Tughlaq dynasty - Knowledge (XXG)

1334:), as the second administrative capital of the Dehli Sultanate. He ordered a forced migration of the Muslim population of Dehli, including his royal family, the nobles, Syeds, Sheikhs and 'Ulema to settle in Daulatabad. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to enroll them in his mission of world conquest. He saw their role as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to the rhetoric of empire, and that the Sufis could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim. Tughluq cruelly punished the nobles who were unwilling to move to Daulatabad, seeing their non-compliance of his order as equivalent to rebellion. According to Ferishta, when the Mongols arrived in Punjab, the Sultan returned the elite back to Delhi, although Daulatabad remained as an administrative centre. One result of the transfer of the elite to Daulatabad was the nobility's hatred of the Sultan, which remained in their minds for a long time. The other result was that he managed to create a stable Muslim elite and result in the growth of the Muslim population of Daulatabad who did not return to Dehli. Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration of Hindu and Jain temples, for example the 2074:. He himself fell ill in 1384. By then, Muslim nobility who had installed Firuz Shah Tughluq to power in 1351 had died out, and their descendants had inherited the wealth and rights to extract taxes from non-Muslim peasants. Khan Jahan II, a wazir in Delhi, was the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite wazir Khan Jahan I, and rose in power after his father died in 1368. The young wazir was in open rivalry with Muhammad Shah, the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq. The wazir's power grew as he appointed more amirs and granted favors. He persuaded the Sultan to name his great-grandson as his heir. Then Khan Jahan II tried to convince Firuz Shah Tughlaq to dismiss his only surviving son. Instead of dismissing his son, the Sultan dismissed the wazir. The crisis that followed led to first civil war, arrest and execution of the wazir, followed by a rebellion and civil war in and around Delhi. Muhammad Shah too was expelled in 1387. The Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq died in 1388. Tughluq Khan assumed power, but died in conflict. In 1389, Abu Bakr Shah assumed power, but he too died within a year. The civil war continued under Sultan Muhammad Shah, and by 1390, it had led to the seizure and execution of all Muslim nobility who were aligned, or suspected to be aligned to Khan Jahan II. 2089:) joined the rebellion in 1390. Sultan Muhammad Shah attacked Hindus rebelling near Delhi and southern Doab in 1392, with mass executions of peasants, and razing Etawah to the ground. However, by then, most of India had transitioned to a patchwork of smaller Muslim Sultanates and Hindu kingdoms. In 1394, Hindus in Lahore region and northwest South Asia (now Pakistan) had re-asserted self-rule. Muhammad Shah amassed an army to attack them, with his son Humayun Khan as the commander-in-chief. While preparations were in progress in Delhi in January 1394, Sultan Muhammad Shah died. His son, Humayun Khan assumed power but was murdered within two months. The brother of Humayun Khan, Nasir-al-din Mahmud Shah assumed power – but he enjoyed little support from Muslim nobility, the wazirs and amirs. The Sultanate had lost command over almost all eastern and western provinces of already shrunken Sultanate. Within Delhi, factions of Muslim nobility formed by October 1394, triggering the second civil war. 1181: 2527: 1062: 2359:‎) under contract. The contract would require that the na'ib shall have the right to forcefully collect taxes from non-Muslim peasants and local economy, and deposit a fixed sum of tribute and taxes to Sultan's treasury on a periodic basis. The contract allowed the na'ib to keep a certain amount of taxes they collected from peasants as their income, but the contract required any excess tax and seized property collected from non-Muslims to be split between na'ib and Sultan in a 20:80 ratio. (Firuz Shah changed this to 80:20 ratio.) The na'ib had the right to keep soldiers and officials to help extract taxes. After contracting with Sultan, the na'ib would enter into subcontracts with Muslim amirs and army commanders, each granted the right over certain villages to force collect or seize produce and property from 1522: 1236: 1346: 3880: 2371:, promising enormous sums of annual tribute while entering the contract in 1377. He then attempted to force collect the amount deploying his coterie of Muslim amirs, but failed. Even the amount he did manage to collect, he paid nothing to Delhi. Shamsaldin Damghani and Muslim nobility of Gujarat then declared rebellion and separation from Delhi Sultanate. However, the soldiers and peasants of Gujarat refused to fight the war for the Muslim nobility. Shamsaldin Damghani was killed. During the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, similar rebellions were very common. His own nephew rebelled in Malwa in 1338; Muhammad Shah Tughlaq attacked Malwa, seized his nephew, and then 1068: 2499: 2515: 2271: 1082: 1354: 2440: 1290:(non-Muslims) were required to pay crop taxes by giving up half or more of their harvested crop. These sharply higher crop and land tax led entire villages of Hindu farmers to quit farming and escape into jungles; they refused to grow anything or work at all. Many became robber clans. Famines followed. The Sultan responded with bitterness by expanding arrests, torture and mass punishments, killing people as if he was "cutting down weeds". Historical documents note that Muhammad bin Tughluq was cruel and severe not only with non-Muslims, but also with certain sects of 1665: 2211: 1598:, noted that all those who were in service of Muhammad were dismissed and executed by Firoz Shah. In his second book, Barni states that Firuz Shah was the mildest sovereign since the rule of Islam came to Delhi. Muslim soldiers enjoyed the taxes they collected from Hindu villages they had rights over, without having to constantly go to war as in previous regimes. Other court historians such as 'Afif record a number of conspiracies and assassination attempts on Firoz Shah Tughlaq, such as by his first cousin and the daughter of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. 4743:

the beautiful temple to the ground. The roof was covered with rubies and emeralds, in short, it was the holy place of the Hindus, which Malik dug up from its foundations with the greatest care, while heads of idolaters fell to the ground and blood flowed in torrents. The Musulmans destroyed all the lings (idols). Many gold and valuable jewels fell into the hands of the Musulmans who returned to the royal canopy in April 1311. Malik Kafur and the Musulmans destroyed all the temples at Birdhul, and placed in the plunder in the public treasury."

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and subdue these lands. However, before he could begin the attack on Persian lands in the second year of preparations, the plunder he had collected from Indian subcontinent had emptied, provinces were too poor to support the large army, and the soldiers refused to remain in his service without pay. For the attack on China, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sent 100,000 soldiers, a part of his army, over the Himalayas. However, Hindus closed the passes through the Himalayas and blocked the passage for retreat.

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in the years after the base metal coin experiment. Tughlaq introduced token coinage of brass and copper to augment the silver coinage which only led to increasing ease of forgery and loss to the treasury. Also, the people were not willing to trade their gold and silver for the new brass and copper coins. Consequently, the sultan had to withdraw the lot, "buying back both the real and the counterfeit at great expense until mountains of coins had accumulated within the walls of Tughluqabad."

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and gave to his visitors gifts of far greater value in return. Ibn Battuta met Muhammad bin Tughluq, presenting him with gifts of arrows, camels, thirty horses, slaves and other goods. Muhammad bin Tughlaq responded by giving Ibn Battuta with a welcoming gift of 2,000 silver dinars, a furnished house and the job of a judge with an annual salary of 5,000 silver dinars that Ibn Battuta had the right to keep by collecting taxes from two and a half Hindu villages near Delhi.

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demand for one year taxes in advance and a threat of seizure of all property of her family and Abohar people. The kingdom was suffering from famines, and could not meet the ransom demand. The princess, after learning about ransom demands against her family and people, offered herself in sacrifice if the army would stop the misery to her people. Sipah Rajab and the Sultan accepted the proposal. Sipah Rajab and Naila were married and Firoz Shah was their first son.

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walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.

1158: 1504: 1418:(ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, after his expensive campaigns to expand Islamic empire, the state treasury was empty of precious metal coins. So he ordered minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins – a decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metal they had in their houses. 2487: 1534: 1632: 1606:

fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others. The Sunni Sultan also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by Rafawiz Shia Muslim and Mahdi sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild their temples after his armies had destroyed those temples. As punishment, wrote the Sultan, he put many Shias, Mahdi and Hindus to death (

1455:), court advisors, wazirs, governors, district officials and others in his service by awarding them the right to force collect taxes on Hindu villages, keep a portion and transfer rest to his treasury. Those who failed to pay taxes were hunted and executed. Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351 while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in 1177:). His first attempt was a failure. Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again. This time Jauna Khan succeeded. Arangal fell, was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to Delhi Sultanate. 1219:) built without foundation and designed to collapse, making it appear as an accident. Historic documents state that the Sufi preacher and Jauna Khan had learnt through messengers that Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq had resolved to remove them from Delhi upon his return. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, along with Mahmud Khan, died inside the collapsed 1180: 1215:, which he did over 1324–1325, after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign. As he and his favourite son Mahmud Khan were returning from Lukhnauti to Delhi, Jauna Khan schemed to kill him inside a wooden structure ( 1429:

imposed on them. The economic experiments of Muhammad bin Tughlaq resulted in a collapsed economy, and nearly a decade long famine followed that killed numerous people in the countryside. The historian Walford chronicled Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule,

