1713:
202:
1778:
1136:
899:
1988:
60:
68:
45:
1483:
1399:
1249:
240:
272:
1547:
fungi and very strict control of the formation of mycorrhizae are necessary to ensure the success of a plantation. Total investment per hectare for an irrigated and barrier-sealed plantation (against wild boars) can cost up to €10,000. Considering the level of initial investment and the maturity delay, farmers who have not taken care of both soil conditions and seedling conditions are at high risk of failure.
1459:(in western France), who began to cultivate truffles around 1790. Mauléon saw an "obvious symbiosis" between the oak tree, the rocky soil, and the truffle and attempted to reproduce such an environment by taking acorns from trees known to have produced truffles and sowing them in chalky soil. His experiment was successful, with truffles found in the soil around the newly grown oak trees years later. In 1847,
552:
1660:
634:
1120:
4452:" (the farmer then had the idea, around 1790 — because there is an obvious symbiosis between the oak tree, the rocky soil, and truffles — of inducing the formation of truffle patches, by reproducing their natural environment by sowing acorns in his rocky soils. With "the acorns came from the oak trees producing truffles, sowings were made in the neighbouring chalky plots")
1974:
1384:
1065:. Bacteria feed on the exudates released by mycelium and colonise the soil surrounding them. Microscopic arthropods such as mites feed directly on mycelium and release valuable nutrients for the uptake of other organisms. Thus, truffle fungi and other ectomycorrhizal fungi facilitate a complex system of nutrient exchange between plants, animals, and microbes.
458:
417:, the Oregon brown truffle, has also been commercially harvested and is of culinary note. The Oregon white truffle is increasingly harvested due to its high quality and also exported to other countries. Oregon celebrates its traditional truffle harvesting with a 'truffle festival', combined with culinary shows and wine tastings.
1526:
alone. Knowledge of truffle cultivation, the soil and the seasons was lost along with the people. Another consequence was no more grazing sheep or shepherds who pruned trees for feed and fuelwood, so former truffle plantations turned into closed forests that no longer produced truffles. Truffles were
1417:
The most learned men have sought to ascertain the secret and fancied they discovered the seed. Their promises, however, were vain, and no planting was ever followed by a harvest. This perhaps is all right, for as one of the great values of truffles is their dearness, perhaps they would be less highly
976:
After ascospores are dispersed, they remain dormant until germination is initiated by exudates excreted from host plant roots. Following germination, hyphae form and seek out the roots of host plants. Arriving at roots, hyphae begin to form a mantle or sheath on the outer surface of root tips. Hyphae
929:
animal vectors for spore dispersal. This is analogous to the dispersal of seeds in fruit of angiosperms. When the ascospores are fully developed, the truffle exudes volatile compounds that attract animal vectors. For successful dispersal, these spores must survive passage through the digestive tracts
1542:
The situation changed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with researchers in France and Italy establishing mycorrhizas with truffle spores. Beginning from the 1980s, truffle plantations are compensating for some of the decline in wild truffles, and exist in various countries including France, Italy,
4448:
le paysan, a alors l'idée, vers 1790 — puisqu'il y a symbiose évidente entre le chêne, les galluches et la truffe — de provoquer la formation de truffières, en reproduisant leur environnement naturel par des semis de glands dans ses "terres galluches". Avec "les glands venus sur les chênes donnant
1820:
Because more aromatic molecules in truffles are soluble in alcohol, they can carry a more complex and accurate truffle flavour than oil without synthetic flavourings. Many commercial producers use 2,4-dithiapentane regardless, as it has become the dominant flavour most consumers, unexposed to fresh
1546:
A critical phase of the cultivation is the quality control of the mycorrhizal plants. Between 7 and 10 years are needed for the truffles to develop their mycorrhizal network, and only after that do the host plants come into production. Complete soil analysis to avoid contamination by other dominant
440:
trees. Chefs who have experimented with them agree "they are very good and have potential as a food commodity". Although pecan farmers used to find them along with pecans and discard them, considering them a nuisance, they sell for about $ 160 a pound and have been used in some gourmet restaurants.
1506:
trees useless. Trufficulture became an important source of income for those affected. The calcareous and exposed vineyard soils were well-suited to the cultivation of truffles. By 1890, truffières (truffle plantations) covered 750 km of land in France, and 2,000 tonnes of truffles were produced in
1635:
almost entirely wiped out the hazel trees by 2013 and production dropped, essentially ending the business. Eastern filbert blight similarly destroyed the orchards of other once-promising commercial farms in East
Tennessee, while newer farms in California, North Carolina, Oregon, and Arkansas were
1073:
Plant community structure is often affected by the availability of compatible mycorrhizal fungi. In arid-land ecosystems, these fungi become essential for the survival of their host plants by enhancing the ability to withstand drought. A foundation species in arid-land ecosystems of the
Southwest
1045:
Truffle fungi are ecologically important in nutrient cycling. Plants obtain nutrients via their fine roots. Mycorrhizal fungi are much smaller than fine roots, so they have a higher surface area and a greater ability to explore soils for nutrients. Acquisition of nutrients includes the uptake of
1217:
during the digging that dropped the production rate of the area for some years. An alternative to truffle pigs are dogs. Dogs offer an advantage because they do not have a strong desire to eat truffles, so they can be trained to locate sporocarps without digging them up. Pigs attempt to dig up
981:
for nutrient exchange. Hyphae can spread to other root tips colonising the entire root system of the host. Over time, the truffle fungus accumulates sufficient resources to form fruiting bodies. Rate of growth is correlated with increasing photosynthetic rates in the spring as trees leaf out.
726:
Phylogenetic evidence suggests that most subterranean fruiting bodies evolved from above-ground mushrooms. Over time mushroom stipes and caps were reduced, and caps began to enclose reproductive tissue. The dispersal of sexual spores then shifted from wind and rain to utilising animals.
595:
that form sporocarps similar to true truffles. These fungi form mycelial mats of vegetative hyphae that may cover 25–40% of the forest floor in
Douglas fir forests, thereby contributing to a significant portion of the biomass present in soils. Like other ectomycorrhizal fungi,
1054:. Many ectomycorrhizal fungi form fungal mats in the upper layers of soils surrounding host plants. These mats have significantly higher carbon and fixed nitrogen concentrations than surrounding soils. Because these mats are nitrogen sinks, leaching of nutrients is reduced.
1022:. In truffle fungi, as in all ectomycorrhizae, the majority of nutrient exchange occurs in the Hartig net, the intercellular hyphal network between plant root cells. A unique feature of ectomycorrhizal fungi is the formation of the mantle on the outer surface of fine roots.
1773:
While chefs once peeled truffles, in modern times, most restaurants brush the truffle carefully and shave it or dice it with the skin on to make the most of the valuable ingredient. Some restaurants stamp out circular discs of truffle flesh and use the skins for sauces.
1918:, where the coastal climate was less dry in ancient times. Their substance is pale, tinged with rose. Unlike truffles, terfez have little inherent flavour. The Romans used the terfez as a flavour carrier because the terfez tends to absorb surrounding flavours. Because
4729:
972:
is particularly adapted to finding truffles using its refined sense of smell, visual clues, and long-term memory of prosperous populations of truffles. This intimacy between animals and truffles indirectly influences the success of mycorrhizal plant species.
1800:
Truffle oil is used as a lower-cost and convenient substitute for truffles, to provide flavouring, or to enhance the flavour and aroma of truffles in cooking. Some products called "truffle oils" contain no truffles or include pieces of inexpensive, unprized
1543:
Spain and
Australia. About 80% of the truffles now produced in France come from specially planted truffle groves. Investments in cultivated plantations are underway in many parts of the world using controlled irrigation for regular and resilient production.
1821:
truffles but familiar with oils, associate with them. Because most
Western nations do not have ingredient labelling requirements for spirits, consumers often do not know if artificial flavourings have been used. It is used as a spirit in its own right, a
848:
necessary for obtaining carbon through other means. For example, truffle fungi have lost their ability to degrade the cell walls of plants, limiting their capacity to decompose plant litter. Plant hosts can also depend on their associated truffle fungi.
765:
The truffle habit has evolved independently among several basidiomycete genera. Phylogenetic analysis has revealed that basidiomycete subterranean fruiting bodies, like their ascomycete counterparts, evolved from above ground mushrooms. For example,
2704:
Griffiths, Robert P.; Caldwell, Bruce A.; Cromack, Kermit Jr.; Morita, Richard Y. (February 1990). "Douglas-fir forest soils colonized by ectomycorrhizal mats. I. Seasonal variation in nitrogen chemistry and nitrogen cycle transformation rates".
4605:
Bungten, Ulf; Egli, Simon; Schneider, Loic; Von Arx, Georg; Rigling, Andreas; Camarero, Julio; SangĂĽesa, Gabriel; Fischer, Christine; Oliach, Daniel; Bonet, Jose-Antonio; Colinas, Carlos; Tegel, Willy; Ruiz, Jose; Martinez, Fernando (2015).
