Tughlaq dynasty - Knowledge (XXG)

1338:), as the second administrative capital of the Dehli Sultanate. He ordered a forced migration of the Muslim population of Dehli, including his royal family, the nobles, Syeds, Sheikhs and 'Ulema to settle in Daulatabad. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to enroll them in his mission of world conquest. He saw their role as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to the rhetoric of empire, and that the Sufis could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim. Tughluq cruelly punished the nobles who were unwilling to move to Daulatabad, seeing their non-compliance of his order as equivalent to rebellion. According to Ferishta, when the Mongols arrived in Punjab, the Sultan returned the elite back to Delhi, although Daulatabad remained as an administrative centre. One result of the transfer of the elite to Daulatabad was the nobility's hatred of the Sultan, which remained in their minds for a long time. The other result was that he managed to create a stable Muslim elite and result in the growth of the Muslim population of Daulatabad who did not return to Dehli. Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration of Hindu and Jain temples, for example the 2078:. He himself fell ill in 1384. By then, Muslim nobility who had installed Firuz Shah Tughluq to power in 1351 had died out, and their descendants had inherited the wealth and rights to extract taxes from non-Muslim peasants. Khan Jahan II, a wazir in Delhi, was the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite wazir Khan Jahan I, and rose in power after his father died in 1368. The young wazir was in open rivalry with Muhammad Shah, the son of Firuz Shah Tughluq. The wazir's power grew as he appointed more amirs and granted favors. He persuaded the Sultan to name his great-grandson as his heir. Then Khan Jahan II tried to convince Firuz Shah Tughlaq to dismiss his only surviving son. Instead of dismissing his son, the Sultan dismissed the wazir. The crisis that followed led to first civil war, arrest and execution of the wazir, followed by a rebellion and civil war in and around Delhi. Muhammad Shah too was expelled in 1387. The Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq died in 1388. Tughluq Khan assumed power, but died in conflict. In 1389, Abu Bakr Shah assumed power, but he too died within a year. The civil war continued under Sultan Muhammad Shah, and by 1390, it had led to the seizure and execution of all Muslim nobility who were aligned, or suspected to be aligned to Khan Jahan II. 1185: 2535: 1062: 2367:‎) under contract. The contract would require that the na'ib shall have the right to forcefully collect taxes from non-Muslim peasants and local economy, and deposit a fixed sum of tribute and taxes to Sultan's treasury on a periodic basis. The contract allowed the na'ib to keep a certain amount of taxes they collected from peasants as their income, but the contract required any excess tax and seized property collected from non-Muslims to be split between na'ib and Sultan in a 20:80 ratio. (Firuz Shah changed this to 80:20 ratio.) The na'ib had the right to keep soldiers and officials to help extract taxes. After contracting with Sultan, the na'ib would enter into subcontracts with Muslim amirs and army commanders, each granted the right over certain villages to force collect or seize produce and property from 1526: 1240: 1350: 2097:. In 1394, Hindus in Lahore region and northwest South Asia (now Pakistan) had re-asserted self-rule. Muhammad Shah amassed an army to attack them, with his son Humayun Khan as the commander-in-chief. While preparations were in progress in Delhi in January 1394, Sultan Muhammad Shah died. His son, Humayun Khan assumed power but was murdered within two months. The brother of Humayun Khan, Nasir-al-din Mahmud Shah assumed power – but he enjoyed little support from Muslim nobility, the wazirs and amirs. The Sultanate had lost command over almost all eastern and western provinces of already shrunken Sultanate. Within Delhi, factions of Muslim nobility formed by October 1394, triggering the second civil war. 3888: 2379:, promising enormous sums of annual tribute while entering the contract in 1377. He then attempted to force collect the amount deploying his coterie of Muslim amirs, but failed. Even the amount he did manage to collect, he paid nothing to Delhi. Shamsaldin Damghani and Muslim nobility of Gujarat then declared rebellion and separation from Delhi Sultanate. However, the soldiers and peasants of Gujarat refused to fight the war for the Muslim nobility. Shamsaldin Damghani was killed. During the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, similar rebellions were very common. His own nephew rebelled in Malwa in 1338; Muhammad Shah Tughlaq attacked Malwa, seized his nephew, and then 1068: 2507: 2523: 2279: 1082: 1358: 2448: 1294:(non-Muslims) were required to pay crop taxes by giving up half or more of their harvested crop. These sharply higher crop and land tax led entire villages of Hindu farmers to quit farming and escape into jungles; they refused to grow anything or work at all. Many became robber clans. Famines followed. The Sultan responded with bitterness by expanding arrests, torture and mass punishments, killing people as if he was "cutting down weeds". Historical documents note that Muhammad bin Tughluq was cruel and severe not only with non-Muslims, but also with certain sects of 1669: 2219: 1602:, noted that all those who were in service of Muhammad were dismissed and executed by Firoz Shah. In his second book, Barni states that Firuz Shah was the mildest sovereign since the rule of Islam came to Delhi. Muslim soldiers enjoyed the taxes they collected from Hindu villages they had rights over, without having to constantly go to war as in previous regimes. Other court historians such as 'Afif record a number of conspiracies and assassination attempts on Firoz Shah Tughlaq, such as by his first cousin and the daughter of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. 4751:

the beautiful temple to the ground. The roof was covered with rubies and emeralds, in short, it was the holy place of the Hindus, which Malik dug up from its foundations with the greatest care, while heads of idolaters fell to the ground and blood flowed in torrents. The Musulmans destroyed all the lings (idols). Many gold and valuable jewels fell into the hands of the Musulmans who returned to the royal canopy in April 1311. Malik Kafur and the Musulmans destroyed all the temples at Birdhul, and placed in the plunder in the public treasury."

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and subdue these lands. However, before he could begin the attack on Persian lands in the second year of preparations, the plunder he had collected from Indian subcontinent had emptied, provinces were too poor to support the large army, and the soldiers refused to remain in his service without pay. For the attack on China, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sent 100,000 soldiers, a part of his army, over the Himalayas. However, Hindus closed the passes through the Himalayas and blocked the passage for retreat.

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in the years after the base metal coin experiment. Tughlaq introduced token coinage of brass and copper to augment the silver coinage which only led to increasing ease of forgery and loss to the treasury. Also, the people were not willing to trade their gold and silver for the new brass and copper coins. Consequently, the sultan had to withdraw the lot, "buying back both the real and the counterfeit at great expense until mountains of coins had accumulated within the walls of Tughluqabad."

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and gave to his visitors gifts of far greater value in return. Ibn Battuta met Muhammad bin Tughluq, presenting him with gifts of arrows, camels, thirty horses, slaves and other goods. Muhammad bin Tughlaq responded by giving Ibn Battuta with a welcoming gift of 2,000 silver dinars, a furnished house and the job of a judge with an annual salary of 5,000 silver dinars that Ibn Battuta had the right to keep by collecting taxes from two and a half Hindu villages near Delhi.

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demand for one year taxes in advance and a threat of seizure of all property of her family and Abohar people. The kingdom was suffering from famines, and could not meet the ransom demand. The princess, after learning about ransom demands against her family and people, offered herself in sacrifice if the army would stop the misery to her people. Sipah Rajab and the Sultan accepted the proposal. Sipah Rajab and Naila were married and Firoz Shah was their first son.

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walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.

1158: 1508: 1422:(ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, after his expensive campaigns to expand Islamic empire, the state treasury was empty of precious metal coins. So he ordered minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins – a decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metal they had in their houses. 2495: 1538: 1636: 1610:

fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others. The Sunni Sultan also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by Rafawiz Shia Muslim and Mahdi sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild their temples after his armies had destroyed those temples. As punishment, wrote the Sultan, he put many Shias, Mahdi and Hindus to death (

1459:), court advisors, wazirs, governors, district officials and others in his service by awarding them the right to force collect taxes on Hindu villages, keep a portion and transfer rest to his treasury. Those who failed to pay taxes were hunted and executed. Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in March 1351 while trying to chase and punish people for rebellion and their refusal to pay taxes in 1181:). His first attempt was a failure. Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again. This time Jauna Khan succeeded. Arangal fell, was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to Delhi Sultanate. 1223:) built without foundation and designed to collapse, making it appear as an accident. Historic documents state that the Sufi preacher and Jauna Khan had learnt through messengers that Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq had resolved to remove them from Delhi upon his return. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, along with Mahmud Khan, died inside the collapsed 1184: 1219:, which he did over 1324–1325, after placing Delhi under control of his son Ulugh Khan, and then leading his army to Lukhnauti. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq succeeded in this campaign. As he and his favourite son Mahmud Khan were returning from Lukhnauti to Delhi, Jauna Khan schemed to kill him inside a wooden structure ( 1433:

imposed on them. The economic experiments of Muhammad bin Tughlaq resulted in a collapsed economy, and nearly a decade long famine followed that killed numerous people in the countryside. The historian Walford chronicled Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule,

