Trolleybus - Knowledge (XXG)

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distances, often in excess of 15 km. Such trolleybuses are called, among others, trolleybuses with In-Motion Charging, hybrid trolleybuses, battery trolleybuses and electric buses with dynamic charging. The main advantages of this technology over conventional battery electric buses are reduced cost and weight of the battery due to its smaller size, no delays for charging at end stops as the vehicle charges while in motion and reduced need for dedicated charging stations that take up public space. This new development allows the extension of trolleybus routes or the electrification of bus routes without the need to build overhead wires along the whole length of the route. Cities that utilize such trolleybuses include

4985: 693: 1097: 210: 648: 398: 1303: 753: 723: 29: 1248:, trolleybuses have greater difficulties with temporary or permanent re-routings, wiring for which is not usually readily available outside of downtown areas where the buses may be re-routed via adjacent business area streets where other trolleybus routes operate. This problem was highlighted in Vancouver in July 2008, when an explosion closed several roads in the city's downtown core. Because of the closure, trolleys were forced to detour several miles off their route in order to stay on the wires, leaving major portions of their routes not in service and off-schedule. 1570:

will not activate. Some trolleybuses, such as those in Philadelphia and Vancouver, have a manual "power-coast" toggle switch that turns the power on or off. This allows a switch to be triggered in situations that would otherwise be impossible, such as activating a switch while braking or accelerating through a switch without activating it. One variation of the toggle switch will simulate accelerating by causing a larger power draw (through a resistance grid), but will not simulate coasting and prevent activation of the switch by cutting the power.

663: 708: 1849: 1913: 1348:. A simple auxiliary power unit can allow a trolleybus to get around a route blockage or can reduce the amount (or complexity) of overhead wiring needed at operating garages (depots). This capability has become increasingly common in newer trolleybuses, particularly in China, North America and Europe, where the vast majority of new trolleybuses delivered since the 1990s are fitted with at least limited off-wire capability. These have gradually replaced older trolleybuses which lacked such capability. In 738: 273: 894: 678: 4814: 909: 554: 830: 44: 250:, and is credited with developing the under-running trolley current collection system, with two horizontally parallel overhead wires and rigid trolleypoles spring-loaded to hold them up to the wires. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days there were many other methods of current collection. The 1113: 390: 1526: 1139: 777: 157: 304:, under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers, became world-famous for its trolleybus designs. There were 50 trolleybus systems in the UK, London's being the largest. By the time trolleybuses arrived in Britain in 1911, the Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the Cédès-Stoll (Mercédès-Électrique-Stoll) system was tried in West Ham (in 1912) and in 1121: 1534: 5444: 5235: 1597: 1030:. For regenerative braking to function, there must be another bus on the same circuit needing power, an electric storage system on the vehicle or the wire system, or a method to send the excess power back to the commercial electric power system. Otherwise the braking energy must be dissipated in resistance grids on the bus; this is called " 332:

viewed trolleybus routes as extensions to tram (streetcar) routes where the cost of constructing or restoring track could not be justified at the time, though this attitude changed markedly (to viewing them as outright replacements for tram routes) in the years after 1918. Trackless trolleys were the dominant form of new post-World War I

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replace them with low-floor trolleybuses. Responses varied, with some systems keeping their high-floor fleets, and others retiring them early but, in many instances, selling them second-hand for continued use in countries where there was a demand for low-cost second-hand trolleybuses, in particular in Romania and Bulgaria. The

1058:, where several bus lines terminate, is in a tunnel once used by streetcars. Although diesel buses do use the tunnel, there are limitations due to exhaust fumes, which running the trolleybuses through aids in ventilation. Also, the trackless trolleys continue to have popular support. The only trolleybus systems in Japan, the 1695:. Škoda is Western and Central Europe's largest and the second largest in the world, having produced over 14,000 trolleybuses since 1936, mostly for export, and it also supplies trolleybus electrical equipment for other bus builders such as Solaris, SOR and Breda. In Mexico, trolleybus production ended when 1832:

However, because the lifespan of a trolleybus is typically longer than that of a motorbus, the budget allocation and purchase typically factored in the longevity; the introduction of low-floor vehicles applied pressures on operators to retire high-floor trolleybuses that were only a few years old and

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Trolleybuses have been preserved in most of the countries where they have operated. The United Kingdom has the largest number of preserved trolleybuses with more than 110, while the United States has around 70. Most preserved vehicles are on static display only, but a few museums are equipped with a

1868:, took delivery of its first low-floor trolleybus in March 2003, and by the end of 2009 had renewed its entire fleet with such vehicles. Unlike Europe, where low floor means "100%" low floor from front to back, most "low floor" buses on other continents are actually only low-entry or part-low floor. 1542:

after a few seconds or after the pole shoe passes through and strikes a release lever (in Boston, the resting or "default" position is the "leftmost" position). Triggering is typically accomplished by a pair of contacts, one on each wire close to and before the switch assembly, which power a pair of

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Trolleybus wire switches (called "frogs" in the UK) are used where a trolleybus line branches into two or where two lines join. A switch may be either in a "straight through" or "turnout" position; it normally remains in the "straight through" position unless it has been triggered, and reverts to it

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For a Fahslabend switch, the trolleybus' turn indicator control (or a separate driver-controlled switch) causes a coded radio signal to be sent from a transmitter, often attached to a trolley pole. The receiver is attached to the switch and causes it to trigger if the correct code is received. This

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A Selectric switch has a similar design, but the contacts on the wires are skewed, often at a 45-degree angle, rather than being lined up. This skew means that a trolleybus going straight through will not trigger the switch, but a trolleybus making a turn will have its poles match the contacts in a

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Multiple branches may be handled by installing more than one switch assembly. For example, to provide straight-through, left-turn or right-turn branches at an intersection, one switch is installed some distance from the intersection to choose the wires over the left-turn lane, and another switch is

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Trolleybuses are quieter than internal combustion engine vehicles. Mainly a benefit, it also provides much less warning of a trolleybus's approach. A speaker attached to the front of the vehicle can raise the noise to a desired "safe" level. This noise can be directed to pedestrians in front of the

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is a common feature of air suspension on the front axle in lieu of springs. In comparison to battery-powered buses, the lack of a specially designed battery or fuel cell (typically with expensive patents) decreases the price and weight, and in locations with a sufficient power delivery network, the

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became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain, on 20 June 1911. Supposedly, though it was opened on 20 June, the public was not admitted to the Bradford route until the 24th. Bradford was also the last city to operate trolleybuses in the UK; the system closed on 26 March

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have converted entirely to low-floor vehicles, and in 2013 the Seattle and Dayton systems both placed orders for their first low-floor trolleybuses. Outside São Paulo, almost all trolleybuses currently in service in Latin America are high-floor models built before 2000. However, in 2013, the first

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A power-on/power-off switch is triggered if the trolleybus is drawing considerable power from the overhead wires, usually by accelerating, at the moment the poles pass over the contacts (the contacts are lined up on the wires in this case). If the trolleybus "coasts" through the switch, the switch

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Since the end of 1997, no double-decker trolleybuses have been in service anywhere in the world, but, in the past, several manufacturers made such vehicles. Most builders of double-deck trolleybuses were in the United Kingdom, but there were a few, usually solitary, instances of such trolleybuses

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still maintain an "all-four" fleet. Some trolleybus lines in the United States (and in Britain, as noted above) came into existence when a trolley or tram route did not have sufficient ridership to warrant track maintenance or reconstruction. In a similar manner, a proposed tram scheme in Leeds,

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subway and/or elevated lines (metros), as appropriate, for routes ranging from the lightly used to the heaviest trunk line. Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate. In a similar fashion, many cities in Britain originally

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With regard to non-passenger aspects of vehicle design, the transition from high-floor to low-floor has meant that some equipment previously placed under the floor has been moved to the roof. Some transit operators have needed to modify their maintenance facilities to accommodate this change, a

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The wires are attached to poles next to the street and carefully stretched and mounted so that they are the same width apart and same height over the road (usually about 18 to 20 feet (~5.7m)). The pair of wires is insulated from the poles and provides about 500 to 600 volts to the bus below.