4669:
Olivera, Antoni; Fischer, Christine; Bonet, Jose-Antonio; Martinez de Aragon, Juan; Oliach, Daniel; Colinas, Carlos (2011). "Weed management and irrigation are key treatments in emerging black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) cultivation".
918:). Conidia can be produced more readily and with less energy than ascospores and can disperse during disturbance events. Production of ascospores is energy intensive because the fungus must allocate resources to the production of large
762:. The Magnatum and Macrosporum clades were distinguished as distinct from the Aestivum clade. The Gibbosum clade was resolved as distinct from all other clades, and the Spinoreticulatum clade was separated from the Rufum clade.
4714:
4924:
3778:
683:
site. This indicates that the soft bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi do not easily fossilize. Molecular clockwork has suggested the evolution of ectomycorrhizal fungi occurred approximately 130 million years ago.
649:, containing the order Pezizales, is approximately 400 million years old. Within the order Pezizales, subterranean fungi evolved independently at least fifteen times. Contained within Pezizales are the families
3192:
4648:
2743:
Kluber, Laurel A.; Tinnesand, Kathryn M.; Caldwell, Bruce A.; Dunham, Susie M.; Yarwood, Rockie R.; Bottomley, Peter J.; Myrold, David D. (2010). "Ectomycorrhizal mats alter forest soil biogeochemistry".
1471:) planted 7 hectares (17 acres) of oak trees (again from acorns found on the soil around truffle-producing oak trees), and he subsequently obtained large harvests of truffles. He received a prize at the
616:. Members of this genus have low host specificity, associating with a variety of plants including hardwoods, forbs, shrubs, and grasses. These fungi commonly occur throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
2596:
Flores-RenterĂa, Lluvia; Lau, Matthew K.; Lamit, Louis J.; Gehring, Catherine A. (2014). "An elusive ectomycorrhizal fungus reveals itself: a new species of
Geopora (Pyronemataceae) associated with
3256:
Albee-Scott, Steven (2007). "The phylogenetic placement of the
Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae, using morphological and molecular data".
1095:
As global temperatures rise, so does the occurrence of severe droughts, detrimentally affecting the survival of aridland plants. This variability in climate has increased the mortality of
1345:
derivatives appear to be produced by bacterial symbionts living in the truffle body. The most abundant of these, 3-methyl, 4-5 dihydrothiophene, contributes to the white truffle's aroma.
4862:
1286:, which occur in all truffle species, such as dimethyl mono- (DMS), di- (DMDS) and tri- (DMTS) sulfides, as well as 2-methyl-4,5-dihydrothiophene, characteristic of the white truffle
1198:
have been used to extract truffles. Both the female pig's natural truffle-seeking and her intent to eat the truffle were thought to be due to a compound within the truffle similar to
1724:
Because of their high price and their strong aroma, truffles are used sparingly. Supplies can be found commercially as unadulterated fresh produce or preserved, typically in a light
1734:
As the volatile aromas dissipate quicker when heated, truffles are generally served raw and shaved over warm, simple foods where their flavour will be highlighted, such as buttered
3927:
Haskins, Kristin E.; Gehring, Catherine A. (2005). "Evidence for mutualist limitation: the impacts of conspecific density on the mycorrhizal inoculum potential of woodland soils".
4916:
3874:
Moldenke, A.R., 1999. Soil-dwelling arthropods: their diversity and functional roles. United States
Department of Agriculture Forest Service General Technical Report PNW. 33-44.
1227:
can also detect the volatile compounds associated with subterranean fruiting bodies. These flies lay their eggs above truffles to provide food for their young. At ground level,
776:, a mushroom-forming genus. Studies have suggested that selection for subterranean fruiting bodies among ascomycetes and basidiomycetes occurred in water-limited environments.
4893:
3510:
Jaillard, B; Barry-Etienne, D; Colinas, C; de Miguel, AM; Genola, L; Libre, A; Oliach, D; Saenz, W; Saez, M; Salducci, X; Souche, G; Sourzat, P; Villeneuve, M (2014).
2808:
Trappe, James M.; Molina, Randy; Luoma, Daniel L.; Cázares, Efren; Pilz, David; Smith, Jane E.; Castellano, Michael A.; Miller, Steven L.; Trappe, Matthew J. (2009).
4782:
4426:
See: Thérèse Dereix de
Laplane (2010) "Des truffes sauvages aux truffes cultivées en Loudunais" (From wild truffles to cultivated truffles in the area of Loudun),
3213:
Hibbett, David S. (2007). "After the gold rush, or before the flood? Evolutionary morphology of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) in the early 21st century".
4983:
3404:
1712:
5181:
711:
of
Basidiomycota both form subterranean fruiting bodies and play similar ecological roles as truffle forming ascomycetes. The ancestors of the Ascomycota genera
3019:
Jeandroz, S.; Murat, C.; Wang, Y.; Bonfante, P.; Le Tacon, F. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Tuber, the true truffles".
257:, but the same species) are harvested in autumn until December and have aromatic flesh of a darker colour. These are associated with various trees and shrubs.
1579:
with the truffle fungus to create a local truffle industry. Their success and the value of the resulting truffles has encouraged a small industry to develop.
925:
Because truffle fungi produce their sexual fruiting bodies underground, spores cannot be spread by wind and water. Therefore, nearly all truffles depend on
1206:
of boar saliva, to which the sow is keenly attracted. Studies in 1990 demonstrated that the compound actively recognised by both truffle pigs and dogs is
1962:(1825) noted that they were so expensive they appeared only at the dinner tables of great nobles and kept women. They were sometimes served with turkey.
5059:
3561:
3799:
Cromack, Kermit; Fichter, B.L.; Moldenke, A.M.; Entry, J.A.; Ingham, E.R. (1988). "Interactions between soil animals and ectomycorrhizal fungal mats".
225:, cherry, and other deciduous trees and are harvested in late autumn and winter. The genome sequence of the black truffle was published in March 2010.
2263:
Martin, F.; Kohler, A.; Murat, C.; Balestrini, R.; Coutinho, P.M.; Jaillon, O.; Montanini, B.; Morin, E.; Noel, B.; Percudani, R.; Porcel, B. (2010).
600:
spp. play a role in nutrient exchange in the nitrogen cycle by accessing nitrogen unavailable to host plants and acting as nitrogen sinks in forests.
5014:
5120:
1631:
Périgord truffles were first farmed in Tennessee in 2007. At its peak in the 2008–2009 season, one farm produced about 200 pounds of truffles, but
1568:
New Zealand's first burgundy truffle was found in July 2012 at a Waipara truffle farm. It weighed 330 g and was found by the farm owner's beagle.
2529:
1264:
The mycelia or fruiting bodies release the volatile constituents responsible for the natural aroma of truffles or derive from truffle-associated
990:
Truffle fungi receive carbohydrates from their host plants, providing them with valuable micro- and macronutrients. Plant macronutrients include
5145:
3416:...it has been known for more than a century that truffles were mycorrhizal on various trees such as oak, beech, birch, hazels, and a few others
4870:
3536:
1805:, which have no culinary value, simply for show. The vast majority is oil that has been artificially flavoured using a synthetic agent such as
4107:
Ogle, Kiona; Whitham, Thomas G.; Cobb, Neil S. (2000). "Tree-ring variation in pinyon predicts likelihood of death following severe drought".
5233:
4464:
4403:
2247:
1510:
From the 19th century to the present, truffle production fell by 97–99% to 20–50 tonnes annually. Reasons given for this decline include the
4814:
4438:
4191:
Talou, T.; G aset, A.; Delmas, M.; Kulifaj, M.; Montant, C. (1990). "Dimethyl sulphide: the secret for black truffle hunting by animals?".
2507:
1602:
1452:, had the idea of transplanting some seedlings that he had collected at the foot of oak trees known to host truffles in their root system.
571:, a group of fungi that typically form mushrooms. Like their ascomycete counterparts, these fungi can create truffle-like fruiting bodies.
1539:
today have weekly truffle markets. Prices have increased so that truffles, once seen as a food of the middle class, have become a luxury.
4820:
4753:
4495:
3703:"Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer"
3491:
Frank, J.L.; Barry, S.; Southworth, D. (2006). "Mammal mycophagy and dispersal of mycorrhizal inoculum in Oregon white oak woodlands".
5275:
5204:
1958:. They were popular in Parisian markets in the 1780s, imported seasonally from truffle grounds, where peasants had long enjoyed them.
754:(Aestivum, Excavatum, Rufum, Melanosporum and Puberulum); this was later improved and expanded in 2010 to nine major clades using 28S
3884:
Hartnett, David C.; Wilson, Gail W. T. (1999). "Mycorrhizae influence plant community structure and diversity in tallgrass prairie".