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from the Delhi Sultanate. In 1338 his own nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught and flayed alive. By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by Hindu kings had revolted and declared independence from Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have

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During Muhammad bin Tughluq's rule, the Delhi Sultanate temporarily expanded to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach. He attacked and plundered Malwa, Gujarat, Mahratta, Tilang, Kampila, Dhur-samundar, Mabar, Lakhnauti, Chittagong, Sunarganw and Tirhut. His distant

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Muslim traveller, left extensive notes on the Tughlaq dynasty in his travel memoirs. Ibn Battuta arrived in India through the mountains of Afghanistan, in 1334, at the height of the Tughlaq dynasty's geographic empire. On his way, he learnt that Sultan Muhammad Tughluq liked gifts from his visitors,

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The first civil war broke out in 1384 four years before the death of aging Firoz Shah Tughlaq, while the second civil war started in 1394 six years after Firoz Shah was dead. The Islamic historians Sirhindi and Bihamadkhani provide the detailed account of this period. These civil wars were primarily

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replaced him and assumed the throne. His rule lasted 37 years. His father Sipah Rajab had become infatuated with a Hindu princess named Naila. She initially refused to marry him. Her father refused the marriage proposal as well. Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Sipah Rajab then sent in an army with a

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and Irak (Babylon and Persia) as well as China to bring these regions under Sunni Islam. For Khurasan attack, a cavalry of over 300,000 horses were gathered near Delhi, for a year at state treasury's expense, while spies claiming to be from Khurasan collected rewards for information on how to attack

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After Alauddin Khalji's death from illness in 1316, a series of palace arrests and assassinations followed, with Khusro Khan coming to power in June 1320, after killing the licentious son of Alauddin Khalji, Mubarak Khalji, initiating a massacre of all members of the Khalji family and reverting from

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Amir Khusru, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 67-92; Quote - "The Rai again escaped him, and he ordered a general massacre at Kandur. He heard that in Brahmastpuri there was a golden idol. (He found it). He then determined on razing

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During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies. To cover state expenses, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sharply raised taxes on his ever-shrinking empire. Except in times of war, he did not pay his staff from his treasury. Ibn Battuta noted in his memoir that Muhammad bin Tughlaq paid his army,

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On the fourteen day, the Sultan sent him food, but he (Sheikh Shinab al-Din) refused to eat it. When the Sultan heard this he ordered that the sheikh should be fed human excrement . spread out the sheikh on his back, opened his mouth and made him drink it (the excrement). On the following day, he

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and other Islamic buildings. Firuz Shah Tughlaq is credited with patronizing Indo-Islamic architecture, including the installation of lats (ancient Hindu and Buddhist pillars) near mosques. The irrigation canals continued to be in use through the 19th century. After Feroz died in 1388, the Tughlaq

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tax. He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of amirs (Muslim nobles). Firoz Shah Tughlaq reign was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, eliminating favours to select parts of society, but an increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups. After

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An educated sultan, Firoz Shah left a memoir. In it he wrote that he banned torture in practice in Delhi Sultanate by his predecessors, tortures such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive, crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, putting people on

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Ibn Battuta's memoir records that he fathered a child each with two slave girls, one from Greece and one he purchased during his stay in Delhi Sultanate. This was in addition to the daughter he fathered by marrying a Muslim woman in India. Ibn Battuta also records that Muhammad Tughlaq sent along

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The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city

1610:). Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, his court historian, also recorded Firoz Shah Tughlaq burning a Hindu Brahmin alive for converting Muslim women to infidelity. In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and 2231:

Not a week passed without the spilling of much Muslim blood and the running of streams of gore before the entrance of his palace. This included cutting people in half, skinning them alive, chopping off heads and displaying them on poles as a warning to others, or having prisoners tossed about by

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Firuz Shah suffered from bodily infirmities, and his rule was considered by his court historians as more merciful than that of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. When Firuz Shah came to power, India was suffering from a collapsed economy, abandoned villages and towns, and frequent famines. He undertook many

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flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion. "Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left they carried their own colour, red, which was

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Ibn Batutta wrote that Sultan's officials demanded bribes from him while he was in Delhi, as well as deducted 10% of any sums that Sultan gave to him. Towards the end of his stay in Tughluq dynasty court, Ibn Battuta came under suspicion for his friendship with a Sufi Muslim holy man. Both Ibn

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The Sultan was far too ready to shed blood. He punished small faults and great, without respect of persons, whether men of learning, piety or high station. Every day hundreds of people, chained, pinioned, and fettered, are brought to this hall, and those who are for execution are executed, for

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and officials of Khalji dynasty who had rendered him a service and helped him come to power. He punished those who had rendered service to Khusro Khan, his predecessor. He lowered the tax rate on Muslims that was prevalent during Khalji dynasty, but raised the taxes on Hindus, wrote his court

6088:"… One of his followers was Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania …" 1446:

which was not able to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 soldiers perished in 1333 and were forced to retreat. The high mountain weather and lack of retreat destroyed that army in the Himalayas. The few soldiers who returned with bad news were executed under orders of the Sultan.

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Firoz Shah Tughlaq tried to regain the old kingdom boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall, and remained outside of Delhi Sultanate. Firuz Shah Tughlaq was somewhat weak militarily, mainly because of inept leadership in the army.

6056:"... We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarchar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes - Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..." 1227:. Another official historian, Al-Badāʾunī ʻAbd al-Kadir ibn Mulūk-Shāh, makes no mention of lightning bolt or weather, but explains the cause of structural collapse to be the running of elephants; Al-Badaoni includes a note of the rumour that the accident was pre-planned. 2366:

This system of tax extraction from peasants and sharing among Muslim nobility led to rampant corruption, arrests, execution and rebellion. For example, in the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq, a Muslim noble named Shamsaldin Damghani entered into a contract over the iqta' of

3884: 2096:, few kilometers from the first Sultan seat of power in late 1394. The two Sultans claimed to be rightful ruler of South Asia, each with a small army, controlled by a coterie of Muslim nobility. Battles occurred every month, duplicity and switching of sides by 4158:

Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it

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campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions all over Indian subcontinent became routine.

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dynasty's power continued to fade, and no more able leaders came to the throne. Firoz Shah Tughlaq's death created anarchy and disintegration of kingdom. In the years preceding his death, internecine strife among his descendants had already erupted.

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for those who convert, and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours. Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu

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Here is a great sultan, powerful and very rich: the sultan has seven hundred elephants and a hundred thousand horsemen under his command. He also has countless foot soldiers. In this part of the land there is a lot of gold and precious

2526: 2157:) defeated four armies of the Sultanate. During the invasion, Sultan Mahmud Khan fled before Tamerlane as he entered Delhi. For eight days Delhi was plundered, its population massacred, and over 100,000 prisoners were killed as well. 1361:

Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrunk particularly after 1335. The Indian Muslim soldier Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a native of

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These included the Mamluk dynasty of greater Egypt and Central Asia (1206-1290), the Turko-Afghan Khalji dynasty (1290- 1320), the Turko-Indian Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414), the Sayyid dynasty of Multan (Punjab, Pakistan;

1154:, so that they might not be blinded by wealth or afford to become rebellious. He built a city six kilometers east of Delhi, with a fort considered more defensible against the Mongol attacks, and called it Tughlakabad. 2254:

In the Tughlaq dynasty, the punishments were extended even to Muslim religious figures who were suspected rebellion. For example, Ibn Battuta mentions Sheikh Shinab al-Din, who was imprisoned and tortured as follows:

2207:. He noted the seven-year famine from 1335, which killed thousands upon thousands of people near Delhi, while the Sultan was busy attacking rebellions. He was tough both against non-Muslims and Muslims. For example, 2498: 4454: 996:

The ancestry of the dynasty is debated among modern historians because the earlier sources provide different information regarding it. However, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq is usually considered to be of

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Historians have attempted to determine the motivations behind Muhammad bin Tughlaq's behavior and his actions. Some state Tughlaq tried to enforce orthodox Islamic observance and practice, promote

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Islam. However, he lacked the support of the Muslim nobles and aristocrats of the Delhi Sultanate. Delhi's aristocracy invited Ghazi Malik, then the governor in Punjab under the Khaljis, to lead a

5719:"Interpretation of the most ancient of inscriptions on the pillar called lat of Feroz Shah, near Delhi, and of the Allahabad, Radhia and Mattiah pillar, or lat inscriptions which agree therewith" 3822: 2316:) for trade of both foreign and Indian slaves. This market flourished under the reign of all Sultans of the Tughlaq dynasty, particularly Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad Tughlaq and Firoz Tughlaq. 2454: 88: 2282:

Battuta and the Sufi Muslim were arrested. While Ibn Battuta was allowed to leave India, the Sufi Muslim was killed as follows according to Ibn Battuta during the period he was under arrest:

3918:...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602–962/1206–1555). 3815: 6498: 2328:

The Tughlaq dynasty experienced many revolts by Muslim nobility, particularly during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign but also during rule of later monarchs such as Firoz Shah Tughlaq.