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suburb. This experiment continued until 13 June 1882, after which there were few developments in Europe, although separate experiments were conducted in the United States. In 1899, another vehicle which could run either on or off rails was demonstrated in Berlin. The next development was when

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With the development of battery technology in recent years, trolleybuses with extended off-wire capability through on-board batteries are becoming popular. The on-board battery is charged while the vehicle is in motion under the overhead wires and then allows off-wire travel for significant

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sometimes come off the wire. Dewirements are relatively rare in modern systems with well-maintained overhead wires, hangers, fittings and contact shoes. Trolleybuses are equipped with special insulated pole ropes which drivers use to reconnect the trolley poles with the overhead wires. When

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Easier traffic avoidance – Unlike trams (where side tracks are often unavailable), an out-of-service vehicle can be moved to the side of the road and its trolley poles lowered. The ability to drive a substantial distance from the power wires allows trackless vehicles to avoid

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Unable to overtake other trolleybuses – Trolleybuses cannot overtake one another in regular service unless two separate sets of wires with a switch are provided or the vehicles are equipped with off-wire capability, with the latter an increasingly common feature of new

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Less efficient use of right-of-way – Lanes must be wider for unguided buses than for streetcars, since unguided buses can drift side-to-side. The use of guidance rail allows trams running in parallel lanes to pass closer together than drivers could safely

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obstacles, although it also means a possibility that the vehicle may steer or skid far enough that the trolley pole can no longer reach the wire, stranding the vehicle. Trackless trolleys also are able to avoid collisions by manoeuvring around obstacles, similar to

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is right-handed; in left-handed traffic countries such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, the first switch (before the intersection) would be used to access the right-turn lanes, and the second switch (usually in the intersection) would be for the left-turn).

1608:, Greece, on the large Athens-area trolleybus system. The Russian-built ZiU-9 (also known as the ZiU-682), introduced in 1972, is the most numerous trolleybus model in history, with more than 45,000 built. In the 2000s it was effectively rendered obsolete by 1581:

Trailing switches (where two sets of wires merge) do not require action by the operator. The frog runners are pushed into the desired position by the trolley shoe, or the frog is shaped so the shoe is guided onto the exit wire without any moving parts.

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is much higher, due to rail, signals, and other infrastructure. Trolleybuses can pull over to the kerb like other buses, eliminating the need for special boarding stations or boarding islands in the middle of the street, thus stations can be moved as

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Trolleybuses in other countries also began to introduce better access for the disabled in the 1990s, when the first two low-floor trolleybus models were introduced in Europe, both built in 1991, a "Swisstrolley" demonstrator built by Switzerland's

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buses, introduced in 1990, and most were retired in 2005. A limited number of the Breda dual-mode buses had their diesel engines removed, and operated exclusively as trolleybuses until 2016. Since 2004, the MBTA has used dual-mode buses on its

1989: 59: 1691:, among others. In Russia ZiU/Trolza has historically been the world's largest trolleybus manufacturer, producing over 65,000 since 1951, mostly for Russia/CIS countries, but after its bankruptcy, its facilities were partially loaned out to 535:

have been expanding their respective systems, with Beijing expanding to a 31-line system operated with a fleet of over 1,250 trolleybuses. Trolleybuses have been long encouraged in North Korea with the newest city to have a network being

1508:) with tramways. This can result in cost savings when trolleybuses are added to a transport system that already has trams, though this refers only to potential savings over the cost of installing and operating trolleybuses alone. 1082:. As the basic construction of buses has not changed much in the last 50 plus years, they can be upgraded such as when air conditioning was retrofitted to many trolleybuses. Such upgrades are often disproportionately expensive. 2631: 540:

in December 2019. Since the year 2022, the city of Prague is constructing a new trolleybus system. Meanwhile, in 2023, plans for a trolleybus line in Berlin were scrapped in favour of a solution with battery-powered vehicles.

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Minimal noise pollution – Unlike trams or gasoline and diesel buses, trolleybuses are almost silent, lacking the noise of a combustion engine or wheels on rails. Most noise comes from auxiliary systems such as

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trolleybus, and it was tested on a 300-metre track in Wong Chuk Hang in that year. Hong Kong decided not to build a trolleybus system, and the testing of this prototype did not lead to any further production of vehicles.

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Longevity and maintenance – Electric motors typically last longer than internal combustion motors, and cause less secondary damage from vibration, so electric buses tend to be very long-lived compared to

364: 1482:, Germany announced plans to build a new trolleybus system with 15 routes and 190 battery trolleybuses. However, in early 2023 it was announced that the planned lines would use battery powered electric buses instead. 382:. Generally trolleybuses occupy a position in usage between street railways (trams) and motorbuses. Worldwide, around 300 cities or metropolitan areas on 5 continents are served by trolleybuses (further detail under 1046:

were sometimes referred to as the "Silent Service". This however can also be seen as a disadvantage, with some pedestrians falling victim to what was known as "Silent Death" (in Britain) or "Whispering Death" (in

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Overhead wires create obstruction – Trolleybus systems employ overhead wires above the roads, often shared with other vehicles. The wires can restrict tall motor vehicles such as delivery trucks

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Of the systems existing as of 2012, the majority are located in Europe and Asia, including 85 in Russia and 43 in Ukraine. However, there are eight systems existing in North America and nine in South America.

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Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently.

1325:, developed "All Service Vehicles"; trackless trolleys capable of operating as gas-electric buses when off wire, and used them successfully between 1935 and 1948. Since the 1980s, systems such as 2006:

There are currently 300 cities or metropolitan areas where trolleybuses are operated, and more than 500 additional trolleybus systems have existed in the past. For an overview, by country, see

2182: 65: 63: 60: 2544: 64: 1937:(for Porto, Portugal); in Russia, by the Yaroslavl motor plant (for Moscow) and in Spain, by Maquitrans (for Barcelona). British manufacturers of double-deck trolleybuses included 1293:. The wires also may impede positioning of overhead signage and create a hazard to activities such as road repairs using tall excavators or piling rigs, use of scaffolding, etc. 1344:

Trolleybuses can optionally be equipped either with limited off-wire capability—a small diesel engine or battery pack—for auxiliary or emergency use only, or full

1289:") and double decker buses from using or crossing roads fitted with overhead wires, as such vehicles would hit the wires or pass dangerously close to them, risking damage and 1578:

has the advantage that the driver does not need to be accelerating the bus (as with a power-on/power-off switch) or trying to make a sharp turn (as with a Selectric switch).