2149:
5256:
3859:
3616:
1699:
1313:(produced by mycelia of white truffles affecting root architecture of host tree), as well as 2-methylbutanal, 2-methylpropanal, and
4885:
3599:
Chevalier, GĂ©rard; Sourzat, Pierre (2012), "Soils and Techniques for Cultivating Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum in Europe",
5092:
4226:
Splivallo, R; Ebeler, SE (Mar 2015). "Sulfur volatiles of microbial origin are key contributors to human-sensed truffle aroma".
2173:
1368:
that also occurs in humans. As of 2010, the volatile profiles of seven black and six white truffle species have been studied.
2011:
1802:
1681:
3775:"Acta Biologica Szegediensis - Could orchids indicate truffle habitat? Mycorrhizal association between orchids and truffles"
1256:
5037:
4947:
5327:
2135:
1959:
1472:
1410:
4778:
2383:
2110:
1594:. In 2014, over 5,000 kilograms (11,000 pounds) of truffles were harvested by Truffle Hill, Manjimup, Western Australia.
1213:
In Italy, the use of pigs to hunt truffles has been prohibited since 1985 because of damage caused by animals to truffle
844:. Ectomycorrhizal fungi cannot survive in the soil without their plant hosts. In fact, many of these fungi have lost the
5342:
4975:
3400:
1061:. Often, these networks of mycelium provide support for smaller organisms in the soil, such as bacteria and microscopic
2933:
LePage, B. A.; Currah, R. S.; Stockey, R. A.; Rothwell, G. W. (1997). "Fossil ectomycorrhizae from the middle Eocene".
201:
4487:
Rousseau, "Truffes obtenues par la culture de chĂŞnes verts" (Truffles obtained by the cultivation of green oaks) in:
3064:"A global meta-analysis of Tuber ITS rDNA sequences: species diversity, host associations and long-distance dispersal"
2422:
1428:, were successful. People had long observed that truffles were growing among the roots of certain trees, and in 1808,
743:
4040:
Gehring, Catherine A.; Sthultz, Christopher M.; Flores-RenterĂa, Lluvia; Whipple, Amy V.; Whitham, Thomas G. (2017).
2658:"Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, Rhizopogon. I. Host associations, host-specificity and pure culture syntheses"
4581:
4320:
1099:. Therefore, the availability of compatible mycorrhizal inoculum can greatly affect the successful establishment of
2404:
Bencivenga, M.; Di Massimo, G.; Donnini, D.; Baciarelli Falini, L. (2009). "The cultivation of truffles in Italy".
1598:
5312:
4157:
1392:
677:
5104:
Most commercial truffle oils are concocted by mixing olive oil with one or more compounds like 2,4-dithiapentane
3842:
Reddy, M. S.; Satyanarayana, T. (2006). "Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and rhizospheric microbes".
1777:
5332:
1677:
1033:
964:
38:
1455:
For discovering how to cultivate truffles, some sources now give priority to Pierre II Mauléon (1744–1831) of
1439:
1057:
Mycelial mats can also help maintain the structure of soils by holding organic matter in place and preventing
5055:
3572:
955:, are dependent on the dispersal of sporocarps to inoculate isolated individuals. For example, the acorns of
5337:
5322:
4162:
1731:
Their chemical compounds infuse well with fats such as butter, cream, cheeses, avocados, and coconut cream.
1670:
1135:
395:
4952:
2423:"Oregon Native Truffles: A primer for commercial production on small forestlands in the Pacific Northwest"
1942:
were without equal in hunting truffles, but they should be muzzled to prevent them from eating the prize.
1283:
840:. Mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungi such as truffles provide valuable nutrients to plants in exchange for
433:
5006:
3439:(2003). "Ecology of ycorrhizae: A conceptual framework for complex interactions among plants and fungi".
1190:
Because truffles are subterranean, they are often located with the help of an animal (sometimes called a
922:. Ascospores are borne within sac-like structures called asci, which are contained within the sporocarp.
575:
spp. are ecologically important in coniferous forests where they associate with various pines, firs, and
5317:
5249:
Field Guide to North American Truffles: Hunting, Identifying, and Enjoying the World's Most Prized Fungi
5116:
3127:
2984:
Berbee, Mary L.; Taylor, John W. (August 1993). "Dating the evolutionary radiations of the true fungi".
2878:(4). Nature Genetics: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy: 410–5.
1919:
1892:
1637:
1562:
1511:
1494:
Others imitated these successful attempts in France and Italy. In the late 19th century, an epidemic of
1349:
Several truffle species and varieties are differentiated based on their relative contents or absence of
1027:
868:
609:
510:
2868:"Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists"
146:
fungi, so they are found in close association with tree roots. Spore dispersal is accomplished through
4382:
2533:
1812:
The scientific name is included on the ingredient list of truffle oils infused with natural truffles.
1460:
5141:
4679:
4622:
4607:
4282:
4053:
3936:
3808:
3649:
3142:
3075:
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2753:
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1583:
1518:
and the multiple European wars of the 20th century, which reduced the rural population. For example,
642:
492:
The term "truffle" has been applied to several other genera of similar underground fungi. The genera
366:
4472:
Annales de la Société d'Agriculture Sciences, Arts, et Belles-lettres du Départment d'Indre-et-Loire
4337:
Splivallo, R; et al. (2010). "Truffle Volatiles: from chemical ecology to aroma biosynthesis".
3511:
2058:
Læssøe, Thomas; Hansen, Karen (September 2007). "Truffle trouble: what happened to the Tuberales?".
1298:. Some very aromatic white truffles are notably pungent, even irritating the eye when cut or sliced.
1272:
of truffle volatiles is complex, interacting with plants, insects, and mammals, which contribute to
898:
526:
spp. are important ectomycorrhizal partners of trees in woodlands and forests throughout the world.
4920:
4555:
Truffles Have Never Been Modern: An Actor-Network Theorization of 150 Years of French Trufficulture
3986:
Lehto, Tarja; Zwiazek, Janusz J. (2010). "Ectomycorrhizas and water relations of trees: a review".
1955:
1847:
1642:
1632:
1606:
1403:
1358:
1223:
1103:
seedlings. Associated ectomycorrhizal fungi will likely play a significant role in the survival of
393:, several species of truffle are harvested both recreationally and commercially, most notably, the
59:
4461:
3638:"Novel aspects in the life cycle and biotrophic interactions in Pezizomycetes (Ascomycota, Fungi)"
2197:
Trappe, Jim (2009). "Taming the truffle—the history, lore, and science of the ultimate mushroom".
1429:
1388:
887:
truffles fruit throughout the year, depending on the species, and can be found buried between the
5295:
4695:
4409:
4251:
4132:
4019:
3968:
3909:
3683:
3184:
3044:
2966:
2950:
2915:
2833:
2777:
2633:
2464:
2456:
2325:
Paolocci, Francesco; Rubini, Andrea; Riccioni, Claudia; Topini, Fabiana; Arcioni, Sergio (2004).
1935:
1886:
1557:
1422:
Truffles can be cultivated. As early as 1808, attempts to cultivate truffles, known in French as
196:
48:
4435:
2483:
1770:
contain truffles, as well. Truffles are also used for producing truffle salt and truffle honey.
583:
spp. are commonly used to inoculate coniferous seedlings in nurseries and during reforestation.
44:
1854:
in the 4th century BCE. In classical times, their origins were a mystery that challenged many;
1482:
796:, meaning "swelling" or "lump". This then entered other languages through Old French dialects.
5271:
5252:
5229:
5200:
5175:
4810:
4804:
4757:
4492:
4399:
4354:
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4243:
4208:
4124:
4089:
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4011:
4003:
3960:
3952:
3901:
3855:
3824:
3732:
3724:
3675:
3667:
3612:
3464:
3456:
3436:
3281:
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3238:
3230:
3176:
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3001:
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2235:
2214:
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2075:
2001:
1806:
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may be carried to new territory that lacks the necessary mycorrhizal fungi for establishment.
919:
759:
539:
390:
382:
80:
67:
31:
4518:
4170:
962:
Some mycophagous animals depend on truffles as their dominant food source. Flying squirrels,
251:) is found across Europe and is prized for its culinary value. Burgundy truffles (designated
5290:
4687:
4638:
4630:
4558:
4391:
4346:
4290:
4235:
4200:
4116:
4079:
4061:
3995:
3944:
3893:
3847:
3816:
3714:
3657:
3604:
3526:
3512:"Alkalinity and structure of soils determine the truffle production in the Pyrenean Regions"
3448:
3265:
3222:
3158:
3150:
3093:
3083:
3036:
2993:
2942:
2889:
2879:
2821:
2813:
2761:
2714:
2669:
2609:
2448:
2338:
2294:
2284:
2206:
2067:
1858:
and others thought them to be the result of lightning, warmth, and water in the soil, while
1523:
1398:
1269:
1207:
951:
413:
407:
284:
151:
3452:
1939:
5010:
4499:
4468:
4442:
4324:
4269:
Splivallo, R; Deveau, A; Valdez, N; Kirchhoff, N; Frey-Klett, P; Karlovsky, P (Aug 2015).
