420:. Welfare states can adopt different models related to the main breadwinner: male-breadwinner model, dual breadwinner model, or dual-earner-dual carer model. Workfare in the United States is focused on the financial self-reliance of families through work, and tends to lean towards a male-breadwinner model. A male-breadwinner model assumes that men participate in the labor market and women complete domestic and caregiving tasks unpaid. Welfare policies designed and structured based on the assumption and support of marriage significantly disadvantage single mothers. For example, in some states, work-first policies may not consider the childcare responsibilities of women receiving benefits when requiring them to participate in workfare. Single mothers are 33% more likely than married parents to be in poverty in the United States also in part due to the stagnant
370:, shortened welfare stays, and mandated intensive job training and work requirements for individuals in need of assistance. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act mandated work requirements after two years of assistance, instituted a five-year limit, created state controlled funding, rewarded work with performance bonuses, and required participation in paid or unpaid work. Welfare reform made workfare the official social welfare ideology of the United States. The effort to decrease the number of people on the welfare roll was successful, although some argue that this did not translate to a decrease in poverty.
224:. Traditional welfare benefits systems are usually awarded based on certain conditions, such as searching for work, or based on meeting criteria that would position the recipient as unavailable to seek employment or be employed. Under workfare, recipients have to meet certain participation requirements to continue to receive their welfare benefits. These requirements are often a combination of activities that are intended to improve the recipient's job prospects (such as training,
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household after a man had abandoned her or died. People of color were unable to receive any poor relief at all. This "deservingness" discrepancy impacting women and people of color set the stage for disproportionate assistance to date. Poorhouses and workhouses existed as a main method of poor relief through the 19th century, particularly growing in popularity as
497:, a "generous" income supplement to welfare recipients who found work. 1998 research saw significant increases in employment rates and hours worked over the control group (who did not benefit from the project). Though later research suggested that the control group was on trend to catch-up with the recipients in the long-run.
400:
has placed a central role in this struggle, particularly in the United States as a diverse nation. Typically, people of color have struggled entering the workforce due to narratives related to high crime and low-skilled levels. This discrimination is a leading cause for the higher rates of poverty of
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to enable individuals to provide for themselves while completing a task for the community. Workhouses were designed for the "unworthy" poor, or those who were unemployed but able to work. During this time, women were disproportionately found in workhouses, as they were unable to own property or run a
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The purported main goal of workfare is to generate a "net contribution" to society from welfare recipients. Most commonly, it means getting unemployed people into paid work, reducing or eliminating welfare payments to them and creating an income that generates taxes. Workfare participants may retain
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on US, Canadian, and
Australian workfare schemes suggested against their effectiveness. It found little evidence that workfare majorly reduced the number of claimants, or increased the likelihood of finding work. Rather it pushes participants to stop claiming before even getting work, leaving them
405:
argues that people of color, particularly
African Americans, are more likely to utilize social benefits because they are more likely to be poor. Since workfare decreases the emphasis on education and increases the emphasis on work, scholars like Manza assert that work-first policies trap people of
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that aimed to paint black, single mothers as abusers of the welfare system. This stereotype claimed that black mothers supposedly refused to get jobs, had numerous children, and lived exclusively off of taxpayer dollars. While applying only to a small percentage of the population, rhetoric such as
93:
recipients are required to accept public-service jobs or to participate in job training. Many countries around the world have adopted workfare (sometimes implemented as "work-first" policies) to reduce poverty among able-bodied adults; however, their approaches to execution vary. The United States
260:
that prevent full employment in an economy. Four types of active labor market policies are incentive reinforcement, employment assistance, maintaining occupation, and human (social) capital investment. Workfare/work-first approaches have been identified as more coercive forms of welfare to work
389:, he argues that workfare has shrunk (via stricter restrictions) and prisonfare has expanded, ultimately locking the same vulnerable population in a vicious cycle in which low wage work, decreased benefits, and low social mobility lead to increased crime and punishment. He also argues that the
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in India offers 100 days' paid employment per year for those eligible, rather than unemployment benefits on the
Western model. However, a workfare model typically not only focuses on provision of social protection through a wage-income transfer, but also supports workers to get into work.
