Emperor Gaozong of Tang - Knowledge (XXG)

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dizziness, occasional seizures and loss of vision, generally thought to be hypertension-related or stroke, and Emperor Gaozong began to have Empress Wu make rulings on petitions and suggestions made by officials. It was said that Empress Wu had quick reactions and understood both literature and history, and therefore, she was making correct and error-free rulings. Emperor Gaozong's illness worsened over time, and lasted until his death. If he was well, he also would accept Empress Wu's help, asking her to read the documents to him, he consulted with her on important matters and write down the rulings he had issued. Even until midnight, when he was exploring the memorials, he had Empress Wu by his side to decide if anything went wrong, and he became very dependent on her advice over time, and, as usual, because of his illness, he allowed Empress Wu to act in his name. Thereafter, her authority rivaled Emperor Gaozong's, after this point on, Empress Wu became the undisputed power behind the throne until the death of Emperor Gaozong.

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discussed and helped decide all "great and small" military and state affairs; her power is no different from that of the emperor. Since Empress Wu began to listen to politics in court, she established herself and Gaozong in the same position in front of the civil and military ministers of the Tang dynasty. In fact, if anyone with a request to make at Court obtains an audience or is allowed to speak, the emperor hears him indeed, but will give no definite answer of "Yes or No", referring him promptly to empress. frequently Emperor Gaozong was unable to go to the court because of a headache, and Empress Wu was "obliged" to go to the court alone and decide. As a result, she increasingly took control of great and small decisions made throughout Emperor Gaozong's reign. She and Emperor Gaozong were thereafter referred to as the "Two Saints." The extent of Empress Wu's authority from 665 until the end of Emperor Gaozong, all historians and historical yearbooks state:

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submitted twelve suggestions. One was that the work of Laozi (whose family name was Li and to whom the Tang imperial clan traced its ancestry), Tao Te Ching, should be added to the required reading for imperial university students. Another was that a three-year mourning period should be observed for a mother's death in all cases, not only in those cases when the father was no longer alive. Moreover, degradation and rejection of flattering officials, allowing all officials to speak to the level of chancellors, promotion of competent mid-level officials, military expenses were reduced, taxes cut, salaries of deserving officials raised, retirees given a viable pension, and vast royal lands near the capital turned over to husbandry. Emperor Gaozong praised her for her suggestions and adopted them. In 675,

1554:). Later that year, Consort Wu gave birth to a daughter that died shortly after birth. Evidence implicated Empress Wang as the killer, although some historians believe Consort Wu killed her own daughter in order to frame Empress Wang, but no concrete evidence of this exists. In anger, Emperor Gaozong considered deposing Empress Wang and replacing her with Consort Wu, but wanted to make sure that the chancellors would support this, and so visited Zhangsun's house with Consort Wu, awarding him with much treasure, but when he brought up the topic that Empress Wang was sonless (as an excuse for deposing her), Zhangsun repeatedly found ways to divert the conversation, and subsequent visits by Consort Wu's mother Lady Yang and the official 2638:, Miao Chuke (苗楚客), Zhou Simao (周思茂), and Han Chubin (韓楚賓), to write a number of works on her behalf, including the Biographies of Notable Women (列女傳), Guidelines for Imperial Subjects (臣軌), and New Teachings for Official Staff Members (百僚新誡). Collectively, they became known as the "North Gate Scholars" (北門學士), because they served inside the palace, which was to the north of the imperial government buildings, and Empress Wu sought advice from them to divert the powers of the chancellors: They thus act as a secret secretariat, "to process for the empress memorials addressed to the throne, and to make decisions on the policy which were properly the functions of the chancellors". (The modern Chinese historian 2286:– a traditional ceremony for emperors that were rarely carried out in history due to the large expenses associated with them. At Empress Wu's request—as she reasoned that the sacrifice to earth also included sacrifices to past empresses (Emperor Gaozong's mother Empress Zhangsun and grandmother Duchess Dou, posthumously honored as an empress), she believed that it would be more appropriate to have females offer the sacrifices rather than male officials, as had been tradition in the past. Emperor Gaozong decreed that the male ministers would offer sacrifices first, but Empress Wu would next offer sacrifices, followed by Princess Dowager Yan, the mother of Emperor Gaozong's younger brother 1479:. In either 650 or 651, Emperor Gaozong was visiting Ganye Temple to offer incense to Buddha when he saw Consort Wu. Both of them wept. When Empress Wang heard this, she, wanting to divert Emperor Gaozong's favor from Consort Xiao, secretly instructed Consort Wu to grow her hair back, while suggesting to Emperor Gaozong that he take her as a concubine. Consort Wu was intelligent and full of machinations, and therefore, when she first returned to the palace, she acted humbly and flattered Empress Wang, who trusted her greatly and recommended her to Emperor Gaozong. Soon, Emperor Gaozong became enamored with Consort Wu. 1137:– Empress Zhangsun's brother—suggested that he make Li Zhi crown prince, a possibility that Li Tai was apprehensive about. Li Tai tried to intimidate Li Zhi, who had been friendly with Li Yuanchang, by pointing out to Li Zhi that Li Yuanchang had been part of the plot and that he should be concerned for himself. When Emperor Taizong noticed Li Zhi worrying about this and was told by Li Zhi of Li Tai's intimidation, Emperor Taizong's mind became set. He exiled Li Tai, and on 30 April 643, he created Li Zhi the new crown prince. He made Zhangsun and two other senior chancellors, 2476:. Furthermore, Emperor Gaozong was much ailing, so Empress Wu took a pacifist policy, and the Tang Empire was diverting resources towards other priorities. This situation favored Silla, because soon Silla would have to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula, and there was much resistance to Tang rule (fanned by Silla, which was displeased that Tang did not give the Goguryeo territory to it), and in 669, following Emperor Gaozong's and Empress Wu order, a part of the Goguryeo people were forced to move to the region between the 1998:) to attack Qiuzi and ordered Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen to assist him. Ashina Buzhen, who had a rivalry with Ashina Mishe, falsely informed Su that Ashina Mishe was set to rebel and would attack the Tang army, and Su responded by ambushing Ashina Mishe, killing him and his chief assistants. The Western Turkic Khaganate tribes, angry over Ashina Mishe's death, largely turned away from Tang and submitted to the Tibetan Empire instead, and when Ashina Buzhen died later that year, Tang influence in the region was greatly reduced. 1603:, Hunan), and then deposed both Empress Wang and Consort Xiao, putting them under arrest and creating Consort Wu, as empress (皇后, huánghòu) and the most powerful woman in the empire (天下母, Tiānxià Mǔ) instead to replace Empress Wang. (Later that year, Empress Wang and Consort Xiao were killed on orders by the new Empress Wu after Emperor Gaozong showed signs of considering their release.) Then, at Xu's suggestion, in spring 656, Emperor Gaozong demoted Li Zhong to be the Prince of Liang and created Empress Wu's oldest son 1384:) the Duke of Wei. It was said that early in Emperor Gaozong's reign, he greatly respected both his uncle Zhangsun Wuji and Chu Suiliang and followed their advice, and that therefore, during this part of his reign, the government was organized well and the people were comforted, much like during the reign of Emperor Taizong, although in winter 650, Chu was accused of forcibly purchasing private land and paying below-market price, and was demoted to be a prefectural prefect. (Chu eventually returned to power in 653.) 1240:). Emperor Taizong suffered an injury during the campaign, and Li Zhi was said to have, as Emperor Taizong's conditions were getting worse, sucked the pus out of his wound, until Emperor Taizong recovered somewhat. In 646, with Emperor Taizong still recovering, he transferred some of the imperial authorities to Li Zhi. Li Zhi stayed at the imperial palace and attended to Emperor Taizong in his illness. That year, when Emperor Taizong was due to visit Ling Prefecture (靈州, roughly modern 1820:, Xinjiang). In winter 659, Emperor Gaozong sent Su Dingfang against Duman, and once he arrived in the vicinity of Duman's army, he selected 10,000 infantry soldiers and 3,000 cavalry soldiers and made a surprise attack on Duman. When he arrived at Duman's headquarters, Duman was surprised, and after Su initially defeated Duman, Duman was forced to withdraw within the city. Su put the city under siege, and Duman surrendered. In spring 660, Su took Duman back to the eastern capital 2118:"Your Majesty, you are a wise man who manages the country in an orderly manner, but you are soft-hearted. Who do you think we are? We are husband and wife! Does our issue have anything to do with the Shangguan Yi! Do you really want to abolish me when you talk about abolishing the empress in your ear? I'll go to court with you in the future to prevent such mistakes, and I will assist you in addressing government issues and analyzing suggestions from the officials and others." 2726:. In order to retaliate against Li Jingxuan, even though Liu knew that Li Jingxuan was not capable in military matters, he nevertheless recommended that Li Jingxuan take over for himself, and despite Li Jingxuan's attempt to decline, Emperor Gaozong commissioned Li Jingxuan to command the army against the Tibetan Empire. In fall 678, Li Jingxuan's forces engaged Tibetan forces commanded by Lun Qinling, and was soundly defeated, with Li Jingxuan's assistant Liu Shenli ( 2240:), and both the emperor and empress presided over the court together. It is up to empress's to decide who will be promoted and demoted, die and survive, and the emperor will carry it out. Due to the empress's order, her literary scholars could secretly participate in decisions, and this led to the division of power of the Chancellors. In the last years of the emperor's life, he was unable to do anything due to illness and everything was managed by the empress. 1299:

mournful that he could not carry out any actions other than holding onto the necks of Zhangsun and Chu. Zhangsun, while mourning himself, reminded Li Zhi that he was now in charge of the empire and must act accordingly. Zhangsun also ordered that Emperor Taizong's death not be announced for the time being, and then, the next day, accompanied Li Zhi back to Chang'an. Zhangsun issued several edicts in Emperor Taizong's name—including making

1001:垂簾聼政). Gaozong's personal illness, over-affection and trust of Wu led to her wielding a great deal of power in affairs of state until the end of his reign while exerting her influence on him. Empress Wu was partially in control of power from November 660 and then totally from January 665 to December 683; there was an equality of power between Gaozong and Wu, which caused them to be called "two saints" (二聖, 79: 2345: 181: 38: 1508:– despite Emperor Gaozong's initial inclination to spare Li Yuanjing and Li Ke—Emperor Gaozong ordered that Fang, Xue, and Chai be executed, and that Li Yuanjing, Li Ke, and the Princesses Gaoyang and Baling (Chai's wife) be forced to commit suicide. Zhangsun took this opportunity to accuse several other officials friendly with Fang or hostile to him—the chancellor 1312: 2923:, which was applied (and healed the blindness) despite Empress Wu's protests. Of course, he quickly became ill again, and his condition worsened. On 27 December 683, he died. At the time of his death, Empress Wu issued orders forbidding anyone from visiting him, which is why her enemies, and especially later historians, thought that she had killed the emperor. 2066:. Buyeo Pung fled to Goguryeo, ending the Baekje resistance movement. Emperor Gaozong recalled Liu Renyuan, leading Liu Rengui in charge of former Baekje territory, but in 664 sent Liu Renyuan back to Baekje and tried to recall Liu Rengui. Liu Rengui petitioned to remain to prepare for another attack on Goguryeo, and Emperor Gaozong agreed to let him remain. 1462:, suggested to her that she ask Emperor Gaozong to create his oldest son Li Zhong, whose mother Consort Liu was of low birth and therefore considered nonthreatening, crown prince so that Li Zhong would be grateful of her in the future. Liu also persuaded Zhangsun to suggest the idea as well, and in fall 652, Emperor Gaozong created Li Zhong crown prince. 2881:) was initially defeated by Ashina Fu'nian, but after Pei sent spies to spread rumors, the rumors led to discord between Ashina Fu'nian and Ashide Wenfu. When Pei's forces approached Ashina Fu'nian's position, Ashina Fu'nian arrested Ashide Wenfu and surrendered. (Against Pei's recommendation to spare Ashina Fu'nian, Emperor Gaozong executed him.) 296: 2032:), was completed in 663, Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu moved to the newly remodeled palace (which was itself later renamed to Hanyuan Palace). (However, Empress Wang and Consort Xiao continued to appear in her dreams even after this, and therefore, late in Emperor Gaozong's reign, he and Empress Wu were often at the eastern capital 1824:, where Emperor Gaozong was at the time, to present Duman to him. Some officials requested that Duman be executed, but Su made a plea on Duman's behalf—that he had promised Duman life before Duman surrendered—and Emperor Gaozong stated that while under the law, Duman should die, he would honor Su's promise, and so he spared Duman. 2291:

promotions to the imperial officials, and it was said that starting from this time, promotions of imperial officials, which were strict and slow during the reigns of Emperors Gaozu and Taizong, began to become more relaxed and often excessive. He and Empress Wu also declared a general pardon, except for long-term exiles.