2845:
2153:
2146:
2020:
1587:
1314:
680:
604:
544:
334:
253:
239:
158:
2810:
Diversity, ecology, and conservation of truffle fungi in forests of the Pacific Northwest
2265:"PĂ©rigord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis"
968:, of North America play a three-way symbiosis with truffles and their associated plants.
5197:
Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas — A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians
5084:
4683:
4626:
4608:"Long-term irrigation effects on Spanish holm oak growth and its black truffle symbiont"
4286:
4057:
3940:
3812:
3653:
3146:
3079:
3032:
2757:
2280:
1922:
used many spices and flavourings, the terfez may have been appropriate in that context.
1498:
destroyed many of the vineyards in southern France. Another epidemic killed most of the
579:. In addition to their ecological importance, these fungi hold economic value, as well.
471:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
4084:
4041:
3098:
3063:
2674:
2657:
2343:
2326:
2139:
1898:
1108:
673:
658:
646:
592:
401:
308:
271:
266:
234:
162:
143:
129:
92:
4204:
5306:
4350:
3820:
3774:
3719:
3702:
3325:
3040:
2637:
2165:
1433:
1332:
755:
696:
692:
687:
The evolution of subterranean fruiting bodies has occurred numerous times within the
662:
421:
328:
168:
121:
4699:
4413:
4255:
4151:
4042:"Tree genetics defines fungal partner communities that may confer drought tolerance"
4023:
3687:
3048:
2970:
2919:
2825:
2781:
2468:
1597:
In June 2014, a grower harvested Australia's largest truffle from their property at
551:
5244:
4863:"Australia's largest truffle, worth $ 2,000 a kilo, grown in NSW town of Robertson"
4381:
Zambonelli, Alessandra; Bonito, Gregory M. (2013-01-30). "Laying the Foundations".
3972:
3188:
1993:
1903:
1881:
1873:
1851:
1839:
1522:
resulted in the mobilisation of 65% of the agricultural workers from the region of
1515:
1328:
1306:
1276:
dispersal. Depending on the truffle species, lifecycle, or location, they include:
1076:
915:
888:
841:
735:
707:
587:
548:, also known as pine truffle or fuzzy truffle, is an edible species of this genus.
534:
for nutrient and water acquisition in arid environments. Like other truffle fungi,
505:
472:
174:
96:. More than one hundred other genera of fungi are classified as truffles including
4841:
3587:
Generally, truffles seems to prefer warm, fairly dry climates and calcareous soils
2765:
3608:
3269:
3226:
3088:
2071:
1979:
1954:, truffles regained popularity in Europe and were honoured at the court of King
1951:
1931:
1867:
1795:
1659:
1576:
1528:
1519:
1365:
1199:
1128:
747:
633:
621:
576:
214:
110:
4634:
3531:
365:. It is reportedly not as aromatic as those from Piedmont, although those from
5285:
4691:
4576:
4574:
4395:
4271:"Bacteria associated with truffle-fruiting bodies contribute to truffle aroma"
4239:
3999:
3948:
3126:
Bruns, Thomas D.; Fogel, Robert; White, Thomas J.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (1989).
2375:
2102:
2005:
1969:
1495:
1487:
1464:
1376:
This section focuses on the cultivation of truffles in the narrow sense, i.e.
1320:
1302:
1252:
1119:
995:
978:
872:
812:, mycorrhizal relationships with the roots of several tree species, including
701:
688:
654:
650:
613:
563:
296:
134:
116:
84:
4212:
4128:
4075:
4007:
3956:
3905:
3851:
3846:. Soil Biology. Vol. 7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 245–263.
3828:
3728:
3671:
3460:
3277:
3234:
3172:
3005:
2903:
2773:
2726:
2683:
2621:
2352:
2218:
2210:
2079:
1758:
1361:, respectively. The sweaty-musky aroma of truffles is similar to that of the
4563:
4295:
4270:
4066:
3603:, Soil Biology, vol. 34, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 163–189,
3350:
1752:
1532:
1362:
1342:
1203:
1144:
1062:
1047:
991:
926:
911:
809:
731:
568:
147:
125:
4358:
4304:
4093:
4015:
3964:
3736:
3679:
3468:
3285:
3242:
3107:
2962:
2911:
2629:
2360:
2308:
2087:
665:. All of these families contain lineages of subterranean or truffle fungi.
457:
4489:
Exposition universelle de 1855 : Rapports du jury mixte international
4247:
3375:
3180:
1906:, also sometimes called a "desert truffle". Terfez used in Rome came from
1383:
4317:
3163:
1911:
1855:
1822:
1763:
1572:
1503:
1499:
1468:
1445:
1324:
1310:
1019:
999:
946:
942:
907:
880:
825:
805:
500:
494:
300:
4806:
Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects
4643:
4449:
les truffes, des semis furent faits dans les terrains calcaires voisins"
4384:
Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects
3299:
2817:
2289:
2264:
1294:
occurring in all species but mostly characteristic of the white truffle
17:
4428:
Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Touraine
2954:
2460:
2299:
1877:
1859:
1843:
1684: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1350:
1265:
1214:
1058:
837:
784:
Most sources agree that the term "truffle" derives from the Latin term
772:
522:
515:
350:
346:
342:
98:
4136:
3913:
3662:
3637:
2894:
1973:
637:
Evolution of subterranean fruiting bodies from above-ground mushrooms.
3154:
2327:"Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum: two morphotypes or two species?"
1907:
1863:
1767:
1456:
1449:
1280:
1011:
1003:
931:
845:
669:
362:
358:
354:
316:
292:
213:), the second-most commercially valuable species, is named after the
157:
Some truffle species are prized as food. Edible truffles are used in
104:
87:
3435:
Allen, M.F.; Swenson, W.; Querejeta, J.I.; Egerton-Warburton, L.M.;
2997:
2946:
2884:
2867:
2718:
645:
of the ectomycorrhizal trophic mode in diverse fungi. The subphylum
591:
spp. are ectomycorrhizal members of the Basidiomycota and the order
567:
spp. are ectomycorrhizal members of the Basidiomycota and the order
4120:
3897:
3128:"Accelerated evolution of a false-truffle from a mushroom ancestor"
2613:
2452:
1938:, the papal historian, in 1481, when he recorded that the sows of
1915:
1776:
1735:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1527:
once sold at weekly markets (bi-weekly in the case of a market in
1481:
1476:
1397:
1382:
1354:
1273:
1134:
1118:
1025:
Truffles have been suggested to co-locate with the orchid species
892:
821:
817:
813:
751:
632:
550:
508:
are known as the "desert truffles" of Africa and the Middle East.
437:
304:
270:
238:
222:
200:
43:
1838:
The first mention of truffles appears in the inscriptions of the
1531:) and in quantities of two to six tonnes in good weeks, but only
1253:"The Chemistry of Truffles, the Most Expensive Food in the World"
530:, a widespread pine species of the Southwest US, is dependent on
275:
A white truffle washed and with a corner cut to show the interior
1747:
1743:
1015:
1007:
938:
833:
312:
4715:"Estudi tècnic i econòmic del cultiu de la tòfona (in catalan)"
150:, animals that eat fungi. These fungi have ecological roles in
4889:
1739:
1653:
1561:) to be produced in the Southern Hemisphere were harvested in
1195:
1140:
1124:
1051:
906:
Most truffle fungi produce both asexual spores (mitospores or
829:
451:
315:. A large percentage of Italy's white truffles also come from
218:
1862:
thought thunder and rain to be instrumental in their origin.
307:, and most famously, in the countryside around the cities of
3636:
Tedersoo, Leho; Arnold, A. Elizabeth; Hansen, Karen (2013).
3755:
Pacioni, G. (1989). "Biology and ecology of the truffles".
2170:
Traditional French Food Regional Recipes From Around France
1582:
Truffle production has expanded into the colder regions of
876:
5223:
2482:
Trappe, J. M.; Jumpponen, A. M. & Cázares, E. (1996).
4803:
Zambonelli, Alessandra; Bonito, Gregory M., eds. (2013).
4491:, volume 1 (Paris, France: Imprimerie Impériale, 1856),
2439:
Butters, Fred K. (1903). "A Minnesota Species of Tuber".
1571:
In 1999, the first Australian truffles were harvested in
4948:"Has the American-Grown Truffle Finally Broken Through?"
4390:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 3–16.
3062:
Bonito GM, Gryganskyi AP, Trappe JM, Vilgalys R (2010).
937:
Animal vectors include birds, deer, and rodents such as
861:
spp. are vital in the establishment of oak communities.
672:
about 50 million years ago. The specimens are preserved
5195:
Benjamin, D. R. (1995), "Historical uses of truffles",
3300:"Truffle – Podictionary Word of the Day, July 3rd 2008"
2591:
2589:
1623: oz) and was valued at over $ 2,000 per kilogram.