264:
There are two main types of workfare scheme: those that encourage direct employment to get individuals off the welfare roll and directly into the workforce, and those that are intended to increase human capital by providing training and education to those currently in the welfare system.
1411:, in Anja Eleveld, Thomas Kampen, and Josien Arts (eds), Welfare to Work in Contemporary European Welfare States: Legal, Sociological and Philosophical Perspectives on Justice and Domination (Bristol, 2020; online edn, Policy Press Scholarship Online, 17 Sept. 2020),
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Some workfare systems also aim to derive a contribution from welfare recipients by more direct means. Such systems obligate unemployed people to undertake work that is considered beneficial to their community.
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religion that favored literacy and hard work. Therefore, education was promoted and poor relief/cash assistance was discouraged in addressing poverty. In addition, the United States never had a history of
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certain employee rights throughout the process, however, often workfare programs are determined to be "outside employment relationships" and therefore the rights of beneficiaries can be different.
314:. The disbursement of the "first" social benefits set precedents for the development of the US welfare state. In the early days of the United States, most Americans were deeply connected to the
508:
In the UK, critics point out that the type of work offered by workfare providers is generally unskilled and is comparable to community work carried out by criminal offenders being punished on
330:
This history gave rise to colonial poor relief methodology that supported work, as a means of increasing self-reliance. Impoverished and destitute community members were forced into labor at
2514:
933:"Wealth and Welfare States Is America a Laggard or Leader?20111Irwin Garfinkel, Lee Rainwater and Timothy Smeeding. Wealth and Welfare States Is America a Laggard or Leader?"
232:) and those designated as contributing to society (such as unpaid or low-paid work). These programs, now common in Australia (known as "mutual obligation"), Canada, and the
327:, an economic system in full support of public education. As such, the United States from its early beginnings placed greater importance on education to decrease poverty.
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519:, as those placed under workfare who do not work for who they are assigned to risk benefit sanctions and starvation from a loss of benefits needed to survive.
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regimes. The US and the UK are both examples of liberal welfare regimes that prioritize the market's role in mitigating poverty, hence adopting workfare.
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to leave a residue of distinct social classes. Feudalism discouraged education to preserve social order; instead the United States immediately embraced
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The criticism related to workfare in the United States is most notably about the tight restrictions and opportunities for low-skilled workers.
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A 2001 review of a range of welfare programs concluded that earnings supplements are an effective policy to increase employment and earnings.
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In all welfare states, there is a constant need to address inclusion and exclusion (i.e., who Is able to access policies and who is not).
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theorizes that the United States and other
Western, liberal states have shifted towards more punitive governance under the guise of
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Dietrich, Sharon; Emsellem, M.; Paradise, J. (2000). "Employment Rights of
Workfare Participants and Displaced Workers".
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1409:'Workfare’s persistent philosophical and legal issues: forced labour, reciprocity and a basic income guarantee'
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Workfare approaches to welfare are examples of Active Labor Market Policy (ALMP) that differ based on country,
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1074:"Crafting the Neoliberal State: Workfare, Prisonfare, and Social Insecurity1: Crafting the Neoliberal State"
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The
Collapse of Welfare Reform: Political Institutions, Policy, and the Poor in Canada and the United States
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Jensen, Laura S. (December 16, 2013). BĂ©land, Daniel; Morgan, Kimberly J.; Howard, Christopher (eds.).
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Card, David; Robins, Philip (1998). "Do
Financial Incentives Encourage Welfare Recipients To Work?".
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1228:"NARROW THE GENDER PAY GAP, REDUCE POVERTY FOR FAMILIES: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF EQUAL PAY BY STATE"
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Wacquant, LoĂŻc. "Crafting the neoliberal state: workfare, prisonfare, and social insecurity 1."
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increased in the United States and leading to the narrative that poverty equates to laziness.
