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skill. "/" represents a straight position, "<" represents a pike position, and "Îż" represents a tuck position. For example, 42/ is a back somersault with a full twist in the straight position, 800Îż is a double back somersault with no twists in the tuck position, and 821/ is a double somersault that has a full twist in the first full somersault and a half twist in the second full somersault while remaining in a straight position.
667:(DD or tariff) is calculated by adding a factor for each half turn (or twist) or quarter somersault. Difficulty is important in a routine, however, there are differences in opinion between various coaches whether it is better to focus on increasing the difficulty of routines given that this usually results in a reduced form score or to focus on improving execution scores by displaying better form in an easier routine.
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505:. Ross pioneered the sport in Canada almost 30 years ago and has consistently produced Olympic and World Cup athletes and champions. Since trampolining became an Olympic sport, China has also made a very successful effort to develop world-class trampoline gymnasts, their first major success was in the 2007 Men's World Championship and later in both Men's and Women's gold medals and a bronze in the
25:
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a spotter pass, the athlete does a straight jump from the sloping end to the flat bed to gain height, then after landing on the flat, performs the first skill, then after landing on the flat a second time, performs a second skill as they dismount. These skills are similar to those performed on a regular trampoline except that there is forward movement along the trampoline.
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Tumbling gymnastics is a further discipline of gymnastics competed at national and international events, usually alongside trampoline events. Instead of a sprung trampoline, competitors do a single, long complex tumbling and somersaulting combination along a straight, sprung runway, leading to a high
674:
In 2017, the method of determining the horizontal displacement from the centre was changed, new markings were added to the bed and zones set up with deductions based on the distance from the centre of the trampoline bed. The score is determined by a deduction which is the sum of all the landing zone
556:
A double mini-trampoline competition consists of two types of pass. In the one, which is known as a mounter pass, the athlete performs one skill in the jump from the sloping end to the flat bed and a second skill as they dismount from the flat bed to the landing mat. In the second, which is known as
530:
synchronization. Fewer points are deducted for lack of synchronization if the pair are bouncing at the same height at the same time. The degree of difficulty of the routine is determined in the same way as for individual trampoline routines and the points added to the score to determine the winner.
436:
were held in colleges and schools in the US and then in Europe. In the early years of competition there was no defined format with performers often completing lengthy routines and even remounting if falling off partway through. Gradually competitions became more codified such that by the 1950s the
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Although trampoline competitors are highly trained, they are also attempting to perform complex manoeuvres which could lead to accidents and falls. Trampolines used in competitions have their springs covered in pads to reduce the chance of injury when landing off the bed. They also have padded end
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Sports Centre; these now run alongside the World
Championships. Blake also used the first WAG as an opportunity to organise a World Trampoline Safety Conference which was held in the Bloomsbury Hotel, London, in order to codify safety concerns. There is also a World Cup circuit of international
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and Paul Luxon of London was the winner at the age of 18. The ladies winner was Ute Czech from
Germany. From that time until 2010, European and World Championships have taken place in alternate years—the European in the odd and the World in the even. Now the World Championships are held annually.
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Trampoline skills can be written in FIG (Federation
Internationale de Gymnastique) shorthand. FIG shorthand consists of one digit signifying the number of quarter rotations, followed by digits representing the number of half twists in each somersault, and a symbol representing the position of the
406:
move consists of a take-off from the back followed by a tucked 1¼ front somersault combined with a ½ twist, to land on feet. Rotation around the dorso-ventral axis is also possible (producing side-somersaults and "turntables"), but these are not generally considered to be valid moves
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A routine must always start and finish on feet. In addition to the 10 contacts with the bed in a routine, competitors must start their routine within 60 seconds after presenting to the judges. They are also permitted up to one "out bounce", a straight jump to control their height at the end of a
743:
in 2006) also require 200mm thick mats on the floor for 2 metres around each trampoline and for there to be four spotters whose task it is to attempt to catch or reduce the impact of an athlete falling off the side of the trampoline bed. The floor matting rules are typically adopted by national
670:
In senior level competitions, a "Time of Flight" (ToF) score was added to the overall score from 2010. This benefits athletes who can maintain greater height during their routines. "Time of Flight" is the time spent in the air from the moment the athlete leaves the mat until the time they make
529:
In synchronized trampolining, two athletes perform exactly the same routine of ten skills at the same time on two adjacent trampolines. Each athlete is scored separately by a pair of judges for their form in the same manner as for individual competitions. Additional judges score the pair for
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A double mini trampoline is smaller than a regulation competition trampoline. It has a sloped end and a flat bed. The gymnasts run up and jump onto the sloping end and then jump onto the flat part before dismounting onto a mat. Skills are performed during the jumps or as they dismount.