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from the Delhi Sultanate. In 1338 his own nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught and flayed alive. By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by Hindu kings had revolted and declared independence from Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have

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During Muhammad bin Tughluq's rule, the Delhi Sultanate temporarily expanded to most of the Indian subcontinent, its peak in terms of geographical reach. He attacked and plundered Malwa, Gujarat, Mahratta, Tilang, Kampila, Dhur-samundar, Mabar, Lakhnauti, Chittagong, Sunarganw and Tirhut. His distant

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Muslim traveller, left extensive notes on the Tughlaq dynasty in his travel memoirs. Ibn Battuta arrived in India through the mountains of Afghanistan, in 1334, at the height of the Tughlaq dynasty's geographic empire. On his way, he learnt that Sultan Muhammad Tughluq liked gifts from his visitors,

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The first civil war broke out in 1384 four years before the death of aging Firoz Shah Tughlaq, while the second civil war started in 1394 six years after Firoz Shah was dead. The Islamic historians Sirhindi and Bihamadkhani provide the detailed account of this period. These civil wars were primarily

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replaced him and assumed the throne. His rule lasted 37 years. His father Sipah Rajab had become infatuated with a Hindu princess named Naila. She initially refused to marry him. Her father refused the marriage proposal as well. Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Sipah Rajab then sent in an army with a

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and Irak (Babylon and Persia) as well as China to bring these regions under Sunni Islam. For Khurasan attack, a cavalry of over 300,000 horses were gathered near Delhi, for a year at state treasury's expense, while spies claiming to be from Khurasan collected rewards for information on how to attack

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After Alauddin Khalji's death from illness in 1316, a series of palace arrests and assassinations followed, with Khusro Khan coming to power in June 1320, after killing the licentious son of Alauddin Khalji, Mubarak Khalji, initiating a massacre of all members of the Khalji family and reverting from

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Amir Khusru, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 67-92; Quote - "The Rai again escaped him, and he ordered a general massacre at Kandur. He heard that in Brahmastpuri there was a golden idol. (He found it). He then determined on razing

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During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies. To cover state expenses, Muhammad bin Tughlaq sharply raised taxes on his ever-shrinking empire. Except in times of war, he did not pay his staff from his treasury. Ibn Battuta noted in his memoir that Muhammad bin Tughlaq paid his army,

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On the fourteen day, the Sultan sent him food, but he (Sheikh Shinab al-Din) refused to eat it. When the Sultan heard this he ordered that the sheikh should be fed human excrement . spread out the sheikh on his back, opened his mouth and made him drink it (the excrement). On the following day, he

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and other Islamic buildings. Firuz Shah Tughlaq is credited with patronizing Indo-Islamic architecture, including the installation of lats (ancient Hindu and Buddhist pillars) near mosques. The irrigation canals continued to be in use through the 19th century. After Feroz died in 1388, the Tughlaq

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tax. He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of amirs (Muslim nobles). Firoz Shah Tughlaq reign was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, eliminating favours to select parts of society, but an increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups. After

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An educated sultan, Firoz Shah left a memoir. In it he wrote that he banned torture in practice in Delhi Sultanate by his predecessors, tortures such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive, crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, putting people on

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Ibn Battuta's memoir records that he fathered a child each with two slave girls, one from Greece and one he purchased during his stay in Delhi Sultanate. This was in addition to the daughter he fathered by marrying a Muslim woman in India. Ibn Battuta also records that Muhammad Tughlaq sent along

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The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city

1614:). Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, his court historian, also recorded Firoz Shah Tughlaq burning a Hindu Brahmin alive for converting Muslim women to infidelity. In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and 2239:

Not a week passed without the spilling of much Muslim blood and the running of streams of gore before the entrance of his palace. This included cutting people in half, skinning them alive, chopping off heads and displaying them on poles as a warning to others, or having prisoners tossed about by

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Firuz Shah suffered from bodily infirmities, and his rule was considered by his court historians as more merciful than that of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. When Firuz Shah came to power, India was suffering from a collapsed economy, abandoned villages and towns, and frequent famines. He undertook many

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flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion. "Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left they carried their own colour, red, which was

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Ibn Batutta wrote that Sultan's officials demanded bribes from him while he was in Delhi, as well as deducted 10% of any sums that Sultan gave to him. Towards the end of his stay in Tughluq dynasty court, Ibn Battuta came under suspicion for his friendship with a Sufi Muslim holy man. Both Ibn

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The Sultan was far too ready to shed blood. He punished small faults and great, without respect of persons, whether men of learning, piety or high station. Every day hundreds of people, chained, pinioned, and fettered, are brought to this hall, and those who are for execution are executed, for

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and officials of Khalji dynasty who had rendered him a service and helped him come to power. He punished those who had rendered service to Khusro Khan, his predecessor. He lowered the tax rate on Muslims that was prevalent during Khalji dynasty, but raised the taxes on Hindus, wrote his court

6096:"… One of his followers was Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania …" 1450:

which was not able to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 soldiers perished in 1333 and were forced to retreat. The high mountain weather and lack of retreat destroyed that army in the Himalayas. The few soldiers who returned with bad news were executed under orders of the Sultan.

2093:) joined the rebellion in 1390. Sultan Muhammad Shah attacked Hindus rebelling near Delhi and southern Doab in 1392, with mass executions of peasants, and razing Etawah to the ground. However, by then, most of India had transitioned to a patchwork of smaller Muslim Sultanates and 1605:

Firoz Shah Tughlaq tried to regain the old kingdom boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall, and remained outside of Delhi Sultanate. Firuz Shah Tughlaq was somewhat weak militarily, mainly because of inept leadership in the army.

6064:"... We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarchar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes - Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..." 1231:. Another official historian, Al-Badāʾunī ʻAbd al-Kadir ibn Mulūk-Shāh, makes no mention of lightning bolt or weather, but explains the cause of structural collapse to be the running of elephants; Al-Badaoni includes a note of the rumour that the accident was pre-planned. 2374:

This system of tax extraction from peasants and sharing among Muslim nobility led to rampant corruption, arrests, execution and rebellion. For example, in the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq, a Muslim noble named Shamsaldin Damghani entered into a contract over the iqta' of

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Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it

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campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions all over Indian subcontinent became routine.

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dynasty's power continued to fade, and no more able leaders came to the throne. Firoz Shah Tughlaq's death created anarchy and disintegration of kingdom. In the years preceding his death, internecine strife among his descendants had already erupted.

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for those who convert, and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours. Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu

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Here is a great sultan, powerful and very rich: the sultan has seven hundred elephants and a hundred thousand horsemen under his command. He also has countless foot soldiers. In this part of the land there is a lot of gold and precious

2534: 2165:) defeated four armies of the Sultanate. During the invasion, Sultan Mahmud Khan fled before Tamerlane as he entered Delhi. For eight days Delhi was plundered, its population massacred, and over 100,000 prisoners were killed as well. 1365:

Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrunk particularly after 1335. The Indian Muslim soldier Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a native of

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These included the Mamluk dynasty of greater Egypt and Central Asia (1206-1290), the Turko-Afghan Khalji dynasty (1290- 1320), the Turko-Indian Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414), the Sayyid dynasty of Multan (Punjab, Pakistan;

1154:, so that they might not be blinded by wealth or afford to become rebellious. He built a city six kilometers east of Delhi, with a fort considered more defensible against the Mongol attacks, and called it Tughlakabad. 2262:

In the Tughlaq dynasty, the punishments were extended even to Muslim religious figures who were suspected rebellion. For example, Ibn Battuta mentions Sheikh Shinab al-Din, who was imprisoned and tortured as follows:

2215:. He noted the seven-year famine from 1335, which killed thousands upon thousands of people near Delhi, while the Sultan was busy attacking rebellions. He was tough both against non-Muslims and Muslims. For example, 2506: 4462: 996:

The ancestry of the dynasty is debated among modern historians because the earlier sources provide different information regarding it. However, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq is usually considered to be of

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Historians have attempted to determine the motivations behind Muhammad bin Tughlaq's behavior and his actions. Some state Tughlaq tried to enforce orthodox Islamic observance and practice, promote

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Islam. However, he lacked the support of the Muslim nobles and aristocrats of the Delhi Sultanate. Delhi's aristocracy invited Ghazi Malik, then the governor in Punjab under the Khaljis, to lead a

5727:"Interpretation of the most ancient of inscriptions on the pillar called lat of Feroz Shah, near Delhi, and of the Allahabad, Radhia and Mattiah pillar, or lat inscriptions which agree therewith" 3830: 2324:) for trade of both foreign and Indian slaves. This market flourished under the reign of all Sultans of the Tughlaq dynasty, particularly Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad Tughlaq and Firoz Tughlaq. 2462: 88: 2290:

Battuta and the Sufi Muslim were arrested. While Ibn Battuta was allowed to leave India, the Sufi Muslim was killed as follows according to Ibn Battuta during the period he was under arrest:

3926:...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602–962/1206–1555). 3823: 6506: 2336:

The Tughlaq dynasty experienced many revolts by Muslim nobility, particularly during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign but also during rule of later monarchs such as Firoz Shah Tughlaq.