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during those periods of the year when little agricultural work is available. For example, the
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workfare is known as Work First, based on the
Wisconsin Works program from the United States.
16:
Form of welfare in which recipients are required to accept jobs or participate in job training
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Throughout the 20th century, narratives about laziness morphed into stereotypes such as the
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in a televised speech August 1969. An early model of workfare had been pioneered in 1961 by
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and United
Kingdom are two countries utilizing workfare, albeit with different backgrounds.
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2020:
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1297:"The Limits to Wage Growth: Measuring the Growth Rate of Wages For Recent Welfare Leavers"
751:
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1427:"A comparative review of workfare programmes in the United States, Canada and Australia"
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2010:
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The
Workfare State: Public Assistance Politics from the New Deal to the New Democrats
1319:"How Welfare and Work Policies Affect Employment and Income: A Synthesis of Research"
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587:, the first short-lived attempt to create a modern workfare system in 1848 France.
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with no income. However, the report notes there was a limited pool of evidence.
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1177:
1053:
Strader, Eiko (2015). "Anti-Poverty Policies and the Structure of Inequality".
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1000:"The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996"
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inherent in the United States has led to the underdevelopment of public aid.
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1995:
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832:
Welfare and the Welfare State : Central Issues Now and in the Future
693:
Welfare and the welfare state : central issues now and in the future
595:
1384:"The Poundland ruling leaves the forced labour of workfare unchallenged"
2820:
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2509:
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1953:
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In less developed countries, similar schemes are designed to alleviate
132: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
90:
1461:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015). 328 pp in the United States.
830:
302:
The history of workfare in the United States dates back to before the
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2292:
1936:
767:
1295:
Card, David; Michalopoulos, Charles; Robins, Philip (August 2001).
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and military pensions were distributed sub-nationally and based on
2805:
1466:
Activation or workfare? Governance and the neo-liberal convergence
1184:, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 209–218, 2019-12-31,
1473:
An offer you can't refuse': workfare in international perspective
2845:
2288:
622:
1514:
364:
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
1828:
446:
101:
18:
1510:
1108:"Race and the underdevelopment of the American welfare state"
236:, have generated considerable debate and controversy. In the
1413:
https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447340010.003.0002
871:
National Employment Law Project Second Edition, March 2000
742:
Peck, Jamie (1998). "Workfare: a geopolitical etymology".
1253:"(Lecture) Welfare-to-Work: Which Policies Work and Why?"
351:
this laid the groundwork for welfare reform in the 90s.
463:
47:
2515:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
1506:"Workfare Tendencies in Scandinavian Welfare Policies"
412:
arises in workfare as well, particularly related to
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2485:
2410:
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1935:
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1478:Peck, Jamie. "Workfare: a geopolitical etymology."
1055:Routledge Handbook on Poverty in the United States
790:
272:among day-labourers by providing state-subsidised
607:Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
1317:Bloom, Dan; Michalopoulos, Charles (May 2001).
797:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p.
406:color in a cycle of low-wage work and poverty.
278:National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)
976:"Return of the 'Welfare Queen' | CNN Politics"
368:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
366:(also known as welfare reform), which created
1526:
1480:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
1154:"International Encyclopedia of Social Policy"
895:Social Provision before the Twentieth Century
744:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
680:Dictionary.com. Retrieved: 21 September 2021.
489:Workfare in the United Kingdom § Support
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1533:
1519:
1511:
1471:Lødemel, Ivar, and Heather Trickey, eds. '
724:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3257:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
1464:Lodemel, Ivar, and Amilcar Moreira, eds.
1356:"Giuliani's Workfare: Slaves of New York"
937:International Journal of Social Economics
192:Learn how and when to remove this message
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
3101:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
1783:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
609:, welfare-to-work legislation in the US.
256:are utilized to counteract capitalistic
212:in 1968; however, it was popularized by
3282:Credentialism and educational inflation
670:
538:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
3153:List of countries by unemployment rate
908:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.002
737:
735:
717:
401:people of color in the United States.