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as the skill sets overlap. International competitions are run under the rules of FIG. Individual national gymnastics organizations can make local variations to the rules in matters such as the compulsory and optional routines and number of rounds for national and local competitions.
718:, 1999). The top competitors usually perform routines with a DD of 16.5 or greater. In 2009 Jason Burnett completed a training routine with a DD of 20.6 at Skyriders Trampoline Place in Canada. The women's world record DD is 16.20 by Samantha Smith (
671:
contact again and is measured with electronic timing equipment. The score given is the sum the time in seconds of all completed jumps. This is now mainly in all competitions, including Club, County and
Regional, as it is a key factor in judging.
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The routine is marked out of 10 by five judges with deductions for incomplete moves or poor form. Usually, the highest and lowest scores are discarded. Additional points can be added depending on the difficulty of the skills being performed. The
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A fourth 'shape', known as 'puck' because it appears to be a hybrid of pike and tuck, is often used in multiple twisting somersaults—it is typically used in place of a 'tuck' and in the competition would normally be judged as an open tuck shape.
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have often dominated the sport. Germany and France have been the other strong nations in trampolining and the first four ranking places in World
Trampolining used to go to USSR, France, Britain and Germany. In recent years,
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The routines are performed on a standard 14-foot-by-7-foot regulation-sized trampoline with a central marker. Each routine consists of the athlete performing ten different skills starting and finishing on the feet.
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Rotation is performed about the body's longitudinal and lateral axes, producing twists and somersaults respectively. Twists are done in multiples of a half and somersaults in multiples of a quarter. For example, a
307:, trampolining was quickly introduced into school physical education programs and was also used in private entertainment centers. Elsewhere in the world the sport was most strongly adopted in Europe and the former
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The form and difficulty are judged in a similar manner as for trampolining but there are additional deductions for failing to land cleanly (without stepping) or landing outside a designated area on the mat.
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At first the
Americans were successful at World Championship level, but soon European competitors began to dominate the sport and for a number of years, athletes from countries that made up the former
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Competitive trampolining routines consist of combinations of 10 contacts with the trampoline bed combining varying rotations, twists and shapes with take-off and landing in one of four positions:
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observed trapeze artistes performing tricks when bouncing off the safety net. He made the first modern trampoline in his garage to reproduce this on a smaller scale and used it to help with his
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routine, before sticking the landing. The trampolinist must stop completely—this means that the bed must stop moving as well—and they have to hold still for a count of 3 seconds before moving.
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1056:"Gymnastics injury incidence during the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games: analysis of prospectively collected surveillance data from 963 registered gymnasts during Olympic Games"
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and twists. Scoring is based on the difficulty and on the total seconds spent in the air. Points are deducted for bad form and horizontal displacement from the center of the bed.
300:. He used the trampoline to entertain audiences and also let them participate in his demonstrations as part of his marketing strategy. This was the beginning of a new sport.
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Outside of the
Olympics, competitions are referred to as gym sport, trampoline gymnastics, or gymnastics, which includes the events of trampoline, synchronised trampoline,
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A straddle or straddled pike is a variant of a pike with arms and legs spread wide and is only recognized as a move as a shaped jump and not in any somersault moves.
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The currently accepted basic format for individual trampoline competitions usually consists of two or three routines, one of which may involve a compulsory set of
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deductions subtracted from 10. The displacement is measured electronically where the equipment is available, or else by two judges observing the landing zones.
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253:. In competition, these can include simple jumps in the straight, pike, tuck, or straddle position to more complex combinations of forward and/or backward
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472:, the Federation was formally recognised as the International Governing Body for the sport. In 1969, the first European Championship was held in
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Soon after the first World
Championships, an inaugural meeting of prominent trampolinists was held in Frankfurt to explore the formation of an
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decks, which are the locations that athletes are most likely to fall off the trampoline. The rules for international competitions (updated by
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Among
Olympic athletes at the 2008, 2012, and 2016 games, the injury rate for trampoline gymnasts was about half that for artistic gymnasts.