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Higher capital cost of equipment – Trolleybuses are often long-lived equipment, with limited market demand. This generally leads to higher prices relative to

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approaching switches, trolleybuses usually must decelerate in order to avoid dewiring, and this deceleration can potentially add slightly to traffic congestion. In 1998, a

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mounted closer to or in the intersection to choose between straight through and a right turn (this would be the arrangement in countries such as the United States, where

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Easier training – The control of trolleybuses is relatively similar to motorbuses; the potential operator pool for all buses is much larger than for trams.

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More training required – Drivers must learn how to prevent dewiring, slowing down at turns and through switches in the overhead wire system, for example.

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emissions in cities, trolleybuses can be an attractive alternative, either as the primary transit mode or as a supplement to rapid transit and commuter rail networks.

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after four years of trials, with a circular route around Lake Daumesnil that carried passengers. Routes followed in six places including Eberswalde and Fontainebleau.

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Trademark of Ohio Brass Co., maker of trolley wire fittings and equipment and trolley poles. The typewriter from IBM bearing that name had not been invented yet.

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Trolleybuses are uncommon today in North America, but their use is widespread in Europe and Russia. They remain common in many countries which were part of the

1775: 2720: 2657: 944:, both hilly American cities, use trolleybuses partly for this reason. Given their acceleration and braking performance, trolleybuses can outperform diesel 722: 481:

has, due to its history in the former Soviet Union, the largest trolleybus system in the world in terms of route length while another formerly Soviet city,

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built its first low-floor trolleybus (model AKSM-333) in 1999, and other manufacturers in the former Soviet countries joined the trend in the early 2000s.

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Transit authorities in some cities have reduced or discontinued the use of trolleybuses in recent years, while others, wanting to add or expand use of

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As of the 2010s, at least 30 trolleybus manufacturers exist. They include companies that have been building trolleybuses for several decades, such as

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Smaller trackless trolley systems were built in the US early as well. The first non-experimental system was a seasonal municipal line installed near

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may be seen as unsightly. Intersections often have a "webbed ceiling" appearance, due to multiple crossing and converging sets of trolley wires.

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in 1996–1999, and to Seattle in 2001–2002, but the first low-floor trolleybus was built in 2003, with the first of 28 Neoplan vehicles for the

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matching skew (with one pole shoe ahead of the other), which will trigger the switch regardless of power draw (accelerating versus coasting).

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at street level. Trolleybuses are especially favoured where electricity is abundant, cheap, and renewable, such as hydroelectric. Systems in

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vehicle, as opposed to motor noise which typically comes from the rear of a bus and is more noticeable to bystanders than to pedestrians.

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TrolleyMotion – an international action group to promote modern trolleybus systems, and database of systems in the world

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trolleybus line, allowing trolleybuses to operate for visitors. Museums with operational trolleybus routes include three in the UK –

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Three common types of switches exist: power-on/power-off (the picture of a switch above is of this type), Selectric, and Fahslabend.

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in 2008. This is instead of the trolleys using a conventional diesel drive train or battery-only system for their off-wire movement.

1337:, among others, have bought trolleybuses equipped with batteries to allow them to operate fairly long distances away from the wires. 5352: 3357: 2662:

Other reports stated that the (electrical) explosion did not affect power supply to the trolleybuses (only implied by this article).

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More control required – Trolleybuses must be driven like motorbuses, requiring directional control by the driver.

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on 10 July 1901 opened the world's fourth passenger-carrying trolleybus system, which operated at Bielatal (Biela Valley, near

1912: 5488: 3476: 1888: 1679:, among others, along with several younger companies. Current trolleybus manufacturers in western and central Europe include 1664:(formerly Uritsky, or ZiU) since 1951, until they declared their bankruptcy in 2017, building over 65000 trolleybuses. Also, 1616:

Well over 200 different trolleybus makers have existed – mostly commercial manufacturers, but in some cases (particularly in

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designs, and by 2012, every existing trolleybus system in Western Europe had purchased low-floor trolleybuses, with the

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Di̇Kmen, İsmail Can; Eki̇Ci̇, Yunus Emre; Karadağ, Teoman; Abbasov, Teymuraz; Hamamci, Serdar Ethem (30 January 2021).

254:(Mercédès-Électrique-Stoll) system was first operated near Dresden between 1902 and 1904, and 18 systems followed. The 5208: 4739: 3831: 3729: 2918: 2031: 2010:, and for complete lists of trolleybus systems by location, with dates of opening and (where applicable) closure, see 2007: 2001: 1962: 1645: 1455: 1156: 1050:

Usable in enclosed space – The absence of exhaust gases allows trolleybuses to operate underground. In

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required that all new transit vehicles placed into service after 1 July 1993 be accessible to such passengers.

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onto a desired wire or across one wire. Occasionally, "frog" has been used to refer to the entire switch assembly).

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on poorly maintained infrastructure killed 5 people and ultimately led to the destruction of the trolleybus network.

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in 2001. In North America, wheelchair lifts were again chosen for disabled access in new trolleybuses delivered to

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Environmentally friendly – Trolleybuses are usually more environmentally friendly in the city than

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engines, electric motors draw power from a central plant and can be overloaded for short periods without damage.

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in an urban environment, have opened new systems or are planning new systems. For example, new systems opened in

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being the last one to do so, and several systems in other parts of the world have purchased low-floor vehicles.

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trolleybuses delivered to Geneva in 1992, which were among the first production-series low-floor trolleybuses

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in 1904; the first year-round commercial line was built to open a hilly property to development just outside

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1972. The last rear-entrance trolleybus in service in Britain was also in Bradford and is now owned by the

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or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or

19:"Trackless trolley" redirects here. For the non-electric buses that resemble historic streetcars, see 5138: 4974: 4754: 4719: 4447: 4417: 4372: 4183: 4062: 3776: 3739: 3560: 2140: 2056: 1692: 1435: 1027: 478: 426: 126: 272: 5178: 5082: 5050: 4907: 4843: 4794: 4774: 4589: 4284: 4163: 3956: 3951: 3647: 3597: 3545: 3054: 2111: 1969: 1621: 1505: 1431: 1317:

With the re-introduction of hybrid designs, trolleybuses are no longer tied to overhead wires. The

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Difficulties with platform loading – Implementation of level platform loading with

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pumps and air conditioning. Early trolleybuses without these systems were even quieter and in the

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Better hill climbing – Trolleybuses are better than motorbuses on hilly routes, as

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technology, the disadvantages listed may be applicable only with a specific technology or design.

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than trams' steel wheels on steel rails, giving them better hill-climbing capability and braking.

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trolleybus is cheaper and easier to maintain in comparison to those requiring charging stations.

1034:". The use of trolley buses also eliminates pollution during idling, thus improving air quality. 485:, has the largest system in terms of number of routes (which also date back to the Soviet era). 1900:

domestically manufactured low-floor trolleybuses were introduced in both Argentina and Mexico.

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A significant change to trolleybus designs starting in the early 1990s was the introduction of

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diesel-electric power units for operating short distances off-wire were placed in service by

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Throughout this period, trackless freight systems and electric canal boats were also built.

1786:. The first production-series low-floor trolleybuses were built in 1992: 13 by NAW for the 5312: 5112: 5030: 4959: 4902: 4892: 4882: 4813: 4533: 4367: 4203: 4024: 3908: 3878: 3821: 3709: 3694: 1946: 1766: 1735: 1625: 1617: 1307: 1105: 1031: 829: 621: 43: 20: 3329:

Moving the masses: urban public transit in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, 1880-1912

1825:"Trollino" made its debut in early 2001. In the former Soviet Union countries, Belarus' 1730:

In the United States, some transit agencies had already begun to accommodate persons in

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Bramley, Rod (November–December 2012). "New Zealand: A 'Roller Coaster' Ride, Part 4".