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Ziauddin Barni, a historian in Muhammad bin Tughlaq's court, wrote that the houses of Hindus became a coin mint and people in Hindustan provinces produced fake copper coins worth

977:, but this is doubtful. Literary, numismatic and epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Tughlaq was not an ancestral designation, but the personal name of the dynasty's founder 1227:

in 1325, while his eldest son watched. One official historian of the Tughlaq court gives an alternate fleeting account of his death, as caused by a lightning bolt strike on the

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At the turn of the 15th century, Punjab lay under the reign of the Indo-Turkic Tughlaq Dynasty. However, the Delhi Sultanate, as the empire was called, had started floundering

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The Sultans of the Tughlaq dynasty, particularly Firoz Shah Tughlaq, patronized many construction projects and are credited with the development of Indo-Islamic architecture.

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A map showing the expansion of Delhi Sultanate from 1320 (dark green) to 1330. The map also shows the location of the new temporary capital under Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

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After Muhammad bin Tughluq died, a collateral relative, Mahmud Ibn Muhammad, ruled for less than a month. Thereafter, Muhammad bin Tughluq's 45-year-old nephew

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The Sultan created Daulatabad as the second administrative centre. A contemporary writer has written that the Empire had two capitals - Delhi and Daulatabad.

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derived from Ghor. Qutb-u'd-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon." in

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slave who had been forcibly converted to Islam and then served the Delhi Sultanate as the general of its army for some time. Khusro Khan, along with

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and asserted control over Rajputana. The Tughlaq power continued to decline until they were finally overthrown by their former governor of Multan,

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between different factions of Sunni Islam aristocracy, each seeking sovereignty and land to tax dhimmis and extract income from resident peasants.

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to describe the entire dynasty as a matter of convenience, but to call it the Tughlaq dynasty is inaccurate, as none of the dynasty's kings used

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further weakened the Tughlaq empire and allowed several regional chiefs to become independent, resulting in the formation of the sultanates of

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rivers, the Sultan increased the land tax rate on non-Muslims by tenfold in some districts, and twentyfold in others. Along with land taxes,

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Firuz Shah Tughluq's favorite grandson died in 1376. Thereafter, Firuz Shah sought and followed Sharia more than ever, with the help of his

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Bihamadkhani, Muhammad (date unclear, estim. early 15th century) Ta'rikh-i Muhammadi, Translator: Muhammad Zaki, Aligarh Muslim University

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Each military campaign and raid on non-Muslim kingdoms yielded loot and seizure of slaves. Additionally, the Sultans patronized a market (

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Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Oxford University Press, Chapter 2, pp. 236–242

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In his memoirs about the Tughlaq dynasty, Ibn Batutta recorded the history of Qutb complex which included Quwat al-Islam Mosque and the

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While the civil war was in progress, predominantly Hindu populations of Himalayan foothills of north India had rebelled, stopped paying

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I.H. Siddiqui (2012), Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, Saiyid Jafri (Editor),

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Richards J. F. (1974), The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109

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Ross Dunn (1989), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century, University of California Press, Berkeley,

2278: 5134: 5050: 2819: 2796: 766: 756: 3976:, also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in 3514: 6424:

Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 287–373

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 340–341

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H. Gibb (1956), The Travels of Ibn Battuta, Vols. I, II, III, Hakluyt Society, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 693–709

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 367–371

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 365–366

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 290–292

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Shams-i Siraj 'Afif, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 271–273

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Chandra, Satish (1997). Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 101–102.

420: 406: 392: 378: 364: 350: 336: 322: 297: 283: 5978: 4060: 1165:, a city near Delhi with a fort, to protect the Delhi Sultanate from Mongol attacks. Above is the Tughlaq fort, now in ruins. 813: 736: 6111: 4912:

Ziauddin Barani, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 609-611

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Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 239-242

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Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 233-234

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Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 229-231

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Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 214-218

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became commonplace, and the civil war between the two Sultan factions continued through 1398, till the invasion by Timur.

1025:

Peter Jackson suggested that Tughlaq was of Mongol stock and a follower of the Mongol chief Alaghu. The Moroccan traveler

896: 803: 5578:

Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 241–243

5039:

Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–238

4997:

Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 235–240

4978:

Ziauddin Barni, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pp. 236–237

4329: 2359:

The Tughlaqs had attempted to manage their expanded empire by appointing family members and Muslim aristocracy as na'ib (

5649: 5624: 5466: 4886:

Ibn Battuta, The History of India by its own Historians - The Muhammadan Period, Volume 3, Trubner London, pages 609-611

2750: 2727: 5241:

Kusumāñjali:New Interpretation of Indian Art & Culture : Sh. C. Sivaramamurti Commemoration Volume · Volume 2

2148: 1485:

At the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's death, the geographic control of Delhi Sultanate had shrunk to the north of the

1012:, which seems to be the official position of the genealogy of the Sultan, although this can be dismissed as flattery. 4238: 5868:, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 - The History of India, Cornell University Archives, pp. 377–381 5183: 2482: 64: 5483: 5107: 4304:

W. Haig (1958), The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, pp 153-163

2681: 1644:

infrastructure projects including an irrigation canal connecting Yamuna-Ghaggar and Yamuna-Sutlej rivers, bridges,

1262:, and Vincent Smith, Ghiyasuddin was killed by his eldest son Jauna Khan in 1325. Jauna Khan ascended to power as 5449: 2436: 1888: 1129:

in Delhi and remove Khusro Khan. In 1320, Ghazi Malik launched an attack and killed Khusro Khan to assume power.

5151:

The primary result of the transfer of the capital to Daulatabad was the hatred of the people towards the Sultan.

2218: 6496: 6075: 3778: 3424: 3403: 2773: 2344: 1396: 889: 746: 6355:

Samuel Lee (translator), Ibn Battuta - The Travels of Ibn Battuta: in the Near East, Asia and Africa, 2010,

4609:

He was mistakenly identified as Christian because of the Christian mission established in Kollam since 1329.

3851: 3432: 2575: 1335: 1086: 6444:

William McKibben (1994), The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. Ars orientalis, Vol. 24, pp. 105–118

1403:. Despite this, he was elderly and had no interest in ruling, and as a result, he stepped down in favor of 6459: 6421: 6324: 6297:"nak̲h̲k̲h̲ās", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Editors: P.J. Bearmanet al, Brill, The Netherlands 5994: 5878: 5815: 5802: 5575: 5498: 5036: 4994: 4975: 4909: 4883: 4828: 4792: 4760: 4747: 4615: 3949: 3729: 3594: 3395: 2619: 2469: 2121: 1788: 1404: 1343: 1188: 1138: 978: 939: 684: 647: 481: 168: 5968: 4050: 2494: 6107: 4963: 3308: 2339: 1879: 1850: 1274: 1216: 302: 5831:, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 - The History of India, Cornell University Archives 5726: 4567:

Massing, Jean Michel; Albuquerque, Luís de; Brown, Jonathan; González, J. J. Martín (1 January 1991).

4529: 2130: 1215:(Bengal) invited Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to extend his coup and expand eastwards into Bengal by attacking 6462:(1970). "The Tughluqs: Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). 6059: 5715:

The History of India as told by its own historians, Volume 3, Cornell University Archives, pp 352-353

4630: 3082: 2658: 2396: 2392: 1447: 1263: 1244: 990: 950: 696: 580: 570: 180: 5748: 3583: 3576: 3562: 3172: 1928: 1734: 1379: 1375: 1200: 954: 617: 590: 343: 120: 6433:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) By Satish Chandra p. 210

6372:

James Brown (1949), The History of Islam in India, The Muslim World, Volume 39, Issue 1, pp. 11–25

4660:

Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions

6383: 5890: 5865: 5828: 5712: 5694: 4865: 4396: 3856: 3679: 3550: 2513: 2031: 1832: 1599: 1591: 1573: 1565: 1547: 706: 540: 385: 192: 2355:, is considered to be the earliest example of Tughluq architecture, built between 1320 and 1324. 2328:

with his emissaries, both slave boys and slave girls as gifts to other countries such as China.

1598:

The court historian Ziauddin Barni, who served both Muhammad Tughlaq and the first six years of

1207:

copy of 1326 Tughlaq dynasty lost original. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.

