Evolution of Artiodactyls
3005:10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.07.016
2807:Agust, J.; Antón, M. (2005).
2711:. Princeton University Press.
2597:. Princeton University Press.
1948:(Dollman & Burlace, 1928)
987:Kostopoulo & Koufos, 2006
978:Kostopoulo & Koufos, 2006
890:. The eastern European genus
541:("Tragelaphinae") by British
276:Kostopoulo & Koufos, 2006
263:
5718:Large subfamily listed below
5706:Large subfamily listed below
5694:Large subfamily listed below
2811:. Columbia University Press.
2069:Tragelaphus euryceros isaaci
1872:Taurotragus oryx ivingstonii
1717:phylogenetic species concept
615:
603:
584:
572:
521:This is a woodcut is of the
501:Spiral-horned antelopes are
8372:Fauna of Sub-Saharan Africa
4213:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
4204:Indian spotted chevrotain (
3812:Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2016).
2751:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.018
1840:Taurotragus derbianus gigas
1699:paraphyletic in respect to
1109:Haile-Selassie et al., 2009
8398:
3650:International Zoo Yearbook
2346:as follows (male/female):
2333:Genetics and hybridization
2019:– eastern coastal bushbuck
1752:– spiral-horned antelopes
1127:Geraads & Thomas, 1994
873:from fossils found in the
798:which belong to the tribe
698:(spiral-horned antelopes)
609:
597:
578:
576:) meaning "male goat" and
566:
8196:
8182:
8149:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
8140:Domestic Bactrian camel (
8064:
8050:
7704:North Sulawesi babirusa (
7670:
7656:
6760:
6739:
6295:
6274:
5752:
5731:
5209:
5193:
4993:Amazonian brown brocket (
4355:
4339:
4326:Large family listed below
4314:Large family listed below
4291:Williamson's mouse-deer (
3939:
3925:
3887:
2425:Relationships with humans
2406:San Diego Zoo Safari Park
2321:intraspecific competition
2280:Behavior and reproduction
1927:Strepsiceros zambesiensis
1918:Strepsiceros strepsiceros
1480:
1456:
1369:
1345:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1294:
1287:
1272:
1265:
1241:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1018:Vereshchagin et al., 1971
1000:Vereshchagin et al., 1971
709:
693:
686:
662:
655:
645:
327:
320:
287:Vereshchagin et al., 1971
261:
254:
238:
231:
125:Scientific classification
123:
115:
106:
23:
6390:Domestic water buffalo (
4755:Central Asian red deer (
4380:Bornean yellow muntjac (
3077:10.1186/1471-2148-13-166
3064:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2633:10.1093/jmammal/82.2.374
2198:Distribution and ecology
2116:– Nkosi Island sitatunga
2107:– East African sitatunga
1603:Tragelaphus strepsiceros
632:Placement within Bovinae
607:) meaning "twisted" and
7268:Bates' pygmy antelope (
7055:Soemmerring's gazelle (
5160:Yucatan brown brocket (
4389:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
4273:Philippine mouse-deer (
3245:Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
2921:Lightfoot, J.G (1977).
2707:Castelló, J.R. (2016).
1941:– northern greater kudu
1136:Wells & Cooke, 1956
1124:Tragelaphus nkondoensis
827:Boselaphus tragocamelus
412:spiral-horned antelopes
382:Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907
7978:White-lipped peccary (
7914:Philippine warty pig (
7539:Yellow-backed duiker (
7503:Black-fronted duiker (
7476:White-bellied duiker (
7097:Przewalski's gazelle (
6320:Four-horned antelope (
5118:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
4677:Visayan spotted deer (
4536:European fallow deer (
4479:Northern red muntjac (
4425:Southern red muntjac (
3356:10.1006/mpev.1996.0063
3263:10.1098/rspb.1999.0720
3174:10.1073/pnas.89.9.3972
2881:Mungall, E.C. (2007).
2837:Pheraios chryssomallos
2483:
2296:
2292:expecting a female in
2211:
2206:A bongo drinks from a
2181:
2111:Tragelaphus sylvestris
2033:Tragelaphus sylvaticus
1981:(Hamilton Smith, 1827)
1978:Tragelaphus phaleratus
1950:– western greater kudu
1932:– Zambezi greater kudu
1782:– southern lesser kudu
1773:– northern lesser kudu
1615:Tragelaphus sylvaticus
1048:Taurotragus maroccanus
984:Pheraios chryssomallos
870:Pheraios chryssomallos
621:George Gaylord Simpson
534:
374:Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907
8329:Paleobiology Database
8158:Wild Bactrian camel (
7860:Bornean bearded pig (
7851:Palawan bearded pig (
7440:White-legged duiker (
6866:Red-fronted gazelle (
4545:Persian fallow deer (
4461:Roosevelt's muntjac (
4134:Himalayan musk deer (
4043:Reticulated giraffe (
3790:: e.T44172A50197518.
3776:Tragelaphus derbianus
3750:10.1530/jrf.0.0460013
3642:Taurotragus eurycerus
3473:10.1093/sysbio/syt004
2477:
2462:and being hunted for
2287:
2205:
2175:
2134:– Tanzanian sitatunga
2114:(Meinertzhagen, 1916)
2057:Tragelaphus euryceros
2014:Tragelaphus fasciatus
2001:– Abyssinian bushbuck
1890:Taurotragus oryx oryx
1877:– Livingstone's eland
1854:– western giant eland
1845:– eastern giant eland
1828:Taurotragus derbianus
1651:Tragelaphus euryceros
1542:Taurotragus derbianus
1142:Tragelaphus rastafari
1100:Reed & Bibi, 2011
1097:Tragelaphus lockwoodi
1070:Tragelaphus algericus
552:by Russian zoologist
520:
8245:Pygmy hippopotamus (
7905:Oliver's warty pig (
7530:Red-flanked duiker (
6935:Erlanger's gazelle (
6655:Harnessed bushbuck (
6381:Wild water buffalo (
5858:East Caucasian tur (
5849:West Caucasian tur (
5002:Little red brocket (
4470:Truong Son muntjac (
4282:Vietnam mouse-deer (
4264:Greater mouse-deer (
4143:Siberian musk deer (
3830:: e.T22046A9351382.