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on flat stretches as well, which makes them better for routes that have frequent stops.

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Diagram of a 1947-built Pullman Standard model 800 trolleybus, a type still running in

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is the oldest operating system in the world. With a length of 86 km, route #52 of

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Braddock, Andrew (March–April 1995). "Low-floor Trolleybuses – Making Access Easier".

5462: 5168: 5161: 5128: 5055: 4929: 4868: 4799: 4744: 4339: 4324: 4304: 4299: 4042: 3928: 3811: 3771: 3759: 3652: 3518: 2106: 2066: 1973: 1826: 1715:

models, which began only a few years after the first such models were introduced for

1609: 1543: 1418: 1414: 1384: 1368: 1345: 1252: 1212:

Higher rolling resistance – Rubber-tired vehicles generally have more

1074:, and were converted from normal diesel buses specifically for their lack of exhaust. 1012: 1000: 937: 568: 524: 328: 301: 114: 106: 2959: 5448: 5407: 5366: 5298: 5239: 5133: 5102: 5045: 5040: 4949: 4784: 4769: 4569: 4553: 4543: 4512: 4492: 4476: 4437: 4397: 4392: 4377: 4334: 4057: 3836: 3744: 3657: 3572: 3535: 2894:"Yutong: the Chinese leader on worldwide expansion (as electric buses gain ground)" 2818: 2116: 2071: 1504:

Trolleybuses can share overhead wires and other electrical infrastructure (such as

1349: 1313:, the operator uses ropes to guide the trolley poles to contact the overhead wires. 1290: 1259: 1224: 1112: 617: 612: 389: 379: 239: 110: 102: 1525: 3451: 5092: 5087: 5035: 4969: 4897: 4789: 4427: 4289: 4259: 4249: 4037: 4004: 3984: 3841: 3602: 2081: 1490:

With increasing diesel fuel costs and problems caused by particulate matter and

1443: 1310: 1138: 984: 972: 964: 956: 952: 776: 528: 402: 316: 222: 156: 405:

also operate separate trolleybus systems to serve workers. Wuyang Coal Mine in

5402: 5322: 5070: 5065: 5009: 4964: 4924: 4729: 4599: 4319: 4314: 4234: 4136: 4014: 3994: 3946: 3913: 3883: 3848: 3791: 3719: 3714: 3677: 3592: 3567: 3550: 3513: 3369: 2588: 2086: 1950: 1864:

in mid-1999 were the first reported low-floor trolleybuses in Southeast Asia.

1739: 1731: 1720: 1653: 1417:

that run on electric power from overhead wires on a fixed right-of-way and on

1198: 1120: 1067: 486: 297: 51: 2634:[End of the wire: There won't be trolleybuses going through Berlin]. 2323: 319:

in 1910. The trackless trolley was often seen as an interim step, leading to

5422: 5183: 5060: 4954: 4432: 4382: 4329: 4244: 4198: 4168: 4158: 4098: 4052: 4009: 3999: 3918: 3888: 3873: 3816: 3672: 3530: 3103:

DeArmond, R. C. (May–June 1985). "The Trolleybus System of Dayton, part 2".

1747: 1712: 1700: 1676: 1533: 1467: 1101: 992: 584: 3853: 2497: 2314: 2297: 1837:

dealt with this dilemma in the 1990s by purchasing new low-floor passenger

1738:, and early examples of fleets of lift-equipped trolleybuses included 109 1596: 5371: 4264: 4254: 4239: 4229: 4208: 4188: 4153: 4131: 4093: 4084: 4047: 3961: 3734: 3704: 1917: 1818: 1716: 1684: 1649: 1079: 960: 881:

Quietness – Trolleybuses are generally quieter than trams.

867: 729: 410: 312: 305: 288: 213:

The "Elektromote", the world's first trolleybus, in Berlin, Germany, 1882

3446: 2790: 1841:

to be towed by its high-floor trolleybuses, a choice later also made by

5173: 4939: 4934: 4579: 4456: 4294: 4224: 4126: 3966: 3938: 3868: 3858: 3754: 2091: 1958: 1872: 1783: 1605: 1471: 1447: 1398: 1334: 1163: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 988: 968: 941: 801: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 759: 714: 654: 520: 337: 300:

was the first UK city to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while

243: 181: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 32: 2919:"THE INNOVATIVE TROLLEYBUS: IN MOTION CHARGING IN NEW KNOWLEDGE BRIEF" 2673: 2298:"Electrification in Urban Transport: A Case Study with Real-time Data" 4279: 4274: 4193: 3898: 3724: 3577: 1934: 1661: 1479: 1475: 1406: 929: 863: 854:

Cheaper infrastructure – The initial start up cost of

414: 259: 226: 5258: 2632:"Aus für die Strippe: Durch Berlin werden keine O-Busse mehr fahren" 1478:

are based exclusively on battery trolleybuses. In 2020, the city of

393:

The Shanghai trolleybus system is currently the oldest in the world.

3461: 2658:"Power in downtown Vancouver won't be fully restored until Tuesday" 1924:

was the last one to operate in the United Kingdom; closing in 1972.

1856:

completed the transition to an exclusively low-floor fleet in 2009.

1761: 493:

is the smallest city to be served by trolleybuses. Opened in 1914,

3989: 1988: 1911: 1847: 1760: 1601: 1595: 1532: 1524: 1378: 1362: 1357: 1301: 1286: 1119: 1111: 1095: 907: 892: 828: 684: 669: 552: 537: 396: 388: 371: 284: 271: 208: 70: 57: 42: 27: 3387:(Interurbans Special 59). Los Angeles: Interurbans. LCCN 74-20367 3343:

Tramways and Trolleys: The Rise of Urban Mass Transport in Europe

361:

United Kingdom, was changed to a trolleybus scheme to cut costs.

5429: 4354: 4309: 3923: 3786: 3289:

Isgar, Carl F. (January–February 2011). "Preservation Update".

1657: 855: 320: 134: 118: 5262: 4832: 3465: 3436: 3431: 2754:

No. 267 (May–June 2006), p. 71. National Trolleybus Assn. (UK).

4859: 3508: 3170:

Turzanski, Bohdan (March–April 2012). "Trollino 500, Part 1".

1660:(approx. 1,700). The largest former trolleybus manufacture is 1491: 1245: 1132: 945: 875: 770: 150: 109:(generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded 3021: 1116:

Pole bases with springs and pneumatic pole lowering cylinders

97: – in the 1910s and 1920s – or 1421:

power on city streets. Metro used special-order articulated

1278:

buses. The long equipment life may also complicate upgrades.

2819:"上海无轨电车"复兴":全换成新型辫子车车辆增加两倍-无轨电车辫子高油价时代混搭上海公交-上海频道-东方网" 932:

at start-up, an advantage for climbing steep hills. Unlike

878:

and other road vehicles, while trams can only change speed.

3257:

No. 292, pp. 78–82. National Trolleybus Association (UK).

1015:

operates its system using hydro power from the city-owned

3456: 3123:

No. 190, pp. 86–87. National Trolleybus Association (UK).