2180:, as his viceroy at Delhi. Initially, Khizr Khan could only establish his control over Multan, 6469: 6389: 6356: 6307: 6281: 6228: 6205: 6199: 6151: 6087: 6023: 5974: 5938: 5915: 5894: 5847: 5782: 5588: 5530: 5428: 5399: 5362: 5337: 5313: 5290: 5218: 5189: 5140: 5113: 5086: 5056: 5019: 4928: 4857: 4811: 4773: 4729: 4687: 4664: 4658: 4574: 4535: 4508: 4468: 4438: 4428: 4388: 4352: 4244: 4217: 4196: 4179: 4155: 4128: 4103: 4056: 4029: 3985: 3965: 3938: 3538: 3304: 3235: 2841: 2541: 2408: 2400: 2101: 2040: 2013: 1977: 1810: 1408: 1371: 1259: 1204: 1126: 520: 490: 413: 399: 357: 5667: 4568: 3979: 3959: 2391:

The provinces of Deccan, Bengal, Sindh and Multan had become independent during the reign of

1212: 5512: 4638: 4434: 4405: 3917: 3656: 3526: 3349: 3252: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3118: 3073: 3064: 3047: 2560: 2545: 2473: 2453: 2051: 1995: 1968: 1917: 1821: 1723: 1581: 1557: 1514: 1438: 1286:

He raised taxes to levels where people refused to pay any. In India's fertile lands between

1162: 921: 850: 637: 550: 329: 116: 4195:

Edmund Wright (2006), A Dictionary of World History, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press,

1378:

originated in southern India as a direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate. The

6343: 5653: 5628: 3715: 3413: 3226: 3217: 3199: 3136: 3109: 3100: 2837: 2424: 2404: 2282: 2144: 2022: 1959: 1948: 1870: 1556:

The Tughlaq dynasty is remembered for its architectural patronage. The famous fortress of

1151: 1118: 931: 627: 466: 371: 204:

Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah / Abu Bakr Shah / Muhammad Shah / Mahmud Tughlaq / Nusrat Shah

94: 4616:"Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia" 4634: 1157: 5276:

A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, by Richard M. Eaton p.50

4076: 3942: 3736: 3385: 3335: 3325: 3208: 3190: 3181: 3127: 3091: 2885: 2861: 2420: 2177: 1908: 1861: 1841: 1770: 1712: 1383: 1102: 1001: 784: 608: 315: 288: 33: 1507: 1097:

of 1375. The captions are informative, and several of the location names are accurate.

6490: 6280:

Ibn Batutta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, Translated by H Gibb, Routledge,

6227:

Ibn Batutta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, Translated by H Gibb, Routledge,

3877: 3803: 3792: 3642: 2984: 2231: 1986: 1939: 1743: 1577: 1486: 1479: 1339: 1094: 1090: 860: 726: 530: 73: 5546:

Domenic Marbaniang, "The Corrosion of Gold in Light of Modern Christian Economics",

1169:

In 1321, he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to

6201:

Visualizing the Past in Italian Renaissance Art: Essays in Honor of Brian A. Curran

5920: 5852: 5672: 5517: 5310:

Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century

5295: 5169: 5024: 4933: 4816: 4734: 4710: 3766: 3478: 3445: 3374: 2939: 2704: 2158: 2004: 1899: 1779: 1443: 1312: 1287: 997: 870: 841: 716: 657: 254: 5685:

McKibben, William Jeffrey (1994). "The Monumental Pillars of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq".

4737:, Frowde - Publisher to the Oxford University, London, 23rd Edition, pages 123-124 1537: 1034: 6463: 6145: 5164: 4705: 4346: 4281: 4267: 4149: 3921: 1411:. As a result, the Deccan had become an independent and competing Muslim kingdom 1022:

lady of the Punjab. However this lacks confirmation by contemporary authorities.

1018:

states that Tughluq's father was a Turco-Mongol slave of Balban and his mother a

6336: 6249: 5923:, Frowde - Publisher to the Oxford University, London, 23rd Edition, pp. 126–127 4842: 4505:

A comprehensive history of medieval India: twelfth to the mid-eighteenth century

4424: 4373: 3417: 2903: 2299: 2200: 1331: 1114: 1106: 1030: 1026: 946: 132: 4643: 1635: 1382:

liberated southern India from the Delhi Sultanate. In 1336 Kapaya Nayak of the

3754: 3703: 3630: 3502: 3490: 2416: 2212: 2173: 2094: 1330:

Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose the city of Deogiri in present-day Indian state of

1174: 1019: 1009: 793: 451: 5646: 5621: 5082:

Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center

4861: 4772:

Mohammad Arshad (1967), An Advanced History of Muslim Rule in Indo-Pakistan,

4392: 1414:

Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of Quran,

6473: 4531:

The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500

4409: 3618: 3466: 3290: 3266: 3038: 2948: 2162: 1178: 1041: 1005: 823: 510: 500: 142: 1628:

the death of his heir in 1376, Firuz Shah started strict implementation of

1391:

the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom. By 1347, the

1361:

A base metal coin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq that led to an economic collapse.

5668:

The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record

4777: 4077:"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India" 2089:

taxes to Sultan's officials. Hindus of southern Doab region of India (now

2069:

Main South Asian polities in 1400, towards the end of the Tughlaq dynasty.

949:

dynasty expanded its territorial reach through a military campaign led by

5209:

Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Devin J. Stewart.

4467:. Royalty in Medieval India. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 8. 3691: 3360: 3280: 3262: 2975: 2912: 2352: 2181: 1576:

decided otherwise and had it installed near a mosque. The meaning of the

1387: 1015: 970: 446: 216: 6468:. Vol. 5. The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 5424:

Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization

5136:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

5109:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

5052:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

4896: 4869: 4486: 4484: 4464:

History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06, the Delhi Sultanate

4400: 4312: 4310: 4240:

The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India

4125:

The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India

4100:

The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India

2188:. Soon he started his campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty, and entered 1639:

Wazirabad mosque, near Delhi, was built during Firoz Shah Tughlaq reign.

1316:, and other Muslim officials. His court historian Ziauddin Barni noted, 17: 5848:

The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911

5698: 5291:

The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911

4929:

The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911

3667: 3454: 3029: 2993: 2957: 2930: 2921: 2894: 2583: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2204: 2143:'s invasion of India in 1397-1399, and painting of Timur defeating the 1645: 1620: 1569: 1464: 1418:, poetry and other fields. He was deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and 1400: 1367: 1320:

Not a day or week passed without spilling of much Musalman blood, (...)

1295: 37: 4507:(First impression ed.). India: Pearson India Education Services. 4348:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526)Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

1141:– thus starting and naming the Tughlaq dynasty. He rewarded all those 1004:

origins. Tughlaq's court poet Badr-i Chach attempted to find a royal

27:

Third Muslim dynasty which ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1320 to 1413

6465:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

6083: 5656:

Travels of Ibn Battuta: 1334-1341, University of California, Berkeley

4899:, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol. 86, No. 4448, pp 324-325 4603: 3961:

Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag

3020: 3011: 3002: 2579: 2348: 2090: 2086: 2075: 1752: 1649: 1629: 1561: 1543: 1392: 1300: 1291: 1192: 1170: 1076: 1072: 953:, and reached its zenith between 1330 and 1335. It ruled most of the 149: 6022:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–311. 5937:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–310. 5781:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–309. 4055:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (j). 3905: 1568:. The Sultanate initially wanted to use the pillar to make a mosque 1121:, to expand the Sultanate and plunder non-Muslim kingdoms in India. 2100:

Tartar Khan installed a second Sultan, Nasir-al-din Nusrat Shah in

5957:

Agha Mahdi Husain (1963), Tughluq Dynasty, Thacker Spink, Calcutta

3606: 3294: 3276: 2966: 2845: 2412: 2338: 2277: 2223: 2217: 2189: 2185: 2140: 2082: 1634: 1615: 1471: 1460: 1430: 1426: 1356: 1348: 1273: 1238: 1183: 1156: 1110: 1060: 1045: 935: 441: 106: 5267:

Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 97

4266:

Kimberly Klimek; Pamela Troyer; Sarah Davis-Secord; Bryan Keene,

4269:

Global Medieval Contexts 500 – 1500: Connections and Comparisons

2105: 1761: 1674: 1415: 1353:

Muhammad Tughlak orders his brass coins to pass for silver, 1330

1306: 5713:

Tarikh I Firozi Shahi - Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj

5336:(Vol 7 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1999. p. 7. 6346:

The Travels of Ibn Battuta, University of California, Berkeley

5647:

Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 7 - Delhi, capital of Muslim India

5398:

M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context,

4843:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" 4374:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" 6198:

Anderson, Jennifer Cochran; Dow, Douglas N. (22 March 2021).

3937:

Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black

2516:'s tomb with adjoining Madrassa, in Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi. 1258:

According to many historians such as Ibn Battuta, al-Safadi,

4945:

Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani,

2871: 4686:

Holt et al. (1977), The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol 2,

3954:. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143. 2728:

Abu Bakr Khan ibn Zafar Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah

5973:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147. 2172:

It is believed that before his departure, Timur appointed

973:

claims that it is an Indian corruption of the Turkic term

71:

Flag of the Tughlaq dynasty according to the contemporary

5385:(Part 2 ed.). Harvard University. 1910. p. 314. 4949:. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co 4178:

Lombok, E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol 5,

3893:

the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas

6337:

Insights into Ibn Battuta's Ideas of Women and Sexuality

5383:

Government Gazette The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh

2151:, in the winter of 1397–1398 (painting dated 1595–1600). 993:

called himself the son of Tughlaq Shah ("bin Tughlaq").