3566:Estes, R.D. (1991).
3385:Ardipithecus kadabba
3305:Tragelaphus imberbis
3208:Journal of Mammalogy
3028:Bulletin of the AMNH
2899:Posselt, J. (1963).
2621:Journal of Mammalogy
2593:Kingdon, J. (2015).
2450:being classified as
2120:Tragelaphus larkenii
2010:– Menelik's bushbuck
2005:Tragelaphus meneliki
1968:Tragelaphus scriptus
1945:Strepsiceros cottoni
1909:Hamilton Smith, 1827
1886:– East African eland
1777:Ammelaphus australis
1627:Tragelaphus scriptus
1579:Tragelaphus imberbis
1154:Geraads et al., 2009
792:four-horned antelope
776:(Bibi et al., 2013)
669:four-horned antelope
422:. These include the
418:that are endemic to
7878:Celebes warty pig (
7869:Visayan warty pig (
7485:Red forest duiker (
7217:Günther's dik-dik (
7079:Mongolian gazelle (
6884:Heuglin's gazelle (
6875:Thomson's gazelle (
6029:Long-tailed goral (
5424:Mountain reedbuck (
5415:Southern reedbuck (
5267:East African oryx (
5169:White-tailed deer (
4948:Small red brocket (
4915:South Andean deer (
4858:Siberian roe deer (
4849:European roe deer (
4686:Philippine sambar (
4653:Père David's deer (
4255:Lesser mouse-deer (
4116:Kashmir musk deer (
3816:Tragelaphus buxtoni
3165:1992PNAS...89.3972A
2460:habitat destruction
2176:Taxiderm mounts of
2168:General description
2152:– Zambezi sitatunga
2147:Tragelaphus selousi
2143:– western sitatunga
2129:Tragelaphus ugallae
2045:Tragelaphus buxtoni
2023:Tragelaphus ornatus
1974:– western bushbuck
1962:de Blainville, 1816
1939:(Cretzschmar, 1826)
1923:– Cape greater kudu
1768:Ammelaphus imberbis
1736:Bovids of the World
1639:Tragelaphus buxtoni
1591:Tragelaphus angasii
1574:de Blainville, 1816
1151:Tragelaphus saraitu
1106:Tragelaphus moroitu
1088:Tragelaphus kyaloae
1079:Tragelaphus gaudryi
1064:de Blainville, 1816
1038:Taurotragus arkelli
1015:Pontoceros ambiguus
1006:Pontoceros surprine
945:Tragelaphus angasii
917:Tragelaphus moroitu
819:sister relationship
442:with the body of a
8026:Collared peccary (
7896:Flores warty pig (
7737:Giant forest hog (
7599:Maxwell's duiker (
7521:Ruwenzori duiker (
7467:Jentink's duiker (
7376:Sharpe's grysbok (
7132:Tibetan antelope (
7037:Bright's gazelle (
6971:Goitered gazelle (
6944:Mountain gazelle (
6917:Cuvier's gazelle (
6857:Mongalla gazelle (
6245:Pyrenean chamois (
5671:Tibetan antelope (
5625:Black wildebeest (
4452:Reeves's muntjac (
4416:Sumatran muntjac (
4407:Gongshan muntjac (
4180:Water chevrotain (
4107:Alpine musk deer (
4034:Southern giraffe (
4025:Northern giraffe (
3694:10.1007/bf00344021
3646:Tragelaphus spekei
3460:Systematic Biology
3425:Tragelaphus nakuae
3423:Bibi, F. (2011). "
2709:Bovids of the Word
2653:Grubb, P. (2004).
2615:Grubb, P. (2001).
2484:
2297:
2216:sub-Saharan Africa
2212:
2182:
2138:Tragelaphus gratus
2102:Tragelaphus spekii
2089:Tragelaphus spekii
1996:Tragelaphus decula
1983:– central bushbuck
1936:Strepsiceros chora
1743:Tribe Tragelaphini
1663:Tragelaphus spekii
1634:harnessed bushbuck
1519:Tribe Tragelaphini
1133:Tragelaphus pricei
1115:Tragelaphus nakuae
960:Tribe Tragelaphini
535:
446:and the head of a
420:sub-Saharan Africa
241:Antilope sylvatica
16:Tribe of antelopes
8344:
8343:
8297:Taxon identifiers
8288:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8257:
8256:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8002:Chacoan peccary (
7953:
7952:
7941:Javan warty pig (
7932:Timor warty pig (
7739:H. meinertzhageni
7713:Togian babirusa (
7652:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7608:Walter's duiker (
7548:Abbott's duiker (
7512:Ogilby's duiker (
7458:Harvey's duiker (
7422:Brooke's duiker (
7388:
7387:
7168:
7167:
7109:
7108:
7046:Peter's gazelle (
7028:Grant's gazelle (
6962:Speke's gazelle (
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6612:
6582:
6581:
6570:African buffalo (
6401:B. depressicornis
6356:
6355:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6038:Himalayan goral (
5860:C. cylindricornis
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5683:
5682:
5646:
5645:
5634:Blue wildebeest (
5568:Common tsessebe (
5519:
5518:
5482:
5481:
5445:
5444:
5357:K. ellipsiprymnus
5330:
5329:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5129:P. mephistophiles
5085:P. mephistophiles
4776:
4775:
4472:M. truongsonensis
4434:Pu Hoat muntjac (
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4303:
4302:
4246:Java mouse-deer (
4155:
4154:
4125:Black musk deer (
4098:Dwarf musk deer (
4089:Anhui musk deer (
4064:
4063:
4027:G. camelopardalis
3976:
3975:
3648:at Antwerp Zoo".
3610:10.1159/000131788
3402:978-0-520-25440-4
3321:10.1159/000131429
3257:(1422): 893–900.
3058:Bibi, F. (2013).