977:
then enter the root cortex intercellularly to form the
1194:) possessing a refined sense of smell. Traditionally,
4582:"History and curiosities of the truffle – FoodsCross"
1902:. The Romans instead used a variety of fungus called
5199:, New York: WH Freeman and Company, pp. 48–50,
2554:
Smith, M. E.; et al. (2012). "Pecan Truffles (
934:
to help them endure the environment of animal guts.
930:
of animals. Ascospores have thick walls composed of
5119:. International Alliance for Responsible Drinking.
5038:"America's Next Food Craze Is Buried in Appalachia"
1409:Truffles long eluded techniques of cultivation, as
1241:
5225:Truffle Farming Today, a Comprehensive World Guide
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4150:
3562:"Basidiomycota truffles: Cup fungi go underground"
902:The lifecycle of the order Pezizales in Ascomycota
891:and the soil. Most fungal biomass is found in the
770:species likely arose from an ancestor shared with
4917:"Truffles Have Taken Tom Michaels On A Wild Ride"
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
723:originated in Laurasia during the Paleozoic era.
27:Fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus
5222:Morcillo, M.; Sanchez, M.; Vilanova, X. (2015).
5078:
5076:
5056:"Truffles: The Most Expensive Food in the World"
3631:
3629:
3627:
1609:fungus weighing in at 1.1172 kg (2 lb
1575:, the result of eight years of work. Trees were
668:The oldest ectomycorrhizal fossils are from the
217:region in France. Black truffles associate with
5007:"Why Haven't American Truffles Taken Root Yet?"
4600:
4598:
4462:"Culture de la truffe Ă Loudun et Ă Richelieu,"
4046:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4035:
4033:
3750:
3748:
3746:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2320:
2318:
3701:Ashkannejhad, Sara; Horton, Thomas R. (2005).
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2738:
2736:
2656:Molina, Randy; Trappe, James M. (April 1994).
2651:
2649:
2647:
2230:
2228:
4327:. Truffle Aroma. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3121:
3119:
3117:
2192:
2190:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2008:named for its similar appearance to a truffle
1646:) was being developed as a potential market.
612:of the phylum Glomeromycota within the order
209:The black truffle or black PĂ©rigord truffle (
8:
4557:(Thesis). Florida International University.
4446:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
1850:, 2nd century BCE) and later in writings of
1437:
1423:
166:
5251:. Natural History Series. Ten Speed Press.
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
2558:): What We Know and What We Need to Know".
1884:period identified three kinds of truffles:
1742:. Thin truffle slices may be inserted into
1331:and 2-octenal). The former is derived from
1327:with a characteristic fungal odor, such as
791:
785:
641:Phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated the
514:, which was historically eaten in parts of
380:A less common truffle is "garlic truffle" (
5180:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4434: : 215–241. Available on-line at:
1605:of New South Wales. It was a French black
518:, is sometimes called "Bohemian truffle".
4844:. Australian Truffle Industry Association
4756:. Southern_truffles.co.nz. Archived from
4642:
4562:
4478: : 300–302 (1869); see p. 300.
4294:
4083:
4065:
3801:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
3718:
3661:
3530:
3162:
3097:
3087:
2893:
2883:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2812:. Portland, Oregon: USDA Forest Service.
2673:
2342:
2298:
2288:
2130:
2128:
1866:deemed them children of the earth, while
1700:Learn how and when to remove this message
1231:flies can be seen flying above truffles.
177:and harvested from natural environments.
5117:"Beverage Alcohol Labeling Requirements"
4886:"Truffles Take Root In Appalachian Soil"
2484:"NATS truffle and truffle-like fungi 5:
1305:constituents (simple and branched-chain
1150:
897:
66:
58:
5085:"Hocus-Pocus, and a Beaker of Truffles"
4615:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
3569:Newsletter of the FRIENDS of the FARLOW
2562:. No. Spring 2012. pp. 52–58.
2031:
1084:associates with the subterranean fungi
1046:phosphorus, nitrate or ammonium, iron,
132:are excluded from Pezizales, including
5173:
5166:Chiera, E. (1934), "Nos. 58 and 112",
5144:. Mycorrhizalsystems.com. 2010-04-21.
3453:10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095518
3306:. Oxford University Press. 3 July 2008
2841:
2831:
1716:Shaved PĂ©rigord truffle with pasta at
1238:
1037:, though this is not always the case.
1006:. In contrast, micronutrients include
5228:. MicologĂa Forestal & Aplicada.
2113:from the original on 14 November 2016
1930:Truffles were rarely used during the
1335:and produced by mature white truffle
1176:Innate ability to sniff out truffles
205:Black PĂ©rigord truffle, cross-section
7:
5286:"Why Real Truffles Are So Expensive"
5036:Jacobson, Rowan (January 19, 2022).
5017:from the original on August 19, 2018
4976:"How to Start Your Own Truffle Farm"
4896:from the original on August 19, 2018
4779:"Beagle digs up a New Zealand first"
4171:participating institution membership
3844:Microbial Activity in the Rhizoshere
3571:. Harvard University. Archived from
3401:"Non-cultivated Edible Fleshy Fungi"
1682:adding citations to reliable sources
1323:-derived volatiles (C8-alcohols and
1184:Tendency to eat truffles once found
625:are commonly mistaken for truffles.
5005:Bamman, Mattie John (Jun 8, 2017).
4927:from the original on August 9, 2020
4915:Jones, John M. Jr. (Mar 19, 2016).
4713:Oliach, Daniel; Muxi, Pere (2012).
2707:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
2107:Australian National Botanic Gardens
910:) and sexual spores (meiospores or
542:as a means of sexual reproduction.
405:, Oregon spring white truffle; and
120:. These genera belong to the class
4884:Burnham, Ted (February 29, 2012).
4809:. Germany: Springer. p. 193.
2675:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02961.x
2492:), with a key to the spiny-spored
2344:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09574.x
1934:. Truffle hunting is mentioned by
1870:thought they were tuberous roots.
1152:Comparison of truffle dog and hog
1069:Importance in arid-land ecosystems
744:internal transcribed spacers (ITS)
90:, one of the species of the genus
25:
4519:"perigord.co // Truffes L&Co"
1502:there, too, making the fields of
1080:, commonly known as pinyon pine.
949:. Many species of trees, such as
341:) is a similar species native to
243:Summer truffles in a shop in Rome
5298:from the original on 2021-12-12.
5083:Daniel Patterson (16 May 2007).
4974:Krader, Kate (25 October 2016).
4351:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03523.x
3720:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x
3601:Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
3041:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01851.x
1986:
1972:
1658:
1247:
875:soils that are well drained and
456:
5270:. The Edible Series. Reaktion.
5148:from the original on 2013-11-04
5123:from the original on 2018-12-05
5095:from the original on 2011-09-25
5062:from the original on 2017-01-07
4986:from the original on 2019-04-10
4823:from the original on 2021-08-27
4785:from the original on 2012-07-21
4735:from the original on 2016-03-05
4651:from the original on 2021-08-27
3781:from the original on 2021-08-27
3542:from the original on 2016-08-06
3441:Annual Review of Phytopathology
3407:from the original on 2021-03-15
3195:from the original on 2021-08-27
2510:from the original on 2015-09-23
2386:from the original on 2009-10-16
2176:from the original on 2017-01-07
1669:needs additional citations for
1317:(also common in baker's yeast).
742:was investigated in 2008 using
411:, Oregon winter white truffle.
279:Tuber magnatum, the high-value
71:Black truffles from San Miniato
63:White truffles from San Miniato
4869:. 30 June 2014. Archived from
2136:Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme
1418:esteemed if they were cheaper.
369:are said to come quite close.
1:
4946:Jacobsen, Rowen (June 2021).
4781:. stuff.co.nz. 18 July 2012.
4205:10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80630-8
2766:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.06.001
2746:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2103:"Spore release and dispersal"
1746:, under the skins of roasted
1411:Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin
5243:Trappe, Matt; Evans, Frank;
3821:10.1016/0167-8809(88)90063-1
3609:10.1007/978-3-642-33823-6_10
3270:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.020
3227:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.01.012
3089:10.1371/journal.pone.0052765
2072:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.004
1781:Truffle oil (olive oil with
1402:Planted truffle groves near
128:order. Several truffle-like
3380:Online Etymology Dictionary
895:and litter layers of soil.
5359:
4635:10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.016
2986:Canadian Journal of Botany
2935:American Journal of Botany
2580:Mushrooms & Toadstools
2429:. Accessed 8 October 2023.
2376:"White truffles from Alba"
2240:The Complete Mushroom Book
1825:mix or a food flavouring.