1478:('Warrior for the Path of God') under the influence of 1105:

ruled the Delhi Sultanate before 1320. Its last ruler,

938:

when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of

5165:

Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India

4554: 4490: 4316: 3875:

Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the

1040:

tribe of Turks, who lived in the hilly region between

6020:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

5935:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

5829:

Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi - Memoirs of Firoz Shah Tughlak

5779:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

5550:, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Bangalore: CFCC), August 2013, p. 66 4026:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

2563:

remains next to the Feroz Shah Kotla Cricket Stadium.

2319: 2157:

The lowest point for the dynasty came in 1398, when

5750:

Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India no.52

5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 4947:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

4331:

An Advanced History of Muslim Rule in Indo-Pakistan

4283:

Sikhs: A Story of a People, Their Faith and Culture

1117:, had led numerous military campaigns on behalf of 434: 250: 236: 226: 212: 198: 186: 174: 162: 148: 138: 128: 112: 102: 45: 5359:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE 4028:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2411:. The Rajput states also expelled the governor of 1137:After assuming power, Ghazi Malik renamed himself 6131:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world 5855:, Chapter 2, pp. 249–251, Oxford University Press 5298:, Chapter 2, pp. 242–248, Oxford University Press 3981:The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study 2876:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE. 2732:ابو بکر خان ابن ظفر خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ 1191:leading his troops in the capture of the city of 6174:, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 125–8 5909: 5907: 5866:Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi - Autobiographical memoirs 4936:, Chapter 2, pp 236-242, Oxford University Press 4723: 4721: 4719: 1161:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ordered the construction of 934:in medieval India. Its reign started in 1320 in 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5468:Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom 4334:. the University of Michigan. 1967. p. 94. 2840:under two Sultans; one in the east (Orange) at 2292: 2265: 2252:torture tortured, and those for beating beaten. 2249: 2237: 1318: 920:(also known as the Tughluq or Tughluk dynasty; 5841: 5839: 5837: 4408:and his successors were contemporaries of the 4243:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. 4151:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 4127:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. 4102:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3910:Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 2285:depicting the court of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq. 2273:Ibn Battuta, Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi) 2245:Ibn Battuta, Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi) 2240:elephants with swords attached to their tusks. 6507:States and territories disestablished in 1414 5675:, 3rd Series, Volume 9, Nos. 21-22, pp. 13–15 5334:Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates 3831: 1407:, another Afghan, who was the founder of the 897: 8: 5284: 5282: 5223:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4922: 4920: 4918: 3951:The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi 6416: 6414: 6412: 6385:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5571: 5569: 5563:(New Delhi: Harper Perennial, 2000), p. 269 4682: 4680: 4593:The caption for the Sultan of Delhi reads: 3984:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. 2836:The coloured rows signify the splitting of 2705:Tughluq Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah 1085:, identified as Christian due to the early 1008:genealogy for the dynasty from the line of 93:Territory under the Tughlaq dynasty of the 6502:States and territories established in 1320 6112:"The Indian Empire: Timur's invasion 1398" 5513:The Famines of the World: Past and Present 5471:. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 59–60. 5361:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. 5188:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 82. 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4449:The founder of this new Turkish dynasty... 3964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 3838: 3824: 3330: 2857: 2823: 2820:Nusrat Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah 2814: 2800: 2791: 2777: 2768: 2754: 2745: 2731: 2722: 2708: 2699: 2685: 2676: 2662: 2653: 2645: 2637: 2623: 2614: 2595: 1437:Muhammad bin Tughlaq planned an attack on 1386:defeated the Tughlaq army and reconquered 926: 904: 890: 461: 97:, 1330–1335. The empire shrank after 1335. 42: 6184: 6182: 6180: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4663:. BRILL. 17 June 2021. pp. 176–178. 4642: 4570:Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration 4412:sultans; both dynasties were Turco-Mongol 2528:Feroze Shah Kotla ruins, painted in 1802. 2195: 1560:reused an old Buddhist pillar erected by 1531:West gate of Feroz Shah Kotla, circa 1800 1446:'s Prithvi Chand II defeated the army of 1203:, a member of the Tughluq court. Ca.1410 930:) was the third dynasty to rule over the 6080:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5529:Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, 4959: 4957: 4955: 4599:The caption for the southern king reads: 4300: 4298: 2844:& the other in the west (Yellow) at 1029:states with reference to the Sufi saint 989:as a surname: only Ghiyath al-Din's son 969:is not certain. The 16th-century writer 6041: 6039: 5465:Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). 4788: 4786: 4237:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (8 March 2015). 4123:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (8 March 2015). 4098:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (8 March 2015). 3868: 3801: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3443: 3383: 3358: 3333: 2860: 2811:Sultan Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq 2788:Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 2443: 2196:Ibn Battuta's memoir on Tughlaq dynasty 2176:, the future founder of the succeeding 473: 464: 5254:Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, 5216: 4841:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). 4623:International Cartographic Association 4372:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). 2363:‎) of Iqta' (farming provinces, 1089:there, and the Catholic mission under 123:(Language of elites and lingua franca) 5916:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples 5485:Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama 5020:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples 4730:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples 4706:The Oxford Student's History of India 4214:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History 2634:Sultan Muhammad Adil bin Tughluq Shah 2314:Turkish slaves in the Delhi Sultanate 2257:Ibn Battuta, Chapter XV Rihla (Delhi) 235: 225: 221: 197: 185: 173: 161: 157: 147: 7: 6517:14th-century establishments in India 5893:, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, 5711:HM Elliot & John Dawson (1871), 4528:Surender Singh (30 September 2019). 4430:Islam in South Asia: A Short History 1325:Ziauddin Barni, Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 5421:McCann, Michael W. (15 July 1994). 4713:, Oxford University Press, pp 81-82 4148:Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008), 2709:تغلق خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ 2302:, Travel Memoirs (1334-1341, Delhi) 2230:), capital of the Tughlaqs, in the 1584:) was unknown in Firuz Shah's time. 1482:of Syria. Others suggest insanity. 1177:of Arangal and Tilang (now part of 925: 32:For the play by Girish Karnad, see 3948:Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942). 2824:نصرت خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ 2696:Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah 2611:Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah 25: 6420:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 6323:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5993:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5877:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5814:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5801:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 5548:Journal of Contemporary Christian 4908:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 4882:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 4746:Elliot and Dowson (Translators), 4216:. Primus Books. pp. 90–102. 