421:

This mode of transport operates in large cities, such as

4828: 3366:. North American Trackless Trolley Association (defunct) 3253:

Box, Roland (July–August 2010). "More about the 2000s".

2974:"BVG Berlin plans implementation of hybrid trolleybuses" 1929:

being built in other countries, including in Germany by

1244:

Difficult to re-route – When compared to

489:

has the smallest system in terms of route length, while

3441: 417:

has the last remaining mine trolleybus system in China.

336:, with extensive systems in among others, Los Angeles, 3293:

No. 295, p. 11. National Trolleybus Association (UK).

3204:

No. 222, p. 122. National Trolleybus Association (UK).

2726:. Seattle Department of Transportation. Archived from 2386:

Lignes Aeriennes et Trolleys pour Automobile sur Route

2222:, pp. "" and "" (in foreword). Coulsdon, Surrey (UK): 1871:

In the Americas, the first low-floor trolleybus was a

2302:

Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

1216:

than steel wheels, which decreases energy efficiency.

217:

The trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr.

3200:"Low-floor or Long Life?" (November–December 1998). 2934:"De nye Solaris trolleybussene er kommet til Bergen" 1746:

in 1979 and the retrofitting of lifts in 1983 to 64

1668:

built 1,114 trolleybuses based on designs by Brill.

1124:

Insulated poles, contact shoes, and pull–ropes

983:, unlike individual vehicles with exhaust gases and 862:

Better hill climbing – Trolleybuses'