1793:
1555:The first black truffles (
1375:
1139:A trained truffle hunting
1123:A trained truffle hunting
699:. For example, the genera
436:, usually associated with
326:
264:
247:The black summer truffle (
232:
194:
36:
29:
5268:Truffle: A Global History
4754:"Truffles in New Zealand"
4692:10.1007/s11056-011-9249-9
4445:From pp. 224–225: "
4396:10.1007/978-3-642-33823-6
4240:10.1007/s00253-014-6360-9
4228:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
4158:Oxford English Dictionary
4000:10.1007/s00572-010-0348-9
3949:10.1007/s00442-005-0115-3
2331:FEMS Microbiology Letters
1946:Renaissance and modernity
1636:started. As of 2022, the
1551:New Zealand and Australia
1301:Metabolites of nonsulfur
1246:
1221:Fly species of the genus
678:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
291:) is found mainly in the
5168:Sumerian Epics and Myths
4553:Van Vleet, Eric (2018).
3852:10.1007/3-540-29420-1_13
3532:10.5424/fs/2014232-04933
2866:Kohler, Annegre (2015).
2826:2027/umn.31951d02938269i
2374:Demetri, Justin (2012).
2211:10.1525/gfc.2009.9.1.116
1034:Cephalanthera damasonium
750:and revealed five major
399:, Oregon black truffle;
39:Truffle (disambiguation)
30:Not to be confused with
5266:Nowak, Zachary (2015).
5142:"Truffle vodka article"
4564:10.25148/etd.fidc006559
4296:10.1111/1462-2920.12521
4163:Oxford University Press
4067:10.1073/pnas.1704022114
3021:Journal of Biogeography
2578:Ramsbottom, J. (1953).
2406:Acta Botanica Yunnanica
1846:enemy's eating habits (
1107:with continuing global
469:about taste and flavor.
396:Leucangium carthusianum
154:and drought tolerance.
4447:
3560:Hansen, Karen (2006).
2560:Georgia Pecan Magazine
2528:Tim Brenneman (2010).
1786:
1721:
1633:Eastern filbert blight
1491:
1438:
1424:
1420:
1406:
1395:
1393:Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt
1148:
1132:
903:
792:
786:
638:
610:arbuscular mycorrhizae
559:
538:produces subterranean
467:is missing information
434:Southern United States
288:
276:
244:
206:
167:
72:
64:
56:
2144:. Paris: Charpentier.
1920:Ancient Roman cuisine
1780:
1720:in Las Vegas, Nevada.
1715:
1563:Gisborne, New Zealand
1512:Industrial Revolution
1485:
1415:
1401:
1386:
1235:Volatile constituents
1138:
1122:
1028:Epipactis helleborine
901:
636:
619:Members of the genus
554:
511:Pisolithus tinctorius
274:
242:
204:
70:
62:
47:
5328:Fungi in cultivation
5216:Additional resources
4867:ABC News (Australia)
4193:Mycological Research
3258:Mycological Research
3215:Mycological Research
2412:(Suppl 16): 100–102.
2060:Mycological Research
1678:improve this article
1486:A truffle market in
1168:Keen sense of smell
1165:Keen sense of smell
790:or the Vulgar Latin
756:large subunits (LSU)
643:convergent evolution
37:For other uses, see
5343:Fungus common names
4921:The Greeneville Sun
4684:2011NewFo..42..227O
4627:2015AgEE..202..148B
4436:Academy of Touraine
4287:2015EnvMi..17.2647S
4161:(Online ed.).
4058:2017PNAS..11411169G
4052:(42): 11169–11174.
3941:2005Oecol.145..123H
3813:1988AgEE...24..161C
3654:2013MolEc..22.1488T
3147:1989Natur.339..140B
3080:2013PLoSO...852765B
3033:2008JBiog..35..815J
2818:10.2737/pnw-gtr-772
2758:2010SBiBi..42.1607K
2382:. Lifeinitaly.com.
2290:10.1038/nature08867
2281:2010Natur.464.1033M
2275:(7291): 1033–1038.
2147:English translation
2141:Physiologie du goût
1956:Francis I of France
1848:Third Dynasty of Ur
1643:Tuber canaliculatum
1404:Beaumont-du-Ventoux
1153:
303:region in northern
165:and other national
4842:"Growing Truffles"
4498:2016-05-18 at the
4467:2017-04-03 at the
4441:2016-05-06 at the
4323:2015-11-13 at the
3757:Acta Medica Romana
2236:Carluccio, Antonio
2152:2008-07-06 at the
1936:Bartolomeo Platina
1887:Tuber melanosporum
1787:
1783:Tuber melanosporum
1766:. Some speciality
1722:
1603:Southern Highlands
1558:Tuber melanosporum
1492:
1407:
1396:
1181:Easier to control
1151:
1149:
1133:
965:Glaucomys sabrinus
904:
639:
560:
277:
245:
229:Summer or Burgundy
211:Tuber melanosporum
207:
197:Tuber melanosporum
83:of a subterranean
73:
65:
57:
53:Tuber melanosporum
5235:978-84-617-1307-3
4405:978-3-642-33823-6
4275:Environ Microbiol
4169:(Subscription or
3663:10.1111/mec.12224
3642:Molecular Ecology
3493:Northwest Science
3141:(6220): 140–142.
2441:Botanical Gazette
2249:978-1-84400-040-1
2002:Chocolate truffle
1914:, and especially
1807:2,4-dithiapentane
1803:truffle varietals
1756:preparations, in
1710:
1709:
1702:
1592:Western Australia
1514:, the subsequent
1473:1855 World's Fair
1292:2,4-Dithiapentane
1262:
1261:
1188:
1187:
1074:United States is
986:Nutrient exchange
808:of truffles form
760:mitochondrial DNA
490:
489:
391:Pacific Northwest
383:Tuber macrosporum
367:CittĂ di Castello
181:Taxonomic details
32:Chocolate truffle
16:(Redirected from
5350:
5313:Truffles (fungi)
5299:
5291:Business Insider
5281:
5262:
5245:Trappe, James M.
5239:
5210:
5209:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5179:
5171:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4816:978-3-64233822-9
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4719:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4612:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4550:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4515:
4502:
4485:
4479:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4389:
4378:
4363:
4362:
4334:
4328:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4298:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4188:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4154:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4069:
4037:
4028:
4027:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3807:(1–3): 161–168.
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3752:
3741:
3740:
3722:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3665:
3648:(6): 1488–1493.
3633:
3622:
3621:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3221:(9): 1001–1018.
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3166:
3155:10.1038/339140a0
3132:
3123:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3091:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2992:(8): 1114–1127.
2981:
2975:
2974:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2897:
2887:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2805:
2786:
2785:
2752:(9): 1607–1613.
2740:
2731:
2730:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2532:. Archived from
2530:"Pecan Truffles"
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2436:
2430:
2427:Know Your Forest
2420:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2346:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2292:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2162:
2156:
2145:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2066:(9): 1075–1099.
2055:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1842:regarding their
1829:Cultural history
1705:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1662:
1654:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1461:Auguste Rousseau
1443:
1427:
1270:chemical ecology
1255:, Sarah Everts,
1251:
1250:
1239:
1208:dimethyl sulfide
1173:Must be trained
1154:
1041:Nutrient cycling
952:Quercus garryana
795:
789:
485:
482:
476:
460:
452:
432:is found in the
414:Kalapuya brunnea
408:Tuber oregonense
172:
152:nutrient cycling
21:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5333:Italian cuisine
5303:
5302:
5284:
5278:
5265:
5259:
5242:
5236:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5172:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5151:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5098:
5096:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5065:
5063:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4897:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4826:
4824:
4817:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4788:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4763:
4761:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4654:
4652:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4552:
4551:
4536:
4527:
4525:
4523:www.perigord.co
4517:
4516:
4505:
4500:Wayback Machine
4486:
4482:
4474:, 10th series,
4469:Wayback Machine
4460:
4456:
4443:Wayback Machine
4425:
4421:
4406:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4366:
4339:New Phytologist
4336:
4335:
4331:
4325:Wayback Machine
4316:
4312:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4190:
4189:
4178:
4168:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4039:
4038:
4031:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3754:
3753:
3744:
3707:New Phytologist
3700:
3699:
3695:
3635:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3490:
3489:
3476:
3434:
3433:
3422:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3330:Merriam-Webster
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2998:10.1139/b93-131
2983:
2982:
2978:
2947:10.2307/2446014
2932:
2931:
2927:
2885:10.1038/ng.3223
2872:Nature Genetics
2865:
2864:
2853:
2840:
2830:
2807:
2806:
2789:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2719:10.1139/x90-030
2703:
2702:
2691:
2662:New Phytologist
2655:
2654:
2645:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2496:species groups"
2481:
2480:
2476:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2154:Wayback Machine
2134:
2133:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2057:
2056:
2033:
2029:
2021:Specialty foods
1992:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1960:Brillat-Savarin
1948:
1928:
1836:
1831:
1818:
1798:
1792:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1675:
1663:
1652:
1629:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1588:New South Wales
1553:
1381:
1374:
1315:2-phenylethanol
1248:
1242:External videos
1237:
1117:
1071:
1043:
988:
867:species prefer
802:
782:
681:Princeton chert
676:in-situ in the
631:
545:Geopora cooperi
486:
480:
477:
470:
461:
450:
378:
335:whitish truffle
331:
325:
269:
263:
254:Tuber uncinatum
237:
231:
199:
193:
188:
183:
173:. Truffles are
144:ectomycorrhizal
142:. Truffles are
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5356:
5354:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5338:Mushroom types
5335:
5330:
5325:
5323:French cuisine
5320:
5315:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5294:. 2019-10-26.