2789:Ungulate Taxonomy
2442:", with only the
2274:African wild dogs
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2123:(St. Leger, 1931)
2115:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2038:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1963:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1910:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1864:
1853:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1803:
1795:
1781:
1772:
1751:
1685:mitochondrial DNA
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1575:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1469:
1468:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1358:
1357:
1254:
1253:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1052:
1043:
1032:
1019:
1010:
1001:
988:
979:
968:
854:The fossil record
780:
779:
766:
765:
757:
756:
748:
747:
739:
738:
397:
396:
390:
375:
367:
359:
344:
314:
301:
288:
277:
227:
8389:
8367:Bovids of Africa
8337:
8336:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8292:
8207:
8198:
8184:
8075:
8066:
8052:
7964:
7770:Common warthog (
7761:Desert warthog (
7681:
7672:
7658:
7557:Weyns's duiker (
7431:Peters' duiker (
7413:Aders's duiker (
7399:
7286:Royal antelope (
7244:Salt's dik-dik (
7235:Silver dik-dik (
7226:Kirk's dik-dik (
7179:
7156:Saiga antelope (
7118:
7057:N. soemmerringii
6926:Dorcas gazelle (
6771:
6762:
6755:
6741:
6628:Mountain nyala (
6611:
6610:
6602:
6593:
6548:P. nghetinhensis
6450:European bison (
6441:American bison (
6367:
6306:
6297:
6290:
6276:
6152:Domestic sheep (
5996:Himalayan tahr (
5963:Mainland serow (
5945:Japanese serow (
5754:
5747:
5733:
5657:
5530:
5493:
5456:
5433:Bohor reedbuck (
5341:
5320:A. nasomaculatus
5243:Sable antelope (
5220:
5211:
5204:
5195:
4957:Merida brocket (
4787:
4728:Thorold's deer (
4580:A. calamianensis
4463:M. rooseveltorum
4409:M. gongshanensis
4366:
4357:
4350:
4341:
4166:
4075:
4054:G. tippelskirchi
3987:
3950:
3941:
3927:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3849:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3734:
3725:
3714:
3713:
3677:
3666:
3665:
3633:
3622:
3621:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3475:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3420:
3407:
3406:
3390:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3300:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3176:
3159:(9): 3972–3976.
3144:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3023:
3017:
3016:
2985:Taurotragus oryx
2980:
2969:
2968:
2955:Taurotragus oryx
2948:
2939:
2938:
2925:Taurotragus oryx
2918:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2867:
2866:
2830:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2763:
2762:
2730:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2667:
2666:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2417:, which produce
2326:gestation period
2150:Rothschild, 1898
2149:
2140:
2131:
2125:– Nile sitatunga
2122:
2113:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2074:– mountain bongo
2071:
2059:
2048:(Lydekker, 1910)
2047:
2037:(Sparrman, 1780)
2036:
2028:– Chobe bushbuck
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1961:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1908:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1862:
1860:Taurotragus oryx
1851:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1801:
1793:
1779:
1770:
1745:
1665:
1653:
1642:(Lydekker, 1910)
1641:
1629:
1618:(Sparrman, 1780)
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1573:
1556:
1554:Taurotragus oryx
1544:
1532:
1521:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1290:
1268:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1050:
1041:
1030:
1017:
1008:
999:
986:
977:
962:
935:deposits in the
923:deposits of the
883:P. chryssomallos
689:
658:
648:
641:
636:
635:
618:
612:
611:
606:
600:
599:
593:John Edward Gray
587:
581:
580:
575:
569:
568:
554:Vladimir Sokolov
381:
373:
365:
350:
339:
309:
296:
286:
275:
215:
133:
132:
111:
101:
38:
27:Temporal range:
21:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8347:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8332:
8327:
8318:
8317:
8312:
8305:Strepsicerotini
8299:
8289:
8276:
8253:
8229:
8192:
8166:
8124:
8060:
8034:
8010:
7986:
7949:
7916:S. philippensis
7853:S. ahoenobarbus
7835:
7827:Red river hog (
7802:
7778:
7745:
7721:
7695:Buru babirusa (
7666:
7640:
7632:Common duiker (
7616:
7574:
7384:
7342:
7318:
7294:
7252:
7201:
7164:
7140:
7105:
7090:P. picticaudata
7063:
7003:
6979:
6973:G. subgutturosa
6892:
6841:
6817:
6793:
6756:
6745:
6723:
6690:
6682:Cape bushbuck (
6675:T. strepsiceros
6604:
6603:
6601:
6578:
6554:
6530:
6425:
6417:Mountain anoa (
6352:
6346:B. tragocamelus
6328:
6322:T. quadricornis
6291:
6280:
6262:
6229:
6205:
6161:Bighorn sheep (
6127:
6103:
6079:
6071:Mountain goat (
6055:
6047:Chinese goral (
6004:
5980:
5965:C. sumatraensis
5929:
5912:Siberian ibex (
5876:Domestic goat (
5824:
5800:
5776:
5768:Barbary sheep (
5748:
5737:
5719:
5707:
5695:
5679:
5642:
5609:
5585:
5552:
5515:
5478:
5441:
5399:
5326:
5302:
5276:Scimitar oryx (
5251:
5234:Roan antelope (
5205:
5199:
5177:
5135:
5127:Northern pudu (
5101:
5093:Southern pudu (
5083:Northern pudu (
5067:
5043:
5019:
4984:Pygmy brocket (
4966:Dwarf brocket (
4923:
4890:
4866:
4833:
4809:
4772:
4712:
4661:
4637:
4604:
4578:Calamian deer (
4553:
4547:D. mesopotamica
4520:
4496:
4490:M. vuquangensis
4488:Giant muntjac (
4398:Fea's muntjac (
4351:
4345:
4327:
4315:
4299:
4230:
4188:
4151:
4109:M. chrysogaster
4060:
4052:Masai giraffe (
4009:
3972:
3935:
3921:
3883:
3876:
3846:
3845:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3717:
3679:
3678:
3669:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3625:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3499:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3422:
3421:
3410:
3403:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3302:
3301:
3288:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3220:10.2307/1382056
3205:
3204:
3200:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3057:
3056:
3047:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2982:
2981:
2972:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2870:
2832:
2831:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2766:
2732:
2731:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2670:
2659:African Zoology
2652:
2651:
2640:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2540:
2535:
2527:Species complex
2522:Cryptic species
2508:
2472:
2432:
2427:
2371:Greater kudu: 2
2364:Common eland: 2
2335:
2282:
2200:
2170:
2165:
2163:Natural history
2083:– lowland bongo
2039:– Cape bushbuck
1999:(Rüppell, 1835)
1992:– Nile bushbuck
1987:Tragelaphus bor
1761:Heller, 1912 –
1713:cryptic species
1503:
1494:
1470:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1359:
1255:
1166:
1118:Arambourg, 1941
1051:Arambourg, 1939
856:
767:
758:
749:
740:
634:
629:
525:from the book,
515:
408:Strepsicerotini