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Ziauddin Barni, a historian in Muhammad bin Tughlaq's court, wrote that the houses of Hindus became a coin mint and people in Hindustan provinces produced fake copper coins worth

977:, but this is doubtful. Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Tughlaq was not an ancestral designation, but the personal name of the dynasty's founder 1223:

in 1325, while his eldest son watched. One official historian of the Tughlaq court gives an alternate fleeting account of his death, as caused by a lightning bolt strike on the

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At the turn of the 15th century, Punjab lay under the reign of the Indo-Turkic Tughlaq Dynasty. However, the Delhi Sultanate, as the empire was called, had started floundering

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The Sultans of the Tughlaq dynasty, particularly Firoz Shah Tughlaq, patronized many construction projects and are credited with the development of Indo-Islamic architecture.

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A map showing the expansion of Delhi Sultanate from 1320 (dark green) to 1330. The map also shows the location of the new temporary capital under Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

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After Muhammad bin Tughluq died, a collateral relative, Mahmud Ibn Muhammad, ruled for less than a month. Thereafter, Muhammad bin Tughluq's 45-year-old nephew

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The Sultan created Daulatabad as the second administrative centre. A contemporary writer has written that the Empire had two capitals - Delhi and Daulatabad.

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derived from Ghor. Qutb-u'd-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon." in

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slave who had been forcibly converted to Islam and then served the Delhi Sultanate as the general of its army for some time. Khusro Khan, along with

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and asserted control over Rajputana. The Tughlaq power continued to decline until they were finally overthrown by their former governor of Multan,

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between different factions of Sunni Islam aristocracy, each seeking sovereignty and land to tax dhimmis and extract income from resident peasants.

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to describe the entire dynasty as a matter of convenience, but to call it the Tughlaq dynasty is inaccurate, as none of the dynasty's kings used

5529:, pp. 70–72; Quote: "In 1335-42, during a severe famine and death in the Delhi region, the Sultanate offered no help to the starving residents." 2391:

further weakened the Tughlaq empire and allowed several regional chiefs to become independent, resulting in the formation of the sultanates of

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rivers, the Sultan increased the land tax rate on non-Muslims by tenfold in some districts, and twentyfold in others. Along with land taxes,

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Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite grandson died in 1376. Thereafter, Firuz Shah sought and followed Sharia more than ever, with the help of his

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Bihamadkhani, Muhammad (date unclear, estim. early 15th century) Ta'rikh-i Muhammadi, Translator: Muhammad Zaki, Aligarh Muslim University

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Each military campaign and raid on non-Muslim kingdoms yielded loot and seizure of slaves. Additionally, the Sultans patronized a market (

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Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Oxford University Press, Chapter 2, pp. 236–242

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In his memoirs about the Tughlaq dynasty, Ibn Batutta recorded the history of Qutb complex which included Quwat al-Islam Mosque and the

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While the civil war was in progress, predominantly Hindu populations of Himalayan foothills of north India had rebelled, stopped paying

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I.H. Siddiqui (2012), Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, Saiyid Jafri (Editor),

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Richards J. F. (1974), The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109

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Ross Dunn (1989), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century, University of California Press, Berkeley,

2270: 5126: 5042: 2811: 2788: 766: 756: 3968:, also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in 3506: 6416:

Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 287–373

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 340–341

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H. Gibb (1956), The Travels of Ibn Battuta, Vols. I, II, III, Hakluyt Society, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 693–709

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 367–371

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 365–366

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 290–292

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 271–273

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Chandra, Satish (1997). Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 101–102.

420: 406: 392: 378: 364: 350: 336: 322: 297: 283: 5970: 4052: 1165:, a city near Delhi with a fort, to protect the Delhi Sultanate from Mongol attacks. Above is the Tughlaq fort, now in ruins. 813: 736: 6103: 4904:

Ziauddin Barani, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 609-611

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Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 239-242

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Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 233-234

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Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 229-231

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Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 214-218

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became commonplace, and the civil war between the two Sultan factions continued through 1398, till the invasion by Timur.

1025:

Peter Jackson suggested that Tughlaq was of Mongol stock and a follower of the Mongol chief Alaghu. The Moroccan traveler

896: 803: 5570:

Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 241–243

5031:

Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–238

4989:

Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 235–240

4970:

Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–237

4321: 2351:

The Tughlaqs had attempted to manage their expanded empire by appointing family members and Muslim aristocracy as na'ib (

5641: 5616: 5458: 4878:

Ibn Battuta, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 609-611

2742: 2719: 5233:

Kusumāñjali:New Interpretation of Indian Art & Culture : Sh. C. Sivaramamurti Commemoration Volume · Volume 2

2140: 1481:

At the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death, the geographic control of Delhi Sultanate had shrunk to the north of the

1012:, which seems to be the official position of the genealogy of the Sultan, although this can be dismissed as flattery. 4230: 5860:, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 - The History of India, Cornell University Archives, pp. 377–381 5175: 2474: 64: 5475: 5099: 4296:

W. Haig (1958), The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, pp 153-163

2673: 1640:

infrastructure projects including an irrigation canal connecting Yamuna-Ghaggar and Yamuna-Sutlej rivers, bridges,

1258:, and Vincent Smith, Ghiyasuddin was killed by his eldest son Jauna Khan in 1325. Jauna Khan ascended to power as 5441: 2428: 1884: 1129:

in Delhi and remove Khusro Khan. In 1320, Ghazi Malik launched an attack and killed Khusro Khan to assume power.

5143:

The primary result of the transfer of the capital to Daulatabad was the hatred of the people towards the Sultan.

2210: 6488: 6067: 3770: 3416: 3395: 2765: 2336: 1392: 889: 746: 6347:

Samuel Lee (translator), Ibn Battuta - The Travels of Ibn Battuta: in the Near East, Asia and Africa, 2010,

4601:

He was mistakenly identified as Christian because of the Christian mission established in Kollam since 1329.

3843: 3424: 2567: 1331: 1086: 6436:

William McKibben (1994), The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. Ars orientalis, Vol. 24, pp. 105–118

1399:. Despite this, he was elderly and had no interest in ruling, and as a result, he stepped down in favor of 6451: 6413: 6316: 6289:"nak̲h̲k̲h̲ās", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Editors: P.J. Bearmanet al, Brill, The Netherlands 5986: 5870: 5807: 5794: 5567: 5490: 5028: 4986: 4967: 4901: 4875: 4820: 4784: 4752: 4739: 4607: 3941: 3721: 3586: 3387: 2611: 2461: 2113: 1784: 1400: 1339: 1184: 1138: 978: 939: 684: 647: 481: 168: 5960: 4042: 2486: 6099: 4955: 3300: 2331: 1875: 1846: 1270: 1212: 302: 5823:, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 - The History of India, Cornell University Archives 5718: 4559:

Massing, Jean Michel; Albuquerque, Luís de; Brown, Jonathan; González, J. J. Martín (1 January 1991).

4521: 2122: 1211:(Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking 6454:(1970). "The Tughluqs: Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). 6051: 5707:

The History of India as told by its own historians, Volume 3, Cornell University Archives, pp 352-353

4622: 3074: 2650: 2388: 2384: 1443: 1259: 1240: 990: 950: 696: 580: 570: 180: 5740: 3575: 3568: 3554: 3164: 1924: 1730: 1375: 1371: 1196: 954: 617: 590: 343: 120: 6425:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) By Satish Chandra p. 210

6364:

James Brown (1949), The History of Islam in India, The Muslim World, Volume 39, Issue 1, pp. 11–25

4652:

Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions

6375: 5882: 5857: 5820: 5704: 5686: 4857: 4388: 3848: 3671: 3542: 2505: 2027: 1828: 1595: 1587: 1569: 1561: 1543: 706: 540: 385: 192: 2347:, is considered to be the earliest example of Tughluq architecture, built between 1320 and 1324. 2320:

with his emissaries, both slave boys and slave girls as gifts to other countries such as China.

1594:

The court historian Ziauddin Barni, who served both Muhammad Tughlaq and the first six years of

1203:

copy of 1326 Tughlaq dynasty lost original. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.