2308:Slavery under the Tughlaq dynasty 1093:since 1329), in the contemporary 981:. Historians use the designation 5970:A Historical atlas of South Asia 5967:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 4052:A Historical atlas of South Asia 4049:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 3886: 2765:Sultan Ala-ud-din Sikandar Shah 2568: 2553: 2533: 2521: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2461: 2446: 2129: 2120: 1667: 1536: 1524: 1506: 1080: 1066: 767:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 757:Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq 418: 404: 390: 376: 362: 348: 334: 320: 295: 281: 87: 63: 6116:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 5427:. University of Chicago Press. 2815:سلطان ناصر الدین نصرت شاہ تغلق 2792:سلطان ناصر الدین محمود شاہ تغلق 2419:, resulting in the rise of the 1249: 36:. For the Indian magazine, see 5731:Journal of the Asiatic Society 5308:Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). 5133:Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). 5106:Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). 5049:Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). 4503:Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). 3978:Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938). 1429:to pay the tribute, taxes and 1033:that Tughluq belonged to the " 737:Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III 1: 6216:detail of elephant near Delhi 6170:Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). 6147:Medieval Islamic Civilization 3958:Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016). 3882: 2862:History of the Turkic peoples 2797:Mahmud Shah ibn Muhammad Shah 2751:Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah 2192:victoriously on 6 June 1414. 78: 6246:"The Travels of Ibn Battuta" 4461:Khalid Ahmad Nizami (1997). 2682:Malik Feroze ibn Malik Rajab 2638:سلطان محمد عادل بن تغلق شاہ 1564:in the 3rd century BCE, the 1513:Tentative reconstruction of 1370:in North India, founded the 1065:Sultan of Delhi (top, flag: 1048:, and were in fact Mongols. 6118:. Vol. 2. p. 366. 5665:George Roy Badenoc (1901), 5238:M. S. Nagaraja Rao (1987). 5027:, 23rd Edition, pp. 124-127 4809:William Lowe (Translator), 4555:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1970 4491:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1970 4317:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1970 3668:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 3515:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 2470:Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah 2332:Muslim nobility and revolts 2320: 2149:Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq 6533: 6150:. Routledge. p. 812. 6108:Hunter, Sir William Wilson 6060:Cambridge University Press 6056:The rise and rule of Timur 5901:, Brill Academic, pp 20-23 5510:Cornelius Walford (1878), 4644:10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 3922:10.29091/9783954909537/009 3275:Chief gods and goddesses: 2769:سلطان علاءالدین سکندر شاہ 2673:Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq 2434: 2311: 1632:throughout his dominions. 1397:revolted under Ismail Mukh 1266:, and ruled for 26 years. 1211:The Muslim aristocracy in 965:The etymology of the word 31: 6512:Muslim dynasties of India 6388:. Yale University Press. 6062:, Cambridge 1989, p. 28: 5753:. 1937. p. Plate II. 5482:Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000). 5258:, (Routledge, 1986), 188. 4819:, Volume 1, pages 296-301 4614:Liščák, Vladimír (2017). 4573:. Yale University Press. 3696:11th century–13th century 2700:سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ 2615:سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ 2437:Indo-Islamic architecture 2431:Indo-Islamic Architecture 2423:as the new rulers of the 2364: 2360: 1087:Saint Thomas Christianity 260: 246: 222: 208: 158: 86: 60: 55: 6382:Bloom, Jonathan (1995). 6129:Marozzi, Justin (2004). 5312:. Pearson. p. 150. 5185:Essays on Medieval India 3779:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 3425:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 3404:Western Turkic Khaganate 3350:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate 2659:Malik Fakhr-ud-din Jauna 2345:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 2111: 1476:al-Mujahid fi sabilillah 1298:. He routinely executed 747:Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah 6086:Regional Office, 1998, 6018:Jackson, Peter (2003). 5933:Jackson, Peter (1999). 5913:William Hunter (1903), 5777:Jackson, Peter (1999). 5017:William Hunter (1903), 4966:Encyclopædia Britannica 4897:DELHI: A STORY IN STONE 4727:William Hunter (1903), 4602:Here rules the king of 4212:Sen, Sailendra (2013). 4024:Jackson, Peter (2003). 3852:List of Sunni dynasties 3433:Second Turkic Khaganate 2755:محمد شاہ ابن فیروز شاہ 2576:Hilal Khan Ghazi Mosque 1075:" ruler of the city of 957:for this brief period. 6460:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 6204:. BRILL. p. 125. 6144:Josef W. Meri (2005). 5652:24 August 2014 at the 5627:24 August 2014 at the 5079:Carl W. Ernst (1992). 4884:Travels of Ibn Battuta 4345:Aniruddha Ray (2019). 3595:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 3396:First Turkic Khaganate 2877: 2801:محمود شاہ ابن محمد شاہ 2686:ملک فیروز ابن ملک رجب 2356: 2305: 2286: 2276: 2260: 2248: 2235: 1640: 1463:(now in Pakistan) and 1362: 1354: 1344:Thousand Pillar Temple 1340:Swayambhu Shiva Temple 1328: 1279: 1255: 1208: 1189:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 1166: 1098: 940:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 685:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 648:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 238:• Disestablished 169:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 6342:13 March 2014 at the 4812:Muntakhabu-t-tawārīkh 3906:"On the Timurid flag" 3704:Atabegs of Azerbaijan 3336:Yenisei Kyrgyz People 2875: 2488:Tughlaqabad fort wall 2476:, Tughlaqabad, Delhi. 2456:, Tughlaqabad, Delhi. 2383:him alive in public. 2342: 2281: 2221: 1648:(religious schools), 1638: 1360: 1352: 1277: 1242: 1217:Shamsuddin Firoz Shah 1187: 1160: 1064: 303:Eastern Ganga Dynasty 113:Common languages 6422:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 6325:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5995:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5879:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5864:Firoz Shah Tughlak, 5827:Firoz Shah Tughlak, 5816:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5803:Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi 5576:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 5499:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 5357:Wink, André (2020). 5211:"Jalal al-Din Ahsan" 5037:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4995:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4976:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4964:Muḥammad ibn Tughluq 4895:Henry Sharp (1938), 4829:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4793:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4761:Tarikh-I Firoz Shahi 4557:, pp. 460, 461. 3904:Kadoi, Yuka (2010). 2742:Sultan Muhammad Shah 2719:Sultan Abu Bakr Shah 2677:سلطان فیروز شاہ تغلق 2393:Muhammad bin Tughlaq 2066:class=notpageimage| 1580:on the pillars (the 1448:Muhammad bin Tughluq 1374:in South India. The 1270:Muhammad bin Tughluq 1264:Muhammad bin Tughlaq 1245:Muhammad bin Tughluq 991:Muhammad bin Tughluq 951:Muhammad bin Tughluq 697:Muhammad bin Tughluq 581:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad 571:Ghiyas ud din Balban 181:Muhammad ibn Tughluq 6172:The Delhi Sultanate 5725:Prinsep, J (1837). 4910:Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháh 4856:: 230, 258 Fig.56. 4635:2018PrICA...1...69L 3584:Eastern Kara-Khanid 3577:Western Kara-Khanid 3563:Kara-Khanid Khanate 2548:), painted in 1802. 2514:Feroze Shah Tughlaq 1550:in Feroz Shah Kotla 1380:Vijayanagara Empire 1376:Vijayanagara Empire 1139:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1133:Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 955:Indian subcontinent 942:and ended in 1413. 591:Shamsuddin Kayumars 344:Vijayanagara Empire 228:• Established 6270:Per painting label 6074:M.S. Asimov & 5891:Annemarie Schimmel 5256:A History of India 5182:Raj Kumar (2003). 