682:(DD) performed plus the total Time of Flight (ToF) minus standardized deductions for poor form and mistakes and the horizontal displacement.
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competitions which involves a number of competitions every year. There are also international matches between teams from several countries.
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722:). The top women competitors usually compete routines with a DD greater than 14.50. The women's synchronised trampoline pair of
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Trampoline
Gymnastics (TRA): Competitive exercises performed on the Trampoline, Double Mini-Trampoline and Tumbling
35:
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Edouard, Pascal; Steffen, Kathrin; Junge, Astrid; Leglise, Michel; Soligard, Torbjørn; Engebretsen, Lars (2018).
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has also produced Olympic medalists and World champions due in large part to contributions made to the sport by
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also of Canada completed a new world record DD of 14.20 at the same April 2, 2007, Lake Placid World Cup.
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the requirement for National & Regional competition is still 2m but only of 20–25mm matting.
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710:, Trampoline World Cup. Burnett beat the twenty-year-old record of 17.00 by Igor Gelimbatovsky (
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Patel, Tejal Sarika; McGregor, Alex; Williams, Karen; Cumming, Sean P.; Williams, Sean (2021).
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1946:
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1007:"The influence of growth and training loads on injury risk in competitive trampoline gymnasts"
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As part of the agreement to merge FIT with FIG, individual trampolining was accepted into the
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Programme cover from first World Championships showing Rob Walker outside Houses of Parliament
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final somersault onto a landing mat. The skills involved are very similar to those used in
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pioneers and the first ever televised National Championships were held in England in 1958.
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In competitions, moves must usually be performed in one of the following 3 basic shapes:
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in 1999. FIG is now the international governing body for the sport which is paired with
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activities. He formed a company to build trampolines for sale and used a variant of the
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916:"17.50 pt new world record by Jason Burnett in the finals of the Lake Placid World Cup"
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706:. He beat his own world record of 17.50 that he had achieved on April 2, 2007, at the
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Teenage trampoline athletes are at higher risk of injury with higher training loads.
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of Nissen and held in London in 1964. The first World Champions were both American,
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body in a straight position with legs together, toes pointed, and arms by the sides
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513:. Since then, they have won both World Championships and several Olympic medals.
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organised the first World Age Group Competition (WAG) in the newly opened
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sport in 2000, many more countries have started developing programs.
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10-bounce routine was the norm thereby paving the way for the first
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with hands touching close to feet and both arms and legs straight
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information booklet: David Allen, Brisbane, Queensland Australia.
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981:"YouTube video of Jason Burnett's 20.6 DD routine in training"
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607:, as well as individual World and Continental Championships.
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The International Trampoline Federation became part of the
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within competitions and carry no 'tariff' for difficulty.
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on April 30, 2010, at the Pacific Rim Championships in
832:"Gymnastics NSW Trampoline Sports Technical Handbbok"
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1127:Everything about trampolining and acrobatic sports
942:"Analysis of the Difficulty of the 2006 Routines"
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638:. The skills consist of various combinations of
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631:for 2000 as an additional gymnastic sport.
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690:The official world record DD for men at a
525:Female synchronized trampoline performance
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372:with knees clasped to the chest by hands
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
678:The total score is a combination of the
617:Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
548:Double mini trampoline in a training gym
357:
146:Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
896:. British Gymnastics' GymCraft magazine
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694:sanctioned event is 18.00, achieved by
603:event but has been held as part of the
449:and Judy Wills Cline. Kurt Baechler of
1112:Some original material extracted from
2048:International World Games Association
1528:International Gymnastics Hall of Fame
7:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
564:A double mini-trampoline competitor
466:International Trampoline Federation
133:Jumping on a competition trampoline
1132:Important Trampolining Safety Tips
1060:British Journal of Sports Medicine
810:"History of Trampoline Gymnastics"
432:The first individual trampolining
14:
1623:Sports of the World Games program
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841:. Gymnastics NSW. Archived from
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23:
311:. Since trampolining became an
34:needs additional citations for
1:
1024:10.1080/02640414.2021.1948259
1533:Major achievements by nation
1072:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097972
772:"Technical Regulations 2018"
1523:Longines Prize for Elegance
873:. Brentwood Trampoline Club
781:. p. 8. Archived from
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2491:Summer Olympic disciplines
1559:Aesthetic group gymnastics
1011:Journal of Sports Sciences
714:, 1986) and Daniel Neale (
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245:in which athletes perform
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2043:Sports at the World Games
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1630:Artistic and dance sports
871:"History of Trampolining"
658:Computer-assisted scoring
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441:which were organised by
1637:Artistic roller skating
319:Basic landing positions
2481:Gymnastics disciplines
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540:Double mini trampoline
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262:double mini trampoline
196:Country or region
2455:Winter Olympic sports
2383:Greco-Roman wrestling
2095:Summer Olympic sports
940:Guillaume, Lefebvre.