2172:, as his viceroy at Delhi. Initially, Khizr Khan could only establish his control over Multan, 6461: 6381: 6348: 6299: 6273: 6220: 6197: 6191: 6143: 6079: 6015: 5966: 5930: 5907: 5886: 5839: 5774: 5580: 5522: 5420: 5391: 5354: 5329: 5305: 5282: 5210: 5181: 5132: 5105: 5078: 5048: 5011: 4920: 4849: 4803: 4765: 4721: 4679: 4656: 4650: 4566: 4527: 4500: 4460: 4430: 4420: 4380: 4344: 4236: 4209: 4188: 4171: 4147: 4120: 4095: 4048: 4021: 3977: 3957: 3930: 3530: 3296: 3227: 2833: 2533: 2400: 2392: 2093: 2036: 2009: 1973: 1806: 1404: 1367: 1255: 1200: 1126: 520: 490: 413: 399: 357: 5659: 4560: 3971: 3951: 2383:

The provinces of Deccan, Bengal, Sindh and Multan had become independent during the reign of

1208: 5504: 4630: 4426: 4397: 3909: 3648: 3518: 3341: 3244: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3110: 3065: 3056: 3039: 2552: 2537: 2465: 2445: 2047: 1991: 1964: 1913: 1817: 1719: 1577: 1553: 1510: 1434: 1282:

He raised taxes to levels where people refused to pay any. In India's fertile lands between

1162: 921: 850: 637: 550: 329: 116: 4187:

Edmund Wright (2006), A Dictionary of World History, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press,

1374:

originated in southern India as a direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate. The

6335: 5645: 5620: 3707: 3405: 3218: 3209: 3191: 3128: 3101: 3092: 2829: 2416: 2396: 2274: 2136: 2018: 1955: 1944: 1866: 1552:

The Tughlaq dynasty is remembered for its architectural patronage. The famous fortress of

1151: 1118: 931: 627: 466: 371: 204:

Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah / Abu Bakr Shah / Muhammad Shah / Mahmud Tughlaq / Nusrat Shah

94: 4608:"Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia" 4626: 1157: 5268:

A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, by Richard M. Eaton p.50

4068: 3934: 3728: 3377: 3327: 3317: 3200: 3182: 3173: 3119: 3083: 2877: 2853: 2412: 2169: 1904: 1857: 1837: 1766: 1708: 1379: 1102: 1001: 784: 608: 315: 288: 33: 1503: 1097:

of 1375. The captions are informative, and several of the location names are accurate.

6482: 6272:

Ibn Batutta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, Translated by H Gibb, Routledge,

6219:

Ibn Batutta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, Translated by H Gibb, Routledge,

3869: 3795: 3784: 3634: 2976: 2223: 1982: 1935: 1739: 1573: 1482: 1475: 1335: 1094: 1090: 860: 726: 530: 73: 5538:

Domenic Marbaniang, "The Corrosion of Gold in Light of Modern Christian Economics",

1169:

In 1321, he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to

6193:

Visualizing the Past in Italian Renaissance Art: Essays in Honor of Brian A. Curran

5912: 5844: 5664: 5509: 5302:

Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century

5287: 5161: 5016: 4925: 4808: 4726: 4702: 3758: 3470: 3437: 3366: 2931: 2696: 2150: 2000: 1895: 1775: 1439: 1308: 1283: 997: 870: 841: 716: 657: 254: 5677:

McKibben, William Jeffrey (1994). "The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq".

4729:, Frowde - Publisher to the Oxford University, London, 23rd Edition, pages 123-124 1533: 1034: 6455: 6137: 5156: 4697: 4338: 4273: 4259: 4141: 3913: 1407:. As a result, the Deccan had become an independent and competing Muslim kingdom 1022:

lady of the Punjab. However this lacks confirmation by contemporary authorities.

1018:

states that Tughluq's father was a Turco-Mongol slave of Balban and his mother a

6328: 6241: 5915:, Frowde - Publisher to the Oxford University, London, 23rd Edition, pp. 126–127 4834: 4497:

A comprehensive history of medieval India: twelfth to the mid-eighteenth century

4416: 4365: 3409: 2895: 2291: 2192: 1327: 1114: 1106: 1030: 1026: 946: 132: 4635: 1631: 1378:

liberated southern India from the Delhi Sultanate. In 1336 Kapaya Nayak of the

3746: 3695: 3622: 3494: 3482: 2408: 2204: 2165: 1326:

Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose the city of Deogiri in present-day Indian state of

1019: 1009: 793: 451: 5638: 5613: 5074:

Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center

4853: 4764:

Mohammad Arshad (1967), An Advanced History of Muslim Rule in Indo-Pakistan,

4384: 1410:

Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of Quran,

6465: 4523:

The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500

4401: 3610: 3458: 3282: 3258: 3030: 2940: 2154: 1174: 1041: 1005: 823: 510: 500: 142: 1624:

the death of his heir in 1376, Firuz Shah started strict implementation of

1387:

the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom. By 1347, the

1357:

A base metal coin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq that led to an economic collapse.

5660:

The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record

4769: 4069:"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India" 2085:

taxes to Sultan's officials. Hindus of southern Doab region of India (now

2065:

Main South Asian polities in 1400, towards the end of the Tughlaq dynasty.

949:

dynasty expanded its territorial reach through a military campaign led by

5201:

Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart.

4459:. Royalty in Medieval India. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 8. 3683: 3352: 3272: 3254: 2967: 2904: 2344: 2173: 1572:

decided otherwise and had it installed near a mosque. The meaning of the

1383: 1015: 970: 446: 216: 6460:. Vol. 5. The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 5416:

Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization

5128:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

5101:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

5044:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

4888: 4861: 4478: 4476: 4456:

History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06, the Delhi Sultanate

4392: 4304: 4302: 4232:

The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India

4117:

The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India

4092:

The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India

2180:. Soon he started his campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty, and entered 1635:

Wazirabad mosque, near Delhi, was built during Firoz Shah Tughlaq reign.

1312:, and other Muslim officials. His court historian Ziauddin Barni noted, 5840:

The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911

5690: 5283:

The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911

4921:

The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911

3659: 3446: 3021: 2985: 2949: 2922: 2913: 2886: 2575: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2196: 2135:'s invasion of India in 1397-1399, and painting of Timur defeating the 1641: 1616: 1565: 1460: 1414:, poetry and other fields. He was deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and 1396: 1363: 1316:

Not a day or week passed without spilling of much Musalman blood, (...)

1291: 37: 17: 4499:(First impression ed.). India: Pearson India Education Services. 4340:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526)Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

1141:– thus starting and naming the Tughlaq dynasty. He rewarded all those 1004:

origins. Tughlaq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted to find a royal

27:

Third Muslim dynasty which ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1320 to 1413

6457:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

6075: 5648:

Travels of Ibn Battuta: 1334-1341, University of California, Berkeley

4891:, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. 86, No. 4448, pp 324-325 4595: 3953:

Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag

3012: 3003: 2994: 2571: 2340: 2086: 2082: 2071: 1748: 1645: 1625: 1557: 1539: 1388: 1296: 1287: 1188: 1170: 1076: 1072: 953:, and reached its zenith between 1330 and 1335. It ruled most of the 149: 6014:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–311. 5929:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–310. 5773:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–309. 4047:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (j). 3897: 1564:. The Sultanate initially wanted to use the pillar to make a mosque 1121:, to expand the Sultanate and plunder non-Muslim kingdoms in India. 2092:

Tartar Khan installed a second Sultan, Nasir-al-din Nusrat Shah in

5949:

Agha Mahdi Husain (1963), Tughluq Dynasty, Thacker Spink, Calcutta

3598: 3286: 3268: 2958: 2837: 2404: 2330: 2269: 2215: 2209: 2181: 2177: 2132: 2078: 1630: 1611: 1467: 1456: 1426: 1422: 1352: 1344: 1269: 1234: 1179: 1156: 1110: 1060: 1045: 935: 441: 106: 5259:

Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 97

4258:

Kimberly Klimek; Pamela Troyer; Sarah Davis-Secord; Bryan Keene,

1173:

to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of

4261:

Global Medieval Contexts 500 – 1500: Connections and Comparisons

2097: 1757: 1670: 1411: 1349:

Muhammad Tughlak orders his brass coins to pass for silver, 1330

1302: 5705:

Tarikh I Firozi Shahi - Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj

5328:(Vol 7 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1999. p. 7. 6338:

The Travels of Ibn Battuta, University of California, Berkeley

5639:

Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 7 - Delhi, capital of Muslim India

5390:

M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context,

4835:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" 4366:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" 6190:

Anderson, Jennifer Cochran; Dow, Douglas N. (22 March 2021).

3929:

Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black

2508:'s tomb with adjoining Madrassa, in Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi. 1254:

According to many historians such as Ibn Battuta, al-Safadi,

4937:

Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani,

2863: 4678:

Holt et al. (1977), The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol 2,

3946:. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143. 2720:

Abu Bakr Khan ibn Zafar Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah

5965:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147. 2164:

It is believed that before his departure, Timur appointed

973:

claims that it is an Indian corruption of the Turkic term

71:

Flag of the Tughlaq dynasty according to the contemporary

5377:(Part 2 ed.). Harvard University. 1910. p. 314. 4941:. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co 4170:

Lombok, E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol 5,

3885:

the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas

6329:

Insights into Ibn Battuta's Ideas of Women and Sexuality

5375:

Government Gazette The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh

2143:, in the winter of 1397–1398 (painting dated 1595–1600). 993:

called himself the son of Tughlaq Shah ("bin Tughlaq").