1354:Fuentes, Annette (February 6, 1997).
1312:
1310:
1246:
1244:
1235:Institute for Women's Policy Research
1101:
1099:
1048:
1046:
1044:
824:
822:
820:
818:
515:Workfare has also been criticised as
7:
2051:Practice-based professional learning
1382:Seymour, Richard (30 October 2013).
887:
885:
883:
881:
130:adding citations to reliable sources
2599:Workers' right to access the toilet
1425:Crisp, Richard; Fletcher, Del Roy.
1025:"Workfare | social welfare program"
696:(Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxon.
89:is a governmental plan under which
14:
204:Workfare was first introduced by
3370:
3369:
2663:Corporate collapses and scandals
1468:(Oxford University Press, 2014).
1335:from the original on 16 Jan 2024
1090:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01173.x
898:. Vol. 1. Oxford, England:
750:(2). Thousand Oaks, California:
450:
106:
23:
117:needs additional citations for
3163:Employment-to-population ratio
2535:Occupational health psychology
1251:Blundell, Richard (May 2002).
931:Duman, Anil (August 2, 2011).
438:Workfare in the United Kingdom
1:
3251:Works Progress Administration
3143:Unemployment Convention, 1919
2555:Personal protective equipment
2108:Occupational Outlook Handbook
3332:Psychopathy in the workplace
2505:Human factors and ergonomics
1072:Wacquant, LoĂŻc (June 2010).
493:Canada ran the experimental
254:Active labor market policies
3317:Narcissism in the workplace
2530:Occupational exposure limit
1282:Research in Labor Economics
789:Leman, Christopher (1980).
613:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
50:, discuss the issue on the
3467:
3246:Civil Works Administration
3128:Technological unemployment
2604:Workplace health promotion
2061:Professional certification
1758:Personality–job fit theory
974:Blake, John (2012-01-23).
522:A 2008 report by the UK's
486:
435:
36:the English-speaking world
3365:
3226:Guaranteed minimum income
2811:Organizational commitment
1190:10.9783/9780812295573-012
953:10.1108/03068291111157276
244:Role of the welfare state
3395:Aspects of organizations
3076:Involuntary unemployment
2637:Equal pay for equal work
2560:Repetitive strain injury
2066:Professional development
2056:Professional association
1738:Letter of recommendation
1415:, accessed 10 Dec. 2023.
1226:Shaw, Elyse (May 2021).
564:Involuntary unemployment
495:Self-Sufficiency Project
3380:Aspects of corporations
3342:Slow movement (culture)
3221:Employer of last resort
3123:Structural unemployment
3061:Frictional unemployment
2500:Epilepsy and employment
2387:Performance-related pay
2321:National average salary
2239:996 working hour system
1361:The Baltimore Chronicle
1124:10.1023/a:1026547309084
1029:Encyclopedia Britannica
945:Oxford University Press
900:Oxford University Press
38:and do not represent a
3390:Aspects of occupations
3196:Unemployment insurance
3148:Unemployment extension
3118:Reserve army of labour
2923:Constructive dismissal
2730:Sleeping while on duty
2695:Exploitation of labour
2577:Sick building syndrome
1753:Person–environment fit
1623:Independent contractor
1482:16.2 (1998): 133-161.
943:(9). Oxford, England:
874:. New York City: NELP.
628:Universal basic income
543:Exploitation of labour
3400:Aspects of workplaces
3138:Unemployment benefits
3133:Types of unemployment
3071:Graduate unemployment
2965:Letter of resignation
2594:Workers' compensation
2587:Occupational fatality
2096:Vocational university
1696:Employment counsellor
1475:(Policy Press, 2001).
1434:statistics.dwp.gov.uk
633:Universal inheritance
576:(Republic of Ireland)
559:Involuntary servitude
3451:Work relief programs
3206:Job creation program
2982:Mandatory retirement
2935:Employee offboarding
2755:Workplace incivility
2750:Workplace harassment
2525:Occupational disease
2520:Occupational burnout
2435:Disability insurance
2279:Workweek and weekend
2086:Vocational education
2001:Continuing education
1839:Permanent employment
1106:Manza, Jeff (2000).