393:
348:Strepsicerotini
333:
332:
250:
244:
214:
127:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
32:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8395:
8393:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8349:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8325:
8309:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8267:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8247:C. liberiensis
8241:
8239:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8227:
8221:Hippopotamus (
8217:
8215:
8204:
8202:Hippopotamidae
8194:
8193:
8187:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8155:
8151:C. dromedarius
8146:
8136:
8134:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8113:
8104:
8095:
8085:
8083:
8072:
8062:
8061:
8055:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8022:
8020:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
7998:
7996:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7974:
7972:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7938:
7934:S. timoriensis
7929:
7920:
7911:
7902:
7893:
7887:Domestic pig (
7884:
7875:
7866:
7857:
7847:
7845:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7824:
7814:
7812:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7790:
7788:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7767:
7763:P. aethiopicus
7757:
7755:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7733:
7731:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7715:B. togeanensis
7710:
7701:
7691:
7689:
7678:
7668:
7667:
7661:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7628:
7626:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7605:
7596:
7586:
7584:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7566:Zebra duiker (
7563:
7554:
7545:
7541:C. silvicultor
7536:
7527:
7518:
7509:
7500:
7494:Black duiker (
7491:
7482:
7478:C. leucogaster
7473:
7464:
7455:
7446:
7437:
7428:
7419:
7409:
7407:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7373:
7367:Cape grysbok (
7364:
7354:
7352:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7330:
7328:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7310:Klipspringer (
7306:
7304:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7283:
7274:
7264:
7262:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7241:
7237:M. piacentinii
7232:
7223:
7213:
7211:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7189:
7187:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7152:
7150:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7128:
7126:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7099:P. przewalskii
7094:
7085:
7075:
7073:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7052:
7043:
7034:
7025:
7019:Dama gazelle (
7015:
7013:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6991:
6989:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6968:
6959:
6953:Rhim gazelle (
6950:
6941:
6932:
6923:
6914:
6904:
6902:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6881:
6872:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6827:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6811:A. marsupialis
6805:
6803:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6768:
6758:
6757:
6744:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6715:Common eland (
6712:
6702:
6700:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6679:
6673:Greater kudu (
6670:
6661:
6652:
6643:
6634:
6625:
6615:
6613:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6542:
6540:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6519:
6510:
6501:
6492:
6486:Domestic yak (
6483:
6474:
6465:
6456:
6447:
6437:
6435:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6414:
6410:B. mindorensis
6405:
6399:Lowland anoa (
6396:
6387:
6377:
6375:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6316:
6314:
6303:
6293:
6292:
6279:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6176:
6167:
6158:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6119:Nilgiri tahr (
6115:
6113:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6065:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6044:
6035:
6026:
6016:
6014:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5992:
5990:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5972:Taiwan serow (
5969:
5960:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5918:
5909:
5903:Iberian ibex (
5900:
5891:
5882:
5873:
5864:
5855:
5846:
5836:
5834:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5812:
5810:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5792:Arabian tahr (
5788:
5786:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5762:
5750:
5749:
5736:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5631:
5621:
5619:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5503:
5501:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5430:
5426:R. fulvorufula
5421:
5411:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5388:
5379:
5370:
5361:
5351:
5349:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5294:Arabian oryx (
5291:
5282:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5217:
5207:
5206:
5198:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5171:O. virginianus
5166:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5090:
5079:
5077:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:O. bezoarticus
5031:
5029:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4977:M. gouazoubira
4975:Gray brocket (
4972:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4761:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4730:C. albirostris
4724:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4701:
4692:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4542:
4532:
4530:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:E. cephalophus
4508:
4506:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4485:
4476:
4467:
4458:
4449:
4443:Leaf muntjac (
4440:
4436:M. puhoatensis
4431:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4344:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:T. williamsoni
4288:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4242:
4240:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:M. moschiferus
4140:
4136:M. leucogaster
4131:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4100:M. berezovskii
4095:
4085:
4083:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3947:
3945:Antilocapridae
3937:
3936:
3930:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3917:Laurasiatheria
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3804:
3764:
3715:
3688:(3): 265–270.
3667:
3656:(1): 137–139.
3637:
3623:
3604:(1–2): 10–18.
3573:
3497:
3466:(3): 490–493.
3446:
3435:(3): 699–711.
3408:
3401:
3369:
3350:(1): 107–119.
3334:
3315:(2–4): 85–92.
3286:
3233:
3214:(2): 262–275.
3198:
3139:
3119:
3101:
3045:
3018:
2999:(1): 346–352.
2987:) and cattle (
2970:
2940:
2910:
2888:
2868:
2849:(2): 436–445.
2814:
2794:
2764:
2745:(3): 624–636.
2714:
2668:
2638:
2627:(2): 374–388.