1474:('Warrior for the Path of God') under the influence of 1105:

ruled the Delhi Sultanate before 1320. Its last ruler,

938:

when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of

5157:

Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India

4546: 4482: 4308: 3867:

Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the

1040:

tribe of Turks, who lived in the hilly region between

6012:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

5927:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

5821:

Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi - Memoirs of Firoz Shah Tughlak

5771:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

5542:, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Bangalore: CFCC), August 2013, p. 66 4018:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

2555:

remains next to the Feroz Shah Kotla Cricket Stadium.

2311: 2149:

The lowest point for the dynasty came in 1398, when

5742:

Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India no.52

5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 4939:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

4323:

An Advanced History of Muslim Rule in Indo-Pakistan

4275:

Sikhs: A Story of a People, Their Faith and Culture

1117:, had led numerous military campaigns on behalf of 434: 250: 236: 226: 212: 198: 186: 174: 162: 148: 138: 128: 112: 102: 45: 5351:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE 4020:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2403:. The Rajput states also expelled the governor of 1137:After assuming power, Ghazi Malik renamed himself 6123:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world 5847:, Chapter 2, pp. 249–251, Oxford University Press 5290:, Chapter 2, pp. 242–248, Oxford University Press 3973:The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study 2868:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE. 2724:ابو بکر خان ابن ظفر خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ 1187:leading his troops in the capture of the city of 6166:, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 125–8 5901: 5899: 5858:Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi - Autobiographical memoirs 4928:, Chapter 2, pp 236-242, Oxford University Press 4715: 4713: 4711: 1161:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ordered the construction of 934:in medieval India. Its reign started in 1320 in 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5460:Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom 4326:. the University of Michigan. 1967. p. 94. 2832:under two Sultans; one in the east (Orange) at 2284: 2257: 2244:torture tortured, and those for beating beaten. 2241: 2229: 1314: 920:(also known as the Tughluq or Tughluk dynasty; 5833: 5831: 5829: 4400:and his successors were contemporaries of the 4235:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. 4143:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 4119:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. 4094:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3902:Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 2277:depicting the court of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq. 2265:Ibn Battuta, Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi) 2237:Ibn Battuta, Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi) 2232:elephants with swords attached to their tusks. 6499:States and territories disestablished in 1414 5667:, 3rd Series, Volume 9, Nos. 21-22, pp. 13–15 5326:Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates 3823: 1403:, another Afghan, who was the founder of the 897: 8: 5276: 5274: 5215:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4914: 4912: 4910: 3943:The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi 6408: 6406: 6404: 6377:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5563: 5561: 5555:(New Delhi: Harper Perennial, 2000), p. 269 4674: 4672: 4585:The caption for the Sultan of Delhi reads: 3976:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. 2828:The coloured rows signify the splitting of 2697:Tughluq Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah 1085:, identified as Christian due to the early 1008:genealogy for the dynasty from the line of 93:Territory under the Tughlaq dynasty of the 6494:States and territories established in 1320 6104:"The Indian Empire: Timur's invasion 1398" 5505:The Famines of the World: Past and Present 5463:. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 59–60. 5353:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. 5180:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 82. 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4441:The founder of this new Turkish dynasty... 3956:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 3830: 3816: 3322: 2849: 2815: 2812:Nusrat Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah 2806: 2792: 2783: 2769: 2760: 2746: 2737: 2723: 2714: 2700: 2691: 2677: 2668: 2654: 2645: 2637: 2629: 2615: 2606: 2587: 1433:Muhammad bin Tughlaq planned an attack on 1382:defeated the Tughlaq army and reconquered 926: 904: 890: 461: 97:, 1330–1335. The empire shrank after 1335. 42: 6176: 6174: 6172: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4655:. BRILL. 17 June 2021. pp. 176–178. 4634: 4562:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration 4404:sultans; both dynasties were Turco-Mongol 2520:Feroze Shah Kotla ruins, painted in 1802. 2187: 1556:reused an old Buddhist pillar erected by 1527:West gate of Feroz Shah Kotla, circa 1800 1442:'s Prithvi Chand II defeated the army of 1199:, a member of the Tughluq court. Ca.1410 930:) was the third dynasty to rule over the 6072:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5521:Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, 4951: 4949: 4947: 4591:The caption for the southern king reads: 4292: 4290: 2836:& the other in the west (Yellow) at 1029:states with reference to the Sufi saint 989:as a surname: only Ghiyath al-Din's son 969:is not certain. The 16th-century writer 6033: 6031: 5457:Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). 4780: 4778: 4229:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (8 March 2015). 4115:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (8 March 2015). 4090:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (8 March 2015). 3860: 3793: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3435: 3375: 3350: 3325: 2852: 2803:Sultan Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq 2780:Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 2435: 2188:Ibn Battuta's memoir on Tughlaq dynasty 2168:, the future founder of the succeeding 473: 464: 5246:Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, 5208: 4833:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). 4615:International Cartographic Association 4364:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). 2355:‎) of Iqta' (farming provinces, 1089:there, and the Catholic mission under 123:(Language of elites and lingua franca) 5908:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples 5477:Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama 5012:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples 4722:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples 4698:The Oxford Student's History of India 4206:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History 2626:Sultan Muhammad Adil bin Tughluq Shah 2306:Turkish slaves in the Delhi Sultanate 2249:Ibn Battuta, Chapter XV Rihla (Delhi) 235: 225: 221: 197: 185: 173: 161: 157: 147: 7: 6509:14th-century establishments in India 5885:, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, 5703:HM Elliot & John Dawson (1871), 4520:Surender Singh (30 September 2019). 4422:Islam in South Asia: A Short History 1321:Ziauddin Barni, Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 5413:McCann, Michael W. (15 July 1994). 4705:, Oxford University Press, pp 81-82 4140:Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008), 2701:تغلق خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ 2294:, Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi) 2222:), capital of the Tughlaqs, in the 1580:) was unknown in Firuz Shah's time. 1478:of Syria. Others suggest insanity. 925: 32:For the play by Girish Karnad, see 3940:Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942). 2816:نصرت خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ 2688:Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah 2603:Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah 25: 6412:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 6315:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5985:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5869:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5806:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5793:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5540:Journal of Contemporary Christian 4900:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 4874:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 4738:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 4208:. Primus Books. pp. 90–102. 