926:on 27 September 2007.
914:Guillaume, Lefebvre.
708:Lake Placid, New York
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579:Tumbling (gymnastics)
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239:trampoline gymnastics
122:Trampoline gymnastics
2394:Discretionary sports
1920:Past official sports
1899:Competition climbing
1882:Speed roller skating
1652:Acrobatic gymnastics
1483:South American Games
1216:Acrobatic gymnastics
952:on 27 September 2007
892:Kelly, Jack (2006).
704:Melbourne, Australia
680:degree of difficulty
665:degree of difficulty
629:Summer Olympic Games
457:of England were the
296:(diving board) as a
276:In the early 1930s,
249:while bouncing on a
155:United States, 1930s
43:improve this article
2378:Freestyle wrestling
2274:Rhythmic gymnastics
2269:Artistic gymnastics
1997:Invitational sports
1667:Rhythmic gymnastics
1571:Equestrian vaulting
1564:World Championships
1538:Nationality changes
1473:Mediterranean Games
1342:World Championships
1288:Rhythmic gymnastics
1226:Artistic gymnastics
728:Rosannagh Maclennan
599:Tumbling is not an
594:artistic gymnastics
439:World Championships
225: –
141:governing body
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1657:Aerobic gymnastics
1478:Pan American Games
1458:Commonwealth Games
1221:Aerobic gymnastics
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507:2008 Olympic Games
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325:Trampolining terms
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1192:Glossary of terms
1017:(23): 2632–2641.
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1508:List of gymnasts
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894:"Back to Basics"
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2476:Trampolining
2447:
2336:Table tennis
2306:Rugby sevens
2279:Trampolining
2278:
2249:Field hockey
2237:Show jumping
2210:Road cycling
2183:Canoe sprint
2178:Canoe slalom
1967:Rugby sevens
1942:Bodybuilding
1909:Wakeboarding
1904:Water skiing
1877:Orienteering
1838:Trend sports
1824:Powerlifting
1750:Martial arts
1672:Trampolining
1671:
1422:Pan American
1315:Competitions
1297:synchronized
1292:
1269:Balance beam
1244:Pommel horse
1113:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1014:
1010:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
972:Ghostarchive
970:Archived at
966:
954:. Retrieved
950:the original
945:
924:the original
919:
909:
898:. Retrieved
887:
875:. Retrieved
850:. Retrieved
843:the original
838:
826:
814:. Retrieved
804:
796:
790:. Retrieved
783:the original
766:
753:
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737:
689:
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673:
669:
661:
644:
633:
626:
614:
598:
592:routines in
582:
567:
555:
551:
528:
517:Synchronized
494:Soviet Union
491:
479:
463:
434:competitions
431:
409:
403:
400:
397:
393:
354:
351:Basic shapes
345:
328:
309:Soviet Union
302:
293:
275:
259:
238:
235:Trampolining
234:
233:
105:
99:January 2020
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1867:Flying disc
1862:Finswimming
1850:Parachuting
1731:Racquetball
1688:Ball sports
1488:Universiade
1448:Asian Games
1417:Pacific Rim
1371:World Games
1301:double mini
1274:Uneven bars
1240:Men's only
1209:disciplines