837:Taylor & Francis
829:Greve, Bent (2020).
690:Greve, Bent (2020).
602:Participation income
391:institutional racism
126:improve this article
56:create a new article
48:improve this article
34:deal primarily with
3111:Recession-proof job
3106:Lists of recessions
3044:Economic depression
2992:Retirement planning
2873:Work–life interface
2710:Employee monitoring
2678:Corporate behaviour
2668:Accounting scandals
2550:Occupational stress
2540:Occupational injury
2076:Reflective practice
2071:Professional school
1793:Work-at-home scheme
1713:Induction programme
1691:Employment contract
1671:Business networking
1301:NBER Working Papers
1061:. pp. 259–267.
1057:. Oxford, England:
835:. Oxford, England:
760:1998EnPlD..16..133P
659:government program.
398:Race discrimination
360:Republican Congress
354:In 1996, President
304:American Revolution
252:, and time period.
210:James Charles Evers
3374:See also templates
3211:Job creation index
3175:Youth unemployment
3039:Discouraged worker
2928:Wrongful dismissal
2908:At-will employment
2781:Civil conscription
2745:Workplace bullying
2632:Affirmative action
2614:Workplace wellness
2545:Occupational noise
2186:Long service leave
2046:Overspecialization
2026:Induction training
1981:Career development
1490:Sociological Forum
1112:Theory and Society
1078:Sociological Forum
585:National Workshops
462:. You can help by
381:. Supplemented by
222:Newburgh, New York
3441:Welfare economics
3423:
3422:
3322:Post-work society
3302:Kiss up kick down
3034:Barriers to entry
2999:Severance package
2831:Human trafficking
2725:Sexual harassment
2705:Employee handbook
2624:Equal opportunity
2487:Safety and health
2477:Take-home vehicle
2091:Vocational school
2041:Lifelong learning
2016:Further education
1976:Career counseling
1971:Career assessment
1748:Overqualification
1407:Paz-Fuchs, Amir,
1269:on 9 August 2017.
917:978-0-19-983850-9
846:978-1-000-76427-7
703:978-0-429-34119-9
653:Work for the Dole
510:community service
480:
479:
410:Gender inequality
202:
201:
194:
176:
84:
83:
76:
58:, as appropriate.
3458:
3410:Critique of work
3405:Corporate titles
3373:
3372:
3292:Evil corporation
3158:Employment rates
3081:Jobless recovery
3049:Great Depression
3009:Golden parachute
3004:Golden handshake
2801:Job satisfaction
2791:Critique of work
2609:Workplace phobia
2440:Health insurance
2397:Wage compression
2365:Progressive wage
2224:35-hour workweek
2191:No call, no show
2181:Leave of absence
2031:Knowledge worker
1959:Master craftsman
1763:Personality hire
1701:Executive search
1681:Curriculum vitae
1666:Background check
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1445:
1444:
1443:on 3 April 2013.