5395: 5348: 5305: 5199: 5121: 5023: 4992: 4875: 4712: 4679: 4608: 4562: 4526: 4485: 4348: 4217: 4117: 4083: 4023: 3975: 3937: 3800: 3616: 3499: 3408:). National Trolleybus Association (UK), bi-monthly 3115: 3113: 2388:(Libraire Polytechnique Ch., 1902, no ISBN), p. 29 1860:Outside Europe, 14 vehicles built by, and for, the 1197:Note: As there are numerous variations of tram and 2135:Joyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). 3362:Porter, Harry; and Worris, Stanley F.X. (1979). 3041: 3039: 2614:"Trolleybuses Are Back to Prague After 50 Years" 1341:can be also used to move buses short distances. 3457:Urban Electric Transit - Database/Photo gallery 2164:. Paul Hamlyn Ltd. (UK). Republished 2004 with 1108:trolleybus in Bucharest, Romania, in April 2007 3135:No. 179 (September–October 1991), pp. 100–101. 2423:, (Advertiser Press Ltd, 1964, no ISBN) p. 39 125:). They are also distinct from other kinds of 5274: 4844: 3477: 3196: 3194: 3192: 2791:"NETransit: MBTA Vehicle Inventory Main Page" 1430:route. The last of these were be replaced by 1352:, new trackless trolleys equipped with small 501:is the longest trolleybus line in the world. 246:), Germany. Schiemann built and operated the 16:Electric bus taking power from overhead wires 8: 3414:, Bradford Trolleybus Association, quarterly 3249: 3247: 2625: 2623: 1652:(more than 1,750); and the Italian builders 1206:Like any bus, much less capacity than trams. 2849:"Hybrid trolleybuses in the Czech Republic" 2286:, Siemens History website on 14 August 2015 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 1022:Trolleybuses can generate electricity from 5281: 5267: 5259: 4851: 4837: 4829: 3484: 3470: 3462: 3420:, British Trolleybus Society (UK), monthly 3315:Lombard-Gerin and Inventing the Trolleybus 3280:No. 238 (July–August 2001), pp. 73 and 88. 3273: 3271: 3144:"The Neoplan N6020 Low-Floor Trolleybus". 2363: 2361: 2341:Lombard-Gerin and Inventing the Trolleybus 2183:"Trolley service begins the next 60 years" 1529:Trolleybus wire switch (Type Soviet Union) 1251:Aesthetics – The jumble of 1230:Wear of rubber tires leads to significant 3094:No. 305 (September–October 2012), p. 119. 2868:"Battery powered trolleybuses in Beijing" 2313: 1179:Learn how and when to remove this message 817:Learn how and when to remove this message 383: 197:Learn how and when to remove this message 133:. Power is most commonly supplied as 600- 3364:Trolleybus Bulletin No. 109: Databook II 3075: 3073: 2535:"Marrakech trolleybus route inaugurated" 2371:(Paul Hamlyn Ltd, 1967, no ISBN), p. 81 2335: 2333: 2264:. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks. 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2220:Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2012–2013 363: 3376:(Interurbans Special 58). Los Angeles: 3119:"Getting on board" (July–August 1993). 2128: 2034:– and three in the United States – the 1756:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 1066:lines, both run in tunnels serving the 643: 3374:Transit's Stepchild, The Trolley Coach 1383:Trolleybus with battery pack and full 1054:, trackless trolleys survived because 262:with 5 further installations, and the 2842: 2840: 2813: 2811: 2014:and the related lists indexed there. 453:, as well as in smaller ones such as 234:operated an experimental line at the 7: 3383:Sebree, Mac; and Ward, Paul (1974). 2766:"Farewell to Metro's Breda trolleys" 1319:Public Service Company of New Jersey 1161:adding citations to reliable sources 799:adding citations to reliable sources 630:Trolley pole base and fairing/shroud 179:adding citations to reliable sources 2447:"Plan for city trolleybus comeback" 1782:and an N6020 demonstrator built by 1537:A switch in parallel overhead lines 4656:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 3447:North American trolleybus pictures 3385:The Trolley Coach in North America 3216:No. 230 (March–April 2000), p. 39. 3186:No. 226 (July–August 1999), p. 89. 2630:Neumann, Peter (23 January 2023). 2547:from the original on 19 June 2020. 1026:while braking, a process known as 971:, etc.). Power from a centralized 258:or Bremen system was tried out in 14: 3082:No. 311 (September–October 2013). 3020:. Greenfleet.info. Archived from 2721:"Electric Trolley Bus Fact Sheet" 2543:. Railway Gazette International. 2024:the Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft 1371:operating as a trolleybus in the 5442: 5233: 4983: 4812: 4666:Transportation demand management 3331:(Harvard University Press, 1980) 2866:Wong, Marcus (5 February 2019). 2847:Martin Harák (13 October 2019). 2189:. 16 August 2008. Archived from 2097:List of trolleybus manufacturers 1719:. These have gradually replaced 1592:List of trolleybus manufacturers 1466:. The new trolleybus systems in 1137: 775: 751: 736: 721: 706: 691: 676: 661: 646: 155: 5005:Bombardier Guided Light Transit 3228:No. 249 (May–June 2003), p. 39. 3148:No. 183 (May–June 1992), p. 68. 3047:"Electric Vehicle Technologies" 2524:No. 321 (May–June 2015), p. 90. 1707:Transition to low-floor designs 1632:(1,624); the English companies 1373:Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel 1148:needs additional citations for 786:needs additional citations for 294:Bradford Trolleybus Association 166:needs additional citations for 3350:World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia 2764:Koch, John (28 October 2016). 2421:Keighley Corporation Transport 2262:World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia 1086:are relatively simple to add; 1: 5000:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 3638:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 3442:Trolleybuses in Latin America 2559:"北京多措并举治理PM2.5 一微克一微克往下抠-新华网" 1638:British United Traction (BUT) 1258:Dewirements – 5382:Passenger information system 4694:Passenger information system 3317:. (2017) Trolleybooks (UK). 2932:T, Tom (25 September 2020). 2589:"PyongyangTimes | home" 2498:"Transport in Kiev, Ukraine" 2185:(Press release). Vancouver: 2028:East Anglia Transport Museum 1933:(for Hamburg); in Italy, by 1072:Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route 495:Shanghai's trolleybus system 276:A double-deck trolleybus in 140:, but there are exceptions. 3832:Demand-responsive transport 3730:Medium-capacity rail system 3336:Buses, Trolleys & Trams 3334:Dunbar, Charles S. (1967). 2992:"Ask an Expert: Trolly bus" 2162:Buses, Trolleys & Trams 2160:Dunbar, Charles S. (1967). 2032:Black Country Living Museum 2008:Trolleybus usage by country 2002:Trolleybus usage by country 1854:Vancouver trolleybus system 1742:trolleybuses built for the 1298:Off-wire power developments 1291:dangerous electrical faults 975:, even taking into account 505:Trolleybus usage by country 105:that draws power from dual 5505: 5362:Automatic vehicle location 4595:Public transport timetable 3626:Passenger rail terminology 2540:Metro Report International 2137:British Trolleybus Systems 2102:List of trolleybus systems 2012:List of trolleybus systems 1999: 1922:Bradford Trolleybus system 1908:Double-decker trolleybuses 1862:Shanghai trolleybus system 1589: 1060:Tateyama Tunnel Trolleybus 668:Van Hool Exquicity 18T in 592:Direction (turning) wheels 523:, Turkey, in 2015; and in 18: 5438: 5296: 5227: 4981: 4866: 4808: 4626:Green transport hierarchy 4363:Automated fare collection 3372:; and Ward, Paul (1973). 2795:roster.transithistory.org 2696:"沈阳1999年"电改汽"的真正原因_沈阳公交网" 2660:. CBC News. 14 July 2008. 2593:www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp 2369:Buses, Trolleys and Trams 2218:Webb, Mary (ed.) (2012). 2044:Shore Line Trolley Museum 1744:Seattle trolleybus system 1734:by purchasing buses with 1604:trolleybus in service in 1088:kneeling front suspension 575:Destination or route sign 69:Video of a trolleybus in 5333:Autonomous Rapid Transit 4661:Transportation authority 3338:. Paul Hamlyn Ltd. (UK) 2978:Urban Transport Magazine 2853:Urban Transport Magazine 2224:Jane's Information Group 2077:Electric-vehicle battery 1875:vehicle supplied to the 1725:La Spezia (Italy) system 1666:Canadian Car and Foundry 1428:Silver Line (Waterfront) 1239:Comparison to motorbuses 1064:Kanden Tunnel Trolleybus 1052:Cambridge, Massachusetts 889:Comparison to motorbuses 236:Paris Exhibition of 1900 129:, which usually rely on 4725:Bus rapid transit creep 4671:Transportation planning 2107:Parallel overhead lines 2040:Seashore Trolley Museum 2036:Illinois Railway Museum 1866:Wellington, New Zealand 1624:(approx. 3,250 total), 728:Solaris Trollino 18 in 713:Youngman JNP6183BEV in 641:Modern design vehicles 569:Parallel overhead lines 264:Cantono Frigerio system 5144:Capacitor electric bus 4423:Manual fare collection 4403:Farebox recovery ratio 3894:Personal rapid transit 3452:Trolleybuses in Europe 2996:www.sciencebuddies.org 2960:"我市第一批双源无轨电车来啦十大亮点抢先看" 2502:www.classicbuses.co.uk 2315:10.17694/bajece.837248 1997: 1925: 1857: 1770: 1613: 1560:traffic directionality 1538: 1530: 1512:The two parallel wires 1436:battery-electric buses 1391: 1376: 1314: 1265:dewirement in Shenyang 1125: 1117: 1109: 919: 913:Underground trolleybus 905: 845: 589:Boarding (entry) doors 562: 513:zero-emission vehicles 418: 394: 375: 281: 214: 74: 55: 40: 5489:Sustainable transport 4918:Lowbridge double-deck 4780:Sustainable transport 4760:Passenger load factor 4575:Clock-face scheduling 4408:Free public transport 4260:Bus turnout (bus bay) 3957:Real-time ridesharing 3750:Platform screen doors 3352:. Trolleybooks (UK). 3348:Murray, Alan (2000). 3241:No. 306, pp. 126–134. 