2833:, Liaoning), although those attacks were fought off. Around the new year 680, after Pei returned from the Western Turkic Khaganate front, Emperor Gaozong commissioned him to attack the Göktürks. Pei defeated and captured Ashide Fengzhi, and Ashina Nishoufu's subordinates killed him and surrendered, ending the rebellion. 1741:) were executed. Orders were also issued to execute Liu and Han, although Han died before the execution order reached his location. Meanwhile, Zhangsun, once he reached his place of exile, was forced to commit suicide. It was said that after Han's and Lai's deaths, no official dared to criticize the emperor any further. 1262:) submitted a petition to Emperor Taizong, asking him to pass the throne to Li Zhi. Li Zhi, concerned that Emperor Taizong might be offended, was worried and grieving, and Zhangsun suggested that Duan be executed. Emperor Taizong did not take offense and did not punish Duan or Li Zhi. Meanwhile, Li Zhi began to build a 1689:), which arrested him and delivered him to Su, thus largely ending the Western Turkic Khaganate as an organized state. (Emperor Gaozong would try to continue the Western Turkic Khaganate's existence as a vassal stage by dividing it in half and creating Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen as khans of the two halves.) 2956:

After 7 days, the Crown Prince will sit on the throne in front of my coffin. In the case of the tomb regime, austerity policies must be maintained. Every important issue should be discussed with the Empress of Heaven, and done by asking questions and determining her. If there is something in the army

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suggested that Emperor Gaozong's illnesses may be the result of long-term poisoning by Empress Wu, because of his long and debilitating illness, he often left his responsibilities to Empress Wu, or had to rely on her when himself wanted to address political issues, but did not provide evidence of how

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In 670, Wu's mother, Lady Yang, died and by Emperor Gaozong's and Empress Wu orders, all of the imperial officials and their wives attended her wake and mourned her. Later that year, with the realm suffering from a major drought, Empress Wu offered to be deposed which Emperor Gaozong rejected, so she

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Emperor Gaozong's first move as emperor was to cancel a second campaign against Goguryeo that Emperor Taizong had planned for later 649. While Li Tai was disallowed from attending Emperor Taizong's funeral, Emperor Gaozong permitted him to again have a staff and be allowed to use wagons, clothes, and

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rather than reporting to Bing Prefecture. When Empress Zhangsun died in 636, Emperor Taizong was particularly touched by the grief that Li Zhi displayed, and from that point on particularly favored him. Sometime while he was the Prince of Jin, at the recommendation of his grand aunt Princess Tong'an,

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Emperor Gaozong's reign saw the primacy of Empress Wu, who became the effective power behind the Tang rule. Emperor Gaozong was aided in his rule by Empress Wu during the later years of his reign after a series of strokes left him incapacitated. Emperor Gaozong effectively after January 665 delegated

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Late in 683, Emperor Gaozong was seriously ill, and he, who was then at Luoyang, and only the Empress Wu were allowed to see her; the chancellors were not, and she attending to his; and at his direction (of course, she was in ruling power for many years), handling the all major affairs of state, and

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and commandant of Xiongjin—with the intent of letting Go Jang and Buyeo Yung to rebuild Goguryeo and Baekje as loyal vassals to counteract Silla. To accommodate these movements, the Protectorate General was further moved to Xincheng. (Buyeo Yung was not able to make any headway in leading his people

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The emperor over the years suffered much more severe headaches from consuming many of the dangerous substances that Empress Wu ordered. Because he could not run the empire, power in the imperial court gradually passed to Empress Wu. Meanwhile, by this time, even more Emperor Gaozong was continuously

1927:, who had previously been demoted to commoner rank for offending Li Yifu, with a relief force, and Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan were able to fight off the Baekje resistance forces' attacks, but were themselves not strong enough to quell the rebellion, and so for some time the armies were in stalemate. 2867:

were put in charge of investigations, they discovered a number of armors in Li Xian's palace. Empress Wu thus accused Li Xian of treason, and while Emperor Gaozong initially wanted to take no actions against Li Xian, at Empress Wu's insistence he relented. In fall 680, he with her advice reduced Li

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attacks earlier that year—he was set to take Li Zhi with him, but at Zhang's suggestion left Li Zhi in charge at Chang'an instead, to allow Li Zhi to become more familiar with the important affairs of state in his absence. After Emperor Taizong returned from Ling Prefecture, he retained for himself

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Also in 675, Li Hong the Crown Prince died suddenly—with traditional historians largely attributing his death to poisoning by Empress Wu, due to her anger that he tried to curb her power grab and had shown sympathy to his two older sisters born of Consort Xiao—Princesses Yiyang and Gao'an. Emperor

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In 674, one of Empress Wu claims concerned the title and power of empress; arguing that the Emperor was called Son of Heaven (天子, Tiānzǐ), his wife should logically be called Empress of Heaven (天后, Tiānhòu). As a result, she linked her co-rule with divine right. Around the new year 675, Empress Wu

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to consult Shangguan. Shangguan suggested that he depose Empress Wu. He agreed, and had Shangguan draft an edict to that effect. However, Empress Wu had received information that that was happening, and she emerged to defend herself, when she reached the main palace, she saw the emperor holding a

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the Prince of Xiang, had the most honored appearance of all. Knowing that Li Xian was fearful of her, Empress Wu had the North Gate Scholars author teachings on filial piety to give to Li Xian, and also personally rebuked him, further causing him to be alarmed. When Ming was assassinated in 679,

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back to Persia to contend for regal title. Emperor Gaozong agreed and put Pei in charge of the detachment. When Pei arrived at Xi Prefecture, he, under the guise of a hunting party, summoned a number of tribal chiefs loyal to Tang in the area, and once they arrived, launched a surprise attack on

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had both been frequently visiting the palace and were said to be "favored" by Emperor Gaozong. When Lady of Han died in 666, Emperor Gaozong created Lady Helan the Lady of Wei, and wanted to let her live in the palace, but hesitated because he thought Empress Wu would be jealous. When Empress Wu

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Therefore, after this step, every day that Emperor Gaozong presided over imperial meetings, Empress Wu would sit behind a pearl screen behind him to hear the reports, and before the emperor can decide, he must ask the empress: therefore she got involved in everything pertaining to the empire and

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In 660, Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu toured Bian Prefecture (modern-day Taiyuan), and Empress Wu had the opportunity to invite her old neighbors and relatives to a feast. Later that year, Emperor Gaozong began to suffer from an illness that carried the symptoms of painful headaches, persistent

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Around the same time, however, Emperor Taizong also became concerned that Li Zhi, who was considered kind but weak in character, would not be strong enough to be an emperor, and secretly discussed with Zhangsun Wuji the possibility of making another son by his concubine Consort Yang (daughter of

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Meanwhile, Xu Jingzong and Li Yifu, aligned with Empress Wu, and became strong enough to fight for power, began to carry out a campaign of reprisal on her behalf. Empress Wu, on the other hand, persuaded Emperor Gaozong to work with the removal of the chancellors appointed by Emperor Taizong to

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the Prince of Yue. In winter 665, Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu and headed for Mount Tai. On the lunar new year (10 February 666), he and she initiated the sacrifices to heaven, which were not completed until the next day. On 12 February, sacrifices were made to earth. He and she gave general

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As Emperor Taizong's illness was getting more serious, Li Zhi continuously attended to him and wept constantly, often going without food, which touched Emperor Taizong greatly. Emperor Taizong entrusted Li Zhi to Zhangsun and Chu Suiliang, and then died on 10 July 649. Initially, Li Zhi was so

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As both Shangguan and Wang had previously served the former crown prince Li Zhong, Empress Wu had Xu Jingzong falsely accuse Shangguan, Wang, and Li Zhong of conspiring against Emperor Gaozong's life. Around the new year 665, Shangguan and Wang were executed, and Li Zhong was forced to commit

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objected strenuously, and Emperor Gaozong did not make her regent, but until the end of his reign, she has decision-making power on most events in the governmental and border matters. Toward the end of Gaozong's life, Wu began engaging a number of mid-level officials who had literary talent,

1586:, and Chu to the palace—which Chu deduced to be regarding the matter of changing the empress. Li Ji claimed an illness and refused to attend. At the meeting, Chu vehemently opposed deposing Empress Wang, while Zhangsun and Yu showed their disapproval by silence. Meanwhile, other chancellors 1504:) the Prince of Jing to make Li Yuanjing emperor. Fang, knowing that Zhangsun had long been apprehensive of Li Ke, falsely implicated Li Ke in the plot as well, hoping to ingratiate Zhangsun sufficiently that he would be spared. nevertheless, in spring 653, at the suggestion of Zhangsun and 2268:). There was no matter of government, great or small, which she did not hear. The whole power of the empire passed into her hands; reward and punishment, life and death, she decided. The emperor just folded his hands and that is all. In court and country, they were called the “Two Saints" ( 1133:) to overthrow Emperor Taizong. The plot was discovered in 643, and Emperor Taizong deposed Li Chengqian. He was initially going to make Li Tai the new crown prince, but later began to believe that Li Tai's machinations were responsible for Li Chengqian's downfall. The powerful chancellor 2372:, whom he had left in charge at Pyongyang, and that Yeon Namgeon and Yeon Namsan were planning to rebel against Yeon Namsaeng. When Yeon Namsaeng subsequently sent officials close to him back to Pyongyang to try to spy on the situation, Yeon Namgeon arrested them and declared himself 2903:), to claim khan title. This, unlike the several earlier rebellions, actually saw the Göktürk khanate being permanently reestablished to Tang's north and persisting for decades, and would plague the last two years of Emperor Gaozong's reign as well as the reigns of his successors. 2009:

During the years, Empress Wu had repeatedly, in her dreams, seen Empress Wang and Consort Xiao, in the states they were after their terrible deaths, and she came to believe that their spirits were after her. For that reason, Emperor Gaozong started remodeling a secondary palace,