1114:Bounce 2000
852:18 November
640:somersaults
534:Double mini
451:Switzerland
447:Dan Millman
415:Competition
255:somersaults
218:World Games
2470:Categories
2356:Volleyball
2264:Gymnastics
2222:Equestrian
2195:BMX racing
2156:Basketball
2134:Water polo
1872:Lifesaving
1845:Air sports
1829:Tug of war
1767:Kickboxing
1700:Canoe polo
1647:Gymnastics
1642:Dancesport
1554:Acro dance
1468:Grand Prix
1293:Trampoline
1182:Acrobatics
1168:Gymnastics
990:27 October
900:2007-11-19
877:27 October
816:27 October
792:2018-09-12
758:References
470:Twickenham
420:Individual
251:trampoline
247:acrobatics
69:newspapers
2448:See also:
2373:Wrestling
2351:Triathlon
2341:Taekwondo
2151:Badminton
2146:Athletics
1982:Triathlon
1977:Taekwondo
1927:Badminton
1710:Floorball
1453:CAC Games
1354:World Cup
1080:0306-3674
1041:235735032
573:Tumbling
503:Dave Ross
482:Ted Blake
480:In 1973,
455:Ted Blake
443:Ted Blake
385:Straight
298:trademark
294:trampolĂn
199:Worldwide
174:Mixed-sex
2430:Lacrosse
2410:Softball
2406:Baseball
2401:Breaking
2316:Shooting
2286:Handball
2254:Football
2232:Eventing
2227:Dressage
2173:Canoeing
2129:Swimming
2114:Artistic
2109:Aquatics
2014:Lacrosse
2004:Duathlon
1932:Baseball
1772:Muaythai
1757:Ju-jitsu
1736:Softball
1725:Lacrosse
1720:Korfball
1705:Fistball
1677:Tumbling
1407:European
1395:Rhythmic
1390:Artistic
1386:African
1364:Rhythmic
1359:Artistic
1305:Tumbling
1088:29032364
1033:34219613
974:and the
956:27 March
839:Handbook
621:tumbling
509:held in
459:European
286:tumbling
266:tumbling
191:Presence
139:Highest
2415:Cricket
2331:Surfing
2311:Sailing
2244:Fencing
2190:Cycling
2141:Archery
1989:(women)
1957:Netball
1947:Casting
1808:Bowling
1793:Archery
1727:(women)
1662:Parkour
1576:TeamGym
1283:Parkour
1107:Sources
1096:4016156
985:YouTube
650:Scoring
511:Beijing
369:Tucked
364:Method
313:Olympic
303:In the
290:Spanish
272:Origins
205:Olympic
165:Contact
83:scholar
2435:Squash
2425:Karate
2346:Tennis
2301:Rowing
2168:Boxing
2119:Diving
1762:Karate
1741:Squash
1303:) and
1299:, and
1175:Basics
1094:
1086:
1078:
1039:
1031:
734:Safety
700:Canada
636:skills
611:Format
499:Canada
377:Piked
361:Shape
282:diving
209:Since
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2025:Wushu
2016:(men)
1972:Sambo
1892:Track
1501:Lists
1436:Other
1402:Asian
1249:Rings
1236:Vault
1231:Floor
1092:S2CID
1037:S2CID
846:(PDF)
835:(PDF)
812:. FIG
786:(PDF)
775:(PDF)
590:vault
474:Paris
339:Front
292:word
90:JSTOR
76:books
2453:and
2291:Judo
2259:Golf
1887:Road
1777:Sumo
1084:PMID
1076:ISSN
1029:PMID
992:2014
958:2007
879:2014
854:2013
818:2014
726:and
712:USSR
453:and
342:Back
336:Seat
333:Feet
284:and
264:and
227:2017
223:1981
211:2000
183:Type
62:news
2161:3x3
1517:WAG
1512:MAG
1323:FIG
1207:FIG
1197:Gym
1068:doi
1019:doi
779:FIG
741:FIG
720:CAN
716:GBR
698:of
692:FIG
588:or
237:or
178:Yes
45:by
2472::
2408:/
1090:.
1082:.
1074:.
1064:52
1062:.
1058:.
1035:.
1027:.
1015:39
1013:.
1009:.
983:.
978::
944:.
932:^
918:.
862:^
837:.
795:.
777:.
746:UK
268:.
168:No
2082:e
2075:t
2068:v
1615:e
1608:t
1601:v
1519:)
1510:(
1295:(
1160:e
1153:t
1146:v
1098:.
1070::
1043:.
1021::
994:.
960:.
903:.
881:.
856:.
820:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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