2300:Slavery under the Tughlaq dynasty 1093:since 1329), in the contemporary 981:. Historians use the designation 5962:A Historical atlas of South Asia 5959:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 4044:A Historical atlas of South Asia 4041:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 3878: 2757:Sultan Ala-ud-din Sikandar Shah 2560: 2545: 2525: 2513: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2453: 2438: 2121: 2112: 1663: 1532: 1520: 1502: 1080: 1066: 767:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 757:Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq 418: 404: 390: 376: 362: 348: 334: 320: 295: 281: 87: 63: 6108:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 5419:. University of Chicago Press. 2807:سلطان ناصر الدین نصرت شاہ تغلق 2784:سلطان ناصر الدین محمود شاہ تغلق 2411:, resulting in the rise of the 1245: 36:. For the Indian magazine, see 5723:Journal of the Asiatic Society 5300:Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). 5125:Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). 5098:Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). 5041:Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). 4495:Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). 3970:Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938). 1425:to pay the tribute, taxes and 1033:that Tughluq belonged to the " 737:Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III 1: 6208:detail of elephant near Delhi 6162:Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). 6139:Medieval Islamic Civilization 3950:Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016). 3874: 2854:History of the Turkic peoples 2789:Mahmud Shah ibn Muhammad Shah 2743:Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah 2184:victoriously on 6 June 1414. 78: 6238:"The Travels of Ibn Battuta" 4453:Khalid Ahmad Nizami (1997). 2674:Malik Feroze ibn Malik Rajab 2630:سلطان محمد عادل بن تغلق شاہ 1560:in the 3rd century BCE, the 1509:Tentative reconstruction of 1366:in North India, founded the 1065:Sultan of Delhi (top, flag: 1048:, and were in fact Mongols. 6110:. Vol. 2. p. 366. 5657:George Roy Badenoc (1901), 5230:M. S. Nagaraja Rao (1987). 5019:, 23rd Edition, pp. 124-127 4801:William Lowe (Translator), 4547:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1970 4483:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1970 4309:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1970 3660:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 3507:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 2462:Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah 2324:Muslim nobility and revolts 2312: 2141:Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq 6525: 6142:. Routledge. p. 812. 6100:Hunter, Sir William Wilson 6052:Cambridge University Press 6048:The rise and rule of Timur 5893:, Brill Academic, pp 20-23 5502:Cornelius Walford (1878), 4636:10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 3914:10.29091/9783954909537/009 3267:Chief gods and goddesses: 2761:سلطان علاءالدین سکندر شاہ 2665:Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq 2426: 2303: 1628:throughout his dominions. 1393:revolted under Ismail Mukh 1262:, and ruled for 26 years. 1207:The Muslim aristocracy in 965:The etymology of the word 31: 6504:Muslim dynasties of India 6380:. Yale University Press. 6054:, Cambridge 1989, p. 28: 5745:. 1937. p. Plate II. 5474:Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000). 5250:, (Routledge, 1986), 188. 4811:, Volume 1, pages 296-301 4606:Liščák, Vladimír (2017). 4565:. Yale University Press. 3688:11th century–13th century 2692:سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ 2607:سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ 2429:Indo-Islamic architecture 2423:Indo-Islamic Architecture 2415:as the new rulers of the 2356: 2352: 1087:Saint Thomas Christianity 260: 246: 222: 208: 158: 86: 60: 55: 6374:Bloom, Jonathan (1995). 6121:Marozzi, Justin (2004). 5304:. Pearson. p. 150. 5177:Essays on Medieval India 3771:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 3417:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 3396:Western Turkic Khaganate 3342:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate 2651:Malik Fakhr-ud-din Jauna 2337:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 2103: 1472:al-Mujahid fi sabilillah 1294:. He routinely executed 747:Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah 6078:Regional Office, 1998, 6010:Jackson, Peter (2003). 5925:Jackson, Peter (1999). 5905:William Hunter (1903), 5769:Jackson, Peter (1999). 5009:William Hunter (1903), 4958:Encyclopædia Britannica 4889:DELHI: A STORY IN STONE 4719:William Hunter (1903), 4594:Here rules the king of 4204:Sen, Sailendra (2013). 4016:Jackson, Peter (2003). 3844:List of Sunni dynasties 3425:Second Turkic Khaganate 2747:محمد شاہ ابن فیروز شاہ 2568:Hilal Khan Ghazi Mosque 1075:" ruler of the city of 957:for this brief period. 6452:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 6196:. BRILL. p. 125. 6136:Josef W. Meri (2005). 5644:24 August 2014 at the 5619:24 August 2014 at the 5071:Carl W. Ernst (1992). 4876:Travels of Ibn Battuta 4337:Aniruddha Ray (2019). 3587:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 3388:First Turkic Khaganate 2869: 2793:محمود شاہ ابن محمد شاہ 2678:ملک فیروز ابن ملک رجب 2348: 2297: 2278: 2268: 2252: 2240: 2227: 1636: 1459:(now in Pakistan) and 1358: 1350: 1340:Thousand Pillar Temple 1336:Swayambhu Shiva Temple 1324: 1275: 1251: 1204: 1185:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 1166: 1098: 940:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 685:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 648:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 238:• Disestablished 169:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 6334:13 March 2014 at the 4804:Muntakhabu-t-tawārīkh 3898:"On the Timurid flag" 3696:Atabegs of Azerbaijan 3328:Yenisei Kyrgyz People 2867: 2480:Tughlaqabad fort wall 2468:, Tughlaqabad, Delhi. 2448:, Tughlaqabad, Delhi. 2375:him alive in public. 2334: 2273: 2213: 1644:(religious schools), 1634: 1356: 1348: 1273: 1238: 1213:Shamsuddin Firoz Shah 1183: 1160: 1064: 303:Eastern Ganga Dynasty 113:Common languages 6414:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 6317:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5987:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5871:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5856:Firoz Shah Tughlak, 5819:Firoz Shah Tughlak, 5808:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5795:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5568:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 5491:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 5349:Wink, André (2020). 5203:"Jalal al-Din Ahsan" 5029:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4987:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4968:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4956:Muḥammad ibn Tughluq 4887:Henry Sharp (1938), 4821:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4785:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4753:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4549:, pp. 460, 461. 3896:Kadoi, Yuka (2010). 2734:Sultan Muhammad Shah 2711:Sultan Abu Bakr Shah 2669:سلطان فیروز شاہ تغلق 2385:Muhammad bin Tughlaq 2062:class=notpageimage| 1576:on the pillars (the 1444:Muhammad bin Tughluq 1370:in South India. The 1266:Muhammad bin Tughluq 1260:Muhammad bin Tughlaq 1241:Muhammad bin Tughluq 991:Muhammad bin Tughluq 951:Muhammad bin Tughluq 697:Muhammad bin Tughluq 581:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad 571:Ghiyas ud din Balban 181:Muhammad ibn Tughluq 6164:The Delhi Sultanate 5717:Prinsep, J (1837). 4902:Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháh 4848:: 230, 258 Fig.56. 4627:2018PrICA...1...69L 3576:Eastern Kara-Khanid 3569:Western Kara-Khanid 3555:Kara-Khanid Khanate 2540:), painted in 1802. 2506:Feroze Shah Tughlaq 1546:in Feroz Shah Kotla 1376:Vijayanagara Empire 1372:Vijayanagara Empire 1139:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1133:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 955:Indian subcontinent 942:and ended in 1413. 591:Shamsuddin Kayumars 344:Vijayanagara Empire 228:• Established 6262:Per painting label 6066:M.S. Asimov & 5883:Annemarie Schimmel 5248:A History of India 5174:Raj Kumar (2003). 