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area, to try to open a second front against the Tibetan Empire as well as to try to restore the territory previously held by Tuyuhun. However, Guo, who felt himself to be Xue's equal as a general, was displeased at serving as an assistant, and their discord eventually led to a

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By 664, Empress Wu, who felt that her power was well established, was extending her influence further in the political arena and increases her controlling behavior over Emperor Gaozong and arbitrarily makes many government decisions. According to Song dynasty historian

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for Emperor Gaozu, whose personal name was the same character) to Tang to seek aid. Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu saw this as the opportunity to destroy Goguryeo, and he initially commissioned Qibi Heli to aid Yeon Namsaeng, and also sent the generals Pang Tongshan

2890:) rebelled against Tang rule, and Emperor Gaozong initially was to commission Pei again, but before the army could depart, Pei died. However, the commandant at Anxi, Wang Fangyi (王方翼, Empress Wang's cousin) was able to defeat Ashina Chebo and crush the rebellion. 2435:), who had been on poor relations with her and whose grandmother were not her mother Lady Yang; she then gave the poisonous meat to Lady Helan, who ate it and died. Empress Wu then implicated Wu Weiliang and Wu Huaiyun in Lady Helan's death and executed them. 2907:

he at her request, summoned Li Zhe, then in charge of Chang'an, to Luoyang to meeted to him, so that at the time of his death he might sit on the throne. In November his illness led him to blindness. Imperial physician Qin Minghe (秦鳴鶴), hailing from the West/

1985:) to attack the Tiele, but while Zheng was initially victorious, his officers became bogged down in pillaging and eventually suffered great losses after being caught in poor weather. Emperor Gaozong instead sent Qibi, who was ethnically Tiele, assisted by 1543:

By 654, both Empress Wang and Consort Xiao had lost favor with Emperor Gaozong, and the former romantic rivals joined forces against Consort Wu, but to no avail, and as a sign of his love to Consort Wu, in 654 he conferred posthumous honors on her father

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as khan. Emperor Gaozong sent Xiao Siye to attack Ashina Nishoufu, but after Xiao achieved a few victories, he became careless, and a counterattack by Ashina Nishoufu crushed him, advancing as far as Ding Prefecture. Ashina Nishoufu also encouraged the

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The Empress of Heaven was at the helm of the country for long years, her power is no different from that of the emperor. When emperor's could not listen to the court issues, all affairs were decided by the Empress of Heaven. Since the execution of the

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of investigating, Xu falsely accused Wei and Li to be part of a treasonous plot by Zhangsun. Emperor Gaozong, without meeting with Zhangsun, believed Xu, and put Zhangsun under house arrest in exile at Qian Prefecture (黔州, roughly modern southeastern

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In summer 655, Consort Wu accused Empress Wang and her mother Lady Liu of using witchcraft. In response, Emperor Gaozong barred Lady Liu from the palace and demoted Liu Shi. Meanwhile, a faction of officials began to form around Consort Wu, including

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decree and asked seriously: "What is this?" And when Empress Wu found out, she cried, which prompted Emperor Gaozong to stop. Emperor Gaozong could not carry out the removal, and instead blamed Shangguan, and Emperor Gaozong said to Empress Wu:

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Ashina Hubo prior to Emperor Taizong's death—captured Ashina Hubo and brought him back to Chang'an. Emperor Gaozong spared Ashina Hubo and made him a general, putting his people directly under Tang rule. Meanwhile, with two of the states of the

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also opposed the move, but when Emperor Gaozong asked Li Ji again, Li Ji's response was, "This is your family matter, Your Imperial Majesty. Why ask anyone else?" Emperor Gaozong therefore became resolved. He demoted Chu to be a commandant at

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During these years, Li Yifu had been, due to favors from Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu, exceedingly powerful, and he grew particularly corrupt. In 663, after reports of Li Yifu's corruption were made to Emperor Gaozong, Emperor Gaozong had

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Meanwhile, though, another trouble was flaring up for Tang. The former Göktürk territory, over which Tang had established 24 prefectures with the tribal chiefs serving as prefects, rebelled, and, under the leadership of Ashide Wenfu

829: 1697:, Guangxi). Emperor Gaozong demoted Han and Lai to be prefects of distant prefectures, and demoted Chu and Liu Shi to even more distant prefectures—in Chu's case, to the extremely distant Ai Prefecture (愛州, roughly modern 1110:

the Prince of Wei, were locked in an intense rivalry, as Li Tai was favored by Emperor Taizong for his talent and was trying to displace Li Chengqian. Li Chengqian, in fear, entered into a conspiracy with the general

2468:) turned against him and surrendered the inner city to Tang forces. Yeon Namgeon tried to commit suicide, but was seized and treated. This was the end of Goguryeo, and Tang annexed Goguryeo into its territory, with 2496:). At her request, He further posthumously honored Wu Shiyue (who had previously been posthumously honored as the Duke of Zhou) and Lady Yang by giving them the titles of the Prince and Princess of Taiyuan. 1681:, who had submitted to Tang during Emperor Taizong's reign. The campaign caught Ashina Helu by surprise, and Su defeated him in several battles, causing him to flee to the kingdom Shi (石國, centering modern 4662:

ceremony was initiated on the 1st day of the 1st month of the 3rd year of the Linde era of his reign. This date corresponds to 10 Feb 666 on the Gregorian calendar. (麟德三年春正月戊辰朔，車駕至泰山頓。是日親祀昊天上帝於封祀壇，...。)

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back to Baekje territory, while Go Jang tried to break away from Tang rule in alliance with the Mohe; when this was discovered, Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu recalled him to Chang'an and exiled him to

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Li Shiji is full of ability and wisdom, but you had done him no favors, and it may be difficult for him to be faithful to you. I am going to exile him now. If he leaves immediately, promote him to be

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who continued to resist Tang rule over the region and he stripped King Munmu of all Tang-bestowed titles, including the title of King of Silla, and arbitrarily conferred them on King Munmu's brother

822: 1729:). Xu further implicated Chu, Liu, Han, and Yu Zhining in the plot as well. Yu was removed from his post. Chu, who had died in 658, was posthumously stripped of all titles, and his sons Chu Yanfu ( 1693:

consolidate the emperor's power. In 657, they accused Han Yuan and Lai Ji of plotting treason with Chu Suiliang, who was then serving as the commandant at Gui Prefecture (桂州, roughly modern

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By this point, however, Empress Wang was facing a major threat from another romantic rival. When Emperor Gaozong was crown prince, he had an affair with one of Emperor Taizong's concubines,

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Meanwhile, Tang had to endure multiple attacks from the Tibetan Empire, and in 677, he commissioned Liu Rengui, then a chancellor, to take up defense position at Taohe Base (洮河軍, in modern

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the authorities over imperial worship, state guests, military, the commissioning of officers of higher than the fifth rank, and executions, and transferred all other authorities to Li Zhi.

815: 2800:

Ashina Duzhi, who, caught by surprise, was forced to surrender; Li Zhefu then surrendered as well. (Narsieh, having been used in this manner, was left in the region to fend for himself.)

897: 2540:. For the time being, the Xiyu territory was lost. By 672, Emperor Gaozong gave up the hopes of reestablishing Tuyuhun and moved Murong Nuohebo and his people deep into Tang territory. 1319:

During his 34-year reign, he was unable to exercise power alone and was under the control of several of his great ministers and his wife, Empress Wu. The order of the regents were:

1279:), Emperor Taizong was gravely ill, and he, while impressed with Li Shiji's abilities, was concerned that Li Shiji was too able and would not submit to Li Zhi. He stated to Li Zhi: 1236:

to assist Li Zhi. After the campaign ended in failure later that year, as Emperor Taizong was leading the army back from the front, Li Zhi went to meet him at Linyu Pass (臨渝關, now

1989:, to Tiele to try to persuade them to surrender. Qibi was able to do so, and rebel leaders were arrested and turned over to Tang. Qibi executed them and ended the rebellion. 2875:

claimed khan title and allied with Ashide Wenfu to attack Chinese territory. Emperor Gaozong again commissioned Pei to attack Göktürk forces. Pei's assistant Cao Huaishun (

2846:), a sorcerer trusted by Empress Wu and Emperor Gaozong, had repeatedly stated that he believed Li Xian did not have the abilities to be emperor, that his younger brother 2571:), to escort Kim Immun back to Silla territory. However, King Munmu formally apologized and offered tribute, Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu drawal and recalled Kim Immun. 1177:. However, after Li Zhi declined such treatment, Emperor Taizong cancelled the edict. However, during his years as crown prince, he was said to have favored his concubine 2450:, Liaoning). The Tang forces thereafter fought off counterattacks by Yeon Namgeon and joined forces with Yeon Namsaeng, although they were initially unable to cross the 2364:. As Yeon Namsaeng subsequently carried out a tour of Goguryeo territory, however, rumors began to spread both that Yeon Namsaeng was going to kill his younger brothers 2926: 2855:

Empress Wu suspected Li Xian of carrying out the assassination. She had a report made to Emperor Gaozong that accused Li Xian of assassinating Ming. When the officials

1855:

to surrender. Emperor Gaozong ordered that Baekje be annexed as Tang territory. Emperor Gaozong then followed up by commissioning Su, along with Qibi Heli, Liu Boying (

4793:

Lan Xu, Tianfang zheng xue (The true learning of Arabia), Beijing: Niujie Mosque, 1925 edition (first edition 1852), juan 7; quoted in Zhang Xinglang, op. cit., p.744.

5210: 936: 1185:) with her, much to the chagrin of his wife Crown Princess Wang, who was childless and jealous of Consort Xiao. Three other concubines of his bore his other sons 1433:, taking over the Western Turkic Khaganate himself and no longer subordinate under Tang. In fall 651, Ashina Helu attacked Tang's Ting Prefecture (庭州, roughly 892: 1303:, Zhang, and Gao Jifu chancellors. Two days later, Emperor Taizong's death was officially announced. On 15 July, Li Zhi took the throne (as Emperor Gaozong). 5242: 2084:

When emperor's attains his will, empress specialises in power and blessings, emperor desires to do something, and his actions are controlled by the empress.

1153:, who pointed out that the crown prince needed to have a group of well-learned scholars that he was close to, Emperor Taizong appointed Liu, as well as 2051:, unable to withstand the Tibetan attack, took his people and fled into Tang territory to seek protection, thus ending Tuyuhun's existence as a state. 997:

all matters of state to his strong wife; after that Empress Wu acted as the power behind the emperor, "hanging the curtain and listening to politics" (

2438:

Around the new year 667, Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu further commissioned Li Ji to be the overall commander of the attack on Goguryeo, assisted by

2282:

In 665, Emperor Gaozong and his powerful wife Empress Wu went to Luoyang and began preparation in earnest to make sacrifices to heaven and earth at

1843:

campaign, Emperor Gaozong commissioned him to head over the sea to attack Baekje, in conjunction with Silla. Su quickly captured the Baekje capital

1660: 919: 96: 51: 1638:) from pillaging and inappropriately halting the army. After the campaign ended in early 657, both Cheng and Wang were deposed from their offices. 5007: 2670: 2582:

fled to China during this time around 670. The Chinese Emperor, who allowed Sassanian refugees fleeing from the Arab conquest to settle in China.