2600:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2471:
2468:
2448:mountain nyala
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2357:Lesser kudu: 2
2355:
2340:submetacentric
2334:
2331:
2281:
2278:
2270:spotted hyenas
2199:
2196:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2132:Matschie, 1913
2126:
2117:
2108:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:(Ogilby, 1837)
2075:
2072:(Thomas, 1902)
2060:(Ogilby, 1837)
2054:
2052:mountain nyala
2042:
2041:
2040:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1972:(Pallas, 1766)
1953:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1930:(Lorenz, 1894)
1924:
1921:(Pallas, 1766)
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:(Pallas, 1767)
1887:
1884:Lydekker, 1906
1878:
1863:(Pallas, 1767)
1857:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1654:(Ogilby, 1837)
1648:
1646:mountain nyala
1636:
1630:(Pallas, 1766)
1624:
1612:
1606:(Pallas, 1766)
1600:
1588:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1557:(Pallas, 1767)
1551:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:Mountain nyala
1293:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1011:
991:
990:
989:
937:horn of Africa
921:early Pliocene
855:
852:
778:
777:
769:
768:
764:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
742:
741:
737:
736:
733:
732:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
692:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
661:
656:
654:
646:
644:
639:
633:
630:
628:
625:
531:Edward Topsell
514:
511:
395:
394:
392:
391:
376:
368:
360:
345:
330:
329:
328:
325:
324:
318:
317:
316:
315:
302:
289:
278:
259:
258:
252:
251:
245:
236:
235:
229:
228:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
121:
120:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
39:
29:Middle Miocene
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8394:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8377:Mammal tribes
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8335:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8315:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8293:
8273:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8250:
8248:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8226:
8224:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8181:
8163:
8161:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8142:C. bactrianus
8138:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8127:
8121:
8119:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8049:
8031:
8029:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8007:
8005:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7983:
7981:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7970:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7944:
7943:S. verrucosus
7939:
7937:
7935:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7889:S. domesticus
7885:
7883:
7881:
7880:S. celebensis
7876:
7874:
7872:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7832:
7830:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7809:Potamochoerus
7805:
7799:
7797:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7775:
7773:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7742:
7740:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7718:
7716:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7706:B. celebensis
7702:
7700:
7698:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7659:
7655:
7637:
7635:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7590:Blue duiker (
7588:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7505:C. nigrifrons
7501:
7499:
7497:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7487:C. natalensis
7483:
7481:
7479:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7433:C. callipygus
7429:
7427:
7425:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7360:R. campestris
7356:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7339:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7312:O. oreotragus
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7297:
7291:
7289:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7249:
7247:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7198:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7161:
7159:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7102:
7100:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7060:
7058:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7000:
6998:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6955:G. leptoceros
6951:
6949:
6947:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6889:
6887:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6859:E. albonotata
6855:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6835:A. cervicapra
6831:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6814:
6812:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6738:
6720:
6718:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6706:Giant eland (
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6684:T. sylvaticus
6680:
6678:
6676:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6646:Lesser kudu (
6644:
6642:
6640:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6608:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6573:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6527:
6525:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6461:B. domesticus
6459:Bali cattle (
6457:
6455:
6453:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6273:
6259:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6226:
6224:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6163:O. canadensis
6159:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6110:Nilgiritragus
6106:
6100:
6098:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6073:O. americanus
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5998:H. jemlahicus
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5894:Nubian ibex (
5892:
5890:
5888:
5885:Alpine ibex (
5883:
5881:
5879:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5741:
5734:
5730:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5652:Pantholopinae
5649:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5603:A. buselaphus
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5512:
5510:
5507:Grey rhebok (
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5451:Aepycerotinae
5448:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5382:Nile lechwe (
5380:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:Hippotraginae
5212:
5208:
5203:
5196:
5192:
5174:
5172:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5061:B. dichotomus
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5035:Pampas deer (
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4995:M. nemorivaga
4991:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4939:Red brocket (
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4908:H. antisensis
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4748:C. canadensis
4744:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4697:R. timorensis
4693:
4691:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4655:E. davidianus
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4622:R. duvaucelii
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4587:Bawean deer (
4585:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4512:Tufted deer (
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4445:M. putaoensis
4441:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4391:M. crinifrons
4387:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4284:T. versicolor
4280:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4091:M. anhuiensis
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4045:G. reticulata
4041:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3808:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:common elands
2489:
2481:
2480:common elands
2476:
2470:Domestication
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:least concern
2437:
2436:IUCN Red List
2429:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2148:
2145:
2141:Sclater, 1880
2139:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2087:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2008:Neumann, 1902
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:Heuglin, 1877
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:greater kudus
1907:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1875:Sclater, 1864
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1843:Heuglin, 1863
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1806:lowland nyala
1802:(Angas, 1849)
1800:
1799:Nyala angasii
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1775:
1771:(Blyth, 1869)
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1750:Sokolov, 1953