1442:
1436:. Archived from
1431:
1422:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1262:. Archived from
1257:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1182:Ensuring Poverty
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1158:cw.routledge.com
1150:
1144:
1143:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:. 31 August 1996
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
971:
965:
964:
928:
922:
921:
889:
876:
875:
865:
859:
858:
826:
813:
812:
796:
786:
780:
779:
739:
730:
729:
723:
715:
687:
681:
675:
475:
472:
454:
447:
197:
190:
186:
183:
177:
175:
134:
110:
102:
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
27:
26:
19:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3415:Organized labor
3385:Aspects of jobs
3361:
3352:Toxic workplace
3287:Emotional labor
3260:
3184:Public programs
3179:
3096:Great Recession
3066:Full employment
3054:Long Depression
3020:
2918:Banishment room
2894:
2816:Refusal of work
2759:
2683:Corporate crime
2651:
2618:
2481:
2406:
2283:
2210:
2144:
2021:Graduate school
1931:
1853:
1797:
1788:Underemployment
1647:
1591:Self-employment
1566:Contingent work
1556:Academic tenure
1549:Classifications
1544:
1539:
1502:
1454:
1452:Further reading
1449:
1448:
1440:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
998:
997:
993:
984:
982:
973:
972:
968:
930:
929:
925:
918:
891:
890:
879:
867:
866:
862:
847:
828:
827:
816:
809:
788:
787:
783:
768:10.1068/d160133
752:SAGE Publishing
741:
740:
733:
716:
704:
689:
688:
684:
676:
672:
667:
662:
533:
506:
491:
485:
476:
470:
467:
460:needs expansion
445:
440:
434:
387:1994 Crime Bill
306:, during which
300:
287:
246:
230:work experience
218:Joseph Mitchell
198:
187:
181:
178:
135:
133:
123:
111:
100:
80:
69:
63:
60:
45:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3464:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:Welfare reform
3428:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Sunday scaries
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3088:
3086:Phillips curve
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:Retirement age
2984:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Exit interview
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Discrimination
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2642:Gender pay gap
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2457:
2455:Parental leave
2452:
2450:Marriage leave
2447:
2445:Life insurance
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Income bracket
2297:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Eight-hour day
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1991:Creative class
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1949:Apprenticeship
1945:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Scarlet-collar
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:Temporary work
1630:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1601:Skilled worker
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1500:External links
1498:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1457:Bertram, Eva.
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1417:
1400:
1374:
1346:
1306:
1287:
1272:
1240:
1218:
1198:
1169:
1145:
1118:(6): 819–832.
1095:
1084:(2): 197–220.
1064:
1040:
1016:
991:
966:
923:
916:
877:
860:
845:
814:
807:
781:
731:
702:
682:
669:
668:
666:
663:
661:
660:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
604:
599:
593:
588:
582:
577:
571:
566:
561:
556:
550:
545:
540:
534:
532:
529:
505:
502:
484:
481:
478:
477:
457:
455:
444:
441:
436:Main article:
433:
432:United Kingdom
430:
426:gender pay gap
416:and dependent
383:welfare reform
299:
296:
286:
283:
274:temporary work
258:market failure
245:
242:
234:United Kingdom
226:rehabilitation
200:
199:
114:
112:
105:
99:
96:
82:
81:
42:of the subject
40:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Unfree labour
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Make-work job
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Right to work
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Job guarantee
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Make-work job
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Restructuring
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Notice period
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Unfree labour
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Bonded labour
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Whistleblower
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Control fraud
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2647:Glass ceiling
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:Work accident
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:United States
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:United States
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Casual Friday
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Paid time off
2380:
2378:
2377:Overtime rate
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2358:United States
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Four-day week
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Practice firm
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Employability
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Orange-collar
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1859:Working class
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
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182:December 2023
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143: –
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115:This section
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64:February 2019
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3347:Toxic leader
3327:Presenteeism
3307:Labor rights
3297:Going postal
3272:Bullshit job
3255:
3240:
3235:
3190:
3026:Unemployment
2878:Downshifting
2861:Wage slavery
2841:Penal labour
2796:Dead-end job
2786:Conscription
2565:Right to sit
2420:Annual leave
2402:Working poor
2338:Minimum wage
2316:Maximum wage
2274:Working time
2264:Six-hour day
2166:Career break
2128:Professional
1922:Black-collar
1892:White-collar
1872:Green-collar
1849:Volunteering
1686:Drug testing
1676:Cover letter
1616:Tradesperson
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1391:. Retrieved
1388:The Guardian
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643:Wage slavery
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471:January 2024
468:
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422:minimum wage
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206:civil rights
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124:Please help
119:verification
116:
86:
85:
70:
61:
33:
3236:Historical:
2960:Resignation
2900:Termination
2883:Slow living
2851:Truck wages
2836:Labour camp
2764:Willingness
2656:Infractions
2311:Living wage
2259:Remote work
1927:Gold-collar
1882:Pink-collar
1877:Grey-collar
1867:Blue-collar
1834:Labour hire
1809:Cooperative
1773:Recruitment
1728:Job hunting
1661:Application
1643:Wage labour
1628:Labour hire
1581:Job sharing
1393:10 December
1284:(17): 1–56.