2473: 1005:, literally two emperors) both inside and outside. After Emperor Gaozong died in December 683, power fell completely and solely into the hands of 887: 1522:) – of being friendly with Fang and had them exiled. He also deposed and exiled Li Ke's mother Consort Yang and Consort Yang's other son Li Yin ( 2192:) inside and outside. The emperor wanted to issue an edict to make the Empress of Heaven would formally take over the throne of the empire, and 1028:

During the first part of his reign, Tang territorial gains, which started with his father Emperor Taizong, continued, including the conquest of

5124: 2836:

Meanwhile, Li Xian's relationship with Empress Wu was deteriorating, as Li Xian heard rumors that he was not born of Empress Wu but her sister

2220:

Whenever the emperor was ill, the affairs of the state were left to the empress to decide. The court and the country called them "Two Saints" (

5226: 4587:

day in the 6th month of the 23rd year of the Zhenguan era of Taizong's reign. This date corresponds to 15 Jul 649 on the Gregorian calendar.

4531:

day of the 4th month of the 17th year of the Zhenguan era of Taizong's reign. This date corresponds to 30 Apr 643 on the Gregorian calendar.

5280: 5275: 4778: 4751: 4431: 5198: 5194: 5016: 2722:, Qinghai), to prepare a counterattack against the Tibetan Empire. However, Liu's proposals were repeatedly blocked by another chancellor, 1708:

Empress Wu's reprisals did not end there. In 659, Zhangsun Wuji became the next target. At that time, two low level officials, Wei Jifang (

1578:). On an occasion in fall 655, Emperor Gaozong summoned the chancellors Zhangsun, Li Shiji (who by now was using the name Li Ji to observe 1292: 309: 5186: 2990:

Islamic legends as Yung Wei, which was in fact the name of the first era in his reign (Yonghui era from February 650 to February 656; see

4566:

day in the 5th month of the 23rd year of the Zhenguan era of his reign. This date corresponds to 10 Jul 649 on the Gregorian calendar.

4492:

day of the 12th month of the 1st year of the Hongdao era of his reign. This date corresponds to 27 Dec 683 in the Gregorian calendar.

4386: 4336: 2484:, as well as the regions south of the Qin Mountains and west of Chang'an, only leaving old and weak inhabitants in the original land. 977:), and her decrees were carried out with greater force than the decrees of Emperor Gaozong's. Emperor Gaozong was the youngest son of 143: 1486:

and her husband Fang Yi'ai (房遺愛, Fang Xuanling's son), were implicated in 652 of conspiring with another brother-in-law Chai Lingwu (

1224:, Hebei) and then left Li Zhi there to be in charge of logistics, before heading to the front himself. He also left senior officials 1434: 242: 224: 162: 115: 65: 191: 2938:; Emperor Gaozong wrote a will that the Crown Prince Li Zhe should immediately seize the throne and that Empress Wu should act as 5285: 5190: 5182: 2006:

and Li Ji investigate, finding Li Yifu guilty. Li Yifu was removed from his post and exiled, and would never return to Chang'an.

1429:, who had sought and received protection from Emperor Taizong, broke away from Tang and defeated the Western Turkic Khaganate's 4149: 1620:) to attack Ashina Helu, but while the campaign saw some victories over Western Turkic Khaganate's substituent tribes Geluolu ( 907: 902: 122: 2934:

Li Zhe succeeded him (as Emperor Zhongzong), but all actual power still would be in the still hands of Empress Wu, who became

1469:. After Emperor Taizong's death, all of his concubines who did not bear sons, which included Wu, were housed at Ganye Temple ( 2454:. In spring 668, Li Ji turned his attention to Goguryeo's northern cities, capturing the important city Buyeo (扶餘, in modern 724: 100: 5290: 2329:

all had representatives attending the Feng and Shan sacrifices held by Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu in 666 at Mount Tai.

5222: 1650: 924: 129: 4726:

Records of Later Liang Dynasty 后梁纪: Zi Zhi Tong Jian资治通鉴; or Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance; Volume 266 – 271

4400: 4286: 4217: 57: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4692: 4628: 973:, ruling from 649 to 683; after January 665, he handed power over the empire to his second wife Empress Wu (the future 5000: 2647:

Gaozong and Empress Wu, in grief, posthumously honored Li Hong as an emperor, and he created Empress Wu's second son,

2462:

surrendered, and while Yeon Namgeon continued to resist in the inner city, his general, the Buddhist monk Shin Seong (

912: 860: 2607:

reached Silla territory with Mohe forces that submitted to Tang. However, Tang forces were repelled by Silla army at

2258:

From this event onwards, whenever the emperor attended to business, the empress then hung a curtain from behind it (

1378:

foods of high quality. Emperor Gaozong created his wife Crown Princess Wang empress and made her father Wang Renyou (

206: 111: 4235: 4201: 4184: 2957:

and government that can not be decided quickly, then the decision is the responsibility of the Empress of Heaven (

2712: 2548: 2152: 941: 1213:

the Prince of Wu, crown prince. Zhangsun repeatedly opposed the idea, and Emperor Taizong did not carry this out.

1173:

Late in 643, Emperor Taizong issued an edict to select beautiful women among good households to serve as Li Zhi's

1076:. In 631, he was created the Prince of Jin. In 633, he was made commandant of Bing Prefecture (并州, roughly modern 202: 89: 5057: 5042: 4977: 4230: 3462: 2847: 1596: 514: 347: 5174: 5139: 5109: 5099: 5094: 5074: 4320: 4265: 4260: 4213: 4196: 2654:

Along with the war with Silla, some resistance of Goguryeo people continued to plague Tang rule there. In 676,

2182:), and there was matter of government, great or small, were settled by her, and they were called "Two Saints" ( 1150: 1037: 4315: 2732:) captured by the Tibetan Empire. Li Jingxuan was only able to escape after being protected by the ethnically 4828: 1934:

and put it under siege, but was unable to capture it quickly. In spring 662, after the general Pang Xiaotai (

1705:), and Chu's subsequent petition, sent from Ai Prefecture, pleading with Emperor Gaozong, fell on deaf ears. 5166: 5114: 5084: 5068: 5047: 5032: 4926: 3802: 3716: 3474: 2851: 1449:) to attack Ashina Helu. Liang and Qibi achieved some victories against Ashina Helu's general Zhuxie Guzhu ( 1069: 978: 844: 633: 518: 337: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5170: 5134: 5129: 5119: 5104: 5089: 5079: 4993: 4179: 4167: 3524: 3396: 3151: 2287: 1459: 1341: 1295:, Gansu). Li Shiji, realizing what was happening, after receiving the order, departed without hesitation. 1086: 870: 807: 475: 4816: 4812: 4417: 2795:, Xinjiang), opposed—instead proposing that a small detachment be announced to escort the Persian prince 1217: 931: 5202: 5178: 5162: 5063: 5027: 4303: 3743: 3596: 2872: 2533: 2423:

heard this, she was indeed jealous, and therefore she poisoned meat offered by her nephews Wu Weiliang (

1816:, Xinjiang). The joint forces commanded by Duman quickly defeated the Tang vassal Yutian (于田, in modern 1393:) – whose army had been launched by Emperor Taizong against the newly reconstituted Göktürk state under 2781:). Emperor Gaozong was ready to commission an army against Ashina Duzhi and Li Zhefu, but the official 1698: 4370: 4353: 2537: 1674: 1430: 882: 136: 2376:, attacking his brother. Yeon Namsaeng sent his son (later known as Cheon Heonseong/Quan Xiancheng ( 1678: 946: 5270: 5265: 4382: 4311: 4294: 4175: 1779: 1763: 1206: 4743:

Persian Christians at the Chinese Court: The Xi'an Stele and the Early Medieval Church of the East

4344: 4158: 546: 5144: 4273: 4256: 4209: 2719: 2702:

and commandant of Liaodong, giving him the forcibly removed Goguryeo people. He also bestowed on

2507:

In summer 670, the Tibetan Empire captured the 18 prefectures that Tang had established over the

2459: 2063: 1022: 555: 550: 464: 2662:

to fight against Silla. However, Silla navy expelled Tang forces on the coast of western Silla.

2604: 2561:) instead, commissioning Liu Rengui, assisted by Li Bi (李弼, Li Ji's brother) and the ethnically 4408: 4774: 4768: 4747: 4724: 4676: 4378: 2792: 2326: 2318: 2172:, whenever the emperor went to court, the Empress of Heaven hung a curtain behind the throne ( 1914: 1891:

Meanwhile, just after Su Dingfang left Baekje territory to attack Goguryeo, the Buddhist monk

1803: 1178: 489: 4741: 4608:

was born in 652, fixed the date of this incident as 650, but 651 is also a possibility. See

2850:

the Prince of Ying had an appearance like Emperor Taizong, and that another younger brother,

1793: 1291:

He then demoted Li Shiji to the post of the commandant of Die Prefecture (疊州, roughly modern

4933: 4823: 4807: 4654: 4545: 4455: 4365: 4331: 4327: 4298: 4281: 4145: 4030: 3486: 3450: 2995: 2991: 2912: 2688: 2666: 2648: 2213: 2160: 1828: 1483: 1073: 982: 966: 778: 747: 696: 665: 643: 526: 510: 268: 1410:

in disturbance, Emperor Taizong returned their previously captured kings, Bai Helibushibi (

4162: 3127: 2935: 2817: 2737: 2608: 2515:), and Emperor Gaozong, in response, commissioned Xue Rengui, assisted by Ashina Daozhen ( 2508: 2458:, Jilin). In fall 668, he crossed the Yalu and put Pyongyang under siege. Yeon Namsan and 2100:) – an act that was strictly forbidden—Emperor Gaozong, in anger, summoned the chancellor 1992:

Meanwhile, for reasons unknown, also in 662 Emperor Gaozong sent the general Su Haizheng (

1910: 1399: 1229: 1018: 1014: 875: 865: 568: 2230:). Each time the emperor personally addressed court matters, a curtain hung in the hall ( 1437:, Xinjiang), and Emperor Gaozong responded by commissioning the generals Liang Jianfang ( 4543:(帝初以晉王為太子，又欲立恪，長孫無忌固爭，帝曰：“公豈以非己甥邪？且兒英果類我，若保護舅氏，未可知。”無忌曰：“晉王仁厚，守文之良主，且舉棋不定則敗，況儲位乎？”帝乃止。) 1272:) in commemoration of his mother Empress Zhangsun, and the temple was completed in 648. 4836: 4484: 3331: 2791:), who had previously served as secretary general at Xi Prefecture (西州, roughly modern 2771:

had claimed the title of Shixing Khan and was allied with another chieftain, Li Zhefu (

2698:

In 677, he bestowed on Goguryeo's former King Bojang, Go Jang, the titles of Prince of

2544: 2322: 2314: 2250: 2076: 2055: 2048: 1960: 1848: 1558:, who was allied with Consort Wu, to seek support from Zhangsun were also to no avail. 1057: 1041: 279: 5259: 4948: 3862: 3361: 3283: 3103: 2894: 2826: 2692: 2635: 2477: 2361: 2353: 2011: 1902: 1323: 1276: 1138: 1134: 1049: 560: 1944:) and was killed along with his 13 sons, Su ran into harsh snowstorms and withdrew. 4957: 4939: 4897: 4467:

era of Taizong's reign. This corresponds to 21 Jul 628 in the Gregorian calendar.