1749:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1728:sensu stricto
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:cape bushbuck
1616:
1613:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1582:(Blyth, 1869)
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1073:Geraads, 1981
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
985:
981:
980:
976:
975:
970:
969:
967:Sokolov, 1953
966:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:Olduvai Gorge
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
866:
862:
853:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
810:cores with a
809:
805:
804:morphological
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
775:
771:
770:
762:
761:
753:
752:
744:
743:
735:
734:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
697:
691:
690:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
674:
670:
666:
660:
659:
653:
650:
649:
643:
642:
638:
637:
631:
626:
624:
622:
617:
605:
594:
589:
586:
574:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
540:
532:
528:
524:
519:
512:
510:
508:
504:
499:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
388:
385:
380:
377:
372:
371:Taurotragidae
369:
364:
363:Tragelaphinae
361:
357:
354:
349:
346:
342:
338:
337:Strepsiceriae
335:
326:
323:
319:
312:
308:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:
290:
285:
284:
279:
274:
273:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
257:
253:
248:
243:
242:
237:
234:
230:
225:
222:
218:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
22:
19:
8357:Tragelaphini
8304:
8246:
8234:
8223:H. amphibius
8222:
8212:Hippopotamus
8210:
8190:Whippomorpha
8159:
8150:
8141:
8129:
8117:
8108:
8099:
8090:
8078:
8027:
8015:
8003:
7991:
7979:
7967:
7942:
7933:
7924:
7915:
7906:
7897:
7888:
7879:
7871:S. cebifrons
7870:
7861:
7852:
7840:
7828:
7819:
7807:
7795:
7783:
7772:P. africanus
7771:
7762:
7752:Phacochoerus
7750:
7738:
7726:
7714:
7705:
7697:B. babyrussa
7696:
7684:
7633:
7621:
7609:
7601:P. maxwellii
7600:
7592:P. monticola
7591:
7579:
7567:
7558:
7549:
7540:
7532:C. rufilatus
7531:
7522:
7513:
7504:
7495:
7486:
7477:
7468:
7459:
7450:
7449:Bay duiker (
7442:C. crusalbum
7441:
7432:
7423:
7414:
7402:
7394:Cephalophini
7377:
7369:R. melanotis
7368:
7359:
7347:
7335:
7323:
7311:
7299:
7287:
7279:N. moschatus
7278:
7269:
7257:
7245:
7236:
7227:
7219:M. guentheri
7218:
7206:
7195:D. megalotis
7194:
7182:
7157:
7145:
7134:P. hodgsonii
7133:
7121:
7098:
7089:
7081:P. gutturosa
7080:
7068:
7056:
7047:
7038:
7029:
7020:
7008:
6996:
6984:
6972:
6963:
6954:
6945:
6937:G. erlangeri
6936:
6927:
6918:
6910:G. bennettii
6909:
6897:
6885:
6877:E. thomsonii
6876:
6868:E. rufifrons
6867:
6858:
6846:
6834:
6822:
6810:
6798:
6786:
6774:
6716:
6708:T. derbianus
6707:
6695:
6683:
6674:
6665:
6656:
6647:
6639:T. eurycerus
6638:
6629:
6620:
6596:
6588:Tragelaphini
6587:
6571:
6559:
6547:
6535:
6523:
6514:
6506:B. javanicus
6505:
6496:
6488:B. grunniens
6487:
6478:
6470:B. frontalis
6469:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6430:
6418:
6409:
6400:
6391:
6382:
6370:
6345:
6333:
6321:
6309:
6256:R. rupicapra
6255:
6247:R. pyrenaica
6246:
6234:
6222:
6210:
6198:
6189:
6188:Snow sheep (
6180:
6171:
6170:Dall sheep (
6162:
6153:
6144:
6132:
6121:N. hylocrius
6120:
6108:
6097:O. moschatus
6096:
6084:
6072:
6060:
6048:
6039:
6030:
6021:
6009:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5964:
5955:
5946:
5934:
5922:
5921:Walia ibex (
5913:
5905:C. pyrenaica
5904:
5895:
5886:
5877:
5869:C. falconeri
5868:
5859:
5850:
5841:
5829:
5818:B. taxicolor
5817:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5769:
5757:
5673:P. hodgsonii
5672:
5660:
5635:
5626:
5616:Connochaetes
5614:
5602:
5601:Hartebeest (
5590:
5578:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5525:Alcelaphinae
5509:P. capreolus
5508:
5496:
5471:
5459:
5434:
5425:
5417:R. arundinum
5416:
5404:
5392:
5384:K. megaceros
5383:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5344:
5319:
5307:
5295:
5286:
5277:
5268:
5256:
5244:
5235:
5223:
5170:
5161:
5152:
5140:
5128:
5119:
5106:
5094:
5084:
5072:
5060:
5059:Marsh deer (
5048:
5036:
5024:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4941:M. americana
4940:
4928:
4916:
4907:
4897:Hippocamelus
4895:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4851:C. capreolus
4850:
4838:
4826:
4825:Water deer (
4814:
4802:
4790:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4696:
4688:R. mariannus
4687:
4678:
4666:
4654:
4642:
4630:
4629:Eld's deer (
4621:
4620:Barasingha (
4609:
4597:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4481:M. vaginalis
4480:
4471:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4408:
4399:
4390:
4382:M. atherodes
4381:
4369:
4292:
4283:
4275:T. nigricans
4274:
4265:
4256:
4248:T. javanicus
4247:
4235:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4193:
4182:H. aquaticus
4181:
4169:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4078:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4014:
4003:O. johnstoni
4002:
3990:
3966:A. americana
3965:
3953:
3915:Superorder:
3909:Infraclass:
3880:Artiodactyla
3827:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3767:
3743:(1): 13–16.
3740:
3736:
3685:
3681:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3567:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3386:
3383:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3236:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3133:
3113:
3067:
3063:
3031:
3027:
3021:
2996:
2993:Meat Science
2992:
2988:
2984:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2904:
2882:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2808:
2788:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2708:
2665:(1): 91–109.
2662:
2658:
2624:
2620:
2594:
2485:
2433:
2430:Conservation
2401:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2385:Sitatunga: 2
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:greater kudu
2248:rainy season
2242:, and fresh
2213:
2191:greater kudu
2183:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2088:
2077:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2031:
2026:Pocock, 1900
2022:
2017:Pocock, 1900
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1966:
1956:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1905:Strepsiceros
1903:
1895:– Cape eland
1889:
1880:
1871:
1867:common eland
1859:
1852:(Gray, 1847)
1848:
1839:
1831:(Gray, 1847)
1827:
1819:Wagner, 1855
1813:
1798:
1794:Heller, 1912
1788:
1780:Heller, 1913
1776:
1767:
1763:lesser kudus
1756:
1747:
1746:Blyth, 1863
1742:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1678:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1610:greater kudu
1602:
1590:
1578:
1568:
1561:common eland
1553:
1545:(Gray, 1847)
1541:
1533:Wagner, 1855
1527:
1518:
1513:
1481:
1457:
1370:
1346:
1331:
1295:
1275:Greater kudu
1273:
1244:Common eland
1242:
1227:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1091:Harris, 1991
1087:
1078:
1069:
1058:
1047:
1042:Leakey, 1965
1036:
1031:Wagner, 1855
1025:
1014:
1005:
994:
983:
972:
964:
963:Blyth, 1863
959:
954:
948:
944:
933:Middle Awash
916:
910:
900:beds of the
891:
888:late Miocene
882:
877:locality of
868:
857:
839:X chromosome
826:
821:between the
816:
781:
710:
696:Tragelaphini
695:
694:
663:
590:
546:Edward Blyth
536:
526:
500:
493:
487:
466:
456:
411:
407:
404:Tragelaphini
403:
398:
383:
379:Taurotragini
378:
370:
362:
352:
347:
336:
304:
291:
281:
270:
262:
239:
233:Type species
220:
212:Tragelaphini
211:
182:Artiodactyla
24:Tragelaphini
18:
8100:L. guanicoe
7959:Tayassuidae
7923:Wild boar (
7862:S. barbatus
7820:P. larvatus
7796:P. salvania
7794:Pygmy hog (
7728:Hylochoerus
7581:Philantomba
7469:C. jentinki
7451:C. dorsalis
7404:Cephalophus
7288:N. pygmaeus
7246:M. saltiana
7184:Dorcatragus
7158:S. tatarica
7048:N. petersii
6986:Litocranius
6886:E. tilonura
6833:Blackbuck (
6809:Springbok (
6752:Antilopinae
6750:(subfamily
6697:Taurotragus
6664:Sitatunga (
6657:T. scriptus
6648:T. imberbis
6605:(including
6598:Tragelaphus
6419:B. quarlesi
6301:Boselaphini
6285:(subfamily
6190:O. nivicola
6031:N. caudatus
6020:Red goral (
6011:Naemorhedus
5974:C. swinhoei
5954:Red serow (
5936:Capricornis
5914:C. sibirica
5851:C. caucasia
5842:C. aegagrus
5840:Wild goat (
5794:A. jayakari
5783:Arabitragus
5742:(subfamily
5713:Antilopinae
5636:C. taurinus
5579:D. pygargus
5472:A. melampus
5393:K. vardonii
5355:Waterbuck (
5296:O. leucoryx
5225:Hippotragus
5153:O. hemionus
5151:Mule deer (
5050:Blastocerus
4959:M. bricenii
4917:H. bisulcus
4884:R. tarandus
4860:C. pygargus
4782:Capreolinae
4764:Sika deer (
4706:R. unicolor
4695:Rusa deer (
4598:A. porcinus
4418:M. montanus
4215:M. kathygre
3964:Pronghorn (
3955:Antilocapra
3586:Taurotragus
3483:10400.7/566
2907:(1): 81–87.