5282:
5277:978-1780234366
5276:
5263:
5257:
5240:
5234:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:978-0716726005
5205:
5187:
5158:
5133:
5108:
5089:New York Times
5072:
5047:
5028:
4997:
4966:
4938:
4907:
4876:
4873:on 2014-06-30.
4854:
4833:
4815:
4795:
4770:
4745:
4705:
4678:(2): 227–239.
4661:
4594:
4584:. October 2015
4570:
4534:
4503:
4480:
4454:
4419:
4404:
4364:
4345:(3): 688–699.
4329:
4310:
4281:(8): 2647–60.
4261:
4234:(6): 2583–92.
4218:
4199:(2): 277–278.
4176:
4142:
4121:10.2307/177414
4099:
4029:
3978:
3935:(1): 123–131.
3919:
3898:10.2307/177066
3876:
3867:
3860:
3834:
3791:
3766:
3742:
3713:(2): 345–354.
3693:
3623:
3617:
3591:
3552:
3525:(2): 364–377.
3519:Forest Systems
3502:
3474:
3447:(1): 271–303.
3437:Treseder, K.K.
3420:
3392:
3367:
3355:Dictionary.com
3342:
3317:
3291:
3264:(6): 653–662.
3248:
3205:
3113:
3054:
3027:(5): 815–829.
3011:
2976:
2941:(3): 410–412.
2925:
2851:
2787:
2732:
2713:(2): 211–218.
2689:
2668:(4): 653–675.
2643:
2614:10.3852/13-263
2608:(3): 553–563.
2585:
2565:
2546:
2520:
2474:
2453:10.1086/328364
2447:(6): 427–431.
2431:
2415:
2396:
2366:
2337:(1): 109–115.
2314:
2255:
2248:
2224:
2205:(1): 116–117.
2186:
2157:
2124:
2093:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1983:
1967:
1964:
1947:
1944:
1927:
1924:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1817:
1814:
1794:Main article:
1791:
1788:
1708:
1707:
1666:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1628:
1625:
1552:
1549:
1448:) in southern
1413:(1825) noted:
1373:
1370:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1318:
1299:
1260:
1259:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1116:
1113:
1109:climate change
1070:
1067:
1042:
1039:
987:
984:
801:
798:
781:
778:
674:permineralized
647:Pezizomycotina
630:
627:
593:Hysterangiales
504:of the family
488:
487:
464:
462:
455:
449:
443:
402:Tuber gibbosum
377:
371:
327:Main article:
324:
321:
289:tartufo bianco
267:Tuber magnatum
265:Main article:
262:
259:
249:Tuber aestivum
235:Tuber aestivum
233:Main article:
230:
227:
195:Main article:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
169:haute cuisines
130:basidiomycetes
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5355:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5258:9781580088626
5254:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5169:
5162:
5159:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5029:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4998:
4985:
4982:. Bloomberg.
4981:
4980:Bloomberg.com
4977:
4970:
4967:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4908:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4799:
4796:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4760:on 2013-05-04
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
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3868:
3863:
3861:3-540-29182-2
3857:
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3664:
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3655:
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3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3618:9783642338229
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3578:on 2008-11-21
3574:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3538:
3533:
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3506:
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3377:
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3368:
3356:
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3346:
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3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3164:2027.42/62545
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:(1): e52765.
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2536:on 2010-06-09
2535:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2380:Life in Italy
2377:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2242:. Quadrille.
2241:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:Lepp, Heino.
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:T. magnificus
1889:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:neo-Sumerians
1833:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1701:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1667:This section
1665:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1627:United States
1626:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1425:trufficulture
1419:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:linoleic acid
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
983:
980:
974:
971:
967:
966:
960:
958:
954:
953:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
928:
923:
921:
917:
916:basidiospores
913:
909:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
842:carbohydrates
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
799:
797:
794:
788:
779:
777:
775:
774:
769:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:of the genus
737:
733:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
703:
698:
697:Glomeromycota
694:
693:Basidiomycota
690:
685:
682:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
663:Morchellaceae
660:
659:Pyronematacae
656:
652:
648:
644:
635:
628:
626:
624:
623:
617:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
599:
594:
590:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
557:
553:
549:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
502:
497:
496:
484:
481:February 2022
474:
468:
465:This section
463:
459:
454:
453:
448:
444:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:pecan truffle
418:
416:
415:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
397:
392:
387:
385:
384:
376:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Tuber borchii
336:
330:
329:Tuber borchii
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:areas of the
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:white truffle
273:
268:
260:
258:
256:
255:
250:
241:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
203:
198:
190:
185:
180:
178:
176:
171:
170:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
123:
122:Pezizomycetes
119:
118:
113:
112:
107:
106:
101:
100:
95:
94:
89:
86:
82:
81:fruiting body
78:
69:
61:
54:
50:
49:Black truffle
46:
40:
33:
19:
5318:Edible fungi
5289:
5267:
5248:
5224:
5196:
5190:
5167:
5161:
5150:. Retrieved
5136:
5125:. Retrieved
5111:
5103:
5097:. Retrieved
5088:
5064:. Retrieved
5050:
5041:
5031:
5019:. Retrieved
5000:
4988:. Retrieved
4979:
4969:
4957:. Retrieved
4951:
4941:
4929:. Retrieved
4910:
4898:. Retrieved
4879:
4871:the original
4866:
4857:
4846:. Retrieved
4836:
4825:. Retrieved
4805:
4798:
4787:. Retrieved
4773:
4762:. Retrieved
4758:the original
4748:
4737:. Retrieved
4725:
4722:Silvicultura
4721:
4708:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4653:. Retrieved
4644:10261/113281
4618:
4614:
4586:. Retrieved
4554:
4526:. Retrieved
4522:
4493:pp. 173-174.
4488:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4457:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4383:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4318:Delectations
4313:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4196:
4192:
4156:
4145:
4115:(11): 3237.
4112:
4108:
4102:
4049:
4045:
3994:(2): 71–90.
3991:
3987:
3981:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3870:
3843:
3837:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3783:. Retrieved
3769:
3760:
3756:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3645:
3641:
3600:
3594:
3586:
3580:. Retrieved
3573:the original
3568:
3555:
3544:. Retrieved
3522:
3518:
3505:
3496:
3492:
3444:
3440:
3415:
3409:. Retrieved
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3354:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3329:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3303:
3294:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3197:. Retrieved
3138:
3134:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3024:
3020:
3014:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2875:
2871:
2809:
2749:
2745:
2710:
2706:
2665:
2661:
2605:
2601:
2598:Pinus edulis
2597:
2579:
2559:
2556:Tuber lyonii
2555:
2549:
2538:. Retrieved
2534:the original
2523:
2512:. Retrieved
2503:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2486:Tuber lyonii
2485:
2477:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2388:. Retrieved
2379:
2369:
2334:
2330:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2239:
2202:
2199:Gastronomica
2198:
2178:. Retrieved
2169:
2160:
2140:
2115:. Retrieved
2106:
2096:
2063:
2059:
2013:
1994:Fungi portal
1949:
1929:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1872:
1852:Theophrastus
1837:
1819:
1811:
1799:
1782:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1733:
1730:
1723:
1696:
1687:
1676:Please help
1671:verification
1668:
1641:
1630:
1596:
1581:
1570:
1567:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1516:rural flight
1509:
1493:
1454:
1430:Joseph Talon
1421:
1416:
1408:
1389:Joseph Talon
1377:
1348:
1336:
1329:1-octen-3-ol
1307:hydrocarbons
1295:
1287:
1263:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1191:
1189:
1160:Truffle hog
1157:Truffle dog
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:Pinus edulis
1075:
1072:
1056:
1050:, and other
1044:
1032:
1026:
1024:
989:
975:
969:
963:
961:
956:
950:
936:
924:
905:
884:
869:argillaceous
864:
863:
858:
854:
850:
803:
783:
771:
767:
764:
739:
736:biogeography
729:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:Hysterangium
706:
700:
686:
667:
640:
620:
618:
603:
602:
598:Hysterangium
597:
588:Hysterangium
586:
585:
580:
572:
562:
561:
555:
543:
535:
531:
528:Pinus edulis
527:
521:
520:
509:
506:Terfeziaceae
499:
493:
491:
478:
466:
446:
429:
426:Tuber lyonii
425:
419:
412:
406:
400:
394:
389:In the U.S.
388:
381:
379:
374:
338:
332:
280:
278:
252:
248:
246:
210:
208:
156:
139:
133:
115:
109:
103:
97:
91:
76:
74:
52:
4953:Smithsonian
4672:New Forests
4621:: 148–159.