4395: 4361: 4277: 4248: 4243: 4226: 3776: 3379: 3373: 3313: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3187: 3109: 2920: 2856: 2782: 2768: 2528: 2389: 2365: 2294: 2201: 2169: 2101: 2040: 2003: 1976: 1941: 1844: 1721: 1611: 1579: 1351: 1237: 1158: 1103: 1099: 986: 970: 840: 785: 703: 623: 542: 404: 386: 382: 300: 2488:

remained his empress and continued to exercise power by "speaking to him" (like a

1720:) had been accused of improper associations, and when Emperor Gaozong put Xu and 1181:, having two daughters (the later Princesses Yiyang and Xuan Cheng) and one son ( 4192: 3367: 3337: 3325: 3295: 3277: 3259: 3199: 3181: 3115: 2916: 2864: 2723: 2562: 2455: 2369: 1664: 1656: 1555: 1426: 1225: 1081: 611: 590: 431: 78: 4985: 2950:

linchao tingzheng Zhì: Came to the court to listen and rule over the government

2344: 1244:, Ningxia) to meet with a number of tribal chiefs who were formerly vassals of 1009:, acting as Empress Dowager-regent, "presiding over court and issuing edicts" ( 3671: 3349: 3301: 3253: 3235: 3223: 3133: 2987: 2703: 2683:), who governed the former Baekje territory at Sabi, to Geonan (建安, in modern 2659: 2655: 2481: 2469: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2419: 2245: 2205: 2193: 2094:) reported to Emperor Gaozong that she had engaged the sorcerer Guo Xingzhen ( 2071: 2059: 1924: 1906: 1852: 1686: 1632:), it was hindered by Cheng's inability to restrain his assistant Wang Wendu ( 1583: 1513: 1394: 1357: 1327: 1300: 1154: 435: 324: 295: 1127:), and his brothers-in-law Zhao Jie (趙節, who was also his cousin) and Du He ( 5052: 4966: 3408: 3355: 3289: 3265: 3247: 3229: 3169: 3145: 2999: 2631: 2579: 2575: 2552: 2298: 2283: 1931: 1726: 1545: 1509: 1505: 1476: 1466: 1245: 1174: 1112: 1006: 974: 717: 481: 362: 351: 2994:), Islamic sources credit him with building the first mosque in China, the 1953:), who had been obedient to Tang, Yaoluoge Porun's nephew Yaoluoge Bisudu ( 2615:

suffering from a persistent headache, and he considered making Empress Wu

2127:

Hanging the curtain from behind and listening and speaking in government (

1311: 4770:

Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 3: Persons and Literary Sources

4412: 3608: 3562: 3514: 3319: 3307: 3241: 3193: 3157: 3139: 3121: 2830: 2674: 2620: 2302: 1986: 1947:

Around the same time, after the death of the Huige chief Yaoluoge Porun (

1682: 1600: 1587: 1407: 1347: 1333: 1263: 1241: 1233: 1186: 1182: 1149:, the head of Li Zhi's household. At the advice of another key official, 1146: 1033: 502: 494: 2665:

Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu order withdrawal of Tang forces from the

2054:

Meanwhile, also in 663, Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan, in conjunction with

1060:

and the Western Turkic Khaganate were subjected to repeated rebellions.

4605: 4601: 3665: 3426: 3343: 3271: 3175: 2860: 2837: 2822: 2796: 2707: 2684: 2639: 2409: 2209: 2044: 2033: 1821: 1813: 1783: 1702: 1659:, who had served under Cheng Zhijie in the earlier failed campaign, to 1604: 1563: 1221: 1162: 1142: 1077: 618: 606: 506: 452: 414: 17: 2930:

Qianling Mausoleum, Tomb of Emperor Tang Gaozong and Empress Wu Zetian

3517:, Prince Ding (d. 712) in 690, and had issue (two sons, one daughter) 3163: 2939: 2733: 2616: 2447: 2306: 2156: 2062:, defeated Buyeo Pung and Japanese forces sent to assist him, at the 1979:

Confederation tribes. Emperor Gaozong sent the general Zheng Rentai (

1892: 1840: 1832: 1755: 1694: 1591: 1337: 1107: 1053: 1029: 990: 2109:"I did not intend to do that at first! Shangguan Yi taught me this." 1056:. Further, territory previously conquered that belonged to both the 209:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2868:

Xian to commoner rank, and created Li Zhe as the new crown prince.

1402:

previously conquered by Tang and governed by Tang-installed kings,

2925: 2908: 2778: 2699: 2343: 2310: 2114:

suicide. After the events ended, Empress Wu told Emperor Gaozong:

1836: 1817: 1458:

Meanwhile, as Empress Wang was sonless, her uncle, the chancellor

1403: 1310: 1249: 1210: 1045: 4767:

Jinsheng, Zheng; Kirk, Nalini; Buell, Paul D. (6 February 2018).

1220:, he took Li Zhi with him to Ding Prefecture (定州, roughly modern 4348: 2871:

In 681, the Göktürk territory flared up again, as the chieftain

2687:, Liaoning), allowing Silla eventually to expel Tang out of the 1917:) as their headquarters. They put the Tang general Liu Renyuan ( 1040:, but throughout the 670s, much of those gains were lost to the 4989: 811: 2543:

By 674, Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu was displeased at King

2472:

being put initially in charge of former Goguryeo territory as

1940:) was defeated by Goguryeo forces at Sasu River (蛇水, probably 1905:

rose to try to revive Baekje. They welcomed the Baekje prince

1673:). They were joined by the Western Turkic Khaganate's leaders 1275:

In 649, while at the summer palace Cuiwei Palace (翠微宮, in the

174: 72: 31: 2884:

In 682, the Western Turkic Khaganate chieftain Ashina Chebo (

1827:

On the other end of the Tang atmosphere of influence, on the

1782:, along with the Western Turkic Khaganate's subject kingdoms 1121:) the Prince of Han, the imperial guard commander Li Anyan ( 1098:

Meanwhile, Li Zhi's two older brothers by Empress Zhangsun,

1068:

Li Zhi was born in 628. He was the ninth son of his father,

1528:) the Prince of Shu, as well as Fang's brother Fang Yizhi ( 1909:

back from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, 周留, now

1145:, senior advisors to Li Zhi, and made another chancellor, 1072:, and the third son of his mother, Emperor Taizong's wife 3510:; d. 688) in 681, and had issue (two sons, two daughters) 2348:

Estimated territorial extent of Emperor Gaozong's empire.

1610:

In 655 as well, Emperor Gaozong commissioned the general

1287:

and trust him after I die. If he hesitates, execute him.

729: 4558:

According to Taizong's and Gaozong's biographies in the

1923:) under siege in Sabi. Emperor Gaozong sent the general 1744:

Also in 659, a vassal of Western Turkic Khaganate (Pin.

2382:), as Yeon Namsaeng changed his family name from Yeon ( 2196:, persuaded him to stop this issue (appoint of regent). 198: 2840:, and was fearful. Meanwhile, earlier, Ming Chongyan ( 2412:(who had married the low-level official Helan Yueshi ( 2026:), and when Penglai Palace's main hall, Hanyuan Hall ( 3668:, Lady of Han (韓國夫人／韩国夫人), older sister of Empress Wu 1516:

the Prince of Jiangxia, and the general Zhishi Sili (

790: 708: 2691:

and unified the parts of the peninsula south of the

2536:

at the hands of the Tibetan Empire's prime minister

2244:

The third book: according to Song dynasty historian

1455:), but then withdrew without engaging Ashina Helu. 784: 777: 772: 760: 746: 741: 723: 716: 702: 695: 690: 678: 664: 653: 639: 629: 617: 605: 589: 567: 536: 488: 471: 459: 441: 424: 420: 410: 400: 392: 381: 373: 368: 358: 343: 333: 323: 315: 308: 257: 103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2767:Meanwhile, the Western Turkic Khaganate chieftain 1875:Middle reign: Empress Wu's aggrandization of power 4604:, based on the fact that Empress Wu's oldest son 1655:In 657, Emperor Gaozong commissioned the general 2039:Also in 663, the Tibetan Empire attacked a Tang 4488:recorded that Gaozong died in the night of the 3504:Married Xue Shao of Hedong, Viscount Pingyang ( 2954: 2256: 2218: 2165: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2088:In the same year when the eunuch Wang Fusheng ( 2082: 1930:Meanwhile, Su advanced on the Goguryeo capital 1281: 961:(21 July 628 – 27 December 683), personal name 4688: 4624: 3674:, Lady of Wei (魏國夫人／魏国夫人), niece of Empress Wu 2829:to attack Ying Prefecture (營州, roughly modern 5001: 4453:According to Tang Taizong's biography in the 3652: 3643: 3632: 3623: 3612: 3600: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3528: 3505: 3496: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3412: 3400: 2968: 2958: 2943: 2898: 2885: 2876: 2841: 2811: 2805: 2786: 2772: 2727: 2678: 2625: 2566: 2556: 2522: 2516: 2463: 2430: 2424: 2413: 2400: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2269: 2259: 2231: 2221: 2183: 2173: 2138: 2128: 2095: 2089: 2027: 2021: 2015: 1993: 1980: 1970: 1964: 1954: 1948: 1935: 1918: 1896: 1862: 1856: 1807: 1797: 1787: 1749: 1736: 1730: 1715: 1709: 1668: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1573: 1567: 1549: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1470: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1417: 1411: 1388: 1379: 1267: 1257: 1196: 1190: 1165:, to serve as Li Zhi's friends and advisors. 1128: 1122: 1116: 1090: 823: 752: 670: 283: 272: 8: 4463:day in the 6th month of the 2nd year of the 3589:; d. 691) in 671, and had issue (three sons) 2677:, Liaoning) and the commandant of Xiongjin ( 1425:In 651, the Western Turkic Khaganate prince 1498:) and Emperor Gaozong's uncle Li Yuanjing ( 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5008: 4994: 4986: 4888: 4620: 4618: 3697: 3688: 1021:. After his death, he was interred at the 830: 816: 808: 769: 687: 294: 254: 2619:, to gain all power. Both Hao Chujun and 243:Learn how and when to remove this message 225:Learn how and when to remove this message 163:Learn how and when to remove this message 4652:According to Gaozong's biography in the 4579:According to Gaozong's biography in the 4523:According to Taizong's biography in the 2897:rose, in alliance with Ashide Yuanzhen ( 1607:the Prince of Dai crown prince instead. 1256:In 647, a commoner named Duan Zhichong ( 1216:In 645, when Emperor Taizong launched a 1013:臨朝稱制); she subsequently became the only 4478: 4476: 4449: 4447: 4443: 2671:Protectorate General to Pacify the East 1874: 1582:for Emperor Taizong's name Li Shimin), 1089:of Princess Tong'an's husband Wang Yu ( 1080:, Shanxi), but remained at the capital 4527:, Li Zhi was made crown prince on the 3936: 3932: 3922: 3819: 3706: 3702: 650: 533: 4718: 4716: 4641:Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian 4432:Chinese emperors family tree (middle) 4091: 4088: 4078: 4065: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4035: 4028: 4018: 4006: 3996: 3992: 3980: 3977: 3967: 3954: 3944: 3940: 3916: 3906: 3893: 3883: 3879: 3867: 3860: 3850: 3837: 3827: 3823: 3807: 3800: 3790: 3774: 3764: 3760: 3748: 3741: 3731: 3714: 3710: 2446:and captured Sinseong (新城, in modern 405:Li Chengqian, Prince Min of Hengshan 7: 3692:Ancestors of Emperor Gaozong of Tang 2408:Meanwhile, Empress Wu's sister, the 2356:died and was initially succeeded as 1767: 1482:Meanwhile, Emperor Gaozong's sister 1293:Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 1248:—which had collapsed under Tang and 1064:Background and life as Prince of Jin 101:adding citations to reliable sources 4740:Godwin, R. Todd (30 January 2018). 3495:; 665–713), personal name Lingyue ( 2137:); "Two Saints came to the Court" ( 2058:and the former Baekje crown prince 1975:) tribes in conjunction with other 4401:Heroes of Sui and Tang Dynasties 5 4337:Secret History of Princess Taiping 2651:the Prince of Yong, crown prince. 2586:Late reign: Problems of succession 1422:) respectively, to their thrones. 1387:Also in 650, the general Gao Kan ( 25: 4610:Bo Yang Edition of Zizhi Tongjian 3919:Emperor Gaozong of Tang (628–683) 2777:), and they pillaged Anxi (i.e., 2442:. In fall 667, Li Ji crossed the 1835:had been attacking the Tang ally 1778:思結) Tribe, rebelled against Tang 1663:against Ashina Helu, assisted by 1435:Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture 47:This article has multiple issues. 4583:, he ascended the throne on the 3542:; d. 691), personal name Xiayu ( 3417:; 624–705), personal name Zhao ( 1901:) and the former Baekje general 1534:) and Xue's brother Xue Wanbei ( 1365:Early reign: Political struggles 179: 77: 36: 27:Emperor of China from 649 to 683 3527:, of the Xiao clan of Lanling ( 3399:, of the Wang clan of Taiyuan ( 2911:(now believed to be from Syria/ 2893:Also in 682, the Göktürk chief 2492:) or "on his behalf" (de facto 730: 578:Great Emperor Tianhuang (天皇大帝) 88:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 2728: 2200:The second book: according to 2022: 2016: 1981: 1965: 1955: 1949: 1919: 1857: 791: 753: 709: 671: 284: 273: 1: 5211:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 1959:) rose in rebellion with the 1651:Conquest of the Western Turks 1266:temple named Daci'en Temple ( 319:15 July 649 – 27 December 683 5281:7th-century Chinese monarchs 5276:Emperors of the Tang dynasty 5017:Emperors of the Tang dynasty 4773:. Univ of California Press. 4287:Secret History of Empress Wu 4148:in the 1963 Hong-Kong movie 3580:; 649–714), second daughter 2643:the poisoning took place.) 1839:. Once Su returned from the 1095:) as his wife and princess. 3978:6. Zhangsun Sheng (552–609) 2673:to Liaodong (遼東, in modern 1492:), the general Xue Wanche ( 682:"High Ancestor of the Tang" 310:Emperor of the Tang dynasty 205:the claims made and adding 5307: 4236:Lady Wu: The First Empress 4185:The Empress of the Dynasty 3934: 3813: 3704: 3453:, Crown Prince Zhanghuai ( 2967:), and the emperor stops ( 2549:Goguryeo revival movements 1648: 1115:, his uncle Li Yuanchang ( 985:; his elder brothers were 396:30 April 643 – 15 July 649 5160: 5151: 5023: 4978:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang 4974: 4931: 4923: 4918: 4891: 4746:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4459:, Li Zhi was born on the 4072: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4012: 3994: 3986: 3961: 3955:12. Zhangsun Si (517–566) 3942: 3938: 3900: 3881: 3873: 3844: 3825: 3821: 3784: 3762: 3754: 3725: 3708: 3653: 3644: 3633: 3631:Li Xiao, Prince Yuandao ( 3624: 3622:Lady, of the Zheng clan ( 3613: 3601: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3553: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3506: 3497: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3413: 3401: 2969: 2959: 2944: 2899: 2886: 2877: 2842: 2812: 2806: 2787: 2773: 2679: 2626: 2567: 2557: 2523: 2517: 2464: 2431: 2425: 2414: 2401: 2395: 2384: 2378: 2270: 2260: 2232: 2222: 2184: 2174: 2139: 2129: 2096: 2090: 2028: 1994: 1971: 1936: 1897: 1863: 1808: 1798: 1788: 1750: 1737: 1731: 1716: 1710: 1669: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1574: 1568: 1550: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1471: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1418: 1412: 1389: 1380: 1268: 1258: 1218:campaign against Goguryeo 1197: 1191: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1091: 856: 843:expansion under emperors 802: 768: 686: 660: 596: 583:Emperor Tianhuang Dasheng 574: 541: 532: 415:Li Hong, Emperor Xiaojing 293: 266: 112:"Emperor Gaozong of Tang" 4840:(in Chinese). Vol. 4533:Old Book of Tang, vol. 3 4469:Old Book of Tang, vol. 2 4316:Guangzhou Zonghe Channel 4266:The Shadow of Empress Wu 3651:Li Shangjin, Prince Ze ( 3642:Lady, of the Yang clan ( 3097:Chancellors during reign 2624:including Yuan Wanqing ( 2020:), into Penglai Palace ( 1754:), the commander of the 1038:Western Turkic Khaganate 5286:Emperor Taizong of Tang 4927:Emperor Taizong of Tang 4893:Emperor Gaozong of Tang 3803:Emperor Taizong of Tang 3471:; 656–710), seventh son 3056:(上元 shàng yuán) 674–676 3044:(總章 zǒng zhāng) 668–670 2706:the title of Prince of 2669:entirely and moved the 2047:. Tuyuhun's Ledou Khan 1867:), to attack Goguryeo. 1861:), and Cheng Mingzhen ( 959:Emperor Gaozong of Tang 585:Dahong Xiao (天皇大聖大弘孝皇帝) 303:illustration of Gaozong 258:Emperor Gaozong of Tang 4562:, Taizong died on the 4398:in the 2015 TV series 4246:in the 2006 TV series 3894:11. Princess Xiangyang 3571:; 648–690), fourth son 3533:; d. 27 November 655) 3483:; 662–716), eighth son 3447:; 654), third daughter 3086:(永淳 yǒng chún) 682–683 3074:(永隆 yǒng lóng) 680–681 3050:(咸亨 xián hēng) 670–674 3038:(乾封 qián fēng) 666–668 3026:(龍朔 lóng shuò) 661–663 3020:(顯慶 xiǎn qìng) 656–661 2979: 2975:Tíngzhǐ Huángdì quánlì 2931: 2810:) and Ashide Fengzhi ( 2405:) to attack Goguryeo. 2349: 2299:Persian court in exile 2280: 2242: 2198: 2149: 2120: 2111: 2086: 1316: 1289: 1025:along with Wu Zetian. 4689:Zizhi Tongjian (1084) 4625:Zizhi Tongjian (1084) 4600:The modern historian 4066:14. Gao Mai (544–599) 3744:Emperor Gaozu of Tang 3657:; 645–690), third son 3637:; d. 664), second son 3617:; 643–665), first son 3597:Lady, of the Liu clan 3459:; 655–684), sixth son 3435:; 652–675), fifth son 3014:(永徽 yǒng huī) 649–656 2998:that still stands in 2929: 2418:)), and her daughter 2347: 1851:and his crown prince 1314: 861:Establishment of Tang 4371:The Empress of China 4354:Dream of the Emperor 4089:7. Lady Gao of Bohai 3838:10. Dou Yi (519–583) 3429:, Emperor Xiaojing ( 3392:Consorts and Issue: 3080:(開耀 kāi yào) 681–682 3068:(調露 tiáo lù) 679–680 3062:(儀鳳 yí fèng) 676–679 2915:) offered a cure of 2913:Eastern Roman Empire 2565:general Li Jinxing ( 2538:Gar Trinring Tsendro 2151:The first book: the 2036:, not at Chang'an.) 1735:) and Chu Yanchong ( 1572:), and Yuan Gongyu ( 1416:) and Long Tuqizhi ( 1195:), and Li Shangjin ( 97:improve this article 4418:Legendary Di Renjie 4151:Empress Wu Tse-Tien 3536:Princess Jincheng ( 3501:), fourth daughter 3032:(麟德 lín dé) 664–666 2982:Hui Islamic legends 2521:) and Guo Daifeng ( 1847:, forcing Baekje's 1228:, Liu Ji, Ma Zhou, 1207:Emperor Yang of Sui 4304:Meng Hui Tang Chao 3548:), first daughter 3411:, of the Wu clan ( 3298:(669–670, 670–680) 3256:(665–670, 672–683) 3178:(655–658, 662–663) 3112:(649–650, 652–655) 2932: 2720:Haidong Prefecture 2429:) and Wu Huaiyun ( 2360:by his oldest son 2350: 2266:Chuílián tīngzhèng 2238:Chuílián tīngzhèng 2180:Chuílián tīngzhèng 2135:Chuílián tīngzhèng 2064:Battle of Baekgang 1699:Thanh Hóa Province 1661:command a campaign 1566:, Xu, Cui Yixuan ( 1317: 999:Chuílián tīngzhèng 377:631 – 30 April 643 350:(Under regency of 190:possibly contains 5291:People from Xi'an 5253: 5252: 4984: 4983: 4975:Succeeded by 4780:978-0-520-29197-3 4753:978-1-78673-316-0 4643:, vol. 40, p 683. 