2735:Tragelaphus
2444:giant eland
2411:azoospermic
2378:Bushbuck: 2
2317:polyandrous
2232:dry seasons
2105:Speke, 1863
2093:Speke, 1863
1958:Tragelaphus
1835:giant eland
1815:Taurotragus
1725:Tragelaphus
1721:Tragelaphus
1709:Taurotragus
1705:Tragelaphus
1701:Taurotragus
1697:Tragelaphus
1689:lesser kudu
1681:nuclear DNA
1666:Speke, 1863
1594:Angas, 1849
1586:lesser kudu
1570:Tragelaphus
1549:giant eland
1529:Taurotragus
1522:Blyth, 1863
1483:Lesser kudu
1229:Giant eland
1082:Thomas 1884
1060:Tragelaphus
1027:Taurotragus
1009:Vekua, 2012
898:Pleistocene
841:fused with
835:lesser kudu
800:Boselaphini
726:, and wild
665:Boselaphini
627:Systematics
495:Tragelaphus
489:Taurotragus
410:"), or the
366:Blyth, 1863
351:Gray, 1846
306:Tragelaphus
293:Taurotragus
198:Subfamily:
117:Giant eland
31:– present,
8351:Categories
8236:Choeropsis
8118:L. vicugna
8004:C. wagneri
7907:S. oliveri
7898:S. heureni
7634:S. grimmia
7623:Sylvicapra
7610:P. walteri
7523:C. rubidis
7514:C. ogilbyi
7460:C. harveyi
7424:C. brookei
7378:R. sharpei
7358:Steenbok (
7349:Raphicerus
7301:Oreotragus
7174:Neotragini
7123:Pantholops
7039:N. notatus
6997:L. walleri
6946:G. gazella
6919:G. cuvieri
6908:Chinkara (
6800:Antidorcas
6787:A. clarkei
6776:Ammodorcas
6766:Antilopini
6666:T. spekeii
6630:T. buxtoni
6621:T. angasii
6513:Wild yak (
6497:B. indicus
6452:B. bonasus
6392:B. bubalis
6335:Boselaphus
6311:Tetracerus
6181:O. gmelini
6049:N. griseus
6022:N. baileyi
5987:Hemitragus
5956:C. rubidus
5947:C. crispus
5896:C. nubiana
5759:Ammotragus
5662:Pantholops
5592:Alcelaphus
5577:Bontebok (
5570:D. lunatus
5559:Damaliscus
5546:B. hunteri
5435:R. redunca
5336:Reduncinae
5287:O. gazella
5236:H. equinus
5162:O. pandora
5142:Odocoileus
5026:Ozotoceros
4882:Reindeer (
4827:H. inermis
4816:Hydropotes
4739:C. elaphus
4737:Red deer (
4679:R. alfredi
4596:Hog deer (
4454:M. reevesi
4427:M. muntjak
4257:T. kanchil
4224:M. meminna
4171:Hyemoschus
4161:Tragulidae
4118:M. cupreus
4036:G. giraffa
3982:Giraffidae
3933:Ruminantia
3682:Chromosoma
2989:Bos taurus
2533:References
2482:on a farm.
2456:endangered
2452:vulnerable
2415:germ cells
2226:, and sub-
2097:sitatungas
1758:Ammelaphus
1145:Bibi, 2011
996:Pontoceros
949:T. moroitu
906:South Asia
893:Pontoceros
831:karyotypes
467:Bos taurus
430:, and the
311:Blainville
283:Pontoceros
34:15–0
8362:Antelopes
8188:Suborder
8098:Guanaco (
8070:Camelidae
8056:Suborder
8028:D. tajacu
8017:Dicotyles
7993:Catagonus
7980:T. pecari
7925:S. scrofa
7829:P. porcus
7818:Bushpig (
7686:Babyrousa
7662:Suborder
7559:C. weynsi
7550:C. spadix
7415:C. adersi
7336:O. ourebi
7270:N. batesi
7259:Neotragus
7228:M. kirkii
7030:N. granti
6995:Gerenuk (
6964:G. spekei
6928:G. dorcas
6785:Dibatag (
6572:S. caffer
6537:Pseudoryx
6524:B. taurus
6504:Banteng (
6479:B. gaurus
6408:Tamaraw (
6254:Chamois (
6236:Rupicapra
6223:P. nayaur
6199:O. vignei
6179:Mouflon (
5878:C. hircus
5867:Markhor (
5770:A. lervia
5535:Beatragus
5461:Aepyceros
5285:Gemsbok (
5278:O. dammah
5120:P. carlae
5013:M. temama
5004:M. rufina
4968:M. chunyi
4950:M. bororo
4840:Capreolus
4766:C. nippon
4757:C. hanglu
4644:Elaphurus
4589:A. kuhlii
4503:Elaphodus
4371:Muntiacus
4206:M. indica
4195:Moschiola
4127:M. fuscus
4070:Moschidae
3931:Suborder
3891:Kingdom:
3594:eurycerus
3040:2246/1104
3034:: 1–350.