3941:flag, and the red 3680:Khwarazmian Empire 3551:Karluk Yabgu State 3289:Epics and heroes: 2878: 2357: 2287: 2236: 1641: 1600:Firoz Shah Tughlaq 1592:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1574:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1566:Delhi-Topra pillar 1548:Delhi-Topra pillar 1493:Feroz Shah Tughluq 1409:Bahmanid Sultanate 1363: 1355: 1280: 1256: 1209: 1167: 1099: 707:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 541:Muiz ud din Bahram 386:Khandesh Sultanate 193:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 6211:978-90-04-44777-6 5944:978-0-521-40477-8 5845:Vincent A Smith, 5788:978-0-521-40477-8 5448:Suvorova (2000). 5434:978-0-226-55571-3 5288:Vincent A Smith, 4926:Vincent A Smith, 4670:978-90-04-44603-8 4580:978-0-300-05167-4 4514:978-81-317-3202-1 4250:978-1-4008-6815-5 4223:978-9-38060-734-4 4161:978-0-08-087774-7 4134:978-1-4008-6815-5 4109:978-1-4008-6815-5 3991:978-81-7018-092-0 3971:978-1-107-11887-4 3857:Persianate states 3848: 3847: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3755:Qarlughid Kingdom 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3619:Pecheneg Khanates 3612: 3600: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3539:Oghuz Yabgu State 3532: 3520: 3508: 3503:Türgesh Khaganate 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3437: 3429: 3408: 3400: 3366: 3341: 3316: 3315: 3243: 3242: 3055: 3054: 2866: 2832: 2831: 2723:سلطان ابو بکر شاہ 2397:invasion of Timur 2228:"ciutat de delly" 1474:in South Asia as 1372:Madurai Sultanate 1288:Ganges and Yamuna 914: 913: 879: 878: 832: 831: 775: 774: 666: 665: 599: 598: 561:Nasiruddin Mahmud 521:Rukn ud din Firuz 491:Qutb al-Din Aibak 460: 459: 430: 429: 426: 425: 414:Jaunpur Sultanate 400:Gujarat Sultanate 358:Bahmani Sultanate 308: 307: 200:• 1388–1413 188:• 1351–1388 176:• 1325–1351 164:• 1320–1325 16:(Redirected from 6524: 6477: 6445: 6442: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6418: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6353: 6347: 6334: 6328: 6321: 6315: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6289: 6278: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252:on 13 March 2014 6248:. 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1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1659: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1541: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1327: 1324: 1272: 1248: 1237: 1173:to plunder the 1152:Ziauddin Barani 1135: 1119:Alauddin Khalji 1079:(bottom, flag: 1073:King of Colombo 1059: 1054: 963: 932:Delhi Sultanate 918:Tughlaq dynasty 910: 881: 880: 844: 834: 833: 787: 777: 776: 689: 678: 676:Tughlaq dynasty 668: 667: 611: 601: 600: 484: 467:Delhi Sultanate 456: 419: 405: 391: 377: 372:Malwa Sultanate 363: 349: 335: 321: 296: 282: 239: 229: 201: 189: 177: 165: 124: 98: 95:Delhi Sultanate 82: 69: 68: 51: 48: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6483:External links 6481: 6479: 6478: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6437: 6426: 6408: 6394: 6374: 6365: 6361:978-1616402624 6348: 6329: 6316: 6312:978-9380607283 6299: 6290: 6273: 6262: 6237: 6220: 6210: 6190: 6176: 6163: 6156: 6136: 6121: 6099: 6076:C. E. Bosworth 6067: 6047: 6035: 6029:978-0521543293 6028: 5999: 5986: 5979: 5959: 5950: 5943: 5925: 5903: 5899:978-9004061170 5883: 5870: 5857: 5833: 5820: 5807: 5794: 5787: 5756: 5740: 5717: 5704: 5687:Ars Orientalis 5677: 5658: 5632: 5606: 5597: 5593:978-8124105221 5580: 5565: 5552: 5539: 5535:978-0816083626 5522: 5503: 5491: 5488:. p. 140. 5474: 5457: 5440: 5433: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5404:978-9004177581 5388: 5374: 5367: 5349: 5342: 5325: 5318: 5300: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5247: 5230: 5201: 5194: 5174: 5155: 5145: 5125: 5118: 5098: 5091: 5085:. SUNY Press. 5071: 5061: 5041: 5029: 4999: 4980: 4968: 4951: 4938: 4914: 4901: 4888: 4875: 4833: 4821: 4797: 4782: 4765: 4753: 4739: 4715: 4696: 4692:978-0521291378 4676: 4669: 4650: 4606:, a Christian. 4586: 4579: 4559: 4547: 4540: 4520: 4513: 4495: 4493:, p. 461. 4480: 4473: 4453: 4444:978-9004168596 4443: 4416: 4364: 4357: 4337: 4321: 4319:, p. 460. 4306: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286:, p. 22, 4278: 4256: 4249: 4229: 4222: 4204: 4188: 4171: 4160: 4140: 4133: 4115: 4108: 4090: 4068: 4061: 4041: 4035:978-0521543293 4034: 3997: 3990: 3970: 3930: 3896: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3786: 3785: 3774: 3773: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3737:Khalji dynasty 3733: 3730:Mamluk dynasty 3723: 3722: 3711: 3710: 3699: 3698: 3692:Kerait Khanate 3687: 3686: 3675: 3674: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3649: 3638: 3637: 3626: 3625: 3614: 3613: 3602: 3601: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3570: 3569: 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2935: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2886:Turkic peoples 2884: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2868: 2867: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2817: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2794: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2771: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2748: 2746:سلطان محمد شاہ 2738: 2737: 2734: 2725: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2702: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2679: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2663:ملک فخر الدین 2656: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2617: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2602:Personal Name 2600: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2480: 2478: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2452: 2445: 2435:Main article: 2432: 2429: 2421:Sayyid Dynasty 2388: 2385: 2333: 2330: 2309: 2306: 2296: 2270: 2254: 2242: 2197: 2194: 2178:Sayyid dynasty 2138: 2137: 2128: 2127: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2095:Hindu kingdoms 2064: 2063: 2049: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1946: 1937: 1926: 1915: 1906: 1897: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1819: 1808: 1797: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1721: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1555: 1554: 1542: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1384:Musunuri Nayak 1322: 1271: 1268: 1236: 1233: 1197:Basātin al-uns 1175:Hindu kingdoms 1134: 1131: 1103:Khalji dynasty 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 962: 959: 912: 911: 909: 908: 901: 894: 886: 883: 882: 877: 876: 873: 867: 866: 863: 857: 856: 853: 845: 840: 839: 836: 835: 830: 829: 826: 820: 819: 816: 810: 809: 806: 800: 799: 796: 788: 785:Sayyid dynasty 783: 782: 779: 778: 773: 772: 769: 763: 762: 759: 753: 752: 749: 743: 742: 739: 733: 732: 729: 723: 722: 719: 713: 712: 709: 703: 702: 699: 693: 692: 687: 679: 674: 673: 670: 669: 664: 663: 660: 654: 653: 650: 644: 643: 640: 634: 633: 630: 624: 623: 620: 612: 609:Khalji dynasty 607: 606: 603: 602: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 583: 577: 576: 573: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 527: 526: 523: 517: 516: 513: 507: 506: 503: 497: 496: 493: 485: 482:Mamluk dynasty 480: 479: 476: 475: 471: 470: 458: 457: 455: 454: 449: 444: 438: 436: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 416: 410: 409: 402: 396: 395: 388: 382: 381: 374: 368: 367: 360: 354: 353: 346: 340: 339: 332: 326: 325: 318: 316:Sayyid dynasty 309: 306: 305: 300: 292: 291: 289:Khalji dynasty 286: 274: 273: 268: 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 214: 213:Historical era 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 190: 187: 184: 183: 178: 175: 172: 171: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 92: 84: 83: 70: 62: 61: 58: 57: 53: 52: 49: 46: 34:Tughlaq (play) 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6529: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6482: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6397: 6395:9780300064650 6391: 6387: 6386: 6378: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6363:, pp. 151–155 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6314:, pp. 443–448 6313: 6309: 6303: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6288:, pp. 208–209 6287: 6286:9780415344739 6283: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6266: 6263: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6233:9780415344739 6230: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6194: 6191: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6157:9780415966900 6153: 6149: 6148: 6140: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6092:92-3-103467-7 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919:, p. 126, at 5918: 5917: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851:, p. 217, at 5850: 5849: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5741: 5737:(2): 600–609. 