4347:in the 2012-2013 4135: 4134: 4131: 4130: 3583:Married Wang Xu ( 3574:Princess Gao'an ( 3557:; 647–691) in 671 3551:Married Quan Yi ( 3525:Pure Consort Xiao 3456:章懷皇太子李賢／章怀皇太子李贤 3439:Princess Andingsi 3092:(弘道 hóng dào) 683 2793:Turfan Prefecture 2547:encouragement of 2527:), to attack the 2474:protector general 2327:Umayyad Caliphate 2145:Er Sheng Lín cháo 1915:South Chungcheong 1812:) (all in modern 1443:) and Qibi Heli ( 1315:Tang shieldbearer 1179:Pure Consort Xiao 1011:lin chao chengzhi 955: 954: 806: 805: 798: 797: 779:Standard Mandarin 737: 736: 725:Yale Romanization 697:Standard Mandarin 649: 648: 601: 600: 563:(字): Weishan (為善) 522:Princess Jincheng 515:Emperor Zhongzong 451:Zhenguan Palace, 348:Emperor Zhongzong 253: 252: 245: 235: 234: 227: 192:original research 173: 172: 165: 147: 70: 16:(Redirected from 5298: 5155: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4987: 4934:Emperor of China 4924:Preceded by 4914: 4907: 4889: 4885: 4824:New Book of Tang 4808:Old Book of Tang 4794: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4711: 4701: 4695: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4665:Old Book of Tang 4655:Old Book of Tang 4650: 4644: 4637: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4589:Old Book of Tang 4581:Old Book of Tang 4577: 4571: 4568:Old Book of Tang 4560:Old Book of Tang 4556: 4550: 4546:New Book of Tang 4541: 4535: 4525:Old Book of Tang 4521: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4480: 4471: 4456:Old Book of Tang 4451: 4219:Palace of Desire 3698: 3689: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3616: 3615: 3604: 3603: 3588: 3587: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3532: 3531: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3487:Princess Taiping 3482: 3481: 3470: 3469: 3458: 3457: 3446: 3445: 3434: 3433: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3404: 3403: 2996:Huaisheng Mosque 2972: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2947: 2946: 2902: 2901: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2845: 2844: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2790: 2789: 2776: 2775: 2731: 2730: 2713:Qiong Prefecture 2689:Korean Peninsula 2682: 2681: 2667:Korean Peninsula 2629: 2628: 2570: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2467: 2466: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2417: 2416: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2235: 2234: 2225: 2224: 2214:New Book of Tang 2187: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2161:Old Book of Tang 2142: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2018: 1997: 1996: 1984: 1983: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1939: 1938: 1922: 1921: 1900: 1899: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1829:Korean Peninsula 1811: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1769: 1753: 1752: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1672: 1671: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1599:(roughly modern 1577: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1553: 1552: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1484:Princess Gaoyang 1474: 1473: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1307:Reign as Emperor 1271: 1270: 1261: 1260: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1094: 1093: 1074:Empress Zhangsun 983:Empress Zhangsun 965:, was the third 851: 832: 825: 818: 809: 794: 793: 770: 756: 755: 733: 732: 712: 711: 688: 674: 673: 651: 553:(小名): Zhinu (雉奴) 534: 527:Princess Taiping 448: 430:Lizheng Palace, 298: 288: 287: 286: 277: 276: 275: 262: 255: 248: 241: 230: 223: 219: 216: 210: 207:inline citations 183: 182: 175: 168: 161: 157: 154: 148: 146: 105: 81: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5019: 5014: 4980: 4964: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4913:27 December 683 4908: 4902: 4901: 4894: 4834: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4704:Bo Yang Edition 4702: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4651: 4647: 4638: 4634: 4623: 4616: 4599: 4595: 4578: 4574: 4557: 4553: 4542: 4538: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4481: 4474: 4452: 4445: 4440: 4428: 4141: 4139:Popular culture 4136: 3686: 3680: 3390: 3385: 3128:Zhang Xingcheng 3099: 3008: 2984: 2965:Tiānhòu Quán qǔ 2936:empress dowager 2818:Ashina Nishoufu 2765: 2738:Heichi Changzhi 2600: 2588: 2509:Western Regions 2505: 2399:) and Gao Kan ( 2352:In summer 666, 2342: 1911:Seocheon County 1889: 1877: 1714:) and Li Chao ( 1667:and Xiao Siye ( 1653: 1647: 1431:Yipishekui Khan 1400:Western Regions 1375: 1367: 1309: 1230:Zhang Xingcheng 1171: 1169:As Crown Prince 1085:he married the 1070:Emperor Taizong 1066: 1019:Chinese history 1015:empress regnant 979:Emperor Taizong 969:of the Chinese 956: 951: 898:Western Regions 852: 838: 836: 764:(personal name) 761:Literal meaning 679:Literal meaning 634:Emperor Taizong 584: 579: 569:Posthumous name 559: 554: 549: 525: 524:Princess Gao'an 523: 521: 519:Emperor Ruizong 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 499: 497: 480: 478: 467: 450: 446: 445:27 December 683 429: 338:Emperor Taizong 304: 282: 278: 271: 260: 259: 249: 238: 237: 236: 231: 220: 214: 211: 196: 184: 180: 169: 158: 152: 149: 106: 104: 94: 82: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5304: 5302: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4919:Regnal titles 4916: 4915: 4895: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4837:Zizhi Tongjian 4832: 4820: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4786: 4779: 4759: 4752: 4732: 4712: 4708:Zizhi Tongjian 4696: 4681: 4679:, pp. 146–147. 4669: 4645: 4632: 4614: 4593: 4572: 4551: 4536: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4494:Zizhi Tongjian 4485:Zizhi Tongjian 4482:Volume 203 of 4472: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4405: 4392: 4388:Young Sherlock 4375: 4358: 4341: 4324: 4308: 4291: 4270: 4253: 4240: 4223: 4206: 4189: 4172: 4155: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3694: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3611:, Prince Yan ( 3594: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3572: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3409:Empress Zetian 3406: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3007: 3004: 2983: 2980: 2873:Ashina Fu'nian 2764: 2763:eras (679–683) 2742: 2609:Maeso fortress 2599: 2598:eras (674–679) 2589: 2587: 2584: 2545:Munmu of Silla 2504: 2498: 2341: 2340:eras (666–670) 2331: 2251:Zizhi Tongjian 2077:Zizhi Tongjian 2056:Munmu of Silla 2049:Murong Nuohebo 1888: 1887:eras (661–666) 1878: 1876: 1873: 1649:Main article: 1646: 1640: 1626:) and Chuyue ( 1597:Tan Prefecture 1374: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1345: 1331: 1308: 1305: 1170: 1167: 1065: 1062: 1042:Tibetan Empire 1023:Qian Mausoleum 953: 952: 950: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 928: 927: 917: 916: 915: 910: 905: 895: 890: 885: 880: 879: 878: 873: 868: 857: 854: 853: 837: 835: 834: 827: 820: 812: 804: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 788: 782: 781: 775: 774: 773:Transcriptions 766: 765: 762: 758: 757: 750: 744: 743: 739: 738: 735: 734: 727: 721: 720: 718:Yue: Cantonese 714: 713: 706: 700: 699: 693: 692: 691:Transcriptions 684: 683: 680: 676: 675: 668: 662: 661: 658: 657: 647: 646: 641: 637: 636: 631: 627: 626: 621: 615: 614: 609: 603: 602: 599: 598: 594: 593: 587: 586: 572: 571: 565: 564: 539: 538: 530: 529: 492: 486: 485: 473: 469: 468: 465:Qian Mausoleum 463: 461: 457: 456: 449:(aged 55) 443: 439: 438: 426: 422: 421: 418: 417: 412: 408: 407: 402: 398: 397: 394: 390: 389: 379: 378: 375: 371: 370: 366: 365: 360: 356: 355: 352:Empress Zetian 345: 341: 340: 335: 331: 330: 327: 321: 320: 317: 313: 312: 306: 305: 299: 291: 290: 280:Khan of Heaven 264: 263: 251: 250: 233: 232: 187: 185: 178: 171: 170: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5303: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4979: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949:Zhangsun Wuji 4942: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4763: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4723:Guang, Sima. 4719: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4514:Given in 754. 4511: 4508: 4505:Given in 684. 4502: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4407:Portrayed by 4406: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4394:Portrayed by 4393: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4377:Portrayed by 4376: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4360:Portrayed by 4359: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4343:Portrayed by 4342: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4326:Portrayed by 4325: 4323: 4322: 4321:Beauty World. 4317: 4313: 4312:Zheng Guo Lin 4310:Portrayed by 4309: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4293:Portrayed by 4292: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4272:Portrayed by 4271: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4255:Portrayed by 4254: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4242:Portrayed by 4241: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4225:Portrayed by 4224: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4208:Portrayed by 4207: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4191:Portrayed by 4190: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4176:Fan Jih Hsing 4174:Portrayed by 4173: 4171: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4157:Portrayed by 4156: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4144:Portrayed by 4143: 4142: 4138: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4031:Empress Wende 4026: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3863:Empress Taimu 3858: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3654:澤王李上金／泽王李上金 3650: 3649: 3641: 3630: 3629: 3621: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3598: 3595: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3568:許王李素節／许王李素节 3565:, Prince Xu ( 3564: 3561: 3550: 3549: 3535: 3534: 3526: 3523: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3488: 3485: 3476: 3473: 3465:, Zhongzong ( 3464: 3461: 3452: 3449: 3440: 3437: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3410: 3407: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3362:Cen Changqian 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3284:Zhang Wenguan 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3104:Zhangsun Wuji 3102: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2966: 2953: 2951: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2896: 2895:Ashina Gudulu 2891: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816:), supported 2801: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2693:Taedong River 2690: 2686: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2564: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2514: 2510: 2503:era (670–674) 2502: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2478:Yangtze River 2475: 2471: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2421: 2411: 2406: 2391: 2388:) to observe 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362:Yeon Namsaeng 2359: 2355: 2354:Yeon Gaesomun 2346: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2297:, India, the 2296: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2267: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2229: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2171: 