2940:(in Norwegian Bokmål) 2892:Mario (11 May 2020). 2343:(Trolleybooks, 2017, 2260:Murray, Alan (2000). 2139:, pp. 9, 12. London: 1992: 1915: 1877:São Paulo EMTU system 1851: 1764: 1599: 1590:Further information: 1536: 1528: 1382: 1366: 1305: 1123: 1115: 1099: 1009:Pacific river systems 911: 896: 832: 745:Castellón de la Plana 653:Irisbus Cristalis in 606:Retractors/retrievers 556: 519:, Italy, in 2012; in 400: 392: 374:in Soviet Union, 1987 367: 275: 212: 68: 46: 31: 5479:Trolleybus transport 5328:Guided Light Transit 5139:Battery electric bus 4819:Transport portal 4755:Outline of transport 4448:Reduced fare program 4418:Integrated ticketing 4373:Contract of carriage 4184:Personal transporter 3740:Narrow-gauge railway 3588:Rail replacement bus 3437:British Trolleybuses 2141:Ian Allan Publishing 2057:Battery electric bus 1985:Use and preservation 1891:. Subsequently, the 1765:One of the NAW/Hess 1693:PC Transport Systems 1486:Other considerations 1385:dual-mode capability 1346:dual-mode capability 1157:improve this article 1028:regenerative braking 928:provide much higher 795:improve this article 527:, Morocco, in 2017. 384:Use and preservation 219:Ernst Werner Siemens 175:improve this article 5179:Hybrid electric bus 4908:Cutaway van chassis 4795:Transport economics 4590:On-time performance 4585:Night (owl) service 4285:Interchange station 4164:Horse-drawn vehicle 3952:Flexible carpooling 3760:Metro/Rapid Transit 3398:Trolleybus Magazine 3327:Cheape, Charles W. 3291:Trolleybus Magazine 3278:Trolleybus Magazine 3255:Trolleybus Magazine 3239:Trolleybus Magazine 3226:Trolleybus Magazine 3214:Trolleybus Magazine 3202:Trolleybus Magazine 3184:Trolleybus Magazine 3174:No. 302, pp. 28–35. 3172:Trolleybus Magazine 3161:No. 200, pp. 30–37. 3159:Trolleybus Magazine 3146:Trolleybus Magazine 3133:Trolleybus Magazine 3121:Trolleybus Magazine 3107:No. 141, pp. 49–64. 3105:Trolleybus Magazine 3092:Trolleybus Magazine 3080:Trolleybus Magazine 3024:on 12 February 2006 2752:Trolleybus Magazine 2733:on 17 February 2017 2700:www.shenyangbus.com 2638:(in German). Berlin 2522:Trolleybus Magazine 2367:Charles S. Dunbar, 2112:Traction substation 1970:Citybus (Hong Kong) 1897:Philadelphia system 1618:communist countries 1399:Seattle, Washington 1276:internal combustion 1192:Comparison to trams 977:transmission losses 934:internal combustion 849:Comparison to trams 683:AKSM-420 Vitovt in 603:Decorative elements 266:was used in Italy. 232:Louis Lombard-Gérin 5413:Rubber-tyred metro 5318:Bi-articulated bus 4549:Standing passenger 3812:Auto rickshaw taxi 3782:Suspension railway 3765:Rubber-tyred metro 3688:Heritage streetcar 3593:Share taxi/Taxibus 2770:Metro Matters Blog 2616:. 15 October 2022. 2569:on 16 January 2020 2193:on 1 February 2014 1998: 1995:Crimean Trolleybus 1926: 1904:one-time expense. 1858: 1771: 1648:(1,379); France's 1614: 1539: 1531: 1392: 1387:on the streets of 1377: 1333:in Vancouver, and 1329:in San Francisco, 1315: 1311:Beijing trolleybus 1214:rolling resistance 1126: 1118: 1110: 920: 917:Kurobe Dam Station 906: 866:tyres have better 846: 835:San Francisco Muni 698:New Flyer XT60 in 627:Pole storage hooks 563: 499:Crimean Trolleybus 419: 395: 376: 282: 221:demonstrated his " 215: 75: 56: 41: 5456: 5455: 5418:Rubber-tyred tram 5290:Bus rapid transit 5256: 5255: 5098:Train replacement 4826: 4825: 4518:Transport network 4508:Non-revenue track 4174:Inclined elevator 4109:Inclined elevator 4075:Inclined elevator 3700:Higher-speed rail 3643:Airport rail link 3526:Bus rapid transit 3323:978-0-904235-25-8 3313:Bruce, Ashley R. 3051:Transport 2000 BC 2872:Checkerboard Hill 2563:www.xinhuanet.com 2349:978-0-904235-25-8 2232:978-0-7106-2994-4 2172:or 9780753709702. 2062:Bus rapid transit 1636:(approx. 1,750), 1630:Marmon-Herrington 1395:King County Metro 1189: 1188: 1181: 1019:generating plant. 959:-based vehicles ( 841:14TrSF) climbing 827: 826: 819: 639: 638: 334:electric traction 207: 206: 199: 91:trackless trolley 66: 5496: 5449:Buses portal 5447: 5446: 5445: 5387:Proof-of-payment 5283: 5276: 5269: 5260: 5240:Buses portal 5238: 5237: 5236: 4987: 4975:Transit Elevated 4853: 4846: 4839: 4830: 4817: 4816: 4735:Destination sign 4699:Platform display 4689:Destination sign 4646:Transit district 4641:Street hierarchy 4621:Complete streets 4616:Airport security 4498:Cross-city route 4443:Proof-of-payment 4413:Free travel pass 3904:Public light bus 3864:Hackney carriage 3683:Heritage railway 3668:Elevated railway 3663:Cross-city route 3583:Public light bus 3541:Cross-city route 3493:Public transport 3486: 3479: 3472: 3463: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3266: 3251: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3117: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3057:on 3 March 2006. 3053:. Archived from 3043: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2636:Berliner Zeitung 2627: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2565:. Archived from 2555: 2549: 2548: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2382: 2376: 2365: 2356: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2293: 2287: 2279: 2273: 2258: 2235: 2216: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2179: 2173: 2158: 2152: 2133: 1916:A trolleybus in 1893:Vancouver system 1804: 1796:Innsbruck system 1792:Gräf & Stift 1736:wheelchair lifts 1626:Pullman-Standard 1460:Saint Petersburg 1232:rubber pollution 1184: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1141: 1133: 1084:Wheelchair lifts 822: 815: 811: 808: 802: 779: 771: 755: 740: 725: 710: 695: 680: 665: 650: 580:Rear view mirror 571:(overhead wires) 549: 548: 325:trams, trolleys) 202: 195: 191: 188: 182: 159: 151: 67: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5434: 5391: 5350: 5344: 5313:Articulated bus 5301: 5292: 5287: 5257: 5252: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5195: 5117: 5113:Tourist trolley 5019: 4988: 4979: 4871: 4862: 4857: 4827: 4822: 4811: 4804: 4708: 4681: 4675: 4604: 4558: 4534:Checked baggage 4522: 4481: 4368:Bus advertising 4352: 4344: 4213: 4204:Trackless train 4147:Scooter-sharing 4142:Bicycle-sharing 4119: 4113: 4079: 4019: 3971: 3933: 3909:Pulled rickshaw 3879:Motorcycle taxi 3822:Combination bus 3803: 3796: 3710:Inter-city rail 3695:High-speed rail 3612: 3495: 3490: 3427: 3394: 3380:. LCCN 73-84356 3341:McKay, John P. 3310: 3308:Further reading 3305: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3269: 3252: 3245: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3169: 3165: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3111: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2980:. 3 March 2020. 2972: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2898:Sustainable Bus 2891: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2383: 2379: 2366: 2359: 2338: 2331: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2276: 2259: 2238: 2217: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2159: 2155: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2052: 2004: 1987: 1910: 1883:in 1992–94, to 1835:Lausanne system 1798: 1709: 1675:since 1936 and 1594: 1588: 1523: 1514: 1495: 1488: 1415:dual-mode buses 1339:Supercapacitors 1300: 1241: 1194: 1185: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1154: 1142: 1131: 1094: 1056:Harvard Station 1032:dynamic braking 1003:power from the 961:petrol/gasoline 926:electric motors 891: 851: 823: 812: 806: 803: 792: 780: 769: 762: 756: 747: 741: 732: 726: 717: 711: 702: 696: 687: 681: 672: 666: 657: 651: 622:power collector 599:Traction wheels 547: 491:Mariánské Lázně 313:Nantasket Beach 280:, England, 1966 248:Bielatal system 203: 192: 186: 183: 172: 160: 149: 81:(also known as 58: 24: 21:Tourist trolley 17: 12: 11: 5: 5502: 5500: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5484:Electric buses 5481: 5476: 5471: 5461: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5243: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5146: 5141: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4888:Bi-articulated 4885: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4750:Land transport 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4651:Transit police 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4631:Rail subsidies 4628: 4623: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4503:Network length 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4467:Ticket machine 4464: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388:Fare avoidance 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4270:Ferry terminal 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4179:Moving walkway 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4104:Moving walkway 4101: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4033:Aerial tramway 4029: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3827:Cycle rickshaw 3824: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3806: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3777:Street running 3774: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3426: 3425:External links 3423: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3367: 3360: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3325: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3282: 3267: 3243: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3188: 3176: 3163: 3150: 3137: 3125: 3109: 3096: 3084: 3069: 3060: 3035: 3008: 2983: 2965: 2951: 2924: 2910: 2884: 2858: 2836: 2823:sh.eastday.com 2807: 2782: 2756: 2744: 2712: 2687: 2672:Ashley Bruce. 