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5478: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5368:9781108417747 5364: 5360: 5353: 5350: 5345: 5343:9780521563215 5339: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5319:9789332500983 5315: 5311: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294:, p. 217, at 5293: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5234: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5212: 5205: 5202: 5197: 5195:9788171416837 5191: 5187: 5186: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5146:9781000007299 5142: 5139:. Routledge. 5138: 5137: 5129: 5126: 5121: 5119:9781000007299 5115: 5112:. Routledge. 5111: 5110: 5102: 5099: 5094: 5092:9781438402123 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5062:9781000007299 5058: 5055:. Routledge. 5054: 5053: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023:, p. 124, at 5022: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4932:, p. 217, at 4931: 4930: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815:, p. 296, at 4814: 4813: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4754: 4749: 4748:Tarikh-I Alai 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733:, p. 123, at 4732: 4731: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4590: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4541:9781000760682 4537: 4534:. Routledge. 4533: 4532: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4474:9788121507332 4470: 4466: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4358:9781000007299 4354: 4351:. Routledge. 4350: 4349: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201:9780192807007 4198: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4184:90-04-09796-1 4181: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3880: 3879: 3878:Catalan Atlas 3872: 3869: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3806: 3805: 3804:Ottoman State 3800: 3795: 3794: 3793:Bahri dynasty 3790: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3741: 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AD 3083:Azerbaijani 2904:Oghuz Turks 2620:Ghazi Malik 2321:al-nakhkhās 2300:Ibn Battuta 2201:Ibn Battuta 1803:GOVERNORATE 1332:Maharashtra 1195:, from the 1163:Tughlakabad 1115:Malik Kafur 1107:Khusro Khan 1071:) and the " 1031:Rukn-e-Alam 1027:Ibn Battuta 979:Ghazi Malik 947:Indo-Turkic 927:تغلق شاهیان 266:Preceded by 133:Sunni Islam 119:(official) 6491:Categories 6256:2014-08-24 6094:, p. 320: 5980:0226742210 5520:, pp. 9–10 4780:, pp 90-92 4694:, pp 11-15 4275:1414-1451) 4062:0226742210 3956:, also in 3863:References 3491:Turk Shahi 3173:Karakalpak 2828:1394–1398 2778:ھمایوں خان 2759:1390–1394 2736:1389–1390 2713:1388–1389 2690:1351–1388 2667:1325–1351 2642:Ulugh Khan 2628:1320–1325 2417:Khizr Khan 2312:See also: 2213:Qutb Minar 2174:Khizr Khan 1705:(TUGHLAQS) 1676:South Asia 1657:Civil wars 1405:Zafar Khan 1336:Daulatabad 1150:historian 1010:Bahram Gur 794:Khizr Khan 618:Jalaluddin 452:Bangladesh 139:Government 4862:0732-2992 4778:297321674 4410:Jalayirid 4393:0732-2992 3808:1299–1922 3783:1250–1517 3771:1242–1502 3759:1224–1266 3720:1206–1526 3708:1136–1225 3684:1077–1231 3672:1067–1239 3647:1037–1194 3467:Xueyantuo 3309:Grey wolf 3291:Ergenekon 3267:Shamanism 3039:Krymchaks 2949:Kutrigurs 2842:Firozabad 2650:Juna Khan 2544:(present 2542:Firozabad 2163:Tamerlane 2102:Firozabad 2044:SULTANATE 1961:JAISALMER 1952:SULTANATE 1921:SULTANATE 1891:NAGVANSIS 1825:SULTANATE 1814:SULTANATE 1727:SULTANATE 1696:SULTANATE 1313:Qalandars 1296:Musalmans 1235:Patricide 1213:Lakhnauti 1205:Jalayirid 1179:Telangana 1042:Turkestan 1006:Sassanian 875:1517–1526 865:1489–1517 855:1451–1489 828:1445–1451 824:Alam Shah 818:1434–1445 808:1421–1434 798:1414–1421 771:1394–1413 761:1394–1398 741:1390–1393 731:1389–1390 721:1388–1389 711:1351–1388 701:1325–1351 690:1320–1325 652:1316–1320 632:1296–1316 622:1290–1296 585:1287–1290 575:1266–1287 565:1246–1266 555:1242–1246 545:1240–1242 535:1236-1240 515:1211–1236 511:Iltutmish 505:1210–1211 501:Aram Shah 495:1206–1210 143:Sultanate 129:Religion 56:1320–1413 6474:31870180 6340:Archived 6235:, p. 203 6110:(1909). 5650:Archived 5625:Archived 5622:Excerpts 5219:cite web 5172:, (2004) 4870:23350289 4850:Muqarnas 4427:(2008). 4401:23350289 4381:Muqarnas 3635:963–1186 3623:860–1091 3611:856–1335 3599:848–1036 3567:840–1212 3543:750–1055 3519:743–1035 3459:618–1048 3386:Göktürks 3361:Dingling 3263:Tengrism 3236:Krymchak 2976:Kipchaks 2913:Saragurs 2854:See also 2646:الغ خان 2624:غازی ملک 2387:Downfall 2353:Pakistan 2297:— 2271:— 2255:— 2243:— 2222:City of 2205:Moroccan 2182:Dipalpur 1872:SUGAUNAS 1823:KHANDESH 1725:SHAH MIR 1646:madrasas 1621:Brahmins 1455:judges ( 1439:Khurasan 1388:Warangal 1342:and the 1323:— 1304:(Shia), 1109:, was a 1016:Ferishta 971:Firishta 628:Alauddin 447:Pakistan 251:Currency 217:Medieval 18:Tughlaqs 5699:4629462 5451:Masnavi 5406:, Brill 4631:Bibcode 4604:Colombo 4596:stones. 4387:: 231. 3939:Abbasid 3916:: 148. 3555:756–940 3531:744–840 3507:699–766 3495:665-850 3483:659–750 3471:628–646 3436:682–744 3428:581–650 3407:581–657 3399:552–581 3164:Qasgqai 3155:Chuvash 3146:Bashkir 3119:Turkmen 3074:Turkish 3030:Dolgans 2994:Uyghurs 2958:Karluks 2931:Bulgars 2922:Utigurs 2895:Onogurs 2654:جنا خان 2584:Gujarat 2512:Sultan 2468:Sultan 2409:Jaunpur 2401:Gujarat 2377:Gujarat 2369:dhimmis 2234:(1375). 2139:Map of 2042:JAUNPUR 2015:AMARKOT 1988:KARAULI 1863:KAMATAS 1852:EASTERN 1834:TOMARAS 1812:BAHMANI 1801:GUJARAT 1714:TIMURID 1678:1400 CE 1650:mosques 1612:siyasat 1570:minaret 1465:Gujarat 1368:Kaithal 1301:Sayyids 1292:dhimmis 1052:History 1035:Qarauna 987:Tughlaq 983:Tughlaq 975:Qutlugh 967:Tughlaq 922:Persian 121:Hindavi 117:Persian 103:Capital 47:Tughlaq 38:Thuglak 6472: 6392: 6359: 6310: 6284: 6231: 6208: 6154: 6090: 6084:UNESCO 6026: 5977: 5941: 5897: 5785: 5697: 5591: 5533: 5431: 5402: 5365: 5340: 5316: 5192: 5143: 5116: 5089: 5059: 4868: 4860: 4776: 4690: 4667: 4577: 4538: 4511: 4471: 4441: 4399: 4391: 4355: 4247: 4220: 4199: 4182: 4167:Hindwi 4158: 4131: 4106: 4059: 4032: 3988: 3968: 3943:Ghurid 3885:1375: 3227:Karaim 3218:Gagauz 3137:Kyrgyz 3110:Uyghur 3101:Kazakh 3021:Yakuts 3012:Kumyks 3003:Tatars 2605:Reign 2592:Rulers 2580:Dholka 2395:. The 2381:flayed 2349:Multan 2203:, the 2091:Etawah 2087:Kharaj 2076:wazirs 2056:states 2054:Tribal 2006:SIROHI 1979:MARWAR 1932:EMPIRE 1919:BENGAL 1910:CHUTIA 1854:GANGAS 1843:TWIPRA 1791:KALMAT 1781:KANGRA 1772:KUMAON 1754:MARYUL 1745:SAMMAS 1716:EMPIRE 1630:Sharia 1562:Ashoka 1544:Ashoka 1444:Kangra 1427:crores 1420:wazirs 1401:Afghan 1393:Deccan 1193:Tirhut 1171:Deogir 1143:maliks 1077:Kollam 1002:Turkic 961:Origin 154: 150:Sultan 81:1375). 5695:JSTOR 5395:See: 4866:JSTOR 4846:(PDF) 4629:: 5. 4619:(PDF) 4397:JSTOR 4377:(PDF) 3607:Qocho 3305:Sheka 3295:Asena 3281:Ülgen 3277:Kayra 3209:Tuvan 3191:Kumyk 3182:Sakha 3128:Tatar 3092:Uzbek 2967:Kimek 2940:Sabir 2846:Delhi 2782:1394 2413:Ajmer 2405:Malwa 2365:اقطاع 2224:Delhi 2190:Delhi 2186:Sindh 2141:Timur 2106:amirs 2083:Jizya 2033:MEWAT 2024:VAGAD 1997:AMBER 1970:MEWAR 1950:MALWA 1941:REDDI 1881:MALLA 1687:DELHI 1625:jizya 1623:from 1616:jizya 1472:jihad 1461:Sindh 1431:jizya 1399:, an 1307:Sufis 1260:Isami 1229:kushk 1225:kushk 1221:kushk 1147:amirs 1111:Hindu 1046:Sindh 936:Delhi 442:India 107:Delhi 6470:OCLC 6403:2017 6390:ISBN 6357:ISBN 6308:ISBN 6282:ISBN 6229:ISBN 6206:ISBN 6152:ISBN 6088:ISBN 6024:ISBN 5975:ISBN 5939:ISBN 5895:ISBN 5783:ISBN 5589:ISBN 5531:ISBN 5429:ISBN 5400:ISBN 5363:ISBN 5338:ISBN 5314:ISBN 5225:link 5190:ISBN 5141:ISBN 5114:ISBN 5087:ISBN 5057:ISBN 4858:ISSN 4774:OCLC 4688:ISBN 4665:ISBN 4575:ISBN 4536:ISBN 4509:ISBN 4469:ISBN 4439:ISBN 4389:ISSN 4353:ISBN 4245:ISBN 4218:ISBN 4197:ISBN 4180:ISBN 4156:ISBN 4129:ISBN 4104:ISBN 4085:2010 4057:ISBN 4030:ISBN 3986:ISBN 3966:ISBN 3307:and 3293:and 3279:and 3265:and 2407:and 2361:نائب 2343:The 2085:and 1901:AHOM 1763:GUGE 1457:qadi 1416:Fiqh 1395:had 1127:coup 1101:The 1044:and 945:The 916:The 751:1393 662:1320 642:1316 595:1290 525:1236 255:Taka 50:تغلق 5168:at 4709:at 4639:doi 4612:In 3918:doi 3891:in 3881:of 2347:in 1546:'s 1199:by 1020:Jat 1000:or 6493:: 6411:^ 6214:. 6179:^ 6114:. 6082:, 6078:, 6058:, 6038:^ 6002:^ 5906:^ 5836:^ 5759:^ 5733:. 5729:. 5691:24 5689:. 5635:^ 5609:^ 5568:^ 5281:^ 5221:}} 5217:{{ 5149:. 5065:. 5002:^ 4983:^ 4954:^ 4917:^ 4864:. 4854:28 4852:. 4848:. 4800:^ 4785:^ 4718:^ 4679:^ 4637:. 4625:. 4621:. 4483:^ 4447:. 4433:. 4403:. 4395:. 4385:28 4383:. 4379:. 4309:^ 4297:^ 4272:, 4164:, 4000:^ 3924:. 3912:. 3908:. 3883:c. 3420:) 3416:, 2582:, 2427:. 2403:, 2371:. 2351:, 2147:, 1572:. 1489:. 1346:. 1310:, 1250:r. 1145:, 1037:" 924:: 79:c. 6476:. 6405:. 6259:. 6160:. 6032:. 5983:. 5947:. 5791:. 5735:6 5701:. 5595:. 5437:. 5371:. 5346:. 5322:. 5244:. 5227:) 5213:. 5198:. 5122:. 5095:. 4872:. 4673:. 4647:. 4641:: 4633:: 4627:1 4583:. 4544:. 4517:. 4477:. 4361:. 4253:. 4226:. 4137:. 4112:. 4087:. 4065:. 4038:. 3994:. 3974:. 3920:: 3914:2 3839:e 3832:t 3825:v 3412:( 2848:. 2586:. 2226:( 1517:. 1254:) 1247:( 905:e 898:t 891:v 77:( 40:. 20:)

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