3892:(4): 1187.
2842:|work=
2506:: 365–372.
2300:2318/100278
1980:Food portal
1952:Renaissance
1950:During the
1932:Middle Ages
1926:Middle Ages
1899:T. magnatum
1868:Dioscorides
1796:Truffle oil
1638:Appalachian
1529:Martel, Lot
1520:World War I
1507:that year.
1440:département
1372:Cultivation
1366:androstenol
1296:T. magnatum
1200:androstenol
1129:Gignac, Lot
970:G. sabrinus
957:Q. garryana
927:mycophagous
889:leaf litter
748:nuclear DNA
622:Elaphomyces
577:Douglas fir
111:Choiromyces
5307:Categories
5152:2012-06-16
5127:2018-12-04
5099:2008-05-17
5066:2017-01-06
5021:August 18,
4931:August 18,
4900:August 18,
4848:2021-08-29
4827:2020-09-05
4789:2012-07-26
4764:2012-07-19
4739:2016-07-27
4655:2019-09-24
4588:2022-08-18
4528:2022-08-18
4173:required.)
4152:"truffler"
3988:Mycorrhiza
3785:2018-12-19
3763:: 104–117.
3582:2008-05-17
3546:2016-07-27
3499:: 264–273.
3411:2008-05-17
3199:2019-09-01
2895:1942/18722
2582:. Collins.
2540:2010-06-03
2514:2010-06-04
2490:T. texense
2390:2012-06-16
2180:2017-01-06
2166:"Truffles"
2117:5 December
2027:References
2006:confection
1577:inoculated
1496:phylloxera
1488:Carpentras
1465:Carpentras
1387:Statue of
1337:T. borchii
1321:Fatty acid
1309:) such as
1303:amino acid
1288:T. borchii
1257:CEN Online
1218:truffles.
1202:, the sex
1115:Extraction
1090:Rhizopogon
1063:arthropods
996:phosphorus
979:Hartig net
920:sporocarps
912:ascospores
873:calcareous
768:Rhizopogon
721:Leucangium
702:Rhizopogon
689:Ascomycota
655:Pezizaceae
651:Tuberaceae
614:Glomerales
581:Rhizopogon
573:Rhizopogon
564:Rhizopogon
556:Rhizopogon
540:sporocarps
297:Montferrat
175:cultivated
148:fungivores
135:Rhizopogon
117:Leucangium
85:ascomycete
5170:, Chicago
4213:0953-7562
4129:0012-9658
4076:0027-8424
4008:0940-6360
3957:0029-8549
3929:Oecologia
3906:0012-9658
3829:0167-8809
3729:0028-646X
3672:0962-1083
3461:0066-4286
3376:"truffle"
3351:"truffle"
3326:"truffle"
3278:0953-7562
3235:0953-7562
3173:0028-0836
3006:0008-4026
2904:946824824
2844:ignored (
2834:cite book
2774:0038-0717
2727:0045-5067
2684:0028-646X
2638:207630013
2622:0027-5514
2602:Mycologia
2500:Mycotaxon
2353:0378-1097
2219:1529-3262
2138:(1838) .
2080:0953-7562
1882:Classical
1834:Antiquity
1764:stuffings
1753:foie gras
1690:July 2021
1640:truffle (
1601:, in the
1599:Robertson
1565:in 1993.
1533:Lalbenque
1500:silkworms
1363:pheromone
1343:Thiophene
1325:aldehydes
1284:volatiles
1204:pheromone
1145:Mons, Var
1105:P. edulis
1101:P. edulis
1097:P. edulis
1082:P. edulis
1048:magnesium
992:potassium
947:chipmunks
943:squirrels
810:symbiotic
780:Etymology
732:phylogeny
629:Phylogeny
608:spp. are
569:Boletales
473:talk page
126:Pezizales
5296:Archived
5247:(2007).
5176:citation
5146:Archived
5121:Archived
5093:Archived
5060:Archived
5015:Archived
4990:10 April
4984:Archived
4925:Archived
4894:Archived
4821:Archived
4783:Archived
4730:Archived
4728:: 8–10.
4700:11586599
4649:Archived
4496:Archived
4465:Archived
4439:Archived
4414:25454181
4359:21287717
4321:Archived
4305:24903279
4256:16749990
4094:28973879
4024:20983637
4016:21140277
3965:15891858
3779:Archived
3737:16411937
3688:45317735
3680:23599958
3537:Archived
3469:12730396
3405:Archived
3385:12 March
3360:12 March
3335:12 March
3310:12 March
3304:OUP Blog
3286:17604150
3243:17964768
3193:Archived
3108:23300990
3068:PLOS ONE
3049:84381208
2971:29913925
2963:21708594
2920:20914242
2912:25706625
2782:85720492
2630:24871594
2508:Archived
2469:84500806
2384:Archived
2361:15158269
2309:20348908
2238:(2003).
2174:Archived
2172:. 2017.
2150:Archived
2111:Archived
2088:18022534
2012:List of
1966:See also
1912:Carthage
1856:Plutarch
1823:cocktail
1762:, or in
1607:périgord
1584:Victoria
1573:Tasmania
1504:mulberry
1490:, France
1469:Vaucluse
1446:Vaucluse
1359:alcohols
1351:sulfides
1311:ethylene
1266:microbes
1192:truffler
1147:, France
1131:, France
1020:chloride
1000:nitrogen
881:alkaline
826:hornbeam
758:rRNA of
501:Tirmania
495:Terfezia
301:Piedmont
223:hazelnut
215:PĂ©rigord
124:and the
18:Truffles
5042:Outside
4680:Bibcode
4623:Bibcode
4283:Bibcode
4248:2557347
4109:Ecology
4085:5651740
4054:Bibcode
3973:3102834
3937:Bibcode
3886:Ecology
3809:Bibcode
3650:Bibcode
3189:4312286
3181:2716834
3143:Bibcode
3099:3534693
3076:Bibcode
3029:Bibcode
2955:2446014
2754:Bibcode
2461:2556357
2277:Bibcode
2016:species
1880:in the
1878:Thracia
1860:Juvenal
1844:Amorite
1768:cheeses
1618:⁄
1537:Limogne
1432:, from
1268:. The
1215:mycelia
1086:Geopora
1059:erosion
908:conidia
877:neutral
851:Geopora
846:enzymes
806:mycelia
800:Ecology
773:Suillus
713:Geopora
558:truffle
536:Geopora
532:Geopora
523:Geopora
516:Germany
445:Beyond
430:texense
428:) syn.
351:Romagna
347:Abruzzo
343:Tuscany
323:Whitish
285:Italian
186:Species
159:Italian
99:Geopora
79:is the
77:truffle
5274:
5255:
5232:
5203:
4959:2 June
4813:
4698:
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1908:Lesbos
1904:terfez
1896:, and
1864:Cicero
1457:Loudun
1450:France
1355:ethers
1281:Sulfur
1229:Suilla
1224:Suilla
1018:, and
1012:copper
1004:sulfur
1002:, and
945:, and
932:chitin
857:, and
855:Peziza
838:poplar
836:, and
793:tufera
752:clades
719:, and
695:, and
670:Eocene
661:, and
605:Glomus
373:Other
363:Molise
361:, and
359:Marche
357:, the
355:Umbria
317:Molise
293:Langhe
163:French
140:Glomus
114:, and
105:Peziza
88:fungus
5011:Eater
4733:(PDF)
4718:(PDF)
4696:S2CID
4611:(PDF)
4410:S2CID
4388:(PDF)
4252:S2CID
4167:
4133:JSTOR
4020:S2CID
3969:S2CID
3910:JSTOR
3684:S2CID
3576:(PDF)
3565:(PDF)
3540:(PDF)
3515:(PDF)
3185:S2CID
3131:(PDF)
3045:S2CID
2967:S2CID
2951:JSTOR
2916:S2CID
2778:S2CID
2634:S2CID
2494:Tuber
2465:S2CID
2457:JSTOR
2014:Tuber
1940:Notza
1916:Libya
1816:Vodka
1759:pâtés
1750:, in
1744:meats
1736:pasta
1726:brine
1718:Spago
1477:Paris
1378:Tuber
1274:spore
939:voles
893:humus
885:Tuber
865:Tuber
859:Tuber
822:hazel
818:birch
814:beech
787:tūber
740:Tuber
717:Tuber
447:Tuber
438:pecan
375:Tuber
333:The "
305:Italy
261:White
191:Black
93:Tuber
5272:ISBN
5253:ISBN
5230:ISBN
5201:ISBN
5182:link
5023:2018
4992:2019
4961:2021
4933:2018
4902:2018
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4355:PMID
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4244:PMID
4209:ISSN
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2305:PMID
2244:ISBN
2215:ISSN
2119:2016
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2076:ISSN
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1876:and
1874:Rome
1748:fowl
1740:eggs
1650:Uses
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1088:and
1052:ions
1031:and
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