2164: 2163:, commented: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2136: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2013: 2012:Daming Palace 2007: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1988: 1978: 1962: 1945: 1943: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903:Gwisil Boksin 1894: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1872: 1868: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1795: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1742: 1728: 1723: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679:Ashina Buzhen 1676: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1645:era (656–661) 1644: 1641: 1639: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1547: 1541: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1477:Buddhist nuns 1468: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1385: 1373:era (650–656) 1372: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1324:Zhangsun Wuji 1322: 1321: 1320: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1277:Qin Mountains 1273: 1265: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1202: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:Fang Xuanling 1136: 1135:Zhangsun Wuji 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920:Western Turks 918: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 888:Eastern Turks 886: 884: 881: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 850: 846: 842: 833: 828: 826: 821: 819: 814: 813: 810: 801: 789: 787: 783: 780: 776: 771: 767: 763: 759: 751: 749: 745: 740: 731:Tòhng Gōujūng 728: 726: 722: 719: 715: 707: 705: 701: 698: 694: 689: 685: 681: 677: 669: 667: 663: 659: 656: 652: 645: 644:Empress Wende 642: 638: 635: 632: 628: 625: 622: 620: 616: 613: 610: 608: 604: 595: 592: 588: 582: 577: 573: 570: 566: 562: 561:Courtesy name 558:(大名): Zhi (治) 557: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 531: 528: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 496: 493: 491: 487: 483: 477: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 444: 440: 437: 433: 427: 423: 419: 416: 413: 409: 406: 403: 399: 395: 391: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 369:Prince of Jin 367: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 346: 342: 339: 336: 332: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 311: 307: 302: 297: 292: 289: 281: 270: 265: 256: 247: 244: 229: 226: 218: 208: 204: 200: 194: 193: 188:This article 186: 177: 176: 167: 164: 156: 153:November 2013 145: 142: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: – 113: 109: 108:Find sources: 102: 98: 92: 91: 86:This article 84: 80: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 5199:N. Dynasties 5195:S. Dynasties 5037: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4958:Chu Suiliang 4956: 4952: 4946: 4938: 4932: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4835: 4822: 4806: 4789: 4769: 4762: 4742: 4735: 4729:. DeepLogic. 4725: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4684: 4672: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4609: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4416: 4411:in the 2017 4399: 4396:Yu Rongguang 4387: 4381:in the 2014 4369: 4364:in the 2014 4362:Aarif Rahman 4352: 4345:Seo Dong-soo 4335: 4330:in the 2012 4319: 4314:in the 2011 4302: 4297:in the 2011 4285: 4280:in the 2011 4278:Winston Chao 4264: 4259:in the 2007 4249:Wu Zi Bei Ge 4247: 4244:Zhang Tielin 4234: 4229:in the 2003 4227:Bao Jianfeng 4218: 4212:in the 2000 4200: 4195:in the 1995 4183: 4178:in the 1985 4166: 4161:in the 1984 4159:Lo Chun Shun 4150: 3918: 3679: 3530:淑妃蘭陵蕭氏／兰陵箫氏 3438: 3391: 3380:Liu Jingxian 3374:Wei Xuantong 3314:Xue Yuanchao 3218:Liu Xiangdao 3212:Shangguan Yi 3206:Lu Chengqing 3188:Xin Maojiang 3110:Chu Suiliang 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 2985: 2974: 2964: 2955: 2949: 2933: 2921:bloodletting 2905: 2892: 2883: 2870: 2857:Xue Yuanchao 2835: 2802: 2783:Pei Xingjian 2769:Ashina Duzhi 2766: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2717: 2697: 2664: 2658:crossed the 2653: 2645: 2613: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2573: 2542: 2534:major defeat 2529:Qinghai Lake 2512: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2437: 2407: 2390:naming taboo 2374:Dae Mangniji 2373: 2366:Yeon Namgeon 2358:Dae Mangniji 2357: 2351: 2337: 2333: 2293: 2281: 2275: 2265: 2257: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2227: 2219: 2202:Song dynasty 2199: 2189: 2179: 2170:Shangguan Yi 2166: 2150: 2144: 2134: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2102:Shangguan Yi 2087: 2083: 2075: 2068: 2053: 2041:vassal state 2038: 2008: 2004:Liu Xiangdao 2000: 1991: 1969:) and Pugu ( 1946: 1942:Botong River 1929: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1869: 1826: 1775: 1771: 1759: 1745: 1743: 1722:Xin Maojiang 1707: 1691: 1675:Ashina Mishe 1654: 1642: 1612:Cheng Zhijie 1609: 1580:naming taboo 1560: 1542: 1481: 1464: 1457: 1424: 1386: 1376: 1370: 1352:Chu Suiliang 1318: 1297: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1274: 1255: 1238:Shanhai Pass 1215: 1203: 1172: 1159:Chu Suiliang 1104:Crown Prince 1100:Li Chengqian 1097: 1067: 1027: 1010: 1002: 998: 995: 987:Li Chengqian 971:Tang dynasty 962: 958: 957: 871:Qianshuiyuan 848: 786:Hanyu Pinyin 710:Táng Gāozōng 704:Hanyu Pinyin 655:Tang Gaozong 654: 597:Gaozong (高宗) 580: 575: 484:(m. 651–683) 476:Empress Wang 455:, Tang China 387:Tang dynasty 383:Crown Prince 301:Qing dynasty 267: 239: 221: 212: 189: 159: 150: 140: 133: 126: 119: 107: 95:Please help 90:verification 87: 63: 56: 50: 49:Please help 46: 29: 5191:16 Kingdoms 5071:(2nd reign) 5060:(2nd reign) 4906:21 July 628 4898:House of Li 4295:Patrick Tam 4274:Yu Shao Qun 4257:Ma Xiao Wei 4210:Li Zhi Xing 4193:Chen Baoguo 3507:河東薛紹／河东薛绍 3477:, Ruizong ( 3368:Guo Zhengyi 3338:Wang Dezhen 3332:Zhang Da'an 3326:Gao Zhizhou 3296:Li Jingxuan 3278:Zhao Renben 3260:Yang Hongwu 3200:Ren Yaxiang 3182:Du Zhenglun 3116:Xu Jingzong 2917:acupuncture 2865:Gao Zhizhou 2838:Lady of Han 2724:Li Jingxuan 2460:King Bojang 2410:Lady of Han 2370:Yeon Namsan 2204:historians 1665:Ren Yaxiang 1657:Su Dingfang 1556:Xu Jingzong 1427:Ashina Helu 1226:Gao Shilian 1189:, Li Xiao ( 883:Xuanwu Gate 591:Temple name 543:Family name 500:Li Shangjin 447:(683-12-27) 428:21 July 628 401:Predecessor 334:Predecessor 329:15 July 649 5271:683 deaths 5266:628 births 5260:Categories 5183:3 Kingdoms 4967:Empress Wu 4710:, vol. 48. 4677:Skaff 2012 4612:, vol. 47. 4496:, vol.203. 4438:References 4415:TV series 4385:TV series 4368:TV series 4351:TV series 4334:TV series 4318:TV series 4301:TV series 4284:TV series 4263:TV series 4233:TV series 4216:TV series 4199:TV series 4182:TV series 4168:Empress Wu 4165:TV series 3672:Lady Helan 3648:; d. 667) 3605:; d. 665) 3405:; 628–655) 3350:Cui Zhiwen 3302:Hao Chujun 3254:Liu Rengui 3236:Sun Chuyue 3224:Dou Dexuan 3134:Yu Zhining 2704:Buyeo Yung 2660:Yellow Sea 2656:Xue Rengui 2636:Fan Lübing 2605:Li Jinxing 2482:Huai River 2470:Xue Rengui 2452:Yalu River 2444:Liao River 2440:Hao Chujun 2420:Lady Helan 2338:Zhongzhang 2325:, and the 2246:Sima Guang 2206:Ouyang Xiu 2194:Hao Chujun 2155:historian 2072:Sima Guang 2060:Buyeo Yung 1925:Liu Rengui 1907:Buyeo Pung 1853:Buyeo Yung 1780:occupation 1764:Old Turkic 1748:), Duman ( 1687:Uzbekistan 1584:Yu Zhining 1514:Li Daozong 1467:Consort Wu 1395:Chebi Khan 1358:Empress Wu 1328:Yu Zhining 1301:Yu Zhining 1175:concubines 1155:Cen Wenben 1087:grandniece 1036:, and the 1007:Empress Wu 556:Given name 551:Birth name 482:Empress Wu 479:(dep. 655) 436:Tang China 363:Empress Wu 325:Coronation 199:improve it 123:newspapers 52:improve it 5058:Zhongzong 5053:Wu Zetian 5043:Zhongzong 4971:(660–683) 4962:(649–658) 4953:(649–659) 4591:, vol.4.， 4465:Zhen'guan 4409:Qu Ao Hui 4379:Yuan Hong 4202:Wu Zetian 4033:(601–636) 3865:(569–613) 3805:(598–649) 3777:Lady Dugu 3746:(566–635) 3382:(682–683) 3376:(682–683) 3370:(682–683) 3364:(682–683) 3358:(682–683) 3356:Guo Daiju 3352:(680–683) 3346:(680–683) 3334:(677–680) 3328:(676–679) 3322:(676–683) 3316:(676–683) 3310:(676–678) 3304:(669–681) 3292:(668–673) 3290:Yan Liben 3286:(667–678) 3280:(667–670) 3268:(667–679) 3266:Dai Zhide 3262:(667–668) 3250:(665–666) 3248:Lu Dunxin 3244:(665–672) 3238:(664–665) 3232:(664–665) 3230:Le Yanwei 3226:(664–666) 3214:(662–664) 3208:(659–660) 3202:(659–662) 3196:(659–662) 3190:(658–659) 3184:(656–658) 3172:(653–656) 3170:Cui Dunli 3166:(652–657) 3160:(652–657) 3154:(651–654) 3148:(651–653) 3146:Yuwen Jie 3142:(649–669) 3136:(649–659) 3130:(649–653) 3124:(649–653) 3118:(649–670) 3106:(649–659) 3054:Shangyuan 3042:Zongzhang 3006:Era names 3000:Guangzhou 2986:Known in 2632:Liu Yizhi 2592:Shangyuan 2580:Peroz III 2576:Sassanian 2553:Kim Immun 2284:Mount Tai 2212:, in the 2153:Later Jin 1932:Pyongyang 1849:King Uija 1727:Chongqing 1546:Wu Shihuo 1510:Yuwen Jie 1506:Cui Dunli 1360:(660-683) 1354:(649-658) 1344:(649-658) 1330:(649-659) 1246:Xueyantuo 1113:Hou Junji 975:Wu Zetian 937:Xueyantuo 903:Karakhoja 411:Successor 344:Successor 215:June 2020 203:verifying 58:talk page 5140:Zhaozong 5125:Xuānzong 5110:Jingzong 5100:Xianzong 5095:Shunzong 5075:Xuanzong 4811:, vols. 4693:vol. 201 4660:fengshan 4629:vol. 200 4570:, vol.4. 4549:, vol.80 4426:See also 4413:Anhui TV 4366:Hunan TV 4332:Hunan TV 4299:Hunan TV 4282:Hunan TV 4146:Zhao Lei 3719:(d. 572) 3684:Ancestry 3645:宮人楊氏／杨氏 3625:宮人鄭氏／郑氏 3609:Li Zhong 3602:宮人劉氏／刘氏 3563:Li Sujie 3515:Wu Youji 3513:Married 3468:中宗李顯/李显 3320:Li Yiyan 3308:Lai Heng 3242:Jiang Ke 3194:Xu Yushi 3158:Han Yuan 3122:Gao Jifu 3084:Yongchun 3072:Yonglong 3048:Xianheng 3036:Qianfeng 3024:Longshuo 3018:Xianqing 2992:era name 2831:Zhaoyang 2825:and the 2757:Yongchun 2749:Yonglong 2736:general 2700:Chaoxian 2675:Liaoyang 2621:Li Yiyan 2501:Xianheng 2490:co-ruler 2480:and the 2334:Qianfeng 2303:Goguryeo 2276:Er Sheng 2228:Er Sheng 2190:Er Sheng 1987:Jiang Ke 1881:Longshuo 1804:Yebantuo 1683:Tashkent 1643:Xianqing 1601:Changsha 1588:Han Yuan 1475:) to be 1408:Karasahr 1334:Han Yuan 1264:Buddhist 1242:Yinchuan 1234:Gao Jifu 1187:Li Zhong 1183:Li Sujie 1147:Li Shiji 1082:Chang'an 1058:Göktürks 1034:Goguryeo 1003:Er Sheng 942:Songzhou 932:Goguryeo 925:conquest 908:Karasahr 503:Li Sujie 495:Li Zhong 472:Consorts 432:Chang'an 5115:Wenzong 5085:Daizong 5069:Ruizong 5048:Ruizong 5038:Gaozong 5033:Taizong 4944:649–683 4884:. 1084. 4827:, vol. 4801:Sources 4706:of the 4667:, vol.5 4606:Li Hong 4602:Bo Yang 4461:gengyin 3717:Li Bing 3666:Wu Shun 3662:Lovers 3463:Li Xian 3451:Li Xian 3432:孝敬皇帝李弘 3427:Li Hong 3414:则天皇后武氏 3402:皇后太原王氏 3397:Empress 3344:Pei Yan 3272:Li Anqi 3176:Li Yifu 3152:Liu Shi 3090:Hongdao 3012:Yonghui 2861:Pei Yan 2797:Narsieh 2761:Hongdao 2708:Daifang 2685:Yingkou 2649:Li Xian 2640:Bo Yang 2578:prince 2288:Li Zhen 2248:in the 2210:Song Qi 2074:in the 2045:Tuyuhun 2034:Luoyang 1961:Tongluo 1822:Luoyang 1814:Kashgar 1802:), and 1794:Zhujupo 1756:Esegels 1703:Vietnam 1605:Li Hong 1564:Li Yifu 1460:Liu Shi 1371:Yonghui 1342:Liu Shi 1222:Baoding 1163:Ma Zhou 1143:Xiao Yu 1078:Taiyuan 1050:Khitans 967:emperor 893:Tuyuhun 849:Gaozong 845:Taizong 748:Chinese 666:Chinese 619:Dynasty 511:Li Xian 507:Li Hong 498:Li Xiao 453:Luoyang 385:of the 269:Huangdi 197:Please 137:scholar 18:Yonghui 5223:W. 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