947:: 816–821.
754:: 133–161.
362:passed the
341:immigration
308:land grants
238:Netherlands
3430:Categories
3170:Wage curve
2977:Retirement
2890:Workaholic
2868:Work ethic
2735:Wage theft
2720:Labour law
2715:Evaluation
2700:Dress code
2465:Sick leave
2430:Child care
2392:Salary cap
2306:Income tax
2269:Shift work
2206:Time clock
2201:Sick leave
2196:Sabbatical
2161:Break room
2149:Attendance
2118:Profession
2103:Mentorship
2081:Retraining
2006:E-learning
1902:New-collar
1897:Red-collar
1844:Supervisor
1824:Internship
1743:Onboarding
1611:Technician
1606:Journeyman
1576:Gig worker
1542:Employment
1367:15 January
1260:ifs.org.uk
1213:2021-10-26
1163:2021-10-26
1034:2021-10-11
1010:2021-10-26
985:2021-10-26
855:1165486665
712:1128885823
665:References
657:Australian
618:Retraining
555:in Germany
487:See also:
403:Jeff Manza
336:workhouses
332:poorhouses
325:capitalism
316:Protestant
152:newspapers
141:"Workfare"
98:Background
3357:Workhouse
3277:Busy work
3091:Recession
2955:Pink slip
2913:Dismissal
2776:Careerism
2370:Singapore
2348:Hong Kong
2216:Schedules
2135:Tradesman
2036:Licensure
1996:Education
1966:Avocation
1907:No-collar
1887:Precariat
1768:Probation
1723:Job fraud
1208:242251878
1140:141411135
1132:0304-2421
1059:Routledge
961:0306-8293
776:143608588
720:cite book
678:workfare.
574:JobBridge
512:schemes.
504:Criticism
418:care work
414:equal pay
321:feudalism
52:talk page
3265:See also
3191:Workfare
3016:Turnover
2412:Benefits
2293:salaries
2254:Overtime
2244:Flextime
2176:Gap year
2171:Furlough
2140:Vocation
2123:Operator
1986:Coaching
1941:training
1819:Employer
1814:Employee
1718:Job fair
1596:Side job
1330:Archived
1326:mdrc.org
596:New Deal
531:See also
443:Critique
385:and the
358:and the
87:Workfare
46:You may
3241:U.S.A.:
2846:Peonage
2821:Slavery
2771:Boreout
2510:Karoshi
2460:Pension
2249:On-call
1954:Artisan
1638:Laborer
1178:"Index"
756:Bibcode
638:Welfare
483:Support
208:leader
166:scholar
91:welfare
2945:Layoff
2495:Crunch
2353:Europe
2343:Canada
2331:Europe
1937:Career
1778:Résumé
1653:Hiring
1561:Casual
1494:Online
1484:Online
1339:16 Jan
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228:, and
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2806:McJob
2326:World
2289:Wages
2156:Break
1802:Roles
1441:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1333:(PDF)
1322:(PDF)
1267:(PDF)
1256:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1204:S2CID
1136:S2CID
772:S2CID
655:, an
598:(USA)
285:Goals
173:JSTOR
159:books
54:, or
2291:and
1939:and
1706:list
1395:2023
1369:2018
1341:2024
1194:ISBN
1128:ISSN
1004:ASPE
957:ISSN
912:ISBN
851:OCLC
841:ISBN
803:ISBN
726:link
708:OCLC
698:ISBN
623:TANF
424:and
334:and
145:news
1829:Job
1186:doi
1120:doi
1086:doi
980:CNN
949:doi
904:doi
799:217
764:doi
524:DWP
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128:by
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