3933:flag, and the red 3672:Khwarazmian Empire 3543:Karluk Yabgu State 3281:Epics and heroes: 2870: 2349: 2279: 2228: 1637: 1596:Firoz Shah Tughlaq 1588:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1570:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1562:Delhi-Topra pillar 1544:Delhi-Topra pillar 1489:Feroz Shah Tughluq 1405:Bahmanid Sultanate 1359: 1351: 1276: 1252: 1205: 1167: 1099: 707:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 541:Muiz ud din Bahram 386:Khandesh Sultanate 193:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 6203:978-90-04-44777-6 5936:978-0-521-40477-8 5837:Vincent A Smith, 5780:978-0-521-40477-8 5440:Suvorova (2000). 5426:978-0-226-55571-3 5280:Vincent A Smith, 4918:Vincent A Smith, 4662:978-90-04-44603-8 4572:978-0-300-05167-4 4506:978-81-317-3202-1 4242:978-1-4008-6815-5 4215:978-9-38060-734-4 4153:978-0-08-087774-7 4126:978-1-4008-6815-5 4101:978-1-4008-6815-5 3983:978-81-7018-092-0 3963:978-1-107-11887-4 3849:Persianate states 3840: 3839: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3747:Qarlughid Kingdom 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3611:Pecheneg Khanates 3604: 3592: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3531:Oghuz Yabgu State 3524: 3512: 3500: 3495:Türgesh Khaganate 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3429: 3421: 3400: 3392: 3358: 3333: 3308: 3307: 3235: 3234: 3047: 3046: 2858: 2824: 2823: 2715:سلطان ابو بکر شاہ 2389:invasion of Timur 2220:"ciutat de delly" 1470:in South Asia as 1368:Madurai Sultanate 1284:Ganges and Yamuna 914: 913: 879: 878: 832: 831: 775: 774: 666: 665: 599: 598: 561:Nasiruddin Mahmud 521:Rukn ud din Firuz 491:Qutb al-Din Aibak 460: 459: 430: 429: 426: 425: 414:Jaunpur Sultanate 400:Gujarat Sultanate 358:Bahmani Sultanate 308: 307: 200:• 1388–1413 188:• 1351–1388 176:• 1325–1351 164:• 1320–1325 16:(Redirected from 6516: 6469: 6437: 6434: 6428: 6423: 6417: 6410: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6356: 6345: 6339: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6281: 6270: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244:on 13 March 2014 6240:. 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1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1655: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1323: 1320: 1268: 1244: 1233: 1152:Ziauddin Barani 1135: 1119:Alauddin Khalji 1079:(bottom, flag: 1073:King of Colombo 1059: 1054: 963: 932:Delhi Sultanate 918:Tughlaq dynasty 910: 881: 880: 844: 834: 833: 787: 777: 776: 689: 678: 676:Tughlaq dynasty 668: 667: 611: 601: 600: 484: 467:Delhi Sultanate 456: 419: 405: 391: 377: 372:Malwa Sultanate 363: 349: 335: 321: 296: 282: 239: 229: 201: 189: 177: 165: 124: 98: 95:Delhi Sultanate 82: 69: 68: 51: 48: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6522: 6520: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6475:External links 6473: 6471: 6470: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6429: 6418: 6400: 6386: 6366: 6357: 6353:978-1616402624 6340: 6321: 6308: 6304:978-9380607283 6291: 6282: 6265: 6254: 6229: 6212: 6202: 6182: 6168: 6155: 6148: 6128: 6113: 6091: 6068:C. E. Bosworth 6059: 6039: 6027: 6021:978-0521543293 6020: 5991: 5978: 5971: 5951: 5942: 5935: 5917: 5895: 5891:978-9004061170 5875: 5862: 5849: 5825: 5812: 5799: 5786: 5779: 5748: 5732: 5709: 5696: 5679:Ars Orientalis 5669: 5650: 5624: 5598: 5589: 5585:978-8124105221 5572: 5557: 5544: 5531: 5527:978-0816083626 5514: 5495: 5483: 5480:. p. 140. 5466: 5449: 5432: 5425: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5396:978-9004177581 5380: 5366: 5359: 5341: 5334: 5317: 5310: 5292: 5270: 5261: 5252: 5239: 5222: 5193: 5186: 5166: 5147: 5137: 5117: 5110: 5090: 5083: 5077:. SUNY Press. 5063: 5053: 5033: 5021: 4991: 4972: 4960: 4943: 4930: 4906: 4893: 4880: 4867: 4825: 4813: 4789: 4774: 4757: 4745: 4731: 4707: 4688: 4684:978-0521291378 4668: 4661: 4642: 4598:, a Christian. 4578: 4571: 4551: 4539: 4532: 4512: 4505: 4487: 4485:, p. 461. 4472: 4465: 4445: 4436:978-9004168596 4435: 4408: 4356: 4349: 4329: 4313: 4311:, p. 460. 4298: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278:, p. 22, 4270: 4248: 4241: 4221: 4214: 4196: 4180: 4163: 4152: 4132: 4125: 4107: 4100: 4082: 4060: 4053: 4033: 4027:978-0521543293 4026: 3989: 3982: 3962: 3922: 3888: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3778: 3777: 3766: 3765: 3754: 3753: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3729:Khalji dynasty 3725: 3722:Mamluk dynasty 3715: 3714: 3703: 3702: 3691: 3690: 3684:Kerait Khanate 3679: 3678: 3667: 3666: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3641: 3630: 3629: 3618: 3617: 3606: 3605: 3594: 3593: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3572: 3562: 3561: 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2927: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2881: 2878:Turkic peoples 2876: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2860: 2859: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2809: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2786: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2763: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2740: 2738:سلطان محمد شاہ 2730: 2729: 2726: 2717: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2694: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2671: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2655:ملک فخر الدین 2648: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2609: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2594:Personal Name 2592: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2427:Main article: 2424: 2421: 2413:Sayyid Dynasty 2380: 2377: 2325: 2322: 2301: 2298: 2288: 2262: 2246: 2234: 2189: 2186: 2170:Sayyid dynasty 2130: 2129: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2060: 2059: 2045: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1942: 1933: 1922: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1815: 1804: 1793: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1717: 1706: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1551: 1550: 1538: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1380:Musunuri Nayak 1318: 1267: 1264: 1232: 1229: 1193:Basātin al-uns 1134: 1131: 1103:Khalji dynasty 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 962: 959: 912: 911: 909: 908: 901: 894: 886: 883: 882: 877: 876: 873: 867: 866: 863: 857: 856: 853: 845: 840: 839: 836: 835: 830: 829: 826: 820: 819: 816: 810: 809: 806: 800: 799: 796: 788: 785:Sayyid dynasty 783: 782: 779: 778: 773: 772: 769: 763: 762: 759: 753: 752: 749: 743: 742: 739: 733: 732: 729: 723: 722: 719: 713: 712: 709: 703: 702: 699: 693: 692: 687: 679: 674: 673: 670: 669: 664: 663: 660: 654: 653: 650: 644: 643: 640: 634: 633: 630: 624: 623: 620: 612: 609:Khalji dynasty 607: 606: 603: 602: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 583: 577: 576: 573: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 527: 526: 523: 517: 516: 513: 507: 506: 503: 497: 496: 493: 485: 482:Mamluk dynasty 480: 479: 476: 475: 471: 470: 458: 457: 455: 454: 449: 444: 438: 436: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 416: 410: 409: 402: 396: 395: 388: 382: 381: 374: 368: 367: 360: 354: 353: 346: 340: 339: 332: 326: 325: 318: 316:Sayyid dynasty 309: 306: 305: 300: 292: 291: 289:Khalji dynasty 286: 274: 273: 268: 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 214: 213:Historical era 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 190: 187: 184: 183: 178: 175: 172: 171: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 92: 84: 83: 70: 62: 61: 58: 57: 53: 52: 49: 46: 34:Tughlaq (play) 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6521: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6474: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6389: 6387:9780300064650 6383: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6355:, pp. 151–155 6354: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6306:, pp. 443–448 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6280:, pp. 208–209 6279: 6278:9780415344739 6275: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6258: 6255: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6225:9780415344739 6222: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6186: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6151: 6149:9780415966900 6145: 6141: 6140: 6132: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6084:92-3-103467-7 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911:, p. 126, at 5910: 5909: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843:, p. 217, at 5842: 5841: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5736: 5733: 5729:(2): 600–609. 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5453: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5436: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5362: 5360:9781108417747 5356: 5352: 5345: 5342: 5337: 5335:9780521563215 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5311:9789332500983 5307: 5303: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286:, p. 217, at 5285: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5226: 5223: 5218: 5212: 5204: 5197: 5194: 5189: 5187:9788171416837 5183: 5179: 5178: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5138:9781000007299 5134: 5131:. Routledge. 