2664: 2649: 2619: 2605: 2580: 2550: 2526: 2514: 2489: 2464: 2453:. 15 June 2007 2438: 2429: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2384:Henry Martin, 2377: 2357: 2339:Ashley Bruce, 2329: 2288: 2274: 2236: 2204: 2174: 2153: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2000:Main article: 1986: 1983: 1976:(#701) into a 1909: 1906: 1754:'s fleet. The 1708: 1705: 1587: 1584: 1544:electromagnets 1522: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1438:in June 2023. 1389:Brest, Belarus 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1282: 1279: 1272: 1268: 1256: 1253:overhead wires 1249: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1228: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1145: 1143: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1093: 1092: 1075: 1048: 1044:United Kingdom 1040:power steering 1035: 1024:kinetic energy 1020: 1005:Columbia River 949: 921: 897:Trolleybus on 890: 887: 886: 885: 882: 879: 871: 860: 850: 847: 825: 824: 783: 781: 774: 768: 765: 764: 763: 758:Trolleybus in 757: 750: 748: 743:Trolleybus in 742: 735: 733: 727: 720: 718: 712: 705: 703: 697: 690: 688: 682: 675: 673: 667: 660: 658: 652: 645: 637: 636: 635: 634: 631: 628: 625: 615: 610: 607: 604: 601: 596: 593: 590: 587: 582: 577: 572: 564: 546: 545:Vehicle design 543: 477:. As of 2020, 447:St. Petersburg 205: 204: 163: 161: 154: 148: 145: 138:direct current 127:electric buses 107:overhead wires 95:trackless tram 50:trolleybus in 35:trolleybus in 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5501: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:Buses by type 5467: 5466: 5464: 5451: 5450: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5201:Manufacturing 5198: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5056:Mobile lounge 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5015:Rapid transit 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960:Single-decker 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4913:Double-decker 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4807: 4801: 4800:Micromobility 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745:Hail and ride 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4340:Transport hub 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325:Train station 4323: 4321: 4320:Taxicab stand 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4305:Park and ride 4303: 4301: 4300:Metro station 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043:Cable railway 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3772:Regional rail 3770: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3653:Commuter rail 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3556:Intercity bus 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3358:0-904235-18-1 3355: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3009: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2962:(in Chinese). 2961: 2955: 2952: 2939: 2938:Bussmagasinet 2935: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2753: 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Tbus.org.uk 2675: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2436:Dunbar, p. 90 2433: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2270:0-904235-18-1 2267: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2170:0-7537-0970-8 2167: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149:0-7110-1647-X 2146: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2067:Dual-mode bus 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978:double-decker 1975: 1974:Dennis Dragon 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1923: 1920:in 1970. The 1919: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:Boston system 1886: 1882: 1881:San Francisco 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1827:Belkommunmash 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788:Geneva system 1785: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1752:Dayton system 1750:E800s in the 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628:(2,007), and 1627: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1586:Manufacturing 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1548:trolley wheel 1545: 1535: 1527: 1521:Wire switches 1520: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1432:diesel hybrid 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1374: 1370: 1369:dual-mode bus 1365: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1271:trolleybuses. 1269: 1266: 1261: 1260:Trolley poles 1257: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1191: 1183: 1180: 1172: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1146:This section 1144: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1129:Disadvantages 1128: 1122: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013:San Francisco 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:hydroelectric 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 947: 943: 939: 938:San Francisco 935: 931: 930:static torque 927: 923: 922: 918: 914: 910: 904: 900: 895: 888: 883: 880: 877: 872: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 821: 818: 810: 800: 796: 790: 789: 784:This section 782: 778: 773: 772: 766: 761: 754: 749: 746: 739: 734: 731: 724: 719: 716: 709: 704: 701: 694: 689: 686: 679: 674: 671: 664: 659: 656: 649: 644: 642: 632: 629: 626: 623: 619: 618:Trolley poles 616: 614: 613:Contact shoes 611: 608: 605: 602: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 570: 567: 566: 565: 560: 555: 551: 550: 544: 542: 539: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 508: 506: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 391: 387: 385: 381: 373: 370: 366: 362: 359: 355: 354:San Francisco 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 329:rapid transit 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 302:Wolverhampton 299: 295: 290: 286: 279: 274: 270: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 240:Max Schiemann 237: 233: 228: 224: 220: 211: 201: 198: 190: 180: 176: 170: 169: 164:This section 162: 158: 153: 152: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 111:trolley poles 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 87:trolley coach 84: 80: 72: 53: 49: 45: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 5474:Trolleybuses 5440: 5408:People mover 5367:Bus priority 5339: 5245: 5231: 5209:Electric bus 5188: 5152:Ground-level 4810: 4785:Timing point 4770:Request stop 4713:Other topics 4570:Bus bunching 4554:Travel class 4513:Radial route 4493:Circle route 4477:Transit pass 4438:Penalty fare 4398:Fare evasion 4393:Fare capping 4378:Dead mileage 4335:Transit mall 4058:Gondola lift 3837:Microtransit 3745:People mover 3658:Circle route 3607: 3573:Open top bus 3536:Circle route 3430:(in German) 3417: 3411: 3397: 3384: 3373: 3363: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3314: 3290: 3285: 3277: 3254: 3238: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3158: 3153: 3145: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3104: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3063: 3055:the original 3026:. 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Retrieved 2191:the original 2177: 2161: 2156: 2136: 2131: 2117:Trolleytruck 2072:Electric bus 2020: 2016: 2005: 1993:Monument to 1972:converted a 1967: 1965:and others. 1927: 1902: 1870: 1859: 1831: 1821:. The first 1772: 1729: 1710: 1670: 1656:(2,044) and 1644:(1,420) and 1615: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1556: 1540: 1515: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1440: 1393: 1350:Philadelphia 1343: 1323:Yellow Coach 1316: 1196: 1195: 1175: 1169:October 2010 1166: 1155:Please help 1150:verification 1147: 1017:Hetch Hetchy 985:particulates 981:point source 837:trolleybus ( 813: 804: 793:Please help 788:verification 785: 640: 510: 502: 420: 380:Soviet Union 377: 358:Philadelphia 342:Rhode Island 324: 310: 283: 268: 256:Lloyd-Köhler 216: 193: 184: 173:Please help 168:verification 165: 142: 103:electric bus 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 76: 25: 4903:Combination 4883:Articulated 4790:Transit map 4765:Public good 4682:and signage 4539:First class 4453:Smart cards 4428:Money train 4290:Kassel kerb 4250:Bus station 4038:Cable ferry 4005:Ocean liner 3985:Cable ferry 3842:Paratransit 3603:Transit bus 3598:Shuttle bus 3546:Express bus 3501:Bus service 3392:Periodicals 3378:Interurbans 3370:Sebree, Mac 3028:29 November 3016:G. 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December 2800:17 January 2775:26 January 2674:"Overhead" 2507:20 October 2482:20 October 2477:gtshina.ru 2087:Guided bus 2042:, and the 2030:, and the 1740:AM General 1721:high-floor 1717:motorbuses 1654:Alfa Romeo 1413:have used 1246:motorbuses 1199:light-rail 1080:motorbuses 1068:Kurobe Dam 1007:and other 767:Advantages 633:Bus number 595:Exit doors 585:Headlights 559:Valparaíso 487:Landskrona 403:coal mines 386:, below). 321:streetcars 298:Birmingham 123:pantograph 79:trolleybus 52:Landskrona 5423:Translohr 5377:BRT creep 5169:Fuel cell 5157:Inductive 5148:Charging 5129:Dual-mode 4930:Low-floor 4704:Timetable 4433:Paid area 4383:Exit fare 4350:Ticketing 4330:Tram stop 4245:Bus stand 4218:Locations 4199:Slope car 4169:Hyperloop 4159:Escalator 4120:transport 4099:Escalator 4087:transport 4053:Funicular 4010:Vaporetto 4000:Hydrofoil 3919:Songthaew 3889:Nanny van 3874:Limousine 3817:Boda boda 3673:Funicular 3648:Cable car 3531:Charabanc 3412:Trackless 3406:0266-7452 3299:0266-7452 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