2512:Tragelaph
2464:bush meat
2253:nocturnal
2246:when the
2224:mountains
2220:savannahs
1670:sitatunga
1348:Sitatunga
929:Kuseralee
847:COII gene
833:with the
558:tragelaph
543:zoologist
539:subfamily
523:tragelaph
513:Etymology
486:species,
452:antelopes
436:tragelaph
424:bushbucks
148:Kingdom:
142:Eukaryota
8320:Q3658186
8314:Wikidata
8160:C. ferus
8116:Vicuña (
8109:L. pacos
8107:Alpaca (
8091:L. glama
8058:Tylopoda
7568:C. zebra
7496:C. niger
7070:Procapra
6848:Eudorcas
6824:Antilope
6561:Syncerus
6522:Cattle (
6515:B. mutus
6443:B. bison
6383:B. arnee
6344:Nilgai (
6221:Bharal (
6212:Pseudois
6172:O. dalli
6154:O. aries
6145:O. ammon
6143:Argali (
6095:Muskox (
6062:Oreamnos
6040:N. goral
5923:C. walie
5807:Budorcas
5744:Caprinae
5689:Caprinae
5544:Hirola (
5488:Peleinae
5470:Impala (
5375:K. leche
5373:Lechwe (
5269:O. beisa
5245:H. niger
4906:Taruca (
4873:Rangifer
4803:A. alces
4704:Sambar (
4631:R. eldii
4611:Rucervus
4569:Chital (
4361:Cervinae
4348:Cervidae
4309:Cervidae
4237:Tragulus
3911:Eutheria
3905:Mammalia
3899:Chordata
3897:Phylum:
3893:Animalia
3590:Boocerus
3492:23362112
3281:10380679
3096:23927069
3013:23954274
2967:: 53–67.
2953:"Eland (
2937:: 47–52.
2923:"Eland (
2863:53977844
2759:15878131
2517:Antelope
2506:See also
2478:Several
2392:Bongo: 2
2350:Nyala: 2
2305:bushbuck
2266:cheetahs
2262:leopards
2189:and the
1691:and the
1372:Bushbuck
1164:Taxonomy
974:Pheraios
931:and the
925:Asa Koma
902:Mygdonia
879:Thessaly
875:Turolian
865:Caucasus
863:and the
843:autosome
794:and the
720:buffalos
604:streptós
598:στρεπτός
503:browsers
459:antelope
322:Synonyms
272:Pheraios
264:See text
188:Family:
172:Mammalia
162:Chordata
158:Phylum:
152:Animalia
138:Domain:
8272:Cetacea
8263:Cetacea
8131:Camelus
8089:Llama (
7969:Tayassu
7785:Porcula
7334:Oribi (
7325:Ourebia
7208:Madoqua
7193:Beira (
7114:Saigini
7021:N. dama
6899:Gazella
6748:Bovidae
6746:Family
6717:T. oryx
6637:Bongo (
6619:Nyala (
6546:Saola (
6468:Gayal (
6372:Bubalus
6287:Bovinae
6283:Bovidae
6281:Family
6197:Urial (
5887:C. ibex
5816:Takin (
5740:Bovidae
5738:Family
5701:Bovinae
5627:C. gnou
5406:Redunca
5318:Addax (
5202:Bovidae
5200:Family
5108:Pudella
5095:P. pudu
4986:M. nana
4801:Moose (
4571:A. axis
4538:D. dama
4400:M. feae
4346:Family
4321:Bovidae
4266:T. napu
4080:Moschus
4016:Giraffa
4001:Okapi (
3903:Class:
3882:species
3878:Extant
3710:7987737
3702:4691550
3618:7151481
3364:8812311
3329:7389415
3272:1689916
3228:1382056
3193:1570322
3161:Bibcode
3087:3751017
3070:: 166.
2500:hunting
2419:gametes
2396:= 33/34
2389:= 30/30
2382:= 33/34
2375:= 31/32
2368:= 31/32
2361:= 38/38
2354:= 55/56
2288:A male
2240:flowers
2228:deserts
993:Genus †
971:Genus †
812:pedicle
784:Bovinae
774:Bovinae
652:Bovinae
616:kératos
610:κέρατος
585:élaphos
564:, with
479:species
471:Bovinae
440:Chimera
416:bovines
356:Simpson
224:Sokolov
219:, 1863
208:Tribe:
202:Bovinae
192:Bovidae
178:Order:
168:Class:
8334:100491
7676:Suidae
7277:Suni (
7010:Nanger
6495:Zebu (
6477:Gaur (
6362:Bovini
6086:Ovibos
5391:Puku (
5366:K. kob
4930:Mazama
4719:Cervus
3992:Okapia
3759:944778
3757:
3708:
3700:
3616:
3490:
3399:
3395:–330.
3362:
3327:
3279:
3269:
3226:
3191:
3184:525613
3181:
3094:
3084:
3011:
2861:
2757:
2737:spp".
2496:cattle
2488:cattle
2313:estrus
2294:estrus
2272:, and
2091:group
1955:Genus
1902:Genus
1823:elands
1812:Genus
1787:Genus
1755:Genus
1687:, the
1567:Genus
1537:elands
1526:Genus
1057:Genus
1024:Genus
861:Greece
823:nilgai
796:nilgai
788:Bovini
728:cattle
712:Bovini
673:nilgai
579:έλαφος
573:trágos
567:τράγος
507:bovids
475:genera
463:cattle
432:elands
414:, are
389:, 1965
387:Leakey
358:, 1945
343:, 1846
313:, 1816
300:, 1855
298:Wagner
256:Genera
249:, 1766
247:Pallas
226:, 1953
7664:Suina
7147:Saiga
7088:Goa (
6607:kudus
5831:Capra
5498:Pelea
5364:Kob (
5346:Kobus
5309:Addax
4792:Alces
4746:Elk (
3828:20016
3733:(PDF)
3706:S2CID
3224:JSTOR
2859:S2CID
2258:lions
2244:grass
2236:fruit
2208:swamp
2187:nyala
2178:nyala
2064:bongo
1790:Nyala
1748:sensu
1693:nyala
1658:bongo
1598:nyala
1459:Nyala
1333:Bongo
965:sensu
941:nyala
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