5130: 5129: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5111:9781000007299 5107: 5104:. Routledge. 5103: 5102: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5084:9781438402123 5080: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5054:9781000007299 5050: 5047:. Routledge. 5046: 5045: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015:, p. 124, at 5014: 5013: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924:, p. 217, at 4923: 4922: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807:, p. 296, at 4806: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4740:Tarikh-I Alai 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725:, p. 123, at 4724: 4723: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4589: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4533:9781000760682 4529: 4526:. Routledge. 4525: 4524: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4466:9788121507332 4462: 4458: 4457: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4350:9781000007299 4346: 4343:. Routledge. 4342: 4341: 4333: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4193:9780192807007 4190: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4176:90-04-09796-1 4173: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3870:Catalan Atlas 3864: 3861: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3798: 3797: 3796:Ottoman State 3792: 3787: 3786: 3785:Bahri dynasty 3782: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3733: 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Manz, 5685:: 105–118. 5551:John Keay, 5508:, p. 3, at 4417:Jamal Malik 4075:14 November 3410:Turk Shahis 3357:71 BC–?? AD 3075:Azerbaijani 2896:Oghuz Turks 2612:Ghazi Malik 2313:al-nakhkhās 2292:Ibn Battuta 2193:Ibn Battuta 1799:GOVERNORATE 1328:Maharashtra 1191:, from the 1163:Tughlakabad 1115:Malik Kafur 1107:Khusro Khan 1071:) and the " 1031:Rukn-e-Alam 1027:Ibn Battuta 979:Ghazi Malik 947:Indo-Turkic 927:تغلق شاهیان 266:Preceded by 133:Sunni Islam 119:(official) 6483:Categories 6248:2014-08-24 6086:, p. 320: 5972:0226742210 5512:, pp. 9–10 4772:, pp 90-92 4686:, pp 11-15 4267:1414-1451) 4054:0226742210 3948:, also in 3855:References 3483:Turk Shahi 3165:Karakalpak 2820:1394–1398 2770:ھمایوں خان 2751:1390–1394 2728:1389–1390 2705:1388–1389 2682:1351–1388 2659:1325–1351 2634:Ulugh Khan 2620:1320–1325 2409:Khizr Khan 2304:See also: 2205:Qutb Minar 2166:Khizr Khan 1701:(TUGHLAQS) 1672:South Asia 1653:Civil wars 1401:Zafar Khan 1332:Daulatabad 1150:historian 1010:Bahram Gur 794:Khizr Khan 618:Jalaluddin 452:Bangladesh 139:Government 4854:0732-2992 4770:297321674 4402:Jalayirid 4385:0732-2992 3800:1299–1922 3775:1250–1517 3763:1242–1502 3751:1224–1266 3712:1206–1526 3700:1136–1225 3676:1077–1231 3664:1067–1239 3639:1037–1194 3459:Xueyantuo 3301:Grey wolf 3283:Ergenekon 3259:Shamanism 3031:Krymchaks 2941:Kutrigurs 2834:Firozabad 2642:Juna Khan 2536:(present 2534:Firozabad 2155:Tamerlane 2094:Firozabad 2040:SULTANATE 1957:JAISALMER 1948:SULTANATE 1917:SULTANATE 1887:NAGVANSIS 1821:SULTANATE 1810:SULTANATE 1723:SULTANATE 1692:SULTANATE 1309:Qalandars 1292:Musalmans 1231:Patricide 1209:Lakhnauti 1201:Jalayirid 1175:Telangana 1042:Turkestan 1006:Sassanian 875:1517–1526 865:1489–1517 855:1451–1489 828:1445–1451 824:Alam Shah 818:1434–1445 808:1421–1434 798:1414–1421 771:1394–1413 761:1394–1398 741:1390–1393 731:1389–1390 721:1388–1389 711:1351–1388 701:1325–1351 690:1320–1325 652:1316–1320 632:1296–1316 622:1290–1296 585:1287–1290 575:1266–1287 565:1246–1266 555:1242–1246 545:1240–1242 535:1236-1240 515:1211–1236 511:Iltutmish 505:1210–1211 501:Aram Shah 495:1206–1210 143:Sultanate 129:Religion 56:1320–1413 6466:31870180 6332:Archived 6227:, p. 203 6102:(1909). 5642:Archived 5617:Archived 5614:Excerpts 5211:cite web 5164:, (2004) 4862:23350289 4842:Muqarnas 4419:(2008). 4393:23350289 4373:Muqarnas 3627:963–1186 3615:860–1091 3603:856–1335 3591:848–1036 3559:840–1212 3535:750–1055 3511:743–1035 3451:618–1048 3378:Göktürks 3353:Dingling 3255:Tengrism 3228:Krymchak 2968:Kipchaks 2905:Saragurs 2846:See also 2638:الغ خان 2616:غازی ملک 2379:Downfall 2345:Pakistan 2289:— 2263:— 2247:— 2235:— 2214:City of 2197:Moroccan 2174:Dipalpur 1868:SUGAUNAS 1819:KHANDESH 1721:SHAH MIR 1642:madrasas 1617:Brahmins 1451:judges ( 1435:Khurasan 1384:Warangal 1338:and the 1319:— 1300:(Shia), 1109:, was a 1016:Ferishta 971:Firishta 628:Alauddin 447:Pakistan 251:Currency 217:Medieval 5691:4629462 5443:Masnavi 5398:, Brill 4623:Bibcode 4596:Colombo 4588:stones. 4379:: 231. 3931:Abbasid 3908:: 148. 3547:756–940 3523:744–840 3499:699–766 3487:665-850 3475:659–750 3463:628–646 3428:682–744 3420:581–650 3399:581–657 3391:552–581 3156:Qasgqai 3147:Chuvash 3138:Bashkir 3111:Turkmen 3066:Turkish 3022:Dolgans 2986:Uyghurs 2950:Karluks 2923:Bulgars 2914:Utigurs 2887:Onogurs 2646:جنا خان 2576:Gujarat 2504:Sultan 2460:Sultan 2401:Jaunpur 2393:Gujarat 2369:Gujarat 2361:dhimmis 2226:(1375). 2131:Map of 2038:JAUNPUR 2011:AMARKOT 1984:KARAULI 1859:KAMATAS 1848:EASTERN 1830:TOMARAS 1808:BAHMANI 1797:GUJARAT 1710:TIMURID 1674:1400 CE 1646:mosques 1608:siyasat 1566:minaret 1461:Gujarat 1364:Kaithal 1297:Sayyids 1288:dhimmis 1052:History 1035:Qarauna 987:Tughlaq 983:Tughlaq 975:Qutlugh 967:Tughlaq 922:Persian 121:Hindavi 117:Persian 103:Capital 47:Tughlaq 38:Thuglak 18:Tughlaq 6464: 6384: 6351: 6302: 6276: 6223: 6200: 6146: 6082: 6076:UNESCO 6018: 5969: 5933: 5889: 5777: 5689: 5583: 5525: 5423: 5394: 5357: 5332: 5308: 5184: 5135: 5108: 5081: 5051: 4860: 4852: 4768: 4682: 4659: 4569: 4530: 4503: 4463: 4433: 4391: 4383: 4347: 4239: 4212: 4191: 4174: 4159:Hindwi 4150: 4123: 4098: 4051: 4024: 3980: 3960: 3935:Ghurid 3877:1375: 3219:Karaim 3210:Gagauz 3129:Kyrgyz 3102:Uyghur 3093:Kazakh 3013:Yakuts 3004:Kumyks 2995:Tatars 2597:Reign 2584:Rulers 2572:Dholka 2387:. The 2373:flayed 2341:Multan 2195:, the 2087:Etawah 2083:Kharaj 2072:wazirs 2052:states 2050:Tribal 2002:SIROHI 1975:MARWAR 1928:EMPIRE 1915:BENGAL 1906:CHUTIA 1850:GANGAS 1839:TWIPRA 1787:KALMAT 1777:KANGRA 1768:KUMAON 1750:MARYUL 1741:SAMMAS 1712:EMPIRE 1626:Sharia 1558:Ashoka 1540:Ashoka 1440:Kangra 1423:crores 1416:wazirs 1397:Afghan 1389:Deccan 1189:Tirhut 1171:Deogir 1143:maliks 1077:Kollam 1002:Turkic 961:Origin 154: 150:Sultan 81:1375). 5687:JSTOR 5387:See: 4858:JSTOR 4838:(PDF) 4621:: 5. 4611:(PDF) 4389:JSTOR 4369:(PDF) 3599:Qocho 3297:Sheka 3287:Asena 3273:Ülgen 3269:Kayra 3201:Tuvan 3183:Kumyk 3174:Sakha 3120:Tatar 3084:Uzbek 2959:Kimek 2932:Sabir 2838:Delhi 2774:1394 2405:Ajmer 2397:Malwa 2357:اقطاع 2216:Delhi 2182:Delhi 2178:Sindh 2133:Timur 2098:amirs 2079:Jizya 2029:MEWAT 2020:VAGAD 1993:AMBER 1966:MEWAR 1946:MALWA 1937:REDDI 1877:MALLA 1683:DELHI 1621:jizya 1619:from 1612:jizya 1468:jihad 1457:Sindh 1427:jizya 1395:, an 1303:Sufis 1256:Isami 1225:kushk 1221:kushk 1217:kushk 1147:amirs 1111:Hindu 1046:Sindh 936:Delhi 442:India 107:Delhi 6462:OCLC 6395:2017 6382:ISBN 6349:ISBN 6300:ISBN 6274:ISBN 6221:ISBN 6198:ISBN 6144:ISBN 6080:ISBN 6016:ISBN 5967:ISBN 5931:ISBN 5887:ISBN 5775:ISBN 5581:ISBN 5523:ISBN 5421:ISBN 5392:ISBN 5355:ISBN 5330:ISBN 5306:ISBN 5217:link 5182:ISBN 5133:ISBN 5106:ISBN 5079:ISBN 5049:ISBN 4850:ISSN 4766:OCLC 4680:ISBN 4657:ISBN 4567:ISBN 4528:ISBN 4501:ISBN 4461:ISBN 4431:ISBN 4381:ISSN 4345:ISBN 4237:ISBN 4210:ISBN 4189:ISBN 4172:ISBN 4148:ISBN 4121:ISBN 4096:ISBN 4077:2010 4049:ISBN 4022:ISBN 3978:ISBN 3958:ISBN 3299:and 3285:and 3271:and 3257:and 2399:and 2353:نائب 2335:The 2081:and 1897:AHOM 1759:GUGE 1453:qadi 1412:Fiqh 1391:had 1127:coup 1101:The 1044:and 945:The 916:The 751:1393 662:1320 642:1316 595:1290 525:1236 255:Taka 50:تغلق 5160:at 4701:at 4631:doi 4604:In 3910:doi 3883:in 3873:of 2339:in 1542:'s 1195:by 1020:Jat 1000:or 6485:: 6403:^ 6206:. 6171:^ 6106:. 6074:, 6070:, 6050:, 6030:^ 5994:^ 5898:^ 5828:^ 5751:^ 5725:. 5721:. 5683:24 5681:. 5627:^ 5601:^ 5560:^ 5273:^ 5213:}} 5209:{{ 5141:. 5057:. 4994:^ 4975:^ 4946:^ 4909:^ 4856:. 4846:28 4844:. 4840:. 4792:^ 4777:^ 4710:^ 4671:^ 4629:. 4617:. 4613:. 4475:^ 4439:. 4425:. 4395:. 4387:. 4377:28 4375:. 4371:. 4301:^ 4289:^ 4264:, 4156:, 3992:^ 3916:. 3904:. 3900:. 3875:c. 3412:) 3408:, 2574:, 2419:. 2395:, 2363:. 2343:, 2139:, 1568:. 1485:. 1342:. 1306:, 1246:r. 1145:, 1037:" 924:: 79:c. 6468:. 6397:. 6251:. 6152:. 6024:. 5975:. 5939:. 5783:. 5727:6 5693:. 5587:. 5429:. 5363:. 5338:. 5314:. 5236:. 5219:) 5205:. 5190:. 5114:. 5087:. 4864:. 4665:. 4639:. 4633:: 4625:: 4619:1 4575:. 4536:. 4509:. 4469:. 4353:. 4245:. 4218:. 4129:. 4104:. 4079:. 4057:. 4030:. 3986:. 3966:. 3912:: 3906:2 3831:e 3824:t 3817:v 3404:( 2840:. 2578:. 2218:( 1513:. 1250:) 1243:( 905:e 898:t 